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PEKING June 3, 1958

14

REVI EW Special Enlarged Issue

THE SECOND SESSION OF

THE EIGHTH NATIONAL CONGRESS

OF THE

COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA

• Summary

• Report on Work of the Central Committee

• Resolution on Moscow Meetings of Representatives of the Communist and Workers ' Parties

A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E O F C H I N E S E N E W S A N D V I E W S

I

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PEKING REVIEW

(BEIJ ING ZHOUBAO)

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

June 3, 1958 Vol. I No. 14

C O N T E N T S

R O U N D THE WEEK

Like Ord inary Workers ; New Look in

Kweichow; Science No Myste ry

ARTICLES

Chinese Communi s t Pa r ty Congress 5

Central Commit tee Convenes 5

D O C U M E N T S

Resolut ion of the Second Sess ion of the

Eighth Nat ional Congress of the

Chinese C o m m u n i s t Pa r ty on the

Report on the Work of the Centra l

Commit tee 6

Repor t on the Work of the Central

Commit tee of the C o m m u n i s t Par ty

of China to the Second Session of the

Eighth Nat ional Congress

- - Liu Shao-chi 6

Par ty Congress Resolut ion on the

Moscow Meetings of the Represen ta -

t ives of Communi s t and Worker s '

Par t ies 23

CH INESE P R E S S O P I N I O N

New Ini t ia t ive for Peace; Moscow

Economic Conference; Ant i -Fasc i s t

St ruggle in France; U.S. Plots in

Lebanon

26

WHAT'S ON IN P E K I N G 27

Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pai Won Chuang, Peking (37}, China

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Printed in the People's Republic of China

It's the People That Count

T HE Eighth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party closed its Second Session last week. The decisions taken at

the session mark the beginning of a new period in China's socialist construction with the technical revolution and cultural revolution occupying the centre of the stage.

The Second Session summed up the practical experience of the past eight years in building the country and laid down the general line for the new p e r i o d - - e x e r t i n g the utmost efforts and pressing ahead consistently to build more, faster, better and more economically.

People may ask: since China's economy and culture are relatively backward, what guarantee is there that her socialist construction can proceed faster and fare better?

It's true that People's China is still economically and cultural ly backward. But this backwardness is no insurmountable obstacle. It is precisely because of their inherited backwardness that the Chinese people are all the more anxious to build more and faster in order to catch up.

The current big leap forward in China's national economy has itself provided the answer. As Liu Shao-chi stated in his report, the rate of growth of China's industrial production this year is expected to surpass that of any year in the First Five-Year Plan period and the number of above-norm industrial projects under construction this year is more than the combined total of such projects under construction during the whole First Five-Year Plan. In agriculture, from last October to April this year, the nation-wide construction of irrigation schemes has led to an increase of 350 million m o u of irrigated land throughout the country, that is, 110 million m o u more than the total brought under irrigation in the thousands of years before liberation.

As a matter of fact, industry and agriculture nowadays are pushing each other forward. The upsurge in agriculture last winter and this spring gave a strong impetus to the new industrial advance of this year. The rapid development of industry in turn has prompted an even greater tempo in the growth of agriculture.

To build socialism in a country as vast and populous as China, of course, poses extremely difficult and complex problems. But a huge population and a vast area mean enormous manpower and rich natural resources, which constitute the material foundation for building up a mighty, prosperous country.

The people are the most precious asset. Whatever we do, it is the people that count. China's six hundred million people, now masters of their own fate, united and well-organized, represent a most powerful force to be reckoned with. The initiative and resourcefulness displayed by the people and their dynamic and ingenious spirit in the current big leap forward have proven this beyond the shadow of a doubt.

The Chinese Communist Par ty has a fine and long-established t r a d i t i o n - the mass line, which means relying on the broadest masses of the people to get things done and serving the interests of the masses. The general line for socialist construction is, in essence, the development and application of the mass line in socialist construction. And this is the sure guarantee that the general line will be successfully carried out.

R O U N D THE W E E K

Like Ordinary Workers Five buses suddenly tu rned up at the

const ruct ion si te of the Ming Tombs t leservoi r on the outski r t s of Pek ing on May 25. When the passengers a l ighted loud cheers w e n t up, resounding th rough the valley. Chairman Mao Tse-tung and his closest associates ~ Liu Shao-chi, Chou En-lai, Chu Teh, Teng Hsiao-ping and others-- in fact the entire Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party had come out en masse to join in the voluntary labour which is construct- ing the reservoir .

It was a Sunday, and a r a the r hot one for May wi th the t h e r m o m e t e r high in the 80s in the shade. Tim leaders of the Chinese Communi s t Par ty , m a n y of lhcm in s t r aw hats , joined wi th the bui lders of the reservoi r in shovel l ing ear th , ca r ry ing ea r th and s tones away in baskets hanging f rom the i r shoulder poles, pounding ea r th on the dam which had a l ready reached some 23 me t r e s of its pro jec ted height of 29 metres .

Cha i rman Mao Tse- tung took his place among the workers , shovel l ing ear th like the rest. Tung Pi -wu, m e m b e r of the Political Bureau, and Cent ra l Commi t t ee merabers Wu Yu-chang, Hsu Teh-li , Hsieh Chueh- tsa i ~ all over seventy years o l d - - p u t in a solid a f te rnoon of work, and didn't, let the young men and w o m e n on the const ruct ion site domina te the show.

Chairman Mao Tse-tung working at the Ming Tombs Reservoir. At his right is Peng Chert, Mayor of Peking

At p resen t about 100,000 people are working on the reservo i r in th ree shifts , 24 hours a round the clock. The t a rge t is to comple te const ruct ion of the dam, which is the main par t of this conser- vancy project , in J u n e - - b e f o r e the flood wa te r s come. More than 51,000 cubic met res of ear th were piled on the d a m on the day the Pa r ty and g o v e r m n e n t leaders came out to work, b reak ing all previous records.

New Look in Kweichow K w e i c h o w Province, in the sou thwes t ,

used to be known as the t r iple "have nol'" p r o v i n c e - - no good wea t he r for th ree days on end. no person possess ing th ree ounces of silver; ~and no plot of liar land bigger than th ree square feet . This of course was an exagge ra t ed folk way of speaking which neve r the le s s colourful ly depic ted the essent ia l back- wa rdnes s of the province.

T ranspor t was so bad that most of the province cannot be reached by ra i lway. The ne ighbour ing p r o v i n c e s - - S z e c b u a n , Yunnan, Hunan and Kwangs i - - have all got ra i lways of varying lengths, l inking lhem wi th remote par t s of the country. Now Kwe ichow ' s comnmnica t ions are undergoing grea t changes.

P r e l im ina ry surveys have been completed to build a 420-kilometre ra i lway f rom Kweiyang , the capital , to Yungfeng

(in Yunnan), junct ion of the projec ted Neikiang - K u n - ruing Railway. When complete, i! will connect wi th the H u n a n - K w e i c h o w Rail- way, at p resen t under construct ion, and the Che- kiang - Kiangsi Ra i lway a l ready opened to traffic. It will become the second eas t -wes t t runk line, run- ning paral le l wi th the Lunghai line, and serve to link up the eas t coast wi lh the husy h in t e r l and city of e te rna l s p r i n g - - Kunming .

In the four mon ths f rom J a n u a r y to Apri l this year K w e i c h o w set up 3,229 factor ies and mines of m ed i um and smal l sizes, wi th an ave rage of more than 40 factor ies and mines for each county. S ix ty per cent of t hem are opera ted p r imar i ly for the benefi t of

agr icul tura l p roduc t ion in the mounta in areas. But the pr ide of K w e i c h o w ' s indus t ry is the K w e i y a n g iron and s teel plant , now unde r const ruct ion, wi th an annua l capaci ty of 40,000 tons of steel. It will be commiss ioned nex t year and will {urn out the first s teel eve r poured in the province.

Not far f rom the steel plant , a new text i le mill is coining up in Kweiyang. I t will have 54,000 spindles and 1,000 looms and will p roduce enough cloth ¢o provide a new suit for more than hal f the popula t ion of the p rov ince each 3'ear.

K w e i c h o w used to br ing in chemical fer t i l izer f rom o the r par ts , a l though it has all the resources locally for a f lourishing chemical fer t i l izer indust ry . Now for the first t ime a modern chemical fer t i l izer p lan t is being instal led in the capital of the province.

"Haves" are taking the place of the "have nots" in Kweiehow.

Science No MYStery Two l a d s - - o n e 14 years old and the

o the r only 1 2 - - a r e in the spot l ight as inven tors of f a r m tools. The four teen- year-o ld Chang Yu-fu of K a n s u Province has inven ted th ree ingenious tools in rapid succession a l though he has had no more than a p r i m a r y school education. The twelve-year -o ld , Chang Kou-t iu, is the son of a peasan t fami ly in a f a rm co-op in Honan Province. A new type of w a t e r - w h e e l t ha t he has inven ted has a t t rac ted a t t en t ion far and wide. The publ ic i ty given to the inven- t ions has m a d e m a n y o thers feel that wha t is k n o w n as science is no t so myster ious a f te r all.

The story of the two lads is cha rac te r - istic. L i te ra l ly mil l ions of people in the count rys ide , men, w o m e n and chi ldren. have tu rned the i r though t s to new me thods and new tools as the budding technical revolut ion moves to the cen t re of lhe stage.

The press is he lp ing this mass move- m e n t along in m a n y ways, s t r ipping science of its mys te r ious t rapp ings and imbuing the people wi th confidence in the i r own abil i t ies to inven t and m a k e new discovm'ies of the i r own. R e n m i n

Ribao has in i t ia ted a n e w fea ture "Great,- n e s s - F rom Smal l Beginnings" acqua in t - ing its readers wi th the l ives and work of Chinese and foreign inventors ( including Newton, Frankl in , Edison, Miehurin and others) who made the i r cont r ibut ion to sc ience on the basis of the i r own observa t ion and s tudy of rea l i ty and expe r ience no tw i th s t and ing the i r lack of a un ivers i ty or even secondary school educat ion.

Second Session

Chinese Communist Party Congress T HE Second Sess ion of the E igh th N a t i o n a l Congress of

the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y of C h i n a convened in P e k i n g f rom M a y 5 to M a y 23. T h r e e i t e m s were on the a g e n d a :

1 - - a r e p o r t by Liu Shao-ch i on the w o r k of the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e of the P a r t y s ince the F i r s t Sess ion of the E igh th Na t iona l Congress in 1956,

2 - a r e p o r t by Teng H s i a o - p i n g on the Moscow m e e t - ings of the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of C o m m u n i s t and W o r k e r s ' Pa r t i e s in N o v e m b e r 1957, and

3 - - r e p o r t by Tan Chen- l i n on the. N a t i o n a l P r o - g r a m m e for A g r i c u l t u r a l Deve lopm en t .

C h a i r m a n Mao T s e - t u n g a d d r e s s e d the Congress .

The r epo r t s we re d iscussed in de t a i l a t g r o u p m e e t - ings and in p l e n a r y sessions. A to ta l of 117 de lega te s spoke a t the p l e n a r y mee t ings , i n c l u d i n g l e ade r s of the P a r t y centre , sec re ta r i e s and f u n c t i o n a r i e s of P a r t y o rgan iza t ions in va r i ou s local i t ies , in peop le ' s o r g a n i z a - t ions, in f ac to r i es and on the f a rms , in the P e o p l e ' s L i b e r a - t ion A r m y , in the un ive r s i t i e s a n d colleges. 145 de lega te s s u b m i t t e d the i r v i ews in w r i t i n g to the Congress .

In the i r speeches and w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s t he de l ega t e s e n d o r s e d the r epo r t s of Liu Shao-chi , Teng H s i a o - p i n g and Tan Chen- l in and the speeches d e l i v e r e d by C h a i r m a n Mao. The Congress gave i~s w h o l e h e a r t e d and u n a n i m o u s s u p p o r t to the g e n e r a l l ine for the cons t ruc t ion of socia l - i sm first p r o p o s e d by C h a i r m a n Mao in w o r d s wh ich a r e t o d a y on the l ips of e v e r y b o d y in C h i n a - - " t o exert the u t m o s t efforts, press ahead cons i s t en t ly and ach ieve greater, faster, better and m o r e economica l results ."

The Congress was conf ident t ha t f u l f i lmen t of th is l ine wi l l enab l e Ch ina to catch up w i th and su rpas s B r i t a i n in the o u t p u t of m a j o r i n d u s t r i a l p roduc t s not in the f i f teen y e a r s or m o r e e n v i s a g e d o r ig ina l ly , bu t in less t ime, and wi l l be ab le to fulfi l the a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m m e no t in the twe lve y e a r s o r i g ina l l y e n v i s a g e d bu t in cons ide r ab ly less t ime.

M a n y de lega te s in t he i r speeches d iscussed the Moscow Dec l a r a t i ons and r e p u d i a t e d m o d e r n r ev i s ion i sm as typi f ied by the P r o g r a m m e of the League of C o m m u n i s t s of Yugos lav ia .

The Congress u n a n i m o u s l y a d o p t e d a r e so lu t ion on the r e p o r t on the w o r k of the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e and a r e so lu t ion on the Moscow meet ings .

The Congress a d o p t e d a second r ev i sed d r a f t ag r i cu l - t u r a l p r o g r a m m e , based on a f a s t e r r a t e of d e v e l o p m e n t than p r ev ious ly pro jec ted . The p r o g r a m m e wi l l be fu r - the r r ev i sed by the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e in the l igh t of d e v e l o p m e n t s and wi l l be s u b m i t t e d to the Second N a t i o n a l Peop le ' s Congress . I t e lec ted t w e n t y - f i v e a d d i t i o n a l a l t e r n a t e m e m b e r s of the C e n t r a l Commi t t ee .

T h r e e t h e m e s we re to the fo re a t th is sess ion of the Congress . I t was a sess ion of rec t i f i ca t ion of s ty les of work , a sess ion of the big l eaps f o r w a r d in a l l f ields of ac t iv i ty in C h i n a today , a sess ion of oppos i t ion to m o d e r n

rev is ion ism. The Congress p r o c e e d i n g s ind ica t e t h a t u n d e r

the l eadersh ip of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y the Ch inese peop le

a re e n t e r i n g a n e w pe r iod of socia l i s t cons t ruc t ion h igh- l igh ted by the two revo lu t ions , the t echn ica l r evo lu t i on and the c u l t u r a l r evo lu t ion , wh ich a r e now b u d d i n g fo l lowing the successes a t t a i n e d in t he socia l i s t r evo lu t i on on the economic , po l i t i ca l and ideologica l f ronts .

The g e n e r a l l ine for socia l i s t cons t ruc t ion a p p r o v e d by this sess ion of the E igh th N a t i o n a l Congress of the P a r t y sums up Ch ina ' s expe r i ences in bu i ld ing social ism. Whi l e the F i r s t Sess ion of the E igh th N a t i o n a l Congress of the P a r t y a y e a r and a ha l f ago p r i m a r i l y s u m m a r i z e d the e x p e r i e n c e of socia l i s t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , the Second Ses- sion, j u s t ended, s u m m a r i z e d the expe r i ences of the rec t i f ica t ion c a m p a i g n and socia l i s t cons t ruc t ion .

The g e n e r a l l ine of bu i ld ing more , be t te r , f a s te r and more economica l ly p r o m u l g a t e d by the Congress is a re f lec t ion of the i n t e r e s t s and d e m a n d s of the Chinese peop le t o d a y who a re d e t e r m i n e d to b u r y the he r i t age of b a c k w a r d n e s s a n d p o v e r t y as qu i ck ly as possible. I t exp re s se s the r e v o l u t i o n a r y d a r i n g of the C o m m u n i s t s and the i r h igh degree of f a i t h in the capab i l i t i e s and c rea t ive p o w e r of the people .

The Congress re f lec ted the n a t i o n a l mood of the Chi - nese peop le who, as we have r e p o r t e d in deta i l , a r e b r e a k i n g records on e v e r y f ron t and in e v e r y field of endeavour .

In the rec t i f ica t ion c a m p a i g n and the u p s u r g e in con- s t ruc t ion the peop le have d i s p l a y e d a sp i r i t of t opp l ing ove r old idols, of e m a n c i p a t i n g the mind , of d a r i n g to th ink , s p e a k and act boldly.

The Congress , as can be seen f rom the r e p o r t of the C e n t r a l Commi t t ee , def ined the p rec i se n a t u r e of the t ech- n ica l and c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n s now b e g i n n i n g to unfo ld in Ch ina and s t ressed t h e i r mass c h a r a c t e r and the necess i ty to a d h e r e to the mass l ine in a d v a n c i n g these revolu t ions , and to r e ly on the people ' s w i s d o m and resourcefu lness , wh ich is the source of u n l i m i t e d s t r eng th .

The a t t e n t i o n of the en t i r e na t i on is now focussed on fu l f i lmen t of the gene r a l l ine of socia l is t cons t ruc t ion spe l led out by the Congress .

Central Committee Convenes After the second session of the Chinese Communist Party's

Eighth National Congress the fifth plenary session of the Party's Central Committee took place in Peking on May 25. The Central Committee: :~ elected Lin Piao as one of the Vice-Chairmen of the

Central Committee and a member of the Standing Com- mittee of the Political Bureau;

@ elected Ke Ching-shih, Li Ching-chuan and Tan Chen-lin as members of the Political Bureau;

@ elected Li Fu-chun and Li Hsien-nien as members of the Secretariat;

@ designated alternate members Yang Hsien-chen and Wang En-mao as full members of the Central Committee;

@ decided to publish a new fortnightly theoretical magazine Hongqi (The Red Flag). Chen Po-ta, alternate member of the Political Bureau, was appointed editor-in-chisf of the new magazine. The first issue, made its debut on June 1 and carries an article by Mao Tse-tung entitled "In- troducing a Farm Co-op."

Report on the Work of the Central Committee the Communist Party of China to the Second

Session of the Eighth National Congress

of

Delivered by LIU SHAO-CHI on May 5, 1958

| : | " I I I ! ' | i ' | ' { I I I I I ,1 ' l ; , l ~ l ~ l , I~ l ~ I I I I I l I t I I l : : l I I I I I L ' l l l i ! l " l ~I = I IP I~ I I I ] I L : I ! , I I ' I ' I I ¢O ! : I ! ! I I ' I ~ I I : I I I I I [ : I , ! I l I I I I / I ~ I I : I IH I I ! I : I I :I~ I I I I I ! I ' i l I [ I ! ! IS ! IP | { I I ~ IU I~ [ I I I | { I I ~ I I I I I } I ! ~ I I I { { ] { I I I ~ } I ~

The Second Sess ion o.f the Eighth Nat ional Congress of the Chinese C o m m u n i s t Par t y on M a y 23, I958 adopted a resolut ion unanimo~ls!y approving the Repor t on the W o r k o.f the Central Comr~i~tee. The ]~ll ~ext Jollows. - - Editor.

T HE Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China at its Second Session, having discussed the report made by Comrade Liu Shao-chi on behalf of the Central Committee , approves it unanimously.

The Congress is of the opinion that the work of the Party's Central Commit tee since the First Session of the Eighth National Congress has been correct and great achievements have been made under its leadership in the rectification campaign and the anti-rightist struggle, in the big forward leap in industrial and agricultural production and other fields of work.

The Congress unanimously endorses the general l ine put forward by the Party's Central Commit tee on the proposal of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, i.e., to build socialism by exerting our utmost efforts and pressing ahead consistently to achieve greater, faster, better and more economical results.

The Congress calls on all comrades in the Party to work with one mind and one heart and rally the people of the whole country to carry through this general l ine for socialist construction on the basis of completing the rectification campaign; to actively carry out the technical and cultural revolutions whi le continuing with the socialist revolution on the economic, political and ideological fronts; to strive to catch up with and surpass Britain within fifteen years or in less t ime in the output of major industrial products; to strive to fulfil the Na- tional Programme for Agricultural Deve lopment ahead of schedule; and so to build our country into a great socialist country with modern industry, modern agriculture and modern science and culture in the shortest t ime possible.

I I |: I l:l I i:| I I l i | I:[| I I, I | I |'| i I I :l i I .| I ,I J :i :I II l I i[,l 'I 'I Ill, l:l I I I, li,l I I I I l I ! i: I !I'[i I I I I/I1;I~l 'I;'I' I I I I I I ~I l,|,i { :I I I: I ~I~iII|!~I!~|~II

Comrades !

On behalf of the Central Committee I now report to the Second Session of the Party's Eighth National Congress on its work. My report deals with the present situation, the Party's general line for socialist construction and its

future tasks.

O VER a year has passed since the First Session of the Eighth National Congress. During this time, the Par ty

has correctly carried out and developed the policies laid down at the First Session, and achieved great successes in every field of work.

In the past year or so, many changes of great historic significance have taken place, internationally and at home.

Internationally, all of us know the now famous con- clusion drawn by Comrade Mao Tse-tung that the world

6

situation has recently reached a new turning point in its development. In extent of popular support, size of popula- tions and rate of development of production, the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union has long since surpassed the imperialist camp. For a t ime in 1956, however, the sky was overcast. The imperialist camp and reactionaries in various countries on more than one occasion launched violent campaigns against communism, against the people and against national independence. The imperialists in- cited and aided the counter-revolut ionary uprising in Hungary, and at the same t ime carried out a rmed aggression against Egypt. At that t ime we pointed out that the dark clouds would soon disperse. As it turned out. the revolut ionary proletar ia t of Hungary, with the help of the Soviet Union and the support of the revolut ionary forces of the world, quickly stamped out the uprising. The struggles of Egypt and Syria against aggression also t r iumphed with the support of the Soviet Union and the forces of peace throughout the world. In October and November last year, the Soviet Union launched two

artificial earth satellites. This made the whole world acknowledge that in science and technology too the Soviet Union has surpassed the United States, the most developed of the capitalist countries. In November last year, a meeting of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries was held in Moscow, followed by a meeting of 64 communist parties. These meetings issued two declarations of historic significance, greatly strengthened the solidarity of the ranks of the international working class and the socialist camp, and promoted the development of the world peace movement. All this shows that the east wind has prevailed over the west wind, and will continue to do so in the future.

T HE Moscow meetings of Communist and Workers ' Parties marked the beginning of a new stage in the present-

day international communist movement. Comrade Teng Hsiao-ping will give a special report on the Moscow meetings and t he declarations adopted at these meetings. All I wish to say here is that the development of the international situation over the past six months has proved that the appraisal and analysis made in the Moscow Declarations are wholly correct. The United States, leader of the imperialist camp, is now in the throes of another serious economic crisis; its production has fallen off drastically and the number of unemployed increased enormously. This crisis is hitting the entire capitalist world, and has thoroughly exploded the deceptive prop- aganda spread since the war by bourgeois politicians and scholars, reformists and revisionists that capitalist economy can avoid crises. The contradictions within the imperialist countries have deepened, and the workers ' and people's movements in these countries have made much headway. The contradictions among the imperialist countries, first of all those between the United States, Britain and France, have sharpened, though at present they are still mutually linked up in the NATO, the Bagdad Treaty Organization and the SEATO for the objective of opposing communism, the people and the national independence movements. The tendency to neutralism continues to grow in many capitalist countries. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, national independence movements are forging ahead. Though the imperialists are trying to undermine these movements by underhand means and by force, and though certain sections of the bourgeoisie in those nations are trying to restrict the growth of the people's forces which are most resolutely opposed to imperialism, facts have proved that they cannot hold back the historical advance of the people's national and democratic struggles. The struggle of the Indonesian Government and people in defence of their national sovereignty and unity is pushing ahead trium- phantly. The Algerian people are waging heroic struggles against the colonial rule of the French imperialists. The people of the whole world strongly demand peace. They demand that the proposals made by the Soviet Union for a summit conference, for the easing of international tension, for the reduction of armaments and the banning of the use and testing of nuclear weapons, be put into effect and that colonial rule and interference in the internal affairs of other countries be ended. But the imperialist bloc headed by the United States is stubbornly opposed to all this. Thus U.S. imperialism is becoming increasingly discredited in the eyes of the world. The U.S. imperialists

still continue their war threats and preparations for a new war. We must be keenly vigilant against this. But, as the Moscow Declaration says: "Should the bellicose, imperialist maniacs, regardless of everything, venture to unleash war, imperialism will doom itself to destruction, for the peoples will not tolerate a system that brings them so much suffering and exacts so many sacrifices."

In cont ras t to the situation in the imperialist camp, the socialist camp is growing stronger and more prosperous day by day. The economies of the Soviet Union, China and many other socialist countries are developing much faster than before; the living standards of their peoples are steadily improving. The unity of the socialist camp is becoming more firmly consolidated and its relations of mutual aid are being fur ther extended. The peace proposals of the Soviet Union and our other fraternal countries of Eastern Europe, and the withdrawal of the Chinese People's Volunteers from Korea have greatly enhanced the prestige of the socialist camp among the peace-loving peoples and countries the world over. The fact that the economies of the countries in the socialist camp are making rapid progress and are free from crisis, is bringing more and more people in the capitalist countries to a clear realization that socialism is the only bright road before them.

Faced with acute contemporary struggles between the socialist system and the capitalist system and between the working class and the bourgeoisie, the imperialists, in an at tempt to save themselves from destruction, have not only resorted to threats of war, war preparations, armed aggression and intensified exploitation and suppression of the people in their own countries and in the colonies and semi-colonies, but have tried hard to find new tools among the ranks of the working class so as to undermine from within the socialist countries and the international communist movement. Recently at its Seventh Congress, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia adopted an anti- Marxist-Leninist and out-and-out revisionist programme in opposition to the Declaration of the Moscow meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties. This programme runs diametrically counter to the interests' of the international communist movement and only suits the needs of the imperialists and particularly the U.S. imperialists. Therefore, we must wage a resolute struggle against modern revisionism. This is one of the major tasks facing us internationally at the present time. Only by thoroughly crushing modern revisionism and resolutely defending Marxism-Leninism can the unity of the international communist movement and the socialist countries be strengthened. By basing ourselves on this unity we can further rally the working people throughout the world and all those who oppose imperialism, war and national ensla,Jement in a common struggle to win greater victories for the cause of world peace, national independence, democracy, freedom and socialism.

The present international situation is undoubtedly favourable to the peoples striving for peace, democracy, national independence and socialism and those engaged in peaceful socialist construction in various countries. It is unfavourable only to the aggressive imperialist bloc and the revisionists who persist in defending imperialist policies and betraying the interests of socialism.

I N China, as everyone can see, the rectification campaign led by the Chinese Communist Par ty and con-

ducted in accordance with the guiding principles laid down by Comrade Mao Tse-tung for the correct handling of contradictions among the people, has achieved great results on the political, economic, ideological and cultural fronts. It is the purpose of the rectification campaign, by means of criticism and self-criticism, to raise the level of communist consciousness of the masses and to adjust rclalionships among the people in a systematic way so that they may meet the needs of consolidating the socialist system and further expanding the productive forces of society. Serving as a lever, the rectification campaign has pushed forward the work of the Par ty and the state in every field. The rectification campaign of the Com- munist Party and the struggle against the rightists have developed into a rectification campaign among every section of the people, and the upsurge in this nation-wide rectification campaign has in turn brought about a new upsurge in production and construction throughout the country.

The rectification campaign and the anti-rightist struggle are the socialist revolution carried out on the ideological and political fronts in our country. They are a decisive struggle between the socialist road and the capitalist road. Thanks to the victory in this struggle, a communist ideological emancipation movement is taking place among the broadest masses of the people. This is bringing about profound changes in the alignment of class forces in our country.

There are two exploiting classes and two labouring classes in China today. One of the exploiting classes comprises the bourgeois rightists who oppose socialism, lhe landlord and comprador classes whose rule had been overthrown, and other reactionaries. The bourgeois rightists are to all intents and purposes agents of the imperialists, the remnant feudal and comprador forces, and Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang. The other exploiting class comprises the national bourgeoisie and their intellectuals who are accepting socialist transformation step by step. Mast of them are in a state of transition, wavering between the socialist road and the capitalist road. One of the labouring classes comprises the peasants and other labourers who formerly worked on their own. The over- wi~elming majority of these have joined co-operatives and are becoming increasingly enthusiastic supporters of socialism. The other is the working class, the most advanced contingent of the whole people and the leading force in our state power and the cause of socialism. All these four categories of people have undergone tremendous changes in the course of the rectification campaign and lhe anti-rightist struggle.

As a result of the anti-rightist struggle, the anti- communist, anti-popular and anti-socialist bourgeois rightists have been thoroughly isolated by the masses and their ranks have begun to disintegrate. With victory won in this struggle, further heavy blows have also been dealt against the remnant counter-revolutionaries and all sorts of bad elements who tried to undermine socialism. Socialist public order has been greatly strengthened.

The anti-rightist struggle has also been of profound significance within our Party. We expelled a number of rightists from the Party. They were alien class elements

who had sneaked into the Party and renegades to the cause of socialism. They developed individualism, sectarianism, localism and nationalism to an extreme degree within the Party and carried out revisionist and other anti-socialist and anti-communist activities. In league with the rightists outside the Party, they attacked the Par ty and the socialist system. To rid the Party of these alien class elements and renegades is a great victory for its cause.

The national bourgeoisie, the bourgeois intellectuals and the members of the various democratic parties, who stand in the middle of the road and are half-hearted about socialism, have changed, or are changing, to a greater or lesser degree, their old political outlooks in the course of the struggle against the rightists, in the subsequent drive against waste and conservative ideas and practices, and in the great leaps forward in production and other fields of socialist construction. Most of these people, sensing "the compelling force of circumstances," now feel that they must make further progress and must not remain in their middle-of-the-road position as before. They have begun to admit their dual character in relation to the socialist revolution and the need to correct their many wrong views. They have expressed their determination to remould themselves, "give their hearts" to th.e Communist Par ty and strive to become left-wingers. Many intellectuals have taken an active part in the rectification campaign and indicated their resolve to become socialist- minded and professionally expert so as to turn themselves into thoroughly red specialists. Some of them have gone among the working people, taking part in manual labour, so as to build sincere contacts with the broad masses of the working people.

In many regions inhabited by national minorities, in the course of the rectification campaign and the struggle against the rightists, local nationalism has been seriously criticized, certain separatists and bourgeois rightists among the national minorities who impair the unity of the motherland have been exposed, and, at the same time, the tendency towards Han chauvinism among certain Han cadres has been further overcome. In this way, the socialist consciousness of the masses among the national minorities has been raised and there is a new look to the brotherhood and unity of the various nationalities.

T HE experience of the rectification campaign and the anti-rightist struggle once again shows that throughout

the transition period, that is, before completion of the building of a socialist society, the main contradiction inside our country is and remains that between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, between the socialist road and the capitalist road. In certain fields this contradiction manifests itself as a fierce life-and-death struggle between the enemy and ourselves; that was the case in the attack launched by the bourgeois rightists in 1957. This attack was repelled, but in the future they will try again to make trouble whenever opportunity arises. We must. therefore, be prepared to wage prolonged and repeated struggles against the bourgeois rightists before their contradictions with the people can be fully resolved. We must also continue to suppress other remnant counter- revolutionaries and all sorts of criminals breaking law and order. In the actual conditions existing in our coun-

try, however, the contradictions between the two classes and the two roads in most cases manifest themselves as contradictions within the ranks of the people. As to the contradictions among the p e o p l e - be they contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie on the one hand and the proletariat on the other, or contradictions within the proletariat arising from bourgeois and petty bourgeois influences upon sections of the proletariat - - t h e y should, as a rule, be resolved through the rectification campaign. As to contradictions among the working people arising from differences in their conceptions of right and wrong, or between the advanced and the backward elements among them, since some are connected with bourgeois and petty bourgeois influences, and most of them do not fall into the category of contradictions between classes at all, it is all the more obvious that such contradictions should be resolved by means of the rectification campaign.

T HE political atmosphere among the working people has also undergone a deep change following the rectifica-

tion campaign and the anti-rightist struggle. The political consciousness and socialist initiative of the masses, whether workers or peasants, have been greatly enhanced, as a result of the socialist revolution on the ideological and political fronts and the great debates on the capitalist road and the socialist road, which have been carried out on the broadest scale among the masses, and as a result of the development to the fullest extent of criticism and self-criticism in regard to mistakes and shortcomings in our work, by encouraging a full and frank airing of views, great debates and the posting of tatsepao.* Leading cadres in many units have made sincere self-criticisms before the masses and earnest efforts to improve their work and ways. This has moved the masses and strengthened their faith in the leading role of the Party; at the same time it led them on their own initiative, to criticize their own shortcomings, rectify the wrong ideas and backward habits which they carried over from the old society, and to improve their own work. This, in all places where the rectification campaign has been carried out thoroughly, has put both the masses and the cadres at ease; any estrangement that existed between them in the past has been eliminated. Feeling that the Par ty has given its heart to them, the masses too give their hearts to the Party. As a result, all sorts of negative trends reflecting surviving bourgeois ideas in these places have been greatly reduced and the just spirit of communism is in the ascendant. Many who were formerly backward are now ideologically emancipated and, becoming communist- minded, they are rapidly catching up with the more advanced. This is an important sign of the great victory we have won in the socialist revolution on the ideological and political fronts.

In the greater part of the country today, in the cities and countryside, in offices, enterprises, schools and army units, tatsepao are being put up, debates are being held, criticism and self-criticism are being vigorously conducted. Throughout the nation a new custom, a new habit is taking s h a p e - - t o handle all contradictions among the people correctly by way of the rectification campaign, namely,

*Opinions and criticisms written out in bold Chinese characters on large sheets of paper and posted freely for everybody to s e e . - Ed.

by "starting from the desire for unity, to solve contradictions through criticism or struggle and thus to achieve a new unity on a new basis." Criticism and self-criticism among the masses and cadres all aim at overcoming bureaucracy, sectarianism and subjectivism, doing away with the "five bad airs": bureaucratic airs, apathetic airs, extravagant airs, arrogant airs and finicky airs, doing away with every kind of waste and conservative practices in construction, correcting what is irrational in the organization and management of labour and changing those regulations and institutions that restrain development of the forces of production and the initiative of the masses. By relying on the exposures, criticisms, and proposals made by the masses and their supervision and practical work, many problems long unresolved have been solved rapidly. The masses openly criticize leading personnel by name and also openly criticize each other by name without mincing words and without the slightest hesita- tion. The aim of such criticism and self-criticism is to serve the interests of the state and the collective, to do better work in the common cause of socialism. Towards those being criticized their attitude is that of a real comrade; they don' t aim to "deal them a fatal blow," but acknowledge their achievements and help them to correct their shortcomings and make progress. This is the noble, communist way of doing things.

R ADICAL changes in human relations have taken place in our country with the development of criticism and

self-criticism. Cadres in industrial and mining enterprises and agricultural co-operatives have. begun to devote reg- ularly part of their time to participation in manual labour alongside the rank and file of workers and peasants. Many leaders of rural work are working on "ex- perimental plots" alongside the peasants. Large numbers of office workers and intellectuals have gone to the countryside and the mountain areas or to work in the basic units of enterprises. The example set by the masses has inspired the cadres and that set by the cadres has also inspired the masses. Managerial personnel now directly participate in some manual labour; and the workers in some managerial work. The relationship of mutual aid and co-operation, of learning from each other and of emulation, between those in the upper and the lower grades, between the managerial personnel and those who directly take part in production, between brain and manual workers, between city and countryside, has greatly developed. Many who were prone to bossiness have changed a great deal in this rectification campaign. So long as we continue to make use of the tatsepao and the debates, and constantly practise criticism and self- criticism, we shall certainly be able to get rid of the bossy style of work effectively and thoroughly, and gradually eliminate the evil bureaucratic habits carried over from thousands of years of history.

Such universal criticism and self-criticism as was un- folded in the course of the rectification campaign, such sharp attacks against bureaucracy and the subsequent achievement of such equality in human relations, are un- thinkable in any capitalist country. Never before has there been a political par ty like our Par ty of the proletariat that regards the interests of the people as its only interest, that firmly trusts the majority of the masses

and is bold enough to practise democracy on such an extensive scale. The bourgeois rightists and the revisionists allege that bureaucracy is a product of the proletarian dictatorship. The fact is just the opposite. Only the socialist state can, under the leadership of the Com- munist Party, gradually eliminate bureaucracy by relying on the revolutionary initiative of the working people. In order to develop the people's democracy and eliminate bureaucracy, it is necessary to strengthen the leading role of the Party and the dictatorship of the proletariat, not to weaken them.

O UR principle is democratic centralism. Our democracy is democracy under centralized guidance and our

centralism is centralism based on democracy. The facts prove that the practice of the most broadly-based democracy among the people, instead of hampering centralism, facilitates the realization of a high degree of centraliza- tion. Instead of weakening socialist discipline, it facilitates the consolidation of socialist discipline based on conscious acceptance by the masses. When cadres shed their bureaucratic airs and haughty attitude and mix with the masses, the prestige of the leadership waxes instead of waning. Thanks to the rectification campaign, a vigorous and lively political situation is developing throughout our public life in which there are both centralism and democracy, both discipline and freedom, both unity of will and personal ease of mind.

The broad masses of the working people have realized more fully that individual and immediate interests depend on and are bound up with collective and long-term interests and that the happiness of the individual lies in the realization of the lofty socialist ideals of all the people. That is why they have displayed an heroic communist spirit of self-sacrifice in the work. Their slogan is: "hard work for a few years, happiness for a thousand." This mighty torrent of communist ideas has swept away many stumbling blocks-- individual ism, departmentalism, localism and nationalism. In city and countryside, people vie with each other in joining in all kinds of voluntary labour. In building irrigation works, the peasants in many places have thrown aside tile age-old narrow-minded idea of only looking after their native places. In the nation-wide emulation drive, many advanced units and individuals have enthusiastically passed on their technical experience, inventions and creations to the backward units and individuals so that the latter can catch up with them. Many enterprises, organizations, schools, army units and individuals have taken the initiative in co-ordinating their activities with those of others so as to promote the progress of all concerned. All this is, as Lenin said, "the actual beginning of communism," "the beginning of a change which is of world historic significance."

All the factors mentioned above have combined to form the great revolutionary drive for socialist construction. Comrade Mao Tse-tung has put forward the slogans "catch up with and outstrip Britain in 15 years," "build socialism by exerting our utmost efforts and pressing ahead consistently to achieve greater, faster, better and more economical results," "to be promoters of progress not of retrogression," "build our country and run our households industriously and with frugality" and "battle hard for three years to bring about a basic change in the

RATE OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH JAN.- APRIL 1958

Jan. to April OUTPUT

126 100

April OUTPUT

100

142

1957

i.,)i

1958 1957 1958

b y Y u C ~ n - ~ i n

features of most areas" - - all these calls have quickly gripped the imagination of the huge army of hundreds of millions of working people and have been transformed into an immense material force. There has emerged in physical labour and other work a high degree of socialist initiative, a surging, militant spirit, a keenness in learning and studying that will not rest short of its aims, a fear- less creative spirit. An emulation drive in which the backward learn from and catch up and compete with the advanced has been launched between individuals, production teams, enterprises, co-operatives, counties and cities. Set norms are being constantly surpassed and new techniques invented. Time after time the masses outstrip the targets set by enterprises and administrative organs,

The spring of 1958 witnessed the beginning of a leap forward on every front in our socialist construction. In- dustry, agriculture and all other fields of activity are registering greater and more rapid growth.

To begin with industry. The total value of industrial output for the first four months of this year was 26 per cent higher than in the same period last year; the April increase was 42 per cent. According to estimates made on the basis of the present situation, China's steel output this year will be over 7.1 million tons, coal output will reach 180 million tons; 60,000 machine-tools will be produced and irrigation machinery with more than 3.5 million horsepower; the output of chemical fertilizers will amount to 1.35 million tons. In view of this, the rate of growth of China's industrial production this year will be much higher than that set in the original plan and will surpass that of any year in the First Five-Year Plan period.

The revolutionary energy of the masses of workers has also found expression in the trial manufacture of new products, in technical renovation, in the improvement of quality and lowering of production costs. In the first four months of the year, many kinds of small-sized trac- tors were successfully produced on a trial basis. Several of them can be used equally well for the cultivation of paddyfields, dry fields, mountain areas and terraced fields or for transport, for operating irrigation machinery or generating power for the processing of agricultural prod-

I0

ucts and other purposes. In the first four months of the year, Shanghai successfully produced more than one thousand kinds of new products on a t r ia l basis. By adopting the new technique of three- tapping troughs, the Taiyuan Steel P lan t has raised product iv i ty by near ly 50 per cent. As labour product iv i ty is being raised and raw mater ia ls are saved, it wil l be possible to reduce product ion costs in indus t ry this year by about I0 per cent SEeeJ compared with last year. This will save the state about 1,400 million yuan.

An upsurge is shaping up in capital construction in indus t ry this year. Near ly one thousand above-norm* projects will be under construction this year; this is more than the total number of such projects under construction in the Firs t F ive-Year Plan period. In addition, construction work has a l ready s tar ted on thousands of medium and small-sized coal mines, power stations, oil refineries, iron and steel plants, non-ferrous mines, chemical fer t i l izer plants, cement plants, engi- neering works and agr icul tura l and animal products processing plants.

The output of local indus t ry this year will show a considerable increase as a resul t of wide-spread indust r ia l capital construction under taken by local authori t ies. Take iron and steel for example. The amount of iron to be produced by local enterprises this year will r each 1,730,000 tons (as against the 593,000 tons produced last year) and that of steel wil l reach 1,410,000 tons (as against the 790,000 tons of last year). The rapid growth of the local industr ies is one of the outs tanding features of this year ' s industr ial upswing.

As a resul t of the intensive dr ive against waste and conservatism, the costs of capital construction in indus t ry this year will be grea t ly reduced. In many cases; the same amount of funds needed to build one fac tory in the

*The "norm" of investment in capital construction for heavy industry ranges between five and ten million yuan and that for light industry, between three and five million yuan.--Ed.

Irrigated area before liberation

Irrigated area since liberation up to Sept. 30. 1957

INCREASE

0 I00

IN IRRIGATED

ESTIMATED OUTPUT OF MAJOR INDUSTRIAL

1958

C o a I

Irrigation Machinery

100

Imgoted area up to

April 30, 1958

PRODUCTS

[---1 Original plan oJ: 1958=100 I Estimated output

Machine- Tools

6t248,000 tons 7,100,000 tons

150,72zb000 tons

180,000,000 tons

3,500,000 h.p.

27,000 60,00o

1,102,000 tons

1,350,000 tons Chemical Fertilizers

by Su Lt

past now suffices to build two. For example, in terms of the p lanned costs, where it would previously have cost about 1,000 mill ion yuan to build an iron and steel plant with an annual capacity of one mil l ion tons, such a plant can now be bui l t for l i t t le more than 400 mill ion yuan; for 60 mill ion yuan we can now build a nitrogenous fer- t i l izer p lant with an annual capacity of 50,000 tons of synthetic ammonium, in the past such a p lant would have cost 130 mill ion yuan. The t ime needed for building a capital construct ion project, too, is much shorter now than in the past.

by Y u C h u n - m i n

AREAS

T HE upsurge in agr icul ture last win te r and this spring gave a vigorous push to the new indust r ia l upsurge of

this year. The rapid development of indus t ry in turn has prompted an even swif ter growth of agriculture.

In agriculture, the most s t r ik ing leap took place in the campaign of the co-operative farmers to build i r r igat ion works. F rom last October to Apri l this year, the i r r igated acreage throughout the country increased by 350 mill ion m o u , that is, 80 mill ion m o u more than the total added dur ing the eight years since l ibera t ion and 110 million m o u more than the total acreage brought under i r r igat ion in the thousands of years before l iberation. At the same time, more than 200 mill ion m o u of low-lying

z62n and easily water logged fa rmland 865.48 mi,ioa m a u was t ransformed and irr igat ion

facil i t ies were improved on another 140 million m o u of land. The loss of wate r and soil was

11

brought under control over an area of 160,000 square kilo- metres. This gives proof of the power to conquer nature which the masses of the people have demonstrated in the field of agriculture following the great socialist revolution on the economic, political and ideological fronts and the release on a tremendous scale of our social productive forces.

In the same period, the peasants all over the country accumulated about 310,000 million tan of fertilizers (including all kinds of fertilizers, mostly clay and mud fertilizers). This averages over 18,000 catties to a mou, which, calculated according to the amount of plant nutrients, is more than three times the amount accumulated in 1956, one of the best of recent years. In many places, work was undertaken on a large scale to improve the soil and level the ground.

In the first four months of this year, over 290 million mo~t of land was afforested in the country, one and a half times the total acreage afforested in the past eight years. Big advance was also registered in the development of mountain areas, land reclamation, utilization of wild plants, etc.

The labour organization of our agricultural co-operatives has made further improvement. In most co-operatives, attendance by able-bodied members (men and women) in collective work was over 90 per cent in last winter and this spring.

A mass movement to improve farm tools is now spreading throughout the countryside. Tens of millions of peasants have made all sorts of improved and semi- mechanized farm implements, water lifts, means of trans- portation and equipment for processing farm produce. Thus the centuries-old tradition of primitive manual labour has begun to change and labour productivity has increased enormously. At the same time, the peasants in various places have made energetic efforts to improve systems and methods of cultivation in accordance with locaI conditions. This is the budding of a great technical revolution in the rural areas.

Work is also going ahead by leaps and bounds in transport and communications, commerce and other branches of the national economy. New records and inventions are being made continuously.

Rapid developments are also taking place in the fields of culture, education and public health. Energetic efforts are being made in many villages throughout the country to eIiminate illiteracy and establish large numbers of primary and secondary schools financed by the people. Cultural and artistic activities among the masses are ad- vancing quickly. The public health campaign centred on the elimination of the four pests* has already spread to every urban and rural district and achieved notable results.

-1 C H I N E S E W E I G H T S and M E A S U R E S at a G L A N C E

1 mo-~l~O,06 hectare or 0,1647 acre 1 tan (picul)~-~0.05 ton or 0.984 hundredweight 1 chin (catty)~0.5 kilogramme or 1.1023 pounds

12

The fact is that the growth of the social productive forces calls for a socialist revolution and the spiritual emancipation of the people; the victory of this revolution and emancipation in turn spurs a forward leap in the social productive forces; and this in turn impels a pro- gressive change in the socialist relations of production and an advance in man's ideology. In their ceaseless struggle to transform nature, the people are continuously transforming society and themselves.

Karl Marx prophesied that the proletarian revolution would usher us into a great epoch when "twenty years are concentrated in a day." If in past revolutionary struggles we experienced such great times, then is not our present socialist construction another great time again? Here one can see how the courageous and hard- working Chinese people, under the leadership of the great Chinese Communist Par ty and its leader Comrade Mao Tse-tung, have poured forth their history-making strength and wisdom in endless measure.

II

T HE current mighty leap forward in socialist construction is the product not only of the successful development

of the anti-rightist struggle and the rectification campaign but also of a correct implementation of the Party 's general l i n e - - t o build socialism by exerting our utmost efforts, and pressing ahead consistently to achieve greater, faster, better and more economical results.

Comrade Mao Tse-tung has often said that there are two methods of carrying on socialist transformation and construction: one will result in doing the work faster and better; the other slowly and not so well. Which method shall we adopt? This has been an issue. In his work On the Ques t ion o.f Agr icu l tura l Co-operat ion published in 1955, Comrade Mao Tse-tung provided a theoretical solu- tion to the struggle between these two methods regarding the socialist revolution in the ownership of the means of production. Furthermore, this struggle was decided in practice by the upsurge in socialist transformation which took place between the autumn of 1955 and the spring of 1956. There was also a conflict between the two methods in connection with the socialist revolution on the political and ideological fronts, and this too was worked out theoretically by Comrade Mao Tse-tung in his article On the Correct Handl ing of Contradict{ons A m o n g the People published last year, and was resolved in practice by the rectification campaign and anti-rightist struggle which began last year. In connection with socialist construction too, the Central Committee of the Par ty and Comrade Mao Tse-tung have always taken a clear-cut stand, insisting that the method of working faster and better be adopted and the other method, of working slowly and not so well, be rejected. However, on this question some comrades still clung to such outmoded ideas as "keeping to the right is better than keeping to the left," "it's better 'to go slower than faster" or "it's better to take small steps than to go striding forward." The struggle between the two methods in dealing with this question was not fully decided until the launching of the rectification campaign and the anti-rightist struggle.

*Rats, flies, mosquitoes and grain-destroying sparrows.--Ed.

~ ea r ly as March 1949, the S e v e n t h C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e of the P a r t y po in t ed ou t in i ts r e so lu t i on a d o p t e d a t

i ts Second P l e n a r y Sess ion: " C h i n a ' s economic h e r i t a g e is b a c k w a r d bu t the Ch inese peop le a r e b r a v e a n d indus t r ious , and w i t h the v i c to ry of the Chinese peop le ' s revo lu t ion , the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of the Ch inese Peop le ' s Republ ic , the l e a d e r s h i p of the Ch inese C o m m u n i s t P a r t y , and the he lp of the p r o l e t a r i a t in o t h e r coun t r i e s t h r o u g h - out the wor ld , and p r i m a r i l y the he lp of the Sov ie t Union, economic cons t ruc t ion in Ch ina wi l l be c a r r i ed on no t s lowly bu t p r o b a b l y a t a cons ide rab l e speed. We can a l r e a d y count the days w h e n C h i n a wil l a t t a i n p rospe r i t y . The re a re no g rounds w h a t s o e v e r for be ing pess imis t i c a b o u t Ch ina ' s economic r ev iva l . " In m a p p i n g out the F i r s t F i v e - Y e a r P l a n for D e v e l o p m e n t of the N a t i o n a l Economy, the Cen t r a l C o m m i t t e e of the P a r t y r e f u t e d a l l fa l lac ious v i ews f a v o u r i n g the s lowing down of economic cons t ruc t ion . The r a t e of d e v e l o p m e n t of the n a t i o n a l economy env i saged in the F i r s t F i v e - Y e a r P l a n was u n - p r e c e d e n t e d in Ch ina ' s h i s tory . Never the les s , the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e of the P a r t y be l i eved t ha t t he P l a n no t on ly could be fulf i l led, b u t could p r o b a b l y be fu l f i l led a h e a d of schedule a n d overful f i l led . As a m a t t e r of fact , in the w i n - t e r of 1955 w h e n i t was a p p a r e n t t h a t a dec is ive v i c to r y of the socia l i s t r evo lu t i on in the o w n e r s h i p of t he m e a n s of p roduc t ion was to be won v e r y sho r t l y a n d w h e n a mass upsu rge in p roduc t i on a n d cons t ruc t i on was b e g i n n i n g to t ake place, the " n o r m s " set in the F i r s t F i v e - Y e a r P l a n should have been r ev i sed u p w a r d . C o m r a d e Mao T s e - t u n g i ssued a t i m e l y call for a speed i e r t e m p o t h a n t ha t env i s - aged in the F i r s t F i v e - Y e a r P lan . In D e c e m b e r 1955, he wro te in the p re face to the book Socialist Upsurge in China's Countryside:

The problem facing the entire Pa r ty and the nation is no longer one of combating r ightist conservative ideas about

t h e speed of the socialist t ransformat ion of agriculture. That problem has a l ready been solved. Nor is it a problem of the speed of t ransformat ion of capital ist industry and commerce, by entire trades, into s ta te-pr ivate enterprises. That problem too has been solved. In the first half of 1956 we must discuss the speed of the socialist t ransformation of handicrafts. But that problem will easily be solved ~oo. The problem today is none of these, but concerns other fields. I t affects agr icul tural production; industrial production (including state, joint state- private and co-operative industries); handicraf t production; the scale and speed of capital construction in industry, communications and transport ; the co-ordination of commerce with other branches of the economy; and the co- ordination of activities in science, culture, education, public health, and so on, with various economic undertakings. In all these fields there is an under-est imat ion of the s i tua- tion which must be criticized and corrected if these activities are to keep pace with the development of the situation as a whole. People's thinking must adapt itself to changed conditions. Of course no one should go off into wild flights of fancy, or make plans unwarran ted by the objective situation, or insist on at tempting the impossible. The problem today is that r ightist conservatism is still causing trouble in many fields and preventing work in these fields from keeping pace with the development of the objective situation. The present problem is that many people consider impossible things which could be done if they exerted themselves. I t is absolutely necessary, therefore, to keep on criticizing r ightist conservative ideas which actual ly exist.

C o m r a d e Mao T s e - t u n g s u b s e q u e n t l y s u m m e d up the ideas e x p o u n d e d in th is p re face in the s logan of bu i ld ing soc ia l i sm b y ach iev ing "g rea te r , fa~ter , be t t e r and more economica l r e su l t s . " He po in t ed ou t t h a t the u r g e n t t a sk con f ron t i ng the en t i r e P a r t y was to ove rcome r igh t i s t c o n s e r v a t i v e ideas w h i c h ac tua l l y ex is ted . He cal led on al l m e m b e r s of the P a r t y to be p r o m o t e r s of p rogress and no t of r e t r o g r e s s i o n in cons t ruc t ion , in o rde r to push for - w a r d v i g o r o u s l y the c o u n t r y ' s i n d u s t r i a l and ag r i cu l tu r a l p roduc t ion and cons t ruc t ion .

On the p r o p o s a l of C o m r a d e Mao Tse- tung , the P a r t y in J a n u a r y 1956 p u t be fo re the peop le a " D r a f t P r o g r a m m e for A g r i c u l t u r a l Deve lopmen t , 1956 to 1967." This is a p r o g r a m m e for deve lop ing socia l i s t ag r i cu l t u r e by ach iev ing "g rea t e r , fas te r , b e t t e r and m o r e economical r e su l t s . " Not on ly d id i t se t g r e a t goals for r u r a l w o r k t h r o u g h o u t the c o u n t r y bu t i t gave a cor rec t o r i en ta t ion for d e v e l o p m e n t of the en t i r e w o r k of socia l is t cons t ruct ion .

I N A p r i l of the s ame year , a t an e n l a r g e d m e e t i n g of the Po l i t i ca l B u r e a u of the C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e of the

P a r t y , C o m r a d e Mao T s e - t u n g m a d e a r e p o r t on "Ten Se t s of R e l a t i o n s h i p s " in wh ich he ca l led the whole P a r t y ' s a t t e n t i o n to the cor rec t h a n d l i n g of the r e l a t i onsh ips :

1 - - b e t w e e n i n d u s t r y a n d a g r i c u l t u r e and b e tween h e a v y a n d l igh t i ndus t r i e s ;

2 - - b e t w e e n coas ta l i ndus t r i e s and i n l a n d indus t r i e s ;

3 - - b e t w e e n economic cons t ruc t ion and na t i ona l defence ;

4 - - b e t w e e n the s ta te , the co -ope ra t ives and the i n d i v i d u a l ;

5 - - b e t w e e n the cen t r a l and local au tho r i t i e s ;

6 - - b e t w e e n the H a n peop le and the na t i ona l m i n o r - i t ies ;

7 - - b e t w e e n the P a r t y a n d n o n - P a r t y people ;

8 - - b e t w e e n r e v o l u t i o n and c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n ;

9 - - b e t w e e n r i g h t and w r o n g ins ide a n d outs ide the P a r t y , a n d

10 - - i n t e r n a t i o n a l re la t ions .

In th is r epor t , C o m r a d e Mao T s e - t u n g ou t l i ned a ser ies of i m p o r t a n t pol ic ies in ampl i f i ca t ion of the g en e ra l l ine of bu i ld ing soc ia l i sm by ach iev ing "g rea te r , fas te r , be t t e r and m o r e economica l r e su l t s . " U n d e r i t e m s 1 and 5, he set fo r th the p r inc ip l e of deve lop ing i n d u s t r y and agr i - cu l tu re s i m u l t a n e o u s l y whi le g iv ing p r i o r i t y to h e a v y indus t ry , and the p r inc ip l e of combin ing cen t r a l i za t ion of p o w e r s w i th decen t r a l i za t ion . U n d e r i t ems 2 and 3, he po in t ed to the necess i ty of m a k i n g fu l l use of the in- d u s t r i a l bases in t he coas ta l a r e a s and a m a s s i n g a m p l e f u n d s fo r economic cons t ruc t ion . He p o i n t e d ou t u n d e r i t em 4 the neces s i t y of h a n d l i n g cor rec t ly the re la t ions b e t w e e n the i n d i v i d u a l and the col lect ive, b e t w e e n the p a r t a n d the whole , and b e t w e e n c o n s u m p t i o n and accumula - t ion. The r e m a i n i n g i t e m s cen t r ed m a i n l y a r o u n d the v i ew of co r rec t ly h a n d l i n g con t r ad i c t i ons a m o n g the people, a v i ew which was l a t e r e l a b o r a t e d . The g en e ra l idea of the r e p o r t was to mobi l i ze a l l pos i t ive fac tors and ava i l - ab le forces for b u i l d i n g Ch ina in to a modern , p rospe rous and m i g h t y socia l i s t s t a t e in the sho r t e s t poss ib le t ime. I t was on the bas i s of t he g u i d i n g l ines a n d pol ic ies la id

13

down by Comrade Mao Tse-tung on handling the ten sets of relationships that the Central Committee of the Par ty drew up its political report for the First Session of the Eighth National Congress.

These guiding lines and policies formulated by Com- rade Mao Tse-tung have played a tremendous role in our work. In 1956, every phase of China's economy and culture made a mighty leap forward. In that year, industrial output shot up 31 per cent, capital construction 62 per cent, and agricultural output 4.9 per cent despite severe natural calamities. Thus, within a space of four years, we reached ahead of schedule the targets set in the First Five-Year Plan for total value of industrial output, and total output of food crops and communications and transport; in capital construction, we also created favoarable conditions for the overfulfilment of the First Five-Year Plan.

T HERE were individual defects in our work during the leap forward in 1956. These consisted mainly in a cer-

tain strain in supplying the market due to the taking on of an excessive number of new workers and staff and excessive increases in certain categories of wages. These defects paled before the tremendous achievements made at the time and the problems arising from these defects were solved after a few months of efforts by the people throughout the country in a campaign launched at the call of the Par ty to increase production and practise economy. However, some comrades at the time magnified these defects and under-estimated the great achievements attained, and hence regarded the leap forward of 1956 as a "reckless advance." In a flurry of opposition to this so-cal]ed "reckless advance," some people even had misgivings about the principle of "achieving greater, faster, better, and more economical results" and the 40-Article Programme for Agricultural Development. This dampened the initiative of the masses and hampered progress on the production front in 1957, and particularly on the agricultural front. But the Party soon corrected this error. The Third Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Party held in September last year reaffirmed the need to adhere to the principle of achieving "greater, faster, better and more economical results," in building socialism. Following that, the Central Committee made public a revised version of the Draft Programme for Agricultural Development, and Comrade Mao Tse-tung issued a militant call to overtake and surpass Britain in the output of iron and steel and other major industrial products in 15 years. Such correct guidance by the Central Committee, combined with the initiative of the masses evoked by the rectification campaign and the anti-rightist struggle, gave rise to the all-round forward leap which is currently developing on an even larger scale in our socialist construction. Many of those comrades who expressed misgivings about the principle of building socialism by achieving "greater, faster, better and more economical results," have learnt a lesson from all this. But some of them have not yet learnt anything. They say: "We'll settle accounts with you after the autumn harvest." Well, let them wait to settle accounts. They will lose out in the end!

The development is U-shaped, i.e., high at the beginning and the end, but low in the middle. Didn't we see very clearly how things developed on the produc-

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tion front in 1956 - - 1957 - - 1958 in the form of an upsurge. then an ebb, and then an even bigger upsurge or, in other words, a leap forward, then a conservative phase and then another big leap forward?

The Party and the masses have learnt a lesson from this U-shaped development.

Now the people everywhere are full of confidence in the forward leap in production; they are determined to further speed up socialist construction. They are eager to remove the obstacles placed in their way by technical and cultural backwardness. In view of basic victory of the socialist revolution already achieved on the economic, political and ideological fronts, the Central Committee of the Par ty and Comrade Mao Tse-tung consider that the time is ripe to set new revolutionary tasks before the Par ty and the people, that now is the time to call for a technical revolution and, along with it, a cultural revolution.

Marx, Engels and Lenin often pointed out that the watchword of the working class should be "uninterrupted revolution." In putting forward new revolutionary tasks in good time, so that there is no halfway halt in the revolutionary advance of the people, the revolutionary fervour of the masses will not subside with interruptions of the revolution, and Par ty and state functionaries will not rest content with the success won and grow arrogant or apathetic, the Central Committee of the Com- munist Par ty and Comrade Mao Tse-tung have always guided the Chinese revolution by this Marxist-Leninist theory of uninterrupted revolution. Already on the eve of the victory of the democratic revolution, the Seventh Central Committee of the Party, in a resolution adopted in March 1949 at its Second Plenary Session, clearly put forward the task of "transforming the new-democratic state into a socialist state." After the founding of the People's Republic of China and immediately following the completion of land reform, the Central Committee, in December 1951, pointed out the road to collective farming through the mutual aid and co-operative movement, and in 1953 carried out extensive publicity and education among the people for the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and private industry and commerce. After the socialist revolution in the ownership of the means of production had been basically won. the Central Com- mittee launched the socialist revolution on the ideological and political fronts. All this has enabled the revolution to advance at the opportune moment from one stage to another, scoring one victory after another.

T HE issuance of the call for the technical and cultural revolutions means that our constantly developing

revolution must now advance to a new stage. The broad masses of workers, peasants and intellectuals have given an immediate and enthusiastic response to this timely call of the Party. In fact, the masses have already swung into action. In many places, the great march to overcome our technical and cultural backwardness has already started with vigour and vitality.

As we have noted above, the Par ty 's general line for socialist construction, which has gradually taken shape during the past eight years of construction, has proved its correctness at every step in the course of practical

work. While this line still needs to be tested fu r the r in fu ture practice, to be developed and perfected, we believe that the correctness of its basic or ientat ion and its major principles should and can be regarded as established.

I N the l ight of the pract ical experience gained in the people 's s truggle and of the development of Comrade

Mao Tse-tung's th inking in the past few years, the Central Commit tee of the Pa r ty is of the opinion that the following are the basic points of our general line, which is to build socialism by exer t ing our utmost efforts, and pressing ahead consistently to achieve greater , faster, be t te r and more economical results:

To mobil ize all posit ive factors and correctly handle contradictions among the people;

To consolid-'lte and develop socialist ownership, i.e., ownership by the who le people and collective ownership, and consolidate the proletarian dictatorship and proletarian international solidarity;

To carry out the technical revolution and cultural revolution step by step, whi le complet ing the socialist revolution on the economic, political and ideological fronts;

To develop industry and agriculture s imultaneously while giving priority to heavy industry;

With centralized leadership, over-all planning, proper division of labour and co-ordination, to develop national and local industries, and large, small and medium-s ized enterprises s imultaneously; and

By means of all this to build our country, in the shortest possible time, into a great socialist country with a modern industry, modern agriculture and modern science and culture.

Based on the requi rements of this general line, wha t are the main tasks facing the P a r t y and the people in the technical and cul tural revolut ions?

The main tasks of the technical revolut ion are as follows:

To put the national economy, including agriculture and handicrafts, systematical ly and in a planned way on a n e w technological basis, i.e., the technological basis of modern, large-scale production, so that machinery can be used wherever feasible and electrification is brought to all the cities and villages of the country;

To turn all big and medium-s ized cities throughout the country into industrial cities; and to build up n e w industrial bases in those places where the necessary conditions exist, to enable all the county towns and many townships to have their o w n industries, and to increase the value of industrial output of all the provinces and autonomous regions and even most of the special administrative regions and counties so that it exceeds the value of their agricultural output;

To set up a transport ne twork and post and te lecom- munications services equipped mainly wi th modern facilities, reaching every part of the country; and

While introducing as far as possible the world's up- to-date techniques, to launch a wide-spread mass move - ment in the cities and villages throughout the country to

improve tools and introduce technical innovations so that semi-mechanized or fully mechanized operations can be properly combined wi th the necessary hand work.

To meet the requi rements of the teclmical revolution, we must a t the same t ime carry through a cul tural revolution, promot ing culture, education and public heal th in the in teres t of economic construction. The main tasks in this are as follows:

To wipe out illiteracy, to institute compulsory primary education and step by step to bring secondary schools to the townships in general, and higher educational institutions and scientific research bodies to the special administrative regions in general and to many counties;

To complete the work of devising written languages for the national minorit ies or improving those already in existence and to make energetic efforts to reform the writ ten language used by the Han people;

To wipe out the "four pests," improve sanitary conditions, promote sports, e l iminate the principal diseases, break down superstitions, reform customs and change habits, and invigorate the national spirit;

To promote cultural and recreational activities among the masses and develop socialist l iterature and arts;

To train n e w intellectuals and remould the old intellectuals in order to establish a gigantic force of tens of mil l ions of working-class intellectuals, consisting of technicians, who will account for the greatest number, pro- fessors, teachers, scientists, journalists, writers, artists and Marxist theoreticians.

B Y vigorously carrying out the Par ty ' s general line for socialist construction and br inging about a technical

revolut ion and a cul tural revolution, we shall achieve an enormous development of our social product ive forces and a great increase in our labour product ivi ty. This will enable our indus t ry to catch up with and surpass Bri tain wi th in 15 years or less in the output of iron a.nd steel and other ma jo r indus t r ia l products, enable our agriculture, on the basis of car ry ing out the Nat ional Programme for Agr icu l tura l Development ahead of schedule, to surpass quickly the agr icul tura l achievements of the capitalist countries, and our science and technology, on the basis of car ry ing out the twelve-year p rogramme for the development of scieffce, to catch up with the world 's most advanced levels in the shortest possible time.

The speed of construct ion has been the most important question confront ing us since the vic tory of the socialist revolution. The aim of our revolut ion is to expand the social product ive forces as quickly as possible. Our country ' s economy has been very backward, and there are imper ia l i s t countries abroad; only by speeding up construction to the u tmost can we, within the shortest possible period, consolidate our socialist s tate and raise the people 's s tandards of living. The speedy building of socialism in a big country l ike ours, wi th a populat ion of more than 600 million, wil l great ly enhance the supremacy a l ready possessed by the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union, promote mutual aid and co-operation between the countries in the socialist camp and between all the forces of peace throughout the world, and help to defend world peace.

15

~ome people do not recognize the i m p o r t a n c e of in- c reas ing the speed of cons t ruc t ion ; they do not app r ove of the pol icy of cons i s ten t ly ach iev ing grea te r , fas ter , be t t e r and more economical resul ts , and they have ra i sed va r ious object ions.

Some say tha t speed ing up cons t ruc t ion m a k e s people feel " tense ," and so i t ' s be t t e r to s low down the tempo. But a r e th ings not go ing to ge t tense if the speed of con- s t ruc t ion is s iowed down? Su re ly one should be able to see tha t a reaI ly t e r r i b l y tense s i tua t ion wou ld exis t if more than 600 mi l l ion people had to l ive in p o v e r t y and cu l tu ra l b a c k w a r d n e s s for a p ro longed per iod, had to e x e r t the i r u tmos t efforts j u s t to eke out a bare l iving, and were unab le to res is t n a t u r a l ca l ami t i e s effect ively, unab le to pu t a quick stop to poss ib le fo re ign aggress ion and u t t e r ly unab le to m a s t e r the i r own fate. I t was to pul l themse lves out of such a s i tua t ion , t ha t the h u n d r e d s of mi l l ions of our people s u m m o n e d up the i r energ ies to t h row themselves , ful l of confidence, in to the hea t of w o r k and s t ruggle . This is s impiy n o r m a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y ac t iv i ty to which we should g ive our hea r t i e s t approva l . This k ind of " tens ion" is no th ing to be a f r a id of.

I T goes w i thou t s ay ing tha t we should gu ide the w o r k - ers and p e a s a n t s to d i rec t the i r efforts to i m p r o v e

the i r technique , tools, me thods of w o r k and l abou r o rgan iza t ion so as to b r ing abou t a f o r w a r d leap in p ro - duction. We should see to it t ha t the masses en joy necessary res t as p roduc t ion surges ahead, so as to a l t e rna t e hard ba t t l e s wi th necessa ry res t and enab le p roduc t ion and cons t ruc t ion to advance in a r h y t h m i c m a n n e r ; in addi t ion , we should pay a t t en t ion to sa fe ty measures .

D u r i n g this g r e a t m o v e m e n t in which h u n d r e d s of mi l l ions of peopIe have been mobi l ized , i t is i nev i t ab le t ha t t h e r e should be some defec t s in our w o r k even whi le g rea t successes a r e be ing scored, and that , as we advance , we should mee t w i th some diff icul t ies - - even grea t , un fo re - seeable diff icult ies. We should m a k e p rov i s ion for al l this. The b road masses of our people who have forged a solid u n i t y a m o n g themse lves wi l l c e r t a in ly not be f r i gh t ened by these defec ts and difficult ies, and they wil l su re ly be ab le to overcome them in good t ime. Some people cr i t ic ize us for "c rav ing g rea tness and success," for seek ing "quick success and i n s t an t benefi ts ." W h a t they say abou t us is r ight ! A n d shou ldn ' t we c rave g rea tnes s for our 600 mi l l ion people and the success of soc ia l i sm? Should we r a the r c rave smal lness and cour t fa i lu re , r e j ec t success and benefits, and res t con ten t w i th l agg ing beh ind and doing no th ing?

Some people wofider w h e t h e r the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the pol icy of cons i s ten t ly ach iev ing grea te r , fas ter , be t t e r and more economica l resu l t s won ' t l ead to waste . Of course, if th is pol icy is fo l lowed out p i ecemea l and if we mere ly go in for q u a n t i t y and speed and neglec t qua l i t y and economy, or vice versa , then of course t he re wi l l be waste. " G r e a t e r " and " f a s t e r " resu l t s a re concerned w i th q u a n t i t y and speed; "be t t e r " and " m o r e economica l " w i th qua l i ty and cost. They s u p p l e m e n t and condi t ion each other. Fac t s have p roved tha t by i m p l e m e n t i n g the pol icy of ach iev ing g rea te r , fas te r , be t t e r and more economica l

resu l t s in a comprehensive way, the initiative and po ten t i a l i t i e s of the people can be b rough t in to fu l les t play, and the g rea t e s t economies can be effected in deve lop-

16

ing p roduc t ion and cons t ruc t ion . Converse ly , oppos i t io~ to th is pol icy and res t r i c t ion of the in i t i a t i ve and po t en t i a l - i t ies of the people wi l l c e r t a in ly r e su l t in g r e a t was t e s of m a n p o w e r , money , m a t e r i a l s and prec ious t ime.

Others a re w o r r i e d t h a t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of th is pol icy wil l t h row the va r i ous b r a n c h e s of p roduc t ion off ba lance as wel l as f inancia l r e v e n u e a n d e x p e n d i t u r e . There is bound to be imba lance . Even if we do no t c a r r y out this policy, t he re wi l l a lways be imba lance , because a n y ba l - ance is t e m p o r a r y a n d condi t ional , and hence re la t ive . There is no abso lu t e balance . Of course, in o r d e r to con- fo rm to the ob jec t ive l aw of the p r o p o r t i o n a t e d e v e l o p m e n t of socia l is t economy, a ba lance should be m a i n t a i n e d b e t w e e n the va r ious b r a n c h e s of our n a t i o n a l economy over a ce r ta in pe r iod of t ime and to a ce r t a in ex ten t . This is p rec i se ly the pu r pos e of p l a n n i n g in a socia l i s t s ta te . The ques t ion is how tha t ba lance should be b r o u g h t abou t : by ge t t ing the b a c k w a r d to catch up wi th the advanced , or by forc ing the a d v a n c e d to fa l l back in l ine wi th the b a c k w a r d ? To ove rcome the i m b a l a n c e be tween f inancia l r e v e n u e and e x p e n d i t u r e , the pos i t ive a p p r o a c h is to e x p a n d p roduc t ion and be t t e r exp lo i t f inancia l resources ; the nega t ive a p p r o a c h is to v i ew th ings p u r e l y f rom the f inancia l angle , and pu t a curb on the deve lop - m e n t of cons t ruc t ion . Back in 1942 in his w o r k Economic and Financial Questions During the Period of the Anti- Japanese War, C o m r a d e Mao T s e - t u n g po in t ed ou t w h y the nega t ive a p p r o a c h is wrong. "Whi le a good or bad f inancia l pol icy m a y affect the economy," he wrote , " i t is the e conomy as a whole t h a t d e t e r m i n e s the f inancial s i tua t ion . We wi l l neve r ove rcome our f inancia l diff icul- t ies unless we have a sound economy, or ach ieve an a b u n d a n c e of f inancia l resources w i t h o u t deve lop ing the economy." He wro t e : "The conse rva t ive v i ew which ove r - looks the d e v e l o p m e n t of the economy or fa i ls to exp lo i t f inancia l resources be t t e r , bu t w a n t s to overcome f inancial di f f icul t ies by cu t t i ng d o w n on essen t i a l expend i tu r e s , canno t solve any ques t ions a t a l l ." S ince the t ime of the A n t i - J a p a n e s e War , our f inancia l di f f icul t ies have al l been so lved successfu l ly on the bas is of this p r inc ip le pu t for - w a r d by C o m r a d e Mao Tse- tung . I t is clear, therefore , tha t w h a t we should g u a r d aga in s t is not the occur rence of imba lance , bu t a l a r m w h e n i m b a l a n c e appears , and p roneness to get the advance to fa l l back in l ine wi th the b a c k w a r d - - a des i re "to t r im the toes to fit the shoe," or "to give up food for fea r of choking ."

Thus, none of the c r i t i c i sms d i rec ted aga in s t the pol icy of i nc reas ing the speed of cons t ruc t ion and of ach iev ing grea te r , fas te r , be t t e r and more economica l resul ts , can hold wa te r .

W HY is i t that , to increase the speed of cons t ruc t ion , in- d u s t r y and a g r i c u l t u r e m u s t be deve loped s i m u l t a n e -

ous ly? This is because ours is a l a rge ag r i c u l t u r a l coun t ry , and of our over 600 mi l l ion people , more t han 500 mi l l ion a re peasan t s who cons t i tu t e a mos t p o w e r f u l force both in the r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t rugg le a n d cons t ruc t ion . Only by r e ly ing on th is p o w e r f u l a l ly and g iv ing ful l p l ay to the p e a s a n t s ' i n i t i a t i ve and c rea t iveness can the w o r k i n g class of our c o u n t r y ach ieve v ic tory . The p a r a m o u n t i m -

portance of the peasantry as an ally jUSt tile Salllff ii1 the pe r iod of cons t ruc t ion as i t was in the pe r iod of r evo lu - tion. W h e n e v e r po l i t i ca l m i s t a k e s were m a d e they in -

variably had something to do with this question. While giving priority to the growth of heavy industry, we must make great efforts to develop agriculture, which means to get the greatest domestic market in the world to place immense orders for heavy and light industrial products, including farm machinery, chemical fertilizers, building materials, fuels, electrical power and transport facilities; and to mobilize the biggest labour force in the world to increase the production of foodstuffs, meat, vegetables, etc., and the output of cotton and other industrial crops, to contribute its astonishing labour power to produce enormous wealth, accumulate large amounts of funds for national industrial zonstruction, and itself to build small industrial enterprises in the villages. The energetic development of agriculture, therefore, will certainly speed up the industrialization of our nation and growth of the entire national economy; it will help greatly to improve the livelihood of the people throughout the country and consolidate the worker-peasant alliance. Without the rapid development of agriculture, there can be no rapid development of light and heavy industries, or of the national economy as a whole. The facts in the past eight years, and in this year in particular, have fully proved this.

S OME comrades are worried that, though the development of agriculture can accumulate funds for industrializa-

tion, it will for the present at least divert some funds which could be used by the state for industrialization. The upsurges in agriculture in 1956 and 1958 have proved such worries unnecessary. So long as we know how to rely on this great force of our 500 million peasants, we can greatly expand the scope of agricultural construction even if there is no increase in state investments in agriculture. The state has invested 1,450 million yuan to har- ness the Hfiai River, and completed over 1,600 million cubic metres of masonry and earth work in the past eight years. But by depending mainly on the labour, money and material resources of the peasants themselves, in six months of the winter of 1957 and spring of 1958, more than 12,000 million cubic metres of masonry and earth work were completed in Honan and Anhwei Provinces alone.

Some people doubted whether agricultural production could expand very rapidly. They quoted authoritative works, chapter and verse, to prove that agriculture could only advance slowly and that, what is more, its growth could in no way be guaranteed. Some scholars even asserted that the rate of agricultural growth could not keep pace with the growth of population. They argued that as the population grows, consumption will increase and there won' t be much of an increase in accumulation. From this they draw their pessimistic conclusions on the rate of growth of agriculture in our country, and, indeed, of the national economy as a whole. Underlying such ideas is an under-estimation of the organized revolutionary peasants of our country, and the facts inevitably gave them the lie. The great forward leap in agricultural production and construction this year has not only completely knocked the bottom out of their contention that agriculture cannot make quick progress but also blown sky high their argument that a big population impedes accumulation. All they see is that men are consumers and that the greater the population, the bigger the consumption. They fail to see that men are first of all producers and that when there is a large population there is also the

possibility of greater production and more accumulation. Their views obviously run counter to Marxism-Leninism.

W HY is it necessary to undertake the simultaneous development of national and local industries, and of

large, small and medium-sized enterprises to increase the speed of construction? Since the development of industrial production is the universal demand of the whole population, it is necessary to follow the principle of building industries by the efforts of the whole Par ty and population, and completely explode the myth that industry can be run only by the few. "The fire burns high when everybody adds wood to i t " - - i t is only when all central and local authorities at every level down to the co-operatives get going at it, only when there is a division of labour and co-operation between big, small and medium-sized enterprises, that we can achieve greater, faster, better and more economical results. It is necessary for the central, provincial, municipal and autonomous region authorities to build a certain number of big enterprises. Big enterprises which have a big output and a high technical level can solve key problems having a decisive bearing on the national economy. They form the backbone of the force that pushes forward the industrial development of the country. But small and medium-sized enterprises have the advantages which big enterprises do not have: they require less investments and can more easily absorb funds from scattered sources; they require less time to build and produce quicker results; they can be designed and equipped locally; they can make do with various simple types of equipment which are readily available in the localities. They can be set up over a wide area so as to facilitate industrialization of the country as a whole, promote the training of technical personnel throughout the country and a balanced development of the economies of the various regions. They can produce a great variety of goods and can be flexibly adapted to produce new types of goods. Close to the sources of raw materials and markets, they can reduce transport costs and make flexible use of available resources, making it easier to bring about a satisfactory relation between supply, production and sales. It is easier for them to make flexible use of the labour power available in the countryside and of casual labour, depending on the amount of work to be done, and thus help reduce the differences between city and countryside, between workers and peasants.

In the period of the First Five-Year Plan, we paid attention first of all to the development of industries run by the Central Government, to giant enterprises; this was absolutely necessary. But not enough attention was paid to the development of local industries and small and medium-sized industries; this was a shortcoming. In the past two years or more, the Central Committee has re- peatedly pointed out that this shortcoming must be remedied. With the improvements made in the s y s t e m of industrial management and the encouragement to develop small and medium-sized industries, there is a growing initiative in various regions to develop their own industries. In quite a short space of time, industrial plants will dot every part of the country like stars in the sky provided the twenty-odd provinces, municipalities under the central authority and autonomous regions, over 180 special administrative regions and autonomous chou, over 2,000 counties and autonomous counties, over 80,000

17

towns and townships, over 100,000 handicraf ts co-operatives and over 700,000 agricul tural co-operatives in the country display full ini t iat ive in a proper way in developing industry. In that ease, industr ial development in our country will na tura l ly be much faster than if it depended solely on a number of big enterprises run by the Central Gov- ernment. This will inevi tably result in: 1. quickening the pace of the nation's industr ia l izat ion; 2. quickening the pace of mechanization of agriculture; and 3. quickening the speed at which differences between city and countryside are reduced.

A big development of local industries, and of small and medium-sized enterprises, will give rise to many new probIems which i t is difficult for us to foresee at the momer~t. But here it must be especially emphasized that this growth of local industr ies and small and medium enterprises which we encourage must be placed under centralized leadership and over-al l planning, with a proper division of labour and co-ordination of efforts; there must be no blind development nor development through free competition. To prevent or reduce any possible waste in resources and funds and idle stocks of products, the Central Government and local authori t ies at all levels must seriously improve the work of co-ordination and balance, firmly oppose capital ist ideas in management , and any tendency to localism or depar tmental ism. At the same time, whether in nat ional or local industries, in giant enterprises or small and medium-sized enterprises, i t is necessary to oppose resolutely any tendency to chase only af ter the latest technical equipment, while fail ing to make full use of all that is on hand; oppose any tendency to over-emphasize the role of exper ts to the d isparagement of the great role that can be played by the workers and peasants in deveIoping new production techniques. All such tendencies which lead away from real i ty and from the masses, no iess than the tendency to resign oneself to backwardness and make no a t tempts to advance, are dei r imenta l to the nation's progress in construction.

The Par ty ' s general line for socialist construction is the application and development of its mass line in socialist construction. We must ful ly combine centralized leadership with decentralized management and co-ordinate the resources of the Central Government with those of the local authorities, the resources of the state with those of the masses, the giant under takings with small and medium-sized plants, the str iving to raise the qual i ty of work with p o p u l a r i z a t i o n - all this is applicable not only to indust ry but also to other economic and cul tural undertakings, and to the technical and cultural revolutions as a whoIe. All Pa r ty and state functionaries must acquire a deep and comprehensive unders tanding of the Par ty ' s general line for socialist construction and follow this line in their work. As for scientific, technical, cul tural and educational workers, they must be specially taught to adhere firmly to the principle of keeping in close contact with reality, production and the masses so that they can effectLvely serve the socialist cause of the prole tar ia t and promote the growth of the social productive forces.

III

T HE tasks of the Pa r ty at present are, on the basis of the rectification campaign, to continue to handle con-

tradictions among the people, systematical ly improve the

18

work of the state, s t rengthen the work of Pa r ty organizations at all levels, and work unswervingly for the imple- mentat ion of the general l ine for socialist construction.

As ment ioned above, the rectification campaign which s tar ted in May 1957 has achieved great results. But, we would be making a big mis take to become dizzy with the successes a l ready won and think tha t now everything is all right. We must not overlook the fact that the development of the campaign is not even. In some units, some places and among some people, it has not been carried out thoroughly enough, it has not got down to the roots of things. In some units, styles of work marked by bureaucracy, commandism, sectarianism and subject ivism have not been shaken; there are even cases where leading positions are still occupied by bourgeois r ightists and rotten elements; and the ini t ia t ive of the masses is still being hampered. Even in places where the campaign has been carried out fa i r ly thoroughly, not all the problems brought up by the masses that must be solved have received sat isfactory solutions. The leading organizations nmst under take a thorough check-up, make energetic efforts to s t rengthen weaker units, give serious consideration to the suggestions of the masses, and persist in carrying through the rectification campaign to complete victory.

T HE central task of the rectification campaign is io handle correctly the contradict ions among the people

and improve human relat ions in socialist labour and all other group activities. We have in the main accomplished the socialist t ransformat ion of the means of production, which is the prerequis i te for changing the relat ionships between men. In a society where exploi tat ion of man by man exists, such as in economic organizat ions under Kuomintang rule, there ' is antagonism between the ex- ploiters and the exploited, and class antagonisms are also reflected in the relat ions between the ord inary adminis t ra- tive personnel and actual producers, between the ord inary bra in workers and manual workers. With the carrying out of socialist t ransformat ion of the ownership of the means of production, these antagonisms have been transformed in the main and a comradely rela t ionship of mutua l aid and co-operat ion is shaping up between the adminis t ra t ive personnel and brain workers on the one hand and the rank and file on the other. However, many of the adminis t ra t ive personnel and brain workers have not yet learnt to t rea t the masses on a footing of complete equali ty; they have not yet done away with some survivals of the working style of the Kuomintang and still have certain bureaucra t ic airs. This makes it difficult for them to gain the full confidence of the masses. This has also prevented par t of the workers and peasants from taking the sort of a t t i tude to socialist labour that befits the masters of the state and the enterprises. This state of affairs has been radical ly changed as a resul t of the rectification campaign. In many state enterprises and co-operatives, genuine comradely mutual aid and co- operat ion develops successfully between the adminis t ra t ive personnel and brain workers and the masses, the advantages of socialist product ion relat ions are given full play, and thereby the product ive forces of society are fur ther released.

The present task is to effect a thorough and systematic read jus tment in the relat ionships between people, rooting

out the capital ist and feudal survivals of bygone days and building completely new socialist relations, not only in all our enLerprises and co-operatives, but in all government and popular organizations, schools, and in every walk of life. All functionaries (and first of all those who are members of the Communist Par ty) must, i r respect ive of their position or seniority, get r id of their bureaucra t ic airs, behave like ord inary labouring people, t rea t their subordinates and the rank and file as real equals, and make them feel that you are one of them and tha t you have given your hearts to them, in a word, be at one with the masses. The leading personnel at all levels must go down to the lower levels of adminis t ra t ion and out among the masses. The system under which leading personnel at the national, provincial , municipal and autonomous region levels spend one- thi rd of their t ime each year at the lower levels of adminis t ra t ion and among the masses must be carr ied through.

The rectification campaign must also be carr ied through to the end in the People 's Libera t ion Army. The People 's Liberat ion A r m y is the defender as well as bui lder of the cause of socialism. It has a glorious t rad i t ion of industry, bravery, hard work and plain living, and of forging close ties with the masses. Thanks to the rectification campaign, this glorious t rad i t ion has been fur ther developed. The relat ions between the higher and lower ranks in the army, between officers and men and between the army and the people have become stil l closer and the leadership of Pa r ty committees of various levels over a rmy units has been s trengthened. Earnes t efforts must be made to consolidate all these achievements of the rectification campaign. The Centra l Commit tee of the Par ty and the local Pa r ty committees must fur ther s t rengthen their leadership over mi l i t a ry work, pay at tent ion to political work in the army, mi l i t a ry training, and the work of the militia. They should look into these things several times a year. This will g rea t ly help raise the polit ical and mi l i t a ry qualit ies of the army, thereby helping to s t rengthen our nat ional defence, and the cause of l iberat ing Taiwan and defending peace.

In those enterprises, offices, organizations, schools and army units where reforms have been carr ied out, the rectification campaign will soon enter the four th stage when each individual studies documents, and under takes self-crit icism and se l f -examinat ion so as to raise his own ideological level. During this stage, all cadres, and those who are Pa r ty members in par t icular , must seriously s tudy the Par ty ' s policies and its style of work, sum up the gains derived f rom the rectification campaign, examine the shortcomings in their th inking and work, under take criticism and self-crit icism so as to raise their own level of polit ical unders tanding, and fur ther s t rengthen uni ty within the Par ty and uni ty between the Pa r ty and the masses. Leading cadres at the county level and above and those at the bat ta l ion level and above should pay special a t tent ion to s tudying the Par ty ' s genera l l ine for socialist construction and the Marxis t -Leninis t ways of thinking and doing things.

A positive a t t i tude must be taken towards the rectification campaign among the na t ional bourgeoisie, the bourgeois intel l igentsia and the various democrat ic part ies and groups; they must be given help in educat ing and remoulding themselves. A thorough-going rectifica-

tion campaign among these people will resul t in the fur ther consolidation of the people 's democrat ic united front, which is led by the Communis t Par ty , on the new basis of serving socialism. It wil l enable the people's democrat ic uni ted f ront to continue to play its par t in the life of the state, and the democrat ic part ies to co-exist for a long per iod of t ime with the Communis t Par ty and exercise mutua l supervis ion in meet ing the needs of the new society.

Of course, it is impossible to resolve all contradict ions through one single rectification campaign. To build a socialist and communist society, we must not only wipe out all the old systems of exploi ta t ion and oppression of man by man, but also u t te r ly el iminate obsolete ideas and habi ts which are der ived f rom and served these old systems; we must e l iminate bourgeois ideology and foster pro le ta r ian ideology, that is to say, eventua l ly el iminate all vestiges of the exploi t ing classes and exploi t ing systems from the minds of the people. This is a much more difficult task than that of e l iminat ing the exploi t ing classes economically. I t can be accomplished only through a long and complicated process of education and struggle. As to other contradict ions among the working people outside this scope, such as those between the r ight and the wrong, between the advanced and the backward, they wil l a lways exist and must be resolved continual ly as they arise. Progress will be made in the process of resolving them. Therefore it is undoubted ly wrong to imagine tha t a single ' rectification campaign can settle all questions at a single s troke and tha t there will be no more twists and turns or ups and downs in the struggle. That is why from now on the method of the rectification campaign, the method of cri t icism and self-cri t icism through full and f rank air ing of views, grea t debates and posting tatsepao must be made the regular method of reforming ideology and improving work. Al l - round rectification campaigns should be launched at set intervals to handle sys temat ica l ly the contradict ions among the people and other contradict ions tha t may have come to l ight at that time.

U NDER all circumstances, a strict dist inction must be drawn between the methods used to handle contradic-

tions among the people and those used to handle contradictions between the enemy and ourselves. So far as ideological problems among the people are concerned, no ma t t e r whether it is a case of a few against the many, or of the many against a few, they must be tackled by means of persuasion and education, not by means of force and coercion. In the fields of culture and academic studies we must continue to ca r ry out the policy of "let t ing a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend." This is a method, a scientific Marxis t method, of promot ing constant progress and advance in the sciences and arts. I t is also a method of resolving con- t radict ions among the people. As to the ut terances and activit ies of those who a im to undermine socialism and restore capital ism, we have never sanctioned such ut terances and activities, because they are not permi t ted under the socialist system. But we allow the anti- socialist poisonous weeds to grow and confront the people with contrasts, so tha t by way of comparison, the people can see clearly wha t they rea l ly are, and roused to

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indignation, l'aliy together to uproot them. In this way, the fighting abi l i ty of the masses will be tempered and it will open up bright prospects for the socialist blossom- ing of a hundred flowers. This policy has been publicly announced, i t was followed in the past and will be followed in the future. The existence of poisonous weeds is an objective phenomena. They will keep cropping up ten thousand years hence. But the poisonous weeds which will emerge in the far dis tant fu ture will not wear the stamp of class struggle as they do now. Since poisonous weeds exist objectively, if we did not allow them to grow as they are, they would have appeared in disguise, and poisoned the people in secret. We had better tell them openly: "Poisonous weeds are illegal, they've got to be uprooted when they grow. But we do not stop you from sprouting if you want to. Whoever wants to come out and fight, let them do so!" This policy has proved very effective. Large numbers of poisonous weeds furiously a t tacked the people, and were uprooted by them. Those which have not been uprooted have learnt nothing from those which have been eradicated; they still come out and fight. They will cer ta inly come out if they are given the chance, and we shall have to uproot them again. To uproot poisonous weeds is a question between the enemy and ourselves. To let a hundred flowers blossom is a question among the people. These are two different kinds of contradict ions and there are two different methods of handl ing them. The react ionary rightists of the bourgeoisie claimed to be one of the hundred socialist flowers. But that was s imply a fraud. They can' t be recognized as such.

I N improving the work of the state, the most important task at the moment is to find quick and correct

solutions to the problem of combining central izat ion with decentralization. As I said before, this is at present a key problem in carrying out the Par ty ' s general line for socialist construction. Local authori t ies should be allowed greater scope so that construction in all fields throughout the country can develop along the line of achieving greater, faster, bet ter and more economical results, and the Central Government depar tments can concentrate upon the things they should assume responsibi l i ty for. This principle was put forward by Comrade Mao Tse-tung back in Apri l 1956 in his report on "Ten Sets of Relation- ships." In actual work, we commenced to carry out this principle, but until quite recently it was being carried out very slowly and not at all thoroughly. In accordance with the discussions at the Nanning and Chengtu con- fcrences convoked by the Central Committee of the Par ty in the spring of this year, from now on, with the exception of some special, key enterprises or enterprises of an ex- perimental nature, all enterprises formerly run and managed by the various ministr ies under the State Council will, as a rule, be handed over to the local authori t ies and placed under their management. Light industr ies will be handed over to the local authori t ies first; later, heavy industr ies will gradual ly be handed over. Author i ty to run other economic undertakings, as well as cultural , educational, political and judicial affairs will also be handed over to the local authorit ies. The central authorit ies must see to it that the ini t iat ive of the provinces, municipali t ies and autonomous regions is brought

into full play; on their part , the la t te r must see to it that the ini t ia t ive of the special adminis t ra t ive regions, autonomous chou, counties, autonomous counties and townships is brought into full play.

With the improvement in the manager ia l system, the forward leap in product ion and construction and the raising of the poli t ical consciousness of the masses, existing rules and regulat ions governing economic and other work must be improved thoroughly and systemat- ically. The experience of the rectification campaign shows that many of these rules and regulat ions are necessary and suitable, but tha t there are also quite a few which are wholly superf luous or even breed waste and conservatism, hamper the ini t ia t ive of the local authori t ies and the masses and hinder the carrying out of the general line for socialist construction. Our task is thus to mobilize the masses to make an over-al l examinat ion of all exist ing rules and regulat ions in the light of the policy of bui lding socialism by achieving greater , faster, be t ter and more economical results by means of full and f rank air ing of views and great debates so that things may be dealt with in a discerning way af ter a serious s tudy has been made of the opinions voiced by the masses. Those parts of exist ing rules and regulations which are necessary and justif iable should be preserved; the rest should be revoked or revised, or replaced by new ones suited to local conditions and current needs, which should be in t roduced to other places af ter an exper imental phase. Improvement of rules and regulat ions is a work of great importance; the various regions and depar tments must devote a certain amount of t ime and manpower to it and, while doing so, concretely solve urgent problems so as to keep the high tide of product ion and construction

rolling.

One of the impor tan t questions of the day which must claim our a t tent ion is the continued s t reamlining of state organs, enterpr ises and undertakings, improvement of organization and management of labour and the reform of i r ra t ional rules and regulat ions in these fields. Since being s t reamlined last year, many s ta te-owned and joint state and pr ivate enterprises, building, t ranspor t and commercial enterprises, and other under takings and state organs have overcome in great measure the over- lapping and over-staffing which resulted f rom previous defects in the allocation of labour power and management of labour. But this problem has not ye t been completely settled. There are even cases where workers and employees who have not done any work at all over long periods are still kept on the payroll . Such cases of waste of manpower and funds, which amount to expropr ia t ion or the frui ts of other people 's labour, are impermissible. We nmst, while improving the manager ia l system and rules and regulations, fur ther s t reamline our organizat ions and use every possible ra t ional means to raise the ra te of ut i l izat ion of labour power and labour productivi ty. We must p rompt ly t ransfer r edundan t workers and employees to other jobs, so tha t not a single working day is wasted, and everyone who has some abi l i ty can be proper ly engaged in production ol" other useful work.

On condition that production is expanded and the l iving s tandards of the people are s teadi ly improved, the propor t ion of funds in the nat ional income going to

20

accumulation should be su i tab ly increased both in state and collective economies so tha t we can build socialism with grea ter and faster results. State policies in regard to wages, subsidies, welfare, bonuses, prices, taxes and profits must take state, collective and individual interests into account. Certain reasonable differentials between the l iving s tandards of workers and peasants, be tween living s tandards in city and countryside, and be tween the wages for various trades, technical grades and localities are necessary, but unreasonable and excessive differences must be avoided. Measures suited to conditions in the rura l and semi- rura l regions must be worked out in regard to wages, labour insurance and welfare in enterprises run by the counties and adminis t ra t ive units below the county level; the measures now in force in big enterprises in big cities should not be mechanical ly applied here.

B OTH the rectification campaign and improvements in the work of the state are a imed at making the super-

s t ructure meet the needs of the economic base, and the relat ions of product ion meet the needs of the development of product ive forces. Therefore, these efforts mugt, direct ly or indirect ly, resul t in the development of production and construction and, first of all, in the successes of great forward leaps in product ion and construct ion this year. This year is the first year of the Second Five-Year Plan, the first of three years of hard struggle; it is also the first of the fifteen years in which we are to catch up with Britain. Our achievements this year will be an impor tant gauge of the success of the rectification campaign and the general l ine for socialist construction, and everybody is watching. So, we must pay grea t a t tent ion to the work of this year and t ry to do it well. The impor tan t thing here is that the leadership must rea l ly be in the van of the masses, in the van of the movement, and not lag behind them. The masses are now very enthusiastic; this is the main thing we must re ly on if we are to make all our under tak ings advance rapidly . We must set great store by this enthusiasm, and never throw cold wate r on it. Leaders, however, must combine revolu t ionary enthusiasm with business- l ike sense. They must be able not only to put forward advanced targets but also to adopt effective measures in t ime to ensure the realization of the targets. They must not indulge in empty talk and bluff. The targets we put forward should be those that can be reached with hard work. Do not l ight ly publicize as plan that which is not rea l ly a t ta in- able, lest fai lure dampen the enthus iasm of the masses and delight the conservatives. Allowance should be made for difficulties and shortcomings and care should always be taken in the course of the work to uncover difficulties and shortcomings and, wi thout exaggera t ing or minimizing them, and by working together with the masses overcome them by every possible means and in a realist ic manner . If this is done, we shall sure ly achieve very great things in our work, unless except ional ly severe na tura l calamities or other accidents intervene.

The guarantee of success in all our work of socialist construction is the Par ty ' s correct leadership. The Cen-

t ra l Committee of the Pa r ty and local Pa r ty committees at all levels must be the leading core of the government at all levels. In the past few years, the leadership of the

Pa r ty concentrated its efforts main ly on the socialist revolution. While we shall continue to pay at tent ion to this work, we now can and must concentrate greater efforts on socialist construction. Pa r ty committees at all levels must give the same resolute leadership to socialist construction and the technical and cul tural revolutions as they have been giving the democrat ic and socialist revolutions. The mis taken tendency among some people

both inside and outside the Pa r ty to th ink that the Par ty cannot lead construction work, or work in the fields of science and technology, culture and education must be thoroughly corrected.

In the period of socialist construction, the period of technical and cul tural revolutions, the Pa r ty cadres must have a real unders tanding of their jobs and the necessary knowledge in science and technology to guide the work properly. All Pa r ty cadres must put themselves to work on "exper imenta l plots," since this is a good method of combining polit ical work with professional activit ies and enabl ing the cadres to keep in close touch with the masses. Natural ly , while paying at tention to technique and one's own speciality, one must never ignore politics. We must nei ther become shallow "poli t icians"

who know nothing about thei r jobs, nor "practical men of business" who have lost their bearings. To be both "red" and "exper t" - - this is the way of progress for intel lectuals and technicians throughout the country; this is also the way of progress for all Pa r ty cadres at all levels.

I DEOLOGICAL and polit ical work is a lways the soul and guide of every kind of work. In every case, abandonment

or neglect of ideological and poli t ical work by the Pa r ty will divorce us from the masses and lead us astray. In the past few years, among leading cadres in the field of construction, we have seen, on the one hand, the shortcomings of not being well versed in their jobs or not t ry ing to learn about them, while, on the other hand, there has also been a tendency to ignore ideological and poli t ical work al though they have learn t their jobs. I t should be realized that machines are made and operated by men, and mater ia ls are produced only through the efforts of men. I t is man that counts; the subjective ini t ia t ive of the masses is a mighty driving force. To ignore this grea t dr iv ing force will run counter to Marxism-Leninism. Some people say tha t ideological and polit ical work can produce nei ther grain nor coal or iron. This is l ike fail ing to see the wood for the trees. One may ask: have we not produced more grain, coal and iron by formula t ing and carrying out correct political lines, by correct ly handl ing contradict ions among the people, and by ra is ing the socialist consciousness of the workers and arousing the enthusiasm of the masses, and are we not going to produce more and more by so doing?

Par ty committees at all levels must pay at tent ion to ideological t rends inside and outside the Par ty , s t rengthen ideological and poli t ical work, pay at tent ion to theoret ical problems, seriously s tudy the line and policies of the Pa r ty and put a firm stop to the vulgar hab i t which has prevai led hi ther to in many places and depar tments , of ta lking about professional mat ters only and ignoring

21

ideological p roblems. P a r t y commi t t ee s at all levels m u s t pay a t t en t ion to work in connec t ion wi th the press, the school educa t ion and cul ture , and m u s t r ega rd as a ma jo r pol i t ical t a sk the fos te r ing and t r a i n i n g of an a r m y of work ing -c l a s s in te l l ec tua l s and M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t theoret ic ians .

M A R X I S M - L E N I N I S M is the theo re t i ca l founda t ion on

which all the work of our Party is based. The

whole P a r t y mus t l ea rn to a p p l y M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and d ia lec t ica l m a t e r i a l i s m to p rac t i ca l work , and t h o r o u g h l y oppose any t endency to d o c t r i n a i r i s m and empi r ic i sm. Doc t r ina i r i sm and empi r i c i sm a re fo rms of sub jec t iv i sm and me taphys i c s which a re d ivorced f rom prac t ice and f rom the masses ; t hey h i n d e r people f rom acqu i r ing the ab i l i ty to ana lyse and sum up exper ience , to d i s t ingu i sh be tween the essence and the o u t w a r d a p p e a r a n c e of things, be tween the m a i n t r e n d and side issues and thus m a k e them prone to commi t po l i t i ca l mis takes . We m u s t f ree ourse lves comple t e ly f rom the shackles of d o c t r i n a i r - ism and empir ic i sm, and fos ter a l ive ly and act ive g r o w t h of our minds and our work . We mus t respec t the p r a c - t ical deeds of the masses, the i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y d r ive and c rea t ive sp i r i t ; and this m e a n s respec t for m a t e r i a l i s m and dialect ics. We m u s t l ea rn f rom C o m r a d e Mao Tse- tung and f rom m a n y o the r comrades who keep in close contac t wi th the masses ( inc luding the m a n y l eade r s of the P a r t y at the centra l , p rovinc ia l , special a d m i n i s t r a t i v e regional , coun ty and townsh ip levels and among the masses). We mus t fo l low the i r e x a m p l e s in i n v a r i a b l y app ly ing M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m , d ia lec t ics and m a t e r i a l i s m to prac t icaI work, in combin ing the u n i v e r s a l t r u th s of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m wi th the ac tua l p rac t i ce of the Chinese revolu t ion , and combin ing a se r ious and p r inc ip l ed s t and wi th a l ively, c rea t ive spir i t , in i den t i fy ing themse lves wi th the mil l ions, see ing the cor rec t d i rec t ion , g r a sp ing the t ru th , and t h r o w i n g themse lves in to the s t rugg le for tha t t ru th , daun t l e s s ly b r a v i n g al l diff icult ies .

We a re now in a g r e a t per iod in the h i s to ry of our count ry , the per iod of d e v e l o p m e n t by l eaps and bounds . Our P a r t y and our coun t ry now need a host of people who think, speak and act wi th courage and dar ing , who da re to topp le the old idols, to m a k e innova t ions and c rea te new things, who da re to upho ld the t ru th , conque r ever new pos i t ions for the t ru th and ra ise the b a n n e r of p rogress and revolu t ion . Only b y r e ly ing on such peop le can we lead the people of the who le c o u n t r y in m a k i n g one forwm'd leap a f t e r a n o t h e r and comple te the g rea t work of social is t cons t ruc t ion b y ach iev ing grea te r , faster , be t t e r and more economica l resul ts .

F o r m o r e than a h u n d r e d y e a r s our c o u n t r y suffered from the oppress ion of fo re ign aggressors which m a d e us b a c k w a r d in m a n y respects . A l t h o u g h China has been l ibe ra t ed and has made r ap id advances in e v e r y field, the m e n t a l i t y of qu i t e a few of our people st i l l bea r s the i m p r i n t of the oppressed , the i r m i n d s are st i l l filled wi th all k inds of sh ibbole ths , fea rs and fee l ings of in- fer ior i ty . Ins tead of e x e r t i n g the i r u t m o s t efforts, they are apathet ic , and ins tead of p re s s ing ahead cons is ten t ly , they are res igned to backwardnes s . The p r o l e t a r i a t and the people ' s mi l i t an t s m u s t r id t hemse lves lock, s tock and bar re l of such s ta tes of mind : they should cu l t iva te the noble w a y of f i rmly be l i ev ing in the t ru th , r e so lu t e ly

22

r e ly ing on the masses and be ing fear less of a n y au tho r i ty . We m u s t r e m e m b e r t ha t m o d e s t y helps one to m a k e p rogress w h e r e a s concei t m a k e s one lag beh ind . But the p rac t i ca l m o d e s t y we advoca te has no th ing to do w i th any sense of in fe r io r i ty . We have a p o p u l a t i o n of m o r e t han 600 mi l l ion and our P a r t y has t ies of flesh and b lood w i th this vas t popu la t ion . By r e ly ing on th is g r e a t force we can, or soon can do a n y t h i n g w i th in the r ea lms of h u m a n poss ib i l i ty . I t is t r ue tha t for the t ime be ing this popu l a t i on of 600 mi l l ion and more is economica l ly poor and c u l t u r a l l y is l ike a c lean shee t of w h i t e paper . But w h a t does th is m a t t e r to M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s ? C o m r a d e Mao T s e - t u n g has put i t we l l : " In add i t i on to o the r charac te r i s t i cs , our more than 600 mi l l ion people a re cha rac t e r i zed by p o v e r t y and 'whi teness . ' This a p p e a r s to be a bad thing, bu t in fact it is a good thing. Poor people w a n t to change, to w o r k ha rd and m a k e a revo lu t ion . A c lean shee t of whi t e p a p e r has no th ing w r i t t e n on i t and is t he r e fo re wel l su i ted for w r i t i n g the n e w e s t and mos t beau t i fu l w o r d s on and for d r a w i n g the n e w e s t and mos t beau t i fu l p ic tu res . " I sn ' t this a fac t? Our 600 mi l l ion and more peop le h a v e a l r e a d y f a r su rpassed the most a d v a n c e d cap i t a l i s t coun- t r ies in the Wes t in the speed of the u p s u r g e of the i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y consciousness and of the v ic to r i es of the i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t rugg les and wi l l def in i te ly f a r su rpass them too in the speed of economic and cu l tu ra l g rowth . In h is tory , i t is a lways the n e w c o m e r s who ou t s t r i p the old, a l w a y s the n e w - b o r n things , which fo r a t ime a p p e a r w e a k and smal l bu t r e p r e s e n t w h a t is p rogress ive , t ha t de fea t the m o r i b u n d things , which a p p e a r p o w e r f u l bu t r e p r e s e n t w h a t is conserva t ive . Wi th in a v e r y shor t h i s to r ica l pe r iod we sha l l c e r t a in ly l eave e v e r y cap i t a l i s t c o u n t r y in the w o r l d f a r beh ind us. A n d so, s h o u l d n ' t we have conf idence in ourse lves and d i sca rd e v e r y - th ing t ha t smacks of supers t i t ion , fear and feel ings of i n f e r i o r i t y?

T HE inev i t ab l e v ic to ry of our cause is also g r o u n d e d in the f r a t e r n a l a id of the coun t r i e s in the socia l is t camp

h e a d e d by the g r e a t Sov ie t U n i o n - - w h i c h is i n t e r n a t i o n - a l ly the mos t i m p o r t a n t f ac to r in our favour . We shal l con t inue to d r a w on the advanced expe r i enc e of the Sovie t Union and o the r countr ies , con t inue to s t r e n g t h e n m u t u a l ass i s tance and co -opera t ion wi th the o the r coun t r i e s in the socia l is t camp and, shou lde r to shou lde r wi th our f r a t e r n a l pa r t i e s in al l countr ies , ra i se s t i l l h ighe r t he b a n n e r of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and re in fo rce the mi l i t an t so l i da r i t y of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s t movemen t . We reso lu te ly s u p p o r t the peace p roposa l s of the Sov ie t Union. the efforts of the peop les of a l l l ands to s a f e g u a r d peace. and all n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t s which oppose aggress ion. de fend the i r sovere ign r i gh t s and seek independence . The s t rugg les of the peop le of all coun t r i e s s upp o r t our cause and t h r o u g h our w o r k we in t u rn s u p p o r t the peop le of all countr ies .

Comrades ! Let us, on the bas is of the P a r t y ' s genera l l ine for socia l i s t cons t ruc t ion , s t r e n g t h e n cease less ly the

unity of the entire Party and unity botwoon tho P~rt~ ~ d all the people . Let us s t r e n g t h e n cease less ly our so l ida r i ty wi th the Sovie t Union and o the r coun t r i e s in the socia l is t camp and wi th all the peoples of the wor ld in the common cause of peace, democracy and social ism. Vic tory wil l su re ly be ours!

Resolution on the Moscow Meetings of Representatives

of Communist and Workers' Parties

Adopted on May 23, 1958, by the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China

T HE Eighth National Congress of the Communist Par ty of China, at its Second Session, having heard the report

delivered by Comrade Teng Hsiao-ping on the meeting of representatives of the Communist and Workers ' Parties of the socialist countries held in Moscow from November 14 to 16, 1957, and the meeting of representatives of 64 Communist and Workers' Parties held from November 16 to 19, unanimously endorses the Declarations adopted by the two meetings and expresses satisfaction with the work of the delegation of the Communist Par ty of China headed by Comrade Mao Tse-tung during the two meetings.

The Moscow meetings of the Communist and Workers' Parties of various countries and the two Declarations they adopted ushered in a new stage in the international communist movement of our time and were a very great inspiration to the labouring people and all forces for peace, democracy and progress throughout the world. The Communist Parties throughout the world have welcomed and given their support to the two Declarations. The Communist Par ty of the United States of America, after clearing out the revisionist John Gates, has also endorsed the stand taken by these Declarations. Only the League of Communists of Yugoslavia has not only openly assumed an attitude of opposition to the Declaration of the meeting of representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries, but has also adopted an anti- Marxist-Leninist and out-and-out revisionist programme at its Seventh Congress, and set it against the Declaration of the Moscow meeting. At their Congress, in an effort to defend thei~ anti-Marxist-Leninist and out-and-out revisionist programme, Tito and other leaders of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia made a series of vicious attacks against the international communist movement and the socialist camp with the Soviet Union as its centre, whereas in regard to U.S. imperialism, that most ferocious enemy of the people in every part of the world, they were sycophantic and deeply grateful.

At present, the international communist movement has the important responsibility to adhere firmly to the viewpoints expressed in the Declaration of the meeting of representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries, to defend the fundamental principles of Marxism-Leninism and oppose modern revisionism.

The Declaration of the meeting of representatives of the Communist and Workers ' Parties of the socialist countries sums up the experience of the international communist movement in the past century, especially in the past forty years; expounds the common principles which the Communist Parties of all countries must abide by in the socialist revolution and socialist construction;

puts forward the basic policy of the Communist Parties in rallying the broad masses of the people to the struggle for the cause of peace, democracy and socialism; it lays the ideological and political foundation for solidarity among the Communist Parties and strengthens the unity of the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union. It is an epoch-making document which is in the nature of a programme for the international communist movement.

Analysing the current international situation, the Declaration points out that "world development is determined by the course and results of the competition between two diametrically opposed social systems," that "while socialism is on the upgrade, imperialism is heading towards decline," that the colonial system is crumbling and that "capitalist economy is bound to encounter new deep slumps and crises." It points out that the question of war or peaceful co-existence has become the basic issue in world politics, while the existence of imperialism is the source of aggressive wars. It points out that the aggressive imperialist circles of the United States have become the centre of world reaction, the most deadly enemy of the peoples. It says: "By this policy these anti-popular, aggressive imperialist forces are courting their own ruin, creating their own grave-diggers." At the same time, the Declaration points out that the forces of peace have so grown that there is a real possibility of averting wars and that at the forefront of the forces of peace is the indestruc- tible socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union. The Declaration says: "An alliance of these mighty forces can prevent war, but should the bellicose imperialist maniacs venture, regardless of anything, to unleash a war, imperialism will doom itself to destruction, for the peoples will not tolerate a system that brings them so much suffering and exacts so many sacrifices."

T HE Peace Manifesto adopted at the meeting of representatives of 64 Communist and Workers' Parties

points out that the threat to peace and the security of the people comes from "the capitalist monopolies which have amassed unprecedented riches from the two world wars and the current arms drive." It appeals to people of good- will throughout the world: Organize and fight for peace!

The correctness of the appraisal of the international situation made in the Declaration of the meeting of representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries is confirmed by the development of events. In the past six months, in the socialist camp, economic and cultural construction in the Soviet Union, China and many other brother countries has shown a

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continuous upward trend. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, there has been a fresh advance in the nat ional l iberation movement waged against the imperial is ts and their lackeys, and in some countries fierce struggle is going on. Meanwhile, the imperial is t countries have landed in a new, grave and deep economic crisis. This began first in the United States, where capital ism is most developed, and the economic crisis of the United States is now hit t ing the whole capital ist world. On the issue of peace or war, the Soviet Union, Poland, the German Democratic Republic, Rumania and other brother countries have put forward a series of peace proposals. The Soviet Union has stopped the testing of nuclear weapons before others; the Governments of the Korean Democratic People 's Republic and of our own country joint ly decided to wi thdraw the Chinese People 's Volunteers from Korea. These facts demonst ra te to the people throughout the world the determinat ion of the countries in the socialist camp to do all in their power to secure peace. Despite the desire for peace of the people of all countries, the aggressive bloc headed by the U.S. imperial is ts persists up to now in its refusal to stop nuclear tests, to end the cold war, to reduce a rmaments and to wi thdraw its troops from Korea, and it is doing all it can to delay the convening of a summit conference. The U.S. imperial is ts have been occupying our Taiwan. They have gone so far as to interfere openly in the in ternal affairs of Indonesia, aiding and abet t ing and supplying the insurgent clique in that country with mater ia ls and now they are in ter fer ing in the in ternal affairs of the Lebanon. We must be awake to the fact that U.S. imperialism and the imperia l is t bloc headed by it are still actively threatening war, prepar ing for new wars. stepping up their political, economic and cultural aggression against many countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. undermining the internal uni ty of these countries and even resort ing to armed force to suppress nat ional l iberation movements. It is our task to ra l ly the peace-loving forces of the whole world to safeguard peace and smash the war schemes of the aggressive imperia l is t bloc headed by the United States.

T HE Declaration of the meeting of representa t ives of the Communist and Workers ' Part ies of the socialist

countries points out that in adher ing to the principle of combining the universal t ruths of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete practice of revolution and construction in various countries, a t tent ion must be paid to overcoming revisionism and doctrinairism. The Declarat ion lays stress on the theoretical foundat ion of Marx i sm-Len in i sm- - dialectical m a t e r i a l i s m - - r e f u t e s metaphysics and idealism, and holds that "the application of dialectical mater ia l i sm in pract ical work and the education of Pa r ty functionaries and the broad masses in Marxism-Leninism are urgent tasks of the Communist and Workers ' Part ies." To the question of what is the main danger now facing the internat ional communist movement, the Declaration gives this clear-cut answer: "The main danger at present is revisionism, or, in other words, r ight -wing opportunism, which, as a manifestat ion of bourgeois ideology, paralyses the revolut ionary energy of the working class and demands the preservat ion or res torat ion of capitalism." The Declaration points out: "The existence of bourgeois influence is an internal source of revisionism, while

24

surrender to imper ia l is t pressure is its external source." Making a special note of the emergence of modern revisionism, the Declarat ion points out: "Modern revisionism seeks to smear the great teaching of Marxism-Leninism, declares that it is 'outmoded' and alleges that it has lost its significance for social progress. The revisionists t ry to exorcize the revolut ionary spiri t of Marxism, to undermine faith in socialism among the working class and the working people in general. They deny the historical necessity for a pro le tar ian revolution and the dictatorship of the prole tar ia t during the period of t ransi t ion from capital ism to socialism, deny the leading role of the Marxis t -Leninis t party, reject the principle of prole tar ian in ternat ional i sm and call for rejection of the basic Leninist principles of Par ty organization and, above all, of democrat ic central ism and for t ransforming the Communist Pa r ty from a mi l i tan t revolut ionary organization into some kind of debat ing society."

W E Chinese Communists, like the Communists of other countries, note with pleasure that since the publication

of the Declaration, fresh achievements have been made by the fraternal Parties in the countries of the socialist camp in socialist revolution and socialist construction, in ideological and political work and in unity and co-operation. New progress has also been made by the fraternal Parties in the capitalist countries in the struggle against revisionism and right-wing renegades, in the work of consolidating their own ranks, defending the Marxist-Leninist unity of the Party and increasing its militant strength, and in the work of establishing close ties with the workers, peasants and the rest of the broad masses of the labouring people.

It is clear that, to wage a joint struggle against imperialism for the common cause of the proletariat of the whole world, the unity and solidarity of the Communist Parties in all countries on the basis of Marxism-Leninism is of special importance. Brother Parties should strengthen their mutual contacts. All talk and action that go against this unity and solidarity are harmful, they must be resolutely opposed.

The truth of the judgment made in the Declaration that the main danger at present is revisionism, that is, right-wing opportunism, has also been confirmed by the facts. On a series of fundamental questions, the Programme of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia recently approved by its Seventh Congress betrays the principles of Marxism-Leninism, sets itself against the Declaration of the meeting of representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries, and turns against the Peace Manifesto adopted by the meeting of representatives of 64 Communist and Workers' Parties. which bears the signature of the representative of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Just as the Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia has the right to adopt its programme, so the Communist Parties of other countries have the right, as well as the obligation, to criticize and repudiate this revisionist programme in their effort to preserve the purity of Marxism-Leninism.

This programme of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia asserts, on the one hand, that "the swelling wave of state-capitalist tendencies in the capitalist world is the most obvious proof that mankind is indomitably

moving into the era of socialism through a wide variety of different roads," and that the state apparatus in the capitalist world is "a regulator in the sphere of labour and property relationships, of social rights and social services and other social relations," which tends increasingly "to restrict the role of private capital" and "deprive the owners of private capital of certain independent functions in the economy and in the society." On the other hand, the Programme of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia describes ownership by the whole people, that is, ownership by the state, in the socialist countries as "state capitalism," and they hold that it is directly from the foundation of this so-called "state capitalism" that "bureaucracy and bureaucratic- statist deformities" are produced. In this way the Pro- gramme smears socialism and glorifies capitalism, smears the proletarian dictatorship and glorifies the bourgeois dictatorship.

T HE Programme of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia holds that "factors of socialism" are taking

shape in the capitalist countries and that provided the working class "exercises incessant pressure" on the bourgeois state apparatus and strives to "win a decisive influence" in it, it will be possible to "secure the development of socialism." Here, in an attempt to sap the revolutionary energy of the working class in capitalist countries, the Programme spreads the erroneous view that there is no need to carry out the proletarian revolution, no need to smash the capitalist state machine, no need to set up a proletarian dictatorship.

The leading group of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia claim to be standing outside the socialist camp and the imperialist camp. In fact this is not so; they have always directed the spearhead of their attack against the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union, but have not dared to touch U.S. imperialism in the least. They describe the two fundamental ly different world economic- political systems, the socialist camp and the imperialist camp, as a "division of the world into two antagonist military-political blocs" and do their utmost to smear the socialist camp and glorify the imperialist camp. It should be pointed out that quite a number of countries, though they are not socialist countries, have adopted the policy of neutrality which opposes war and supports peace. This is of positive significance to the maintenance of world peace; it is opposed by the aggressive imperialist forces, but has the sympathy of the peace-loving peoples of all countries. On the other hand, the so-called position outside the blocs advocated by the leading group of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, which aims at disrupting the solidarity of the socialist countries, caters to the policy of the imperialists headed by the United States against communism, against the Soviet Union and the socialist camp. That is why it is applauded and rewarded by the U.S. imperialists.

The Programme of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia quotes some phrases of Marxism-Leninism just

to disguise itself with a cloak of Marxism-Leninism and thus make it easier to deceive others. In method of thinking, the Programme substitutes for revolutionary materialistic dialectics a sophistry which turns the facts upside down and confuses right with wrong; politically,

it substitutes the reactionary theory of the state standing above classes for the Marxist-Leninist theory of the state, and reactionary bourgeois nationalism for revolutionary proletarian internationalism; in political economy, it defends monopoly capital and obscures the fundamental differences between capitalism and socialism. The Yugoslav revisionists betray the Marxist-Leninist theories concerning the class struggle of the proletariat, the proletarian revolution and the proletarian dictatorship, and thus completely forsake the Marxist-Leninist doctrine about the political party of the proletariat. In a wild attempt to undermine and disintegrate the Communist Parties of various countries, they propagate a series of absurdities which deny the leading role of the Communist Par ty in socialist revolution and socialist construction, attack the Communist and Workers' Parties in the socialist countries, and slander the Communist Parties in the capitalist countries as "ceasing to act as a revolutionary creative factor and motive power of social development in their respective countries."

This out-and-out revisionist programme is put forward for the purpose of splitting the international communist movement. It is propounded at the very time when the general crisis of capitalism is deepening and when the revisionist harangues of the right-wing socialists are daily losing their paralysing effect on the working class and the labouring masses. That is why the service rendered by this Programme to imperialism, especially U.S. imperialism, is tantamount to "sending it a present of firewood in cold weather."

T HE Eighth National Congress of the Chinese Commu- nist Par ty at its Second Session considers as basically

correct and necessary the criticism made in 1948 by the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties in its resolution "Concerning the Situation in the Communist Par ty of Yugoslavia" in regard to the fact that the Yugoslav Communist Par ty departed from the principles of Marxism-Leninism and took the wrong road of bourgeois nationalism, although there were defects and mistakes in the methods adopted at that time in dealing with this issue. Our Par ty agreed with and sup- ported that criticism. The second resolution concerning the Yugoslav Communist Par ty adopted by the Informa- tion Bureau of the Communist and Workers ' Parties in 1949, however, was incorrect and it was later withdrawn by the Communist Parties which took part in the Informa- tion Bureau meeting. Since 1954, the Central Committee of the Communist Par ty of the Soviet Union headed by Comrade N. S. Khrushchov initiated improvement of relations with Yugoslavia and has adopted a series of measures to this end. This was entirely necessary and correct. This initiative of the Communist Par ty of the Soviet Union had the approval of all socialist countries and the Communist Parties of various countries. We also took similar steps to those of the Soviet Union and established relations between China and Yugoslavia and between the Chinese and Yugoslav Parties. Starting from the desire for unity, the Communist Par ty of the Soviet Union and some other Communist Parties concerned made necessary self-criticism of past defects in their relations with Yugoslavia. In order to improve relations with the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the Communist

25

Par t ies of va r ious count r ies have since then made the i r best efforts, wa i t ing pa t i en t ly for the leaders of the League of Commun i s t s of Yugos lav ia to r e tu rn to the s tand of Marx i sm-Len in i sm. But the leaders of the League of Communi s t s of Yugos lav ia h a v e comple te ly ignored the we l l - in t en t ioned efforts of the C o m m u n i s t Par t i es of var ious count r ies ; they have fai led to real ize thei r own mis takes and have not made any self-cr i t ic ism. F u r t h e r - more, they have cont inuous ly a t tacked and s landered the socialist countr ies and the C o m m u n i s t Par t ies of va r ious countr ies , and have gone so far as to echo the a t tacks of the imper ia l i s t s agains t the socialist camp and the

in te rna t iona l communi s t m o v e m e n t . They played the inglorious role of p rovoca t eu r and in t e rven t ion i s t in the coun t e r - r evo lu t i ona ry upr i s ing in Hungary . Thei r schemes fai led only because the leading comrades of the H u n g a r i a n Social ist Worke r s ' Pa r ty consis tent ly m a in t a ined a pr incipled and correc t a t t i t ude dur ing and af te r suppress ing the coun t e r - r e v o lu t i o n a r y upris ing. And now, w h e n the Moscow mee t ings have s t r eng thened the sol idar i ty of the C o m m u n i s t Par t i es of var ious countries, they display a s tubborn an t i -Marx i s t -Len in i s t s tandpoin t in their P r o g r a m m e and in tens ive host i l i ty towards the socialist count r ies and the C o m m u n i s t Par t ies of va r ious countr ies . The re is no doubt tha t by this s tand and

conduct, the Yugos l av leaders have a l i ena ted themse lves f r o m the ranks of the i n t e rna t i ona l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t . This is in no way in the in te res t s of the t rue C o m m u n i s t s of Yugos lav ia and of the Yugos lav people.

The E igh th Nat iona l Congress of the Chinese Com- munis t P a r t y at i ts Second Session ful ly endorses the decision of the Pa r ty ' s Cen t r a l C o m m i t t e e not to send a delegat ion, bu t only an obse rve r to be p re sen t at the Seven th Congress of the League of C o m m u n i s t s of Yugoslavia . It is the u n a n i m o u s opinion of the Congress tha t a reso lu te s t ruggle m u s t be waged agains t the m o d e r n rev i s ion i sm which has emerged in the in t e rna t iona l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t . I t is the sacred du ty of our P a r t y towards the i n t e rna t iona l w o r k i n g class to work, toge ther w i th the f r a t e r n a l Par t ies , for the comple te de fea t of m o d e r n r ev i s ion i sm pol i t ical ly and theore t ica l ly , and for

the sa fegua rd ing of M a r x i s m - L e n i n i s m and the un i ty of the i n t e rna t iona l c o m m u n i s t m o v e m e n t on the basis of Marx i s t -Len in i s t ideology.

The E igh th Nat iona l Congress of the Chinese Com- mun i s t Par ty , at its Second Session, expresses full con- fidenee tha t the cause of peace, democracy and social ism wil l win th rough all obstacles to score f resh and still g r ea t e r v ic tor ies t h r o u g h o u t the world.

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

New I n i t i a t i v e f o r P e a c e "These are practical actions of the

socialist countries for peace and relaxa- tion of tension. They will undoubtedly help reduce tension in Europe," declares Renmin Ribao {May 28) editorially, wel- coming the decisions of the Moscow meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Treaty countries to further reduce their armed forces, withdraw Soviet troops from Rumania, reduce the number of Soviet troops sta- tioned in Hungary and propose to NATO countries a treaty of non-aggression.

"The socialist countries are making these exertions for peace," the editorial stresses, "not because they fear the aggressive imperialist forces but because they are fully convinced of the justice of the cause of socialism and of their ability to defend peace. The current international situation shows that the east wind prevails over the west wind and the forces of peace far outstrip the forces of war."

Da Gong Bao says editorially that the proposal for a non-aggression treaty is "an important test of the willingness of the NATO countries to answer the demand for peace of the peoples throughout the world and relax international tension."

Moscow E c o n o m i c Conference "An event of world-wide importance,

testifying to the ever-growing unity of

26

the socialist countries," is Da Gong Bao's assessment of the May 20-23 meeting of representatives of Communist and Work- ers' Parties of the Eight-Nation Economic Mutual Assistance Council in Moscow which delegates from the Chinese Com- munist Party attended by invitation.

"The socialist camp," continues Da Gong Bao's May 25 leader, "is confident {hat it does not have to rely on missiles, rockets and nuclear weapons to defeat the imperialist camp. Its victory will be achieved through peaceful economic competition. Seen from this angle, the Moscow meeting is a challenge to the capitalist world to compete in a peaceful economic race."

"This conference opened a new stage in comprehensive economic co-operation among the countries of the socialist camp," editorializes Guang- ruing Ribao (May 25). It ex- plains how this meeting will increase the prosperity of the socialist countries by expanding and improving economic co-operation between them and enabling them to spe- cialize and co-ordinate their economic activities.

A n t i - F a s c i s t S t r u g g l e

i n France "The fate of France rests

in the hands of the French people. United in this strug-

gle, they will certainly be able to disperse the dark clouds of fascism from the French political sky," declares a Renmin Ribao leader (May 30), com- menting on the great anti-fascist demon- stration staged by half a million French- men in Paris on May 28.

"Democracy and peace in France are in danger," the editorial continues. "But this by no means implies that the fascist

,lacl~ chen

forces can t r am p le over the people and dic ta te the poli t ical fu tu re of the country. The a l i gnmen t of poli t ical forces in F rance today favours the democra t i c and not the fascis t forces."

Recal l ing the te l l ing b low deal t to the fascist forces in 1934 w h e n they a t t e m p t e d a coup d ' e t a t to es tab l i sh fascis t rule, the edi tor ia l says: "Today, the F r ench people are m u c h s t ronge r t han they w e r e 24 years ago. The p r e sen t in t e rna t iona l s i tuat ion is also radical ly d i f fe rent f r o m the pas t . . . . The an t i - fasc i s t Second World War gave the wor ld ' s peoples a deep u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the fact tha t fasc ism is a w o r l d - w i d e scourge and tha t the ant i - fasc is t s t ruggle of the F r e n c h people is an i m p o r t a n t pa r t of the s t ruggle waged by progress ive m a n k i n d in de fence of democracy, peace and na t iona l independence . Tha t is w h y they fully sup-

por t the F r ench s t ruggle for democracy and peace."

"We a re conf ident t ha t the F r e n c h people who won glory s t o r m i ng the Basti l le, will n e v e r a l low the fascis ts to t h r o w t h e m into ano the r Basti l le ," the edi tor ia l concludes.

U.S. Plots in Lebanon U n d e r the t i t le "Sa lu te the Heroic

People of Lebanon ," a R e n m i n Ribao l eade r of May 30 c o m m e n t e d on the th ree weeks ' old s t ruggle of the Le- banese people aga ins t imper i a l i sm and its agents and the increas ing ly open U.S. i n t e rven t ion in Lebanon.

"This U.S. in te rven t ion , " the l eade r says, "not only a ims to p r e se r ve the 'E i s enhower Doctr ine, ' and suppress the na t iona l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t , but

also to seize this oppor tun i ty to c rea te tens ion in the Near and Middle East. Feel ing the p re s su re of economic crisis a t home, ce r ta in reac t ionary circles in the Uni ted S ta tes are looking to w a r as a w a y out of the i r difficulties. The U.S. mi l i t a ry au thor i t i es are ta lk ing more and more openly of la te about a ' l imited war . '

"U.S. i n t e rven t ion and plots agains t Lebanon cons t i tu te a ser ious menace to peace . . . . I f Wash ing ton da res to in ter - vene wi th mi l i t a ry force in Lebanon, it will have to accept full respons ib i l i ty for the c r ime of aggress ion and violat ing peace.

"The people of L e b a n o n are f ighting to de fend the i r na t iona l independence and peace. We Chinese, toge ther wi th all peace- loving people of the world, take our s t and by the i r side."

W H A T ' S ON IN PEKING --Highlights of Currant Entertainment, Exhibitions, atc . - -

P r o g r a m m e s are sub}ec t to change , W h e r e t imes arc no t l is ted consu l t t hea t re or da i ly press.

P I N G C H U O P E R A

• L I U CHIEH-MEI A n e w p i n g e h u o p e r a v e r s i o n of t he t r u e s to ry , n o w k n o w n t h r o u g h o u t China , o f a f o r m e r p o o r p e a s a n t w h o w a n t e d to t a k e the c a p i t a l i s t r oad . D u r i n g the r e c e n t " g r e a t d e b a t e " in t he c o u n t r y s i d e , he f ina l ly c a m e to r ea l i ze t h a t the c ap i t a l i s t r o a d is t he w r o n g one. P r o - duced by the C h i n a P i n g c h u O p e r a C o m - pany .

J u n e 3 & 5 Ta C h u n g T h e a t r e

M O D E R N O P E R A

• M A D A M B U T T E R F L Y P u c c i n i ' s f a m o u s o p e r a in Ch inese . N e w p r o d u c t i o n by the Cen t r a l E x p e r i m e n t a l O p e r a T h e a t r e . C h e n g Hs in - l i a n d Li C h l n - w e i in t he ro l e of Cho-Cho-San .

J u n e 4, 5, 7 & 8 at Tteneh iao T h e a t r e

T H E A T R E

• T H E RED S T O R M A p l a y about t h e g r e a t " F e b r u a r y 7" r a i l w a y w o r k e r s ' s t r i k e in 1923. P r o d u c e d b y the Ch ina Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e a n d d i r e c t e d b y Ch in S h a m

J u n e 8-10 China Youth A r t T h e a t r e

• A S I S T E R ' S LOVE (Tang TI Chth Hua) A h i s t o r i c a l p l a y w r i t t e n b y K u o Mo-Jo abou t t he W a r r i n g S t a t e s P e r i o d . A y o u n g m a n f r o m the S t a t e of Chi w h o a d v o c a t e s the a l i g n i n g of t h e s i x s t a t e s a g a i n s t t he p o w e r f u l S t a t e of Chin , h e l p s to a s s a s s i n a t e the l e a d e r s of t he p r o - C h i n f a c t i o n a n d t h e n c o m m i t s su ic ide . I n o r d e r no t to i n - vo lve h i s s i s t e r , he f i r s t d e s t r o y s al l e v i d e n c e of h i s i den t i t y . H i s s i s t e r , n e v e r t h e l e s s , pub l i c ly i den t i f i e s t h e b o d y a n d p r o c l a i m s h i s h e r o i c deed, a n d t h e n she too t a k e s h e r o w n life. P r o d u c e d b y the E x p e r i m e n t a l T h e a t r e of t he C e n t r a l D r a m a School .

June 3 & 4, 7:30 p.m. People's Theatre

• THE C A P T U R E OF T H E W E I HU M O U N - T A I N D r a m a t i c a d a p t a t i o n o f C h u P o ' s n e w nove l In the S n o w y Fores t . A P L A m a n in d i s g u i s e s u c c e e d s i n b e c o m i n g the c o n f i d a n t o f the H a w k , a n o t o r i o u s band i t , a n d f ina l ly b r i n g s a b o u t h i s c a p t u r e . P r o d u c e d b y the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e .

J u n e 3-9 Capital Theatre

FILMS

• T H E J O Y F U L S O U N D OF T H E F L U T E A r e t u r n e d v e t e r a n h e l p s a g r o u p of p o o r p e a s a n t s se t u p a f a r m co-op d e s p i t e the

c o n s e r v a t i v e i d e a s of t he local off ic ia ls . P r o d u c e d by the S h a n g h a i H a i Y e n F i l m S tud io .

J u n e 4-7 Chi ldren ' s C i n e m a J u n e 3-9 Capital T h e a t r e

• T H E F L A M E S OF W R A T H A h i s t o r i c a l S o v i e t f i lm on h o w the U k r a i n i a n peop le . w i t h the h e l p of t h e i r R u s s i a n b r o t h e r s , o v e r t h r e w the r u l e of t he t r a i t o r V i g o r s k y in t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y . I n co lour .

J u n e 3-5 Sov ie t Exh ib i t i on Cen t re Cinema, C h u n g Y a n g , K w a n g a n Men , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club, Ta Hua, Chtao Too K o u

J u n e 7-9 P e k i n g T h e a t r e

• N I C H O L A S N I C K L E B Y B r i t i s h p r o d u c t i o n of D i c k e n s ' nove l . D u b b e d in C h i n e s e .

J u n e 6-9 Sov ie t Exh ib i t i on Cen t re Cinema, Hs tn Ch teh K o u , C h a n g Y a n g

• L A N L A N A N D T U N G T U N G A l i t t le g i r l a n d h e r y o u n g e r b r o t h e r se t ou t f r o m S h a n g h a i to m e e t t h e i r p a r e n t s in P e k i n g . D u e to t h e g o o d c a r e t a k e n of t h e m b y e v e r y o n e on t h e t r a i n , t h e y a r e d e l i v e r e d to t h e i r p a r e n t s s a f e a n d s o u n d . P r o d u c e d b y the S h a n g h a i T l e n Ma F i l m S tud io .

J u n e 5-10 Chi ldren ' s C i n e m a J u n e 6-9 S o v i e t Exh ib i t i on Cen t re Cinema,

H s i n Chieh K o u , C h a n g Yang , K w a n g a n Men , Ta Hua, P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club, Chtao Too K o u

• W I S H I N G Y O U E V E R Y S U C C E S S A Sov ie t c o m e d y in co lour . T h e m o d e r n S o v i e t y o u t h ' s a t t i t u d e to w o r k , l o v e a n d l ife.

J u n e 6-9 K w a n g a n M e n , P e k t n g W o r k e r s " Club, Ta Hua, Chiao Tao K o u

• T H E M A G I C S T I C K A d e l i g h t f u l c o l o u r e d f a i r y - t a l e f o r c h i l d r e n f r o m C z e c h o s l o v a k i a . A t o o - t r u s t i n g m u s i c i a n i s c h e a t e d of h i s f o o d - p r o d u c i n g m a g i c table -c loth and go ld - g i v i n g d o n k e y b y the c u n n i n g i n n - k e e p e r . A f a i r y g i v e s h i m a t h i r d t r e a s u r e , t he M a g i c S t ick , w i t h w h i c h he g i v e s the i n n - k e e p e r h i s d e s e r t s a n d r e g a i n s h i s los t t r e a s u r e s .

J u n e 3-4 Hsin C h u n g K u o J u n e 5-9 S h e n g Li

• T H E D E A T H OF A C Y C L I S T A f e a t u r e f i lm J o in t l y p r o d u c e d b y I t a l i a n a n d S p a n i s h f i lm p r o d u c e r s , in F r e n c h .

J u n e 3-5 Capital C i n e m a

• T H E A B A N D O N E D A M e x i c a n f e a t u r e f i lm in S p a n i s h .

J u n e 6-9 Capital C i n e m a

LECTURES

• " F a c t s a n d Fanc ies A b o u t M a r s " - - S p e a k - e r : H a n Yi, m e m b e r of t he P e k i n g Soc i e ty f o r t h e P o p u l a r i z a t i o n of Sc ience .

J u n e 4, 7:30 p .m. a t t he Cul tura l Club of the S t n o - S o v i e t Fr i endsh ip Assoc ia t ion

E X H I B I T I O N S

• E X H I B I T I O N OF T H E P A O C H I - C H E N G - TU R A I L W A Y , Y I N G T A N - A M O Y R A I L W A Y , A N D T H E Y A N G T S E R I V E R B R I D G E IN W U H A N S p o n s o r e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y of Rai l - w a y s , d a i l y 9 a .m . - -4 p .m. ( e x c e p t Sat .) till J u n e 25 a t t he n e w b u i l d i n g of t he C e n t r a l M u s e u m of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y i n T i e n c h i a o .

S P O R T S

• 1958 C I T Y F E N C I N G C H A M P I O N S H I P S J u n e 7 & 9 a t S h t h Cha Hal S t a d i u m

O U T D O O R S W I M M I N G

• O U T D O O R S W I M M I N G P O O L S N O W OPEN:

T h e S h t h Cha Hal S w i m m i n g Pools Mon.-Sat . 9-11 a .m. 12:30-2:30 3:30-5:30

7-9 p.m. Sun . 9-11 a . m . 12-2:30 3:30-6:00 p.m.

A d m i s s i o n : 10 ~en f o r t he m o r n i n g s e s s i o n s 20 yen f o r t he a f t e r n o o n a n d e v e n i n g

s e s s i o n s T h e Tao J a n T lng S w i m m i n g Pool

D a i l y : 12:30-2:30 3:30-5:30 p . m . A d m i s s i o n : 20 ] en

(With m e d i c a l ce r t i f i ca t e s )

V A R I E T Y E V E N I N G

J o i n the f o u r t h " S u m m e r G a r d e n P a r t y " of the w o r k i n g peop le of P e k i n g .

A d m i s s i o n : 15 1en J u n e 5, 7:30 p .m. a t t he W o r k i n g

P e o p l e ' s Palace o f Cul ture

P E K I N G P L A N E T A R I U M

• N E W E S T F E A T U R E : " T h e S p u t n i k " - - d a i l y s h o w i n g s : 1:00, 4:00

a n d 7:00 p.m. Also:

" T r a v e l l i n g T h r o u g h t h e U n i v e r s e " - - d a U y s h o w i n g s : 2:30 a n d 5:30 p . m .

E v e r y d a y e x c e p t M o n d a y

W H A T ' S O N I N T H E P A R K S

T A O JAN" T I N G P A R K * F I S H I N G - b r i n g y o u r o w n t a c k l e or rent

i t f r o m the p a r k * BOATING * O P E N - A I R D A N C I N G - - e v e r y S a t u r d a y

n i g h t * O P E N - A I R S H O W S - n i g h t l y t h e a t r i c a l a n d

o p e r a t i c p e r f o r m a n c e s R E F R E S H M E N T S a v a i l a b l e l

O p e n S a . m . - - 9 p .m.

27

Model R P I- 64

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Model R P !- 32

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( Importers

Head Office: I:rh Li Kou, Hsichiao, Peking Cable Address: TRANSMACH PEKING

and Exporters)

Shanghai Branch : Cable Address :

27 Chungshan Road I: I, Shanghai T R A N S M A C H S H A N G H A I

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