Special Issue: Assessing the Americas' War on Drugs || Literature on the Drug Issue

Literature on the Drug IssueSource: Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 30, No. 2/3, Special Issue:Assessing the Americas' War on Drugs (Summer - Autumn, 1988), pp. 213-231Published by: Center for Latin American Studies at the University of MiamiStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/165987 .

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LITERATURE ON THE DRUG ISSUE

NARCOTICS TRAFFICKING and U.S. LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES: BIBLIOGRAPHY-IN-BRIEF, 1984-1986.

Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Washington, DC, July 1986. Compiled by Edith Sutterlin, Senior

Bibliographer, Education and Public Welfare, Library Services Division.

Bakalar, James B. Grinspoon, Lester.

Drug Control in a free society. New York, Cambridge Univer-

sity Press, 1984. 174 pp.

Brinkley, Joel. A world of drugs: America as target. New York Times, Sept. 9, 1984, p. 1, 12; Sept. 10, p. Al, A12; Sept. 11, p. Al, A16; Sept. 12, p. Al, A16; Sept. 13, p. Al, A16-A17; Sept. 14, p. Al, A12. Series on U.S. international enforcement efforts emphasize official strategy, support for suspending foreign aid to drug- producing nations, and imposing trade sanctions and reducing military assistance to drug-producers.

Carpenter, Ted Galen. The U.S. campaign against international narcotics trafficking: a cure worse than the disease. Washington, Cato Institute, 1985. 23 pp. (Policy analysis no. 63) Finds that the Reagan administration's campaign to destroy global narcotics trafficking "is futile and counterproductive ... and seriously complicates - and compromises - U.S. foreign policy."

LITERATURE ON THE DRUG ISSUE

NARCOTICS TRAFFICKING and U.S. LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES: BIBLIOGRAPHY-IN-BRIEF, 1984-1986.

Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Washington, DC, July 1986. Compiled by Edith Sutterlin, Senior

Bibliographer, Education and Public Welfare, Library Services Division.

Bakalar, James B. Grinspoon, Lester.

Drug Control in a free society. New York, Cambridge Univer-

sity Press, 1984. 174 pp.

Brinkley, Joel. A world of drugs: America as target. New York Times, Sept. 9, 1984, p. 1, 12; Sept. 10, p. Al, A12; Sept. 11, p. Al, A16; Sept. 12, p. Al, A16; Sept. 13, p. Al, A16-A17; Sept. 14, p. Al, A12. Series on U.S. international enforcement efforts emphasize official strategy, support for suspending foreign aid to drug- producing nations, and imposing trade sanctions and reducing military assistance to drug-producers.

Carpenter, Ted Galen. The U.S. campaign against international narcotics trafficking: a cure worse than the disease. Washington, Cato Institute, 1985. 23 pp. (Policy analysis no. 63) Finds that the Reagan administration's campaign to destroy global narcotics trafficking "is futile and counterproductive ... and seriously complicates - and compromises - U.S. foreign policy."



214 JOURNAL OF INTERAMERICAN STUDIES AND WORLD AFFAIRS 214 JOURNAL OF INTERAMERICAN STUDIES AND WORLD AFFAIRS

Drugs and American society, edited by Robert Emmet Long. New York, Wilson, 1986. 206 pp. (The Reference Shelf; v. 57, no. 6) This collection of reprinted articles discusses both trafficking and abuse.

Fisher, Kevin. Trends in extraterritorial narcotics control: slamming the stable door after the horse has bolted. Journal of International Law and Politics, v. 16, winter 1984: 353-413.

Harding, Jeffrey Lee. International narcotics control: a proposal to eradicate an international menace. California Western International LawJournal, v. 14, summer 1984: 530-554.

Lieber, James. Coping with cocaine. Atlantic Monthly, v. 257, Jan. 1986: 39-48. Raises questions about U.S. enforcement policies which stress interdiction and eradication at the source.

McBee, Susanna. Flood of drugs -a losing battle. U.S. News & World Report, v. 98, Mar. 25, 1985: 52-57. Contends that "corruption, global politics and nature conspire to hamper the drive to cut off the flow of narcotics at the source."

Reuter, Peter. The (continued) vitality of mythical numbers. Public Interest, no. 75, spring 1984: 135-147. Charges that statistics on narcotics addicts and narcotic-related crimes are a mythical "routine product of government agencies."

Eternal hope: America's quest for narcotics control. Public Interest, no. 79, spring 1985: 79-95. Explores reasons for "failures" of U.S. foreign production control efforts to reduce illegal drug availability in the U.S. in the long-term. Suggests greater focus on drug distribution systems and continuation of efforts to reduce production for possible short-term benefits, once the limitations of production control

policies are acknowledged.

Drugs and American society, edited by Robert Emmet Long. New York, Wilson, 1986. 206 pp. (The Reference Shelf; v. 57, no. 6) This collection of reprinted articles discusses both trafficking and abuse.

Fisher, Kevin. Trends in extraterritorial narcotics control: slamming the stable door after the horse has bolted. Journal of International Law and Politics, v. 16, winter 1984: 353-413.

Harding, Jeffrey Lee. International narcotics control: a proposal to eradicate an international menace. California Western International LawJournal, v. 14, summer 1984: 530-554.

Lieber, James. Coping with cocaine. Atlantic Monthly, v. 257, Jan. 1986: 39-48. Raises questions about U.S. enforcement policies which stress interdiction and eradication at the source.

McBee, Susanna. Flood of drugs -a losing battle. U.S. News & World Report, v. 98, Mar. 25, 1985: 52-57. Contends that "corruption, global politics and nature conspire to hamper the drive to cut off the flow of narcotics at the source."

Reuter, Peter. The (continued) vitality of mythical numbers. Public Interest, no. 75, spring 1984: 135-147. Charges that statistics on narcotics addicts and narcotic-related crimes are a mythical "routine product of government agencies."

Eternal hope: America's quest for narcotics control. Public Interest, no. 79, spring 1985: 79-95. Explores reasons for "failures" of U.S. foreign production control efforts to reduce illegal drug availability in the U.S. in the long-term. Suggests greater focus on drug distribution systems and continuation of efforts to reduce production for possible short-term benefits, once the limitations of production control

policies are acknowledged.



LITERATURE ON THE DRUG ISSUE LITERATURE ON THE DRUG ISSUE

Shafer, Jack. Designer drugs. Science 85, v. 6, Mar. 1985: 60-67. Describes legal, but clandestine, synthetic drugs designed to look like illegal narcotics. Warns that enforcement involving these is "one of the most complex challenges to drug control," despite new controlled substance emergency scheduling powers given to the DEA by Congress.

Special focus: drug enforcement issues. Police Chief, v. 52, Oct. 1985: 7-95 passim [44 pp.] Partial contents. - INTERPOL's drug program. - The role of the Customs Service in drug law enforcement. -The FBI's new role. - DOD assistance in the war on drugs. - Postal interdiction of marijuana. - Washing dirty money.

Weissman, J. C.

Drug offense sentencing practices in the United States of America. Bulletin on Narcotics, v. 36, July-Sept. 1984: 27-41.

Wendland, Michael. Wilkinson, Barbara. Doctors who deal. Monthly Detroit, v. 9, Feb. 1985: 55-61. Describes the illegal diversion of prescription medicines and controlled substances by unethical physicians and the reluc- tance of pharmaceutical companies to impose voluntary limits on problem pills.

Wisotsky, Steven.

Breaking the impasse in the war on drugs. New York, Green- wood Press, Forthcoming 1986. (Contributions in political science, 0147-1066; no. 159)

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS of congressional commit- tees, support agencies, and executive agencies are illustrative of the vast number of Federal Government documents published by the drug enforcement policy network. Some of these may be available from Federal depository libraries or the Government Printing Office.

1984 National strategy for prevention of drug abuse and drug traf-

ficking. Washington, U.S. Drug Abuse Policy Office, For sale

by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1984. 124 pp.

Shafer, Jack. Designer drugs. Science 85, v. 6, Mar. 1985: 60-67. Describes legal, but clandestine, synthetic drugs designed to look like illegal narcotics. Warns that enforcement involving these is "one of the most complex challenges to drug control," despite new controlled substance emergency scheduling powers given to the DEA by Congress.

Special focus: drug enforcement issues. Police Chief, v. 52, Oct. 1985: 7-95 passim [44 pp.] Partial contents. - INTERPOL's drug program. - The role of the Customs Service in drug law enforcement. -The FBI's new role. - DOD assistance in the war on drugs. - Postal interdiction of marijuana. - Washing dirty money.

Weissman, J. C.

Drug offense sentencing practices in the United States of America. Bulletin on Narcotics, v. 36, July-Sept. 1984: 27-41.

Wendland, Michael. Wilkinson, Barbara. Doctors who deal. Monthly Detroit, v. 9, Feb. 1985: 55-61. Describes the illegal diversion of prescription medicines and controlled substances by unethical physicians and the reluc- tance of pharmaceutical companies to impose voluntary limits on problem pills.

Wisotsky, Steven.

Breaking the impasse in the war on drugs. New York, Green- wood Press, Forthcoming 1986. (Contributions in political science, 0147-1066; no. 159)

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS of congressional commit- tees, support agencies, and executive agencies are illustrative of the vast number of Federal Government documents published by the drug enforcement policy network. Some of these may be available from Federal depository libraries or the Government Printing Office.

1984 National strategy for prevention of drug abuse and drug traf-

ficking. Washington, U.S. Drug Abuse Policy Office, For sale

by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1984. 124 pp.

215 215




Drug enforcement. Washington, U.S. Drug Enforcement Ad- ministration [for sale by the Supt. of Docs. G.P.O.], v. 1, 1973- irregular.

Drug Enforcement Administration: a profile: 1984. Prepared by Management Analysis Section, Office of the Controller. [Washington] Management Analysis Section, Office of the Con- troller [Drug Enforcement Administration] 1985. 25 pp. Partial contents. - The organization of DEA. - Forensic science laboratories. -Aircraft fleet. - Summary of DEA communications and automatic data processing systems. - Asset forfeitures.

International narcotics control strategy report, v. 1, 1985. [Washington] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Internation- al Narcotics Matters, 1985. 240 pp. This unclassified edition reviews "worldwide illicit drug production and the policy, programs and role of the United States Government in preventing the entry of illicit narcotic and psychotropic drugs and other controlled substances into this country."

The supply of drugs to the U.S. illicit market from foreign and domestic sources in 1984 (with near-term projections). Washington, U.S. National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee, Drug Enforcement Administration, [1985] 66 pp. The annual Narcotics Intelligence Estimate (NIE) is "the most comprehensive and authoritative estimate available to the Federal Government on the supply of drugs to the U.S. illicit market."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. U.S. international narcotics control programs. Hearing, 99th Congress, 1st session. Mar. 19,1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 139 pp.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Subcommit- tee. The clandestine manufacture of illicit drugs. Hearings, 99th Congress, 1st session. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 142 pp. Hearings held Sept. 24 and Dec. 5, 1985.

Drug enforcement. Washington, U.S. Drug Enforcement Ad- ministration [for sale by the Supt. of Docs. G.P.O.], v. 1, 1973- irregular.

Drug Enforcement Administration: a profile: 1984. Prepared by Management Analysis Section, Office of the Controller. [Washington] Management Analysis Section, Office of the Con- troller [Drug Enforcement Administration] 1985. 25 pp. Partial contents. - The organization of DEA. - Forensic science laboratories. -Aircraft fleet. - Summary of DEA communications and automatic data processing systems. - Asset forfeitures.

International narcotics control strategy report, v. 1, 1985. [Washington] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Internation- al Narcotics Matters, 1985. 240 pp. This unclassified edition reviews "worldwide illicit drug production and the policy, programs and role of the United States Government in preventing the entry of illicit narcotic and psychotropic drugs and other controlled substances into this country."

The supply of drugs to the U.S. illicit market from foreign and domestic sources in 1984 (with near-term projections). Washington, U.S. National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee, Drug Enforcement Administration, [1985] 66 pp. The annual Narcotics Intelligence Estimate (NIE) is "the most comprehensive and authoritative estimate available to the Federal Government on the supply of drugs to the U.S. illicit market."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. U.S. international narcotics control programs. Hearing, 99th Congress, 1st session. Mar. 19,1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 139 pp.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Subcommit- tee. The clandestine manufacture of illicit drugs. Hearings, 99th Congress, 1st session. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 142 pp. Hearings held Sept. 24 and Dec. 5, 1985.




Initiatives in drug interdiction (part 1). Hearings, 99th Con-

gress, 1st session. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 615 pp. Hearings held Mar. 15-Oct. 24, 1985.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommit- tee on Crime. Diversion of prescription drugs to illegal chan- nels and Dangerous Drug Diversion ControlAct. Hearings, 98th

Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions, on H.R. 4698. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 466 pp. Hearings held June 29, 1983 and Feb. 22, 1984. "Serial n. 139"

U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. Annual report for the year 1984 of the Select Commit- tee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, 98th Congress, 2nd session, togetherwith additional views. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 211 pp. "SCNAC-98-2-11"

Issues affecting Federal, State, and local efforts to combat

drug trafficking and drug abuse; report. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 75 pp. At head of title: 98th Congress, 2nd session, House, committee

print. "SCNAC-98-2-9"

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcom- mittee on Defense.

Department of Defense support for drug interdiction. Hearing, 98th Congress, 2nd session. Nov. 14,1984. Washington, G.P.O., 1985., 43 pp. (Hearing, Senate, 98th Congress, 2nd session, S. Hrg. 98-1285)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

Drug money laundering. Hearing, 99th Congress, 1st session, on S. 571. Jan. 25, 1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 144 pp. (Hearing, Senate, 99th Congress, 1st session, S. Hrg. 99-8)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Budget. Designer drugs. Hearing, 99th Congress, 1st session. July 18, 1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1985.208 pp. (Hearing, Senate, 99th Congress, 1st session, S. Hrg. 99-124)

Initiatives in drug interdiction (part 1). Hearings, 99th Con-

gress, 1st session. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 615 pp. Hearings held Mar. 15-Oct. 24, 1985.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommit- tee on Crime. Diversion of prescription drugs to illegal chan- nels and Dangerous Drug Diversion ControlAct. Hearings, 98th

Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions, on H.R. 4698. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 466 pp. Hearings held June 29, 1983 and Feb. 22, 1984. "Serial n. 139"

U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. Annual report for the year 1984 of the Select Commit- tee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, 98th Congress, 2nd session, togetherwith additional views. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 211 pp. "SCNAC-98-2-11"

Issues affecting Federal, State, and local efforts to combat

drug trafficking and drug abuse; report. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 75 pp. At head of title: 98th Congress, 2nd session, House, committee

print. "SCNAC-98-2-9"


Department of Defense support for drug interdiction. Hearing, 98th Congress, 2nd session. Nov. 14,1984. Washington, G.P.O., 1985., 43 pp. (Hearing, Senate, 98th Congress, 2nd session, S. Hrg. 98-1285)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.

Drug money laundering. Hearing, 99th Congress, 1st session, on S. 571. Jan. 25, 1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1985. 144 pp. (Hearing, Senate, 99th Congress, 1st session, S. Hrg. 99-8)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Budget. Designer drugs. Hearing, 99th Congress, 1st session. July 18, 1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1985.208 pp. (Hearing, Senate, 99th Congress, 1st session, S. Hrg. 99-124)

217 217




This hearing also reprints numerous articles on synthetic narcotics.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Coordination of Federal drug interdiction efforts; report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Government Information, Justice and Agriculture, Committee of Government Operations, House of Representatives. July 15, 1985. Washington, G.A.O., 1985. 20 pp. "GAO/GGD-85-67" GAO reviews the National Narcotics Border Interdiction Sys- tem (NNBIS).

Reported Federal drug abuse expenditures - fiscal years 1981 to 1985; report. June 3, 1985. Washington, G.A.O., 1985. 6,6 pp. "GAO/GGD-85-61"

U.S. Office of the Attorney General. Annual report of the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force Program. Washington, Department of Justice, 1985. 130 pp.

U.S. President's Commission on Organized Crime. America's habit: drug abuse, drug trafficking, and organized crime: report to the President and the Attorney General. Washington, the Commission, 1986. 454 pp.

This hearing also reprints numerous articles on synthetic narcotics.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Coordination of Federal drug interdiction efforts; report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Government Information, Justice and Agriculture, Committee of Government Operations, House of Representatives. July 15, 1985. Washington, G.A.O., 1985. 20 pp. "GAO/GGD-85-67" GAO reviews the National Narcotics Border Interdiction Sys- tem (NNBIS).

Reported Federal drug abuse expenditures - fiscal years 1981 to 1985; report. June 3, 1985. Washington, G.A.O., 1985. 6,6 pp. "GAO/GGD-85-61"

U.S. Office of the Attorney General. Annual report of the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force Program. Washington, Department of Justice, 1985. 130 pp.

U.S. President's Commission on Organized Crime. America's habit: drug abuse, drug trafficking, and organized crime: report to the President and the Attorney General. Washington, the Commission, 1986. 454 pp.




NARCOTICS INTERDICTION AND THE USE OF THE MILITARY:

BIBLIOGRAPHY-IN-BRIEF, 1982-1988.

Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. The Library of Congress, Washington, DC, June 1988. Compiled by Sherry B. Shapiro, Foreign Affairs and National Defense, Library Services Division.

The Border war on drugs. Washington, Office of Technology as- sessment, for sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1987. 62 pp. LRS87-2925 "Characterizes the drug smuggling problem and the interdiction efforts now in place within the responsible Federal agencies. Describes technologies in use, under development, and potentially available for countering smuggling by the various modes - private modes - private vessels, private aircraft, land

vehicles, commercial carriers, and through official ports of entry."

Byrd, Lee. Should soldiers become drug policy? Philadelphia Inquirer, July 18, 1986: 1. Newsp. "U.S. military commanders have long agreed with civil liber- tarians that soldiers should not be in the business of hunting down criminal suspects, at home or abroad. But Congress and the administration increasingly have made an exception of the illicit drug trade."

Controversy over omnibus drug legislation: pros & cons. Congres- sional Digest, v. 65, Nov. 1986: whole issue (257-288 pp.) LRS86-10108 Included in this report is a discussion on whether or not the U.S. armed forces should "play a major role in interdicting drug traffic into the United States."

Douglass, Joseph D., Jr. Sejna, Jan. Drugs, narcotics, and national security. Global Affairs, v. 2, fall 1987: 67-85. LRS87-8732 "The use of drugs and narcotics as a political weapon targeted

NARCOTICS INTERDICTION AND THE USE OF THE MILITARY:

BIBLIOGRAPHY-IN-BRIEF, 1982-1988.

Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. The Library of Congress, Washington, DC, June 1988. Compiled by Sherry B. Shapiro, Foreign Affairs and National Defense, Library Services Division.

The Border war on drugs. Washington, Office of Technology as- sessment, for sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1987. 62 pp. LRS87-2925 "Characterizes the drug smuggling problem and the interdiction efforts now in place within the responsible Federal agencies. Describes technologies in use, under development, and potentially available for countering smuggling by the various modes - private modes - private vessels, private aircraft, land

vehicles, commercial carriers, and through official ports of entry."

Byrd, Lee. Should soldiers become drug policy? Philadelphia Inquirer, July 18, 1986: 1. Newsp. "U.S. military commanders have long agreed with civil liber- tarians that soldiers should not be in the business of hunting down criminal suspects, at home or abroad. But Congress and the administration increasingly have made an exception of the illicit drug trade."

Controversy over omnibus drug legislation: pros & cons. Congres- sional Digest, v. 65, Nov. 1986: whole issue (257-288 pp.) LRS86-10108 Included in this report is a discussion on whether or not the U.S. armed forces should "play a major role in interdicting drug traffic into the United States."

Douglass, Joseph D., Jr. Sejna, Jan. Drugs, narcotics, and national security. Global Affairs, v. 2, fall 1987: 67-85. LRS87-8732 "The use of drugs and narcotics as a political weapon targeted

219 219




directly against the United States and as a direct threat to U.S. national security is still not recognized .... That there exists a major national security problem linked to illicit drug and narcotics trafficking is, however, patently obvious .... To under- stand the broad nature of the national security problem, the

strategies and actions of the two Communist giants, China and the Soviet Union, are examined in this paper. Particular atten- tion is placed on operation Druzba Narodov. This material ... shows how U.S. national security is deliberately affected."

Ehrenfeld, Rachel. Narco-terrorism: the Kremlin connection. Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1987. 6 pp. (Heritage lectures no. 89) LRS87-7698

"Today, countries controlled, influenced, and supported by the Soviet Union are playing an important part in trafficking drugs into the United States, to wit Cuba, Bulgaria, Syria, and Nicaragua. Growing evidence is coming to light about the connection between these countries and the training, funding, and

arming of terrorist organizations as well as trafficking drugs into the United States and other Western countries."

Halloran, Richard.

Pentagon says drug war will cost $2 billion. New York Times, May 17, 1988: A17. LRS88-3638 "The Defense Department has begun gearing up for an ex-

panded role in the war on drugs, and senior Pentagon officials have warned Congress that the effort will cost $2 billion. The officials said that if Congress did not appropriate the extra

money, United States military operations would have to be reduced."

Hilton, Robert E. Recent developments relating to the Posse Comitatus Act. Army Lawyer, no. 121, Jan. 1983: 1-8. LRS83-10390 "The enactment of Chapter 18 of Title 10, United States Code has clarified congressional intent with respect to the kind of

military assistance which may lawfully be provided to non- DOD law enforcement agencies" in their efforts to combat drug smuggling from abroad.

directly against the United States and as a direct threat to U.S. national security is still not recognized .... That there exists a major national security problem linked to illicit drug and narcotics trafficking is, however, patently obvious .... To under- stand the broad nature of the national security problem, the

strategies and actions of the two Communist giants, China and the Soviet Union, are examined in this paper. Particular atten- tion is placed on operation Druzba Narodov. This material ... shows how U.S. national security is deliberately affected."

Ehrenfeld, Rachel. Narco-terrorism: the Kremlin connection. Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1987. 6 pp. (Heritage lectures no. 89) LRS87-7698

"Today, countries controlled, influenced, and supported by the Soviet Union are playing an important part in trafficking drugs into the United States, to wit Cuba, Bulgaria, Syria, and Nicaragua. Growing evidence is coming to light about the connection between these countries and the training, funding, and

arming of terrorist organizations as well as trafficking drugs into the United States and other Western countries."

Halloran, Richard.

Pentagon says drug war will cost $2 billion. New York Times, May 17, 1988: A17. LRS88-3638 "The Defense Department has begun gearing up for an ex-

panded role in the war on drugs, and senior Pentagon officials have warned Congress that the effort will cost $2 billion. The officials said that if Congress did not appropriate the extra

money, United States military operations would have to be reduced."

Hilton, Robert E. Recent developments relating to the Posse Comitatus Act. Army Lawyer, no. 121, Jan. 1983: 1-8. LRS83-10390 "The enactment of Chapter 18 of Title 10, United States Code has clarified congressional intent with respect to the kind of

military assistance which may lawfully be provided to non- DOD law enforcement agencies" in their efforts to combat drug smuggling from abroad.




Hogan, Harry. Klebe, Edward. Perl, Raphael. Ronhovde, Kent. Drug control: highlights of P.L. 99-570, Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1986 (drug-related provisions only). Oct. 31,1986. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1986. 15 pp. 86-968 GOV The omnibus anti-drug bill passed in the final days of the 99th Congress is a far-ranging measure containing fifteen titles and relating to almost every aspect of Federal efforts to prevent and control the abuse of drugs. In addition to making substantial changes in regulatory and enforcement statutes, the new law provides for additional appropriations of $1.7 billion for FY 1987, of which $671 million are to be used for grants to States and localities.

Huffcut, William H., Jr. Fighting the drug war. Marine Corps Gazette, v. 71, Dec. 1987: 19-20. LRS87-13372 Questions why the U.S. "Military Establishment [has] opted to sit on the sidelines and watch with apparent detachment while the Drug War rages around us?"

International narcotics control strategy report 1987 to Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations. [Washington] Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, Department of State, 1987. 53 pp. LRS87-4015 Finds that "drug abuse is spreading to many producing and trafficking countries, and this increased demand is driving up production in many key sectors. Moreover, narcotics trafficking organizations remain so powerful in some areas that they pose a security and economic threat to governments."

Koch, Edward I. A war on drugs? Use the armed forces. Washington Post, June 20,1985: A21. LRS85-15835 New York Mayor argues that "the United States remains under siege, confronted by a tidal wave of drugs. Let's use the weapons at hand. Let's commit the military to the defense of the nation by deploying our Armed Forces along our borders and on the high seas to interdict drugs." Other aspects of the war on drugs are considered in the Oct. 1985 issue of Police Chief.

Hogan, Harry. Klebe, Edward. Perl, Raphael. Ronhovde, Kent. Drug control: highlights of P.L. 99-570, Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1986 (drug-related provisions only). Oct. 31,1986. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1986. 15 pp. 86-968 GOV The omnibus anti-drug bill passed in the final days of the 99th Congress is a far-ranging measure containing fifteen titles and relating to almost every aspect of Federal efforts to prevent and control the abuse of drugs. In addition to making substantial changes in regulatory and enforcement statutes, the new law provides for additional appropriations of $1.7 billion for FY 1987, of which $671 million are to be used for grants to States and localities.

Huffcut, William H., Jr. Fighting the drug war. Marine Corps Gazette, v. 71, Dec. 1987: 19-20. LRS87-13372 Questions why the U.S. "Military Establishment [has] opted to sit on the sidelines and watch with apparent detachment while the Drug War rages around us?"

International narcotics control strategy report 1987 to Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations. [Washington] Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, Department of State, 1987. 53 pp. LRS87-4015 Finds that "drug abuse is spreading to many producing and trafficking countries, and this increased demand is driving up production in many key sectors. Moreover, narcotics trafficking organizations remain so powerful in some areas that they pose a security and economic threat to governments."

Koch, Edward I. A war on drugs? Use the armed forces. Washington Post, June 20,1985: A21. LRS85-15835 New York Mayor argues that "the United States remains under siege, confronted by a tidal wave of drugs. Let's use the weapons at hand. Let's commit the military to the defense of the nation by deploying our Armed Forces along our borders and on the high seas to interdict drugs." Other aspects of the war on drugs are considered in the Oct. 1985 issue of Police Chief.

221 221




Korb, LawrenceJ. DOD Assistance in the War on Drugs. Police Chief, v. 52, Oct. 1985: 57-58, 60-62. LRS85-9386 Concludes that "law enforcement faces formidable obstacles in winning the battle against drug traffickers. The enemy is strong and getting stronger. But the Department of Defense has an ap- preciation of policing efforts and is committed to assisting these efforts within the constraints of the law." Other aspects of the war on drugs are considedred in the Oct. 1985 issue of Police Chief.

Kristol, Irving. War on drugs? then get serious and use the military. Washington Post, Mar. 28, 1988: A15. LRS88-2736 Argues that "the United States has a material incentive as well as moral motive to stop the commerce in drugs across its borders. We have the moral authority to designate it as piracy, and we have the power to act on this designation. If we are at all serious about a 'war on drugs,' let's begin by taking appropriate military action."

Marshall, Jonathan. Drugs and United States foreign policy. In Dealing with Drugs: Consequences of Government Control, edited by Ronald Hamowy. Lexington, Lexington Books (D.C. Heath and Com- pany), 1987. pp. 137-176. HV5825.D38 1987 "Almost invariably federal officials adopt military metaphors to describe their ceaseless efforts to combat ... [the international

drug] trade. Yet just as war is the continuation of politics by other means, so the 'war on drugs' has become an extension of foreign policy by other means.

Meese, Edwin, III. Another option in the fight against drugs. Washington Post, Aug. 4, 1986: A13. LRS86-14499 U.S. Attorney General responds to discussions of Operation Blast Furnace in Bolivia and Comments on the use of the U.S. military in drug enforcement.

Moore, Molly. Pentagon almost a bust in drug war; cost of success last year

Korb, LawrenceJ. DOD Assistance in the War on Drugs. Police Chief, v. 52, Oct. 1985: 57-58, 60-62. LRS85-9386 Concludes that "law enforcement faces formidable obstacles in winning the battle against drug traffickers. The enemy is strong and getting stronger. But the Department of Defense has an ap- preciation of policing efforts and is committed to assisting these efforts within the constraints of the law." Other aspects of the war on drugs are considedred in the Oct. 1985 issue of Police Chief.

Kristol, Irving. War on drugs? then get serious and use the military. Washington Post, Mar. 28, 1988: A15. LRS88-2736 Argues that "the United States has a material incentive as well as moral motive to stop the commerce in drugs across its borders. We have the moral authority to designate it as piracy, and we have the power to act on this designation. If we are at all serious about a 'war on drugs,' let's begin by taking appropriate military action."

Marshall, Jonathan. Drugs and United States foreign policy. In Dealing with Drugs: Consequences of Government Control, edited by Ronald Hamowy. Lexington, Lexington Books (D.C. Heath and Com- pany), 1987. pp. 137-176. HV5825.D38 1987 "Almost invariably federal officials adopt military metaphors to describe their ceaseless efforts to combat ... [the international

drug] trade. Yet just as war is the continuation of politics by other means, so the 'war on drugs' has become an extension of foreign policy by other means.

Meese, Edwin, III. Another option in the fight against drugs. Washington Post, Aug. 4, 1986: A13. LRS86-14499 U.S. Attorney General responds to discussions of Operation Blast Furnace in Bolivia and Comments on the use of the U.S. military in drug enforcement.

Moore, Molly. Pentagon almost a bust in drug war; cost of success last year




moves GAO to ambiguous conclusions. Washington Post,June 3, 1988: A17.

Moore, Richter H., Jr. Posse Comitatus revisited: the use of the military in civil law enforcement. Journal of Criminal Justice, v. 15, no. 5, 1987: 375- 386. LRS87-11313 "The growing drug problem in the United States and the in- ability of federal and local law enforcement officials to meet the challenge of massive drug inflow led Congress in 1981 to enact legislation providing for military cooperation with civilian law enforcement officials. Although recognizing the Posse Com- itatus Act restrictions, the law opens the door for extensive use of the military in civilian law enforcement."

Morrison, David C. The Pentagon's drug wars. NationalJournal, v. 18, Sept. 6,1986: 2104-2109. LRS86-7710 "The Defense Department's expanding role in the war on drugs poses questions of civil liberties as well as whether the new mission helps or hurts military readiness."

Nadelmann, Ethan A. U.S. drug policy: a bad export. Foreign Policy, no. 70, spring 1988: 83-108. LRS88-2366 Criticizes current U.S. efforts to curb Latin American drug trafficking and national drug use. "There is good reason to believe that the current American approach actually may be exacerbat-

ing most aspects of what is commonly identified as the drug problem." Author considers possible methods for improving drug policy.

Perl, Raphael F. International narcotics control: the President's March 1, 1988 certification for foreign assistance eligibility and options for congressional action; policy alert. Mar. 2, 1988. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1988. 11 pp. 88-175 F On March 1, 1988, the President released a list of major illicit drug producing or transit countries certified (and not certified) to receive U.S. foreign aid and other economic benefits. This action sets in motion a 45 day congressional review process during which Congress can disagree with the President's cer-

moves GAO to ambiguous conclusions. Washington Post,June 3, 1988: A17.

Moore, Richter H., Jr. Posse Comitatus revisited: the use of the military in civil law enforcement. Journal of Criminal Justice, v. 15, no. 5, 1987: 375- 386. LRS87-11313 "The growing drug problem in the United States and the in- ability of federal and local law enforcement officials to meet the challenge of massive drug inflow led Congress in 1981 to enact legislation providing for military cooperation with civilian law enforcement officials. Although recognizing the Posse Com- itatus Act restrictions, the law opens the door for extensive use of the military in civilian law enforcement."

Morrison, David C. The Pentagon's drug wars. NationalJournal, v. 18, Sept. 6,1986: 2104-2109. LRS86-7710 "The Defense Department's expanding role in the war on drugs poses questions of civil liberties as well as whether the new mission helps or hurts military readiness."

Nadelmann, Ethan A. U.S. drug policy: a bad export. Foreign Policy, no. 70, spring 1988: 83-108. LRS88-2366 Criticizes current U.S. efforts to curb Latin American drug trafficking and national drug use. "There is good reason to believe that the current American approach actually may be exacerbat-

ing most aspects of what is commonly identified as the drug problem." Author considers possible methods for improving drug policy.

Perl, Raphael F. International narcotics control: the President's March 1, 1988 certification for foreign assistance eligibility and options for congressional action; policy alert. Mar. 2, 1988. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1988. 11 pp. 88-175 F On March 1, 1988, the President released a list of major illicit drug producing or transit countries certified (and not certified) to receive U.S. foreign aid and other economic benefits. This action sets in motion a 45 day congressional review process during which Congress can disagree with the President's cer-

223 223




tification. This paper reviews the countries certified (and not certified) and raises a series of issues of possible concern for Congress.

International narcotics control and foreign assistance certification: requirements, procedures, timetables and guidelines. Feb. 11, 1988. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1988. 33 p. 88-130 F. Congress recently established a new procedure which links cooperation on international narcotics control by major illicit drug producing countries with their eligibility for U.S. foreign aid and, under certain circumstances, U.S. trade benefits. This process, commonly referred to as "certification," requires the President to withhold 50 percent of U.S. foreign assistance at the start of each fiscal year (October lst) pending a determination of certification on, or after, March 1st. This report describes the process by which the President issues his determination and sets out the timetable for congressional action. Issued also as committee print S. Prt. 100-83, Committee on Foreign Relations, 100th Congress, 2nd session.

Narcotics control and the use of U.S. military personnel: operations in Bolivia and issues for Congress. July 29, 1986. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1986. 10 pp. 86- 800 F On April 8, 1986, President Reagan reportedly signed a secret National Security Decision Directive that designates the international drug trade as a national security concern. The U.S. military's July 1986 support operations for anti-narcotics raids in Bolivia set a precedent for the possibility of expanded operations elsewhere, and raise a number of issues for Congress in connection with the implementation of this directive.

Rasky, Susan F. Senate factions search for way to widen military role on drugs. New York Times, May 13, 1988: Al, A15. LRS88-3705 "The drive to expand the Pentagon's anti-drug functions reflected growing election-year pressure on Congress to have the armed forces act against a flow of narcotics into the country that civilian law enforcement has been unable to stem."

tification. This paper reviews the countries certified (and not certified) and raises a series of issues of possible concern for Congress.

International narcotics control and foreign assistance certification: requirements, procedures, timetables and guidelines. Feb. 11, 1988. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1988. 33 p. 88-130 F. Congress recently established a new procedure which links cooperation on international narcotics control by major illicit drug producing countries with their eligibility for U.S. foreign aid and, under certain circumstances, U.S. trade benefits. This process, commonly referred to as "certification," requires the President to withhold 50 percent of U.S. foreign assistance at the start of each fiscal year (October lst) pending a determination of certification on, or after, March 1st. This report describes the process by which the President issues his determination and sets out the timetable for congressional action. Issued also as committee print S. Prt. 100-83, Committee on Foreign Relations, 100th Congress, 2nd session.

Narcotics control and the use of U.S. military personnel: operations in Bolivia and issues for Congress. July 29, 1986. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1986. 10 pp. 86- 800 F On April 8, 1986, President Reagan reportedly signed a secret National Security Decision Directive that designates the international drug trade as a national security concern. The U.S. military's July 1986 support operations for anti-narcotics raids in Bolivia set a precedent for the possibility of expanded operations elsewhere, and raise a number of issues for Congress in connection with the implementation of this directive.

Rasky, Susan F. Senate factions search for way to widen military role on drugs. New York Times, May 13, 1988: Al, A15. LRS88-3705 "The drive to expand the Pentagon's anti-drug functions reflected growing election-year pressure on Congress to have the armed forces act against a flow of narcotics into the country that civilian law enforcement has been unable to stem."




Reuter, Peter. Crawford, Gordon. Dave, Jonathan. Sealing the borders: the effects of increased military participa- tion in drug interdiction. Santa Monica, CA., Rand, 1988. 155 pp. "R-3594-USDP" "Rising concern with drug use in the United States has led to increased emphasis on the interdiction of drugs before they reach this country. The military services are now being asked to assume a substantial share of the burden of this interdiction. In light of this development, the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy requested that RAND carry out an analysis of the consequences of further increases in the military invol- vement in drug interdiction efforts, focusing particularly on how this might influence the consumption of cocaine and marijuana."

Rice, Paul Jackson. New laws and insights encircle the Posse Comitatus Act. Military Law Review, v. 104, spring 1984: 109-138. "In 1981, Congress passed an act entitled, 'Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Officials.' Through this new law, Congress attempted to clarify and modify the Posse Com- itatus Act. It clarified the law in the areas of providing criminal information, military equipment and facilities, military personnel to train civilian law enforcement personnel, and expert military advisors to the civilian law enforcement community. Congress modified the Posse Comitatus Act so that military personnel may operate military equipment in assisting civilian law enforcement personnel. This assistance is quite limited. Under implementing Department of Defense guidance, the Navy and Marine Corps may exercise aggressive assistance to civilian law enforcement officials. Certain issues, such as the military un- dercover agent and the joint military-civilian patrol, were not affected by the 1981 legislation. They remain in sensitive areas in the day to day interface between military and civilian police. Reimbursement to the Department of Defense for services provided remains a key issue in implementing the 1981 Act."

Sciolino, Elaine. Narcotics and foreign policy: diplomats do not hurry to enlist in the war on drugs. New York Times, Feb. 21, 1988: A3. LRS88- 861

Reuter, Peter. Crawford, Gordon. Dave, Jonathan. Sealing the borders: the effects of increased military participa- tion in drug interdiction. Santa Monica, CA., Rand, 1988. 155 pp. "R-3594-USDP" "Rising concern with drug use in the United States has led to increased emphasis on the interdiction of drugs before they reach this country. The military services are now being asked to assume a substantial share of the burden of this interdiction. In light of this development, the office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy requested that RAND carry out an analysis of the consequences of further increases in the military invol- vement in drug interdiction efforts, focusing particularly on how this might influence the consumption of cocaine and marijuana."

Rice, Paul Jackson. New laws and insights encircle the Posse Comitatus Act. Military Law Review, v. 104, spring 1984: 109-138. "In 1981, Congress passed an act entitled, 'Military Cooperation with Civilian Law Enforcement Officials.' Through this new law, Congress attempted to clarify and modify the Posse Com- itatus Act. It clarified the law in the areas of providing criminal information, military equipment and facilities, military personnel to train civilian law enforcement personnel, and expert military advisors to the civilian law enforcement community. Congress modified the Posse Comitatus Act so that military personnel may operate military equipment in assisting civilian law enforcement personnel. This assistance is quite limited. Under implementing Department of Defense guidance, the Navy and Marine Corps may exercise aggressive assistance to civilian law enforcement officials. Certain issues, such as the military un- dercover agent and the joint military-civilian patrol, were not affected by the 1981 legislation. They remain in sensitive areas in the day to day interface between military and civilian police. Reimbursement to the Department of Defense for services provided remains a key issue in implementing the 1981 Act."

Sciolino, Elaine. Narcotics and foreign policy: diplomats do not hurry to enlist in the war on drugs. New York Times, Feb. 21, 1988: A3. LRS88- 861

225 225




Contends that "part of the reason for the lack of concerted action is that drug trafficking has in recent years been treated more as a domestic scourge than as a foreign policy concern. In fact, for many officials, the drug issue is little more than an irritant that gets in the way of diplomacy."

Stopping smugglers: the Federal war on drugs. National LawJour- nal, v. 6, Feb. 13, 1984: 1, 27-31. LRS84-798 Contents. - Can task forces nab the kingpins?, by K. Sylvester. - The U.S. military joins the battle, by T. Thompson.

Surrett, Roy. The Defense Department's Drug Law Enforcement and Nar- cotics Interdiction Responsibilities: a comparison of House and Senate Amendments in the Defense Authorization Act of 1989. June 3, 1988. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1988. 9pp. 88-406 F Two recent highly publicized legislative efforts to expand the role of the Department of Defense (DOD) in drug interdiction are the Wilson (Senate) and Dickinson-Hunter amendments (House) that have been included in the pending DOD Authorization Act of 1989. This report provides a brief summary of each amendment, followed by a side-by-side comparison of

major issues associated with the amendments, as well as additional comments of the author.

Trainor, John C.

Coping with the drug runners at sea. Naval War College Review, v. 40, summer 1987: 77-87. LRS87-5368 "Drug law enforcement - which includes drug interdiction is a holding action until the other strategies become more ef- fective. The National Drug Policy board seeks to balance supply reduction efforts with those of demand reduction until Americans no longer choose to abuse drugs. Until that hap- pens, law enforcement agencies must stem the flow of both international and domestically produced drugs .... In order to

capture a few hundred smuggling craft annually, tens of thousands of vessels must be boarded by coast Guardsmen."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Investiga- tions Subcommittee. Department of Defense drug testing and

drug interdiction programs. Hearings, 100th Congress, 1st ses-

Contends that "part of the reason for the lack of concerted action is that drug trafficking has in recent years been treated more as a domestic scourge than as a foreign policy concern. In fact, for many officials, the drug issue is little more than an irritant that gets in the way of diplomacy."

Stopping smugglers: the Federal war on drugs. National LawJour- nal, v. 6, Feb. 13, 1984: 1, 27-31. LRS84-798 Contents. - Can task forces nab the kingpins?, by K. Sylvester. - The U.S. military joins the battle, by T. Thompson.

Surrett, Roy. The Defense Department's Drug Law Enforcement and Nar- cotics Interdiction Responsibilities: a comparison of House and Senate Amendments in the Defense Authorization Act of 1989. June 3, 1988. Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1988. 9pp. 88-406 F Two recent highly publicized legislative efforts to expand the role of the Department of Defense (DOD) in drug interdiction are the Wilson (Senate) and Dickinson-Hunter amendments (House) that have been included in the pending DOD Authorization Act of 1989. This report provides a brief summary of each amendment, followed by a side-by-side comparison of

major issues associated with the amendments, as well as additional comments of the author.

Trainor, John C.

Coping with the drug runners at sea. Naval War College Review, v. 40, summer 1987: 77-87. LRS87-5368 "Drug law enforcement - which includes drug interdiction is a holding action until the other strategies become more ef- fective. The National Drug Policy board seeks to balance supply reduction efforts with those of demand reduction until Americans no longer choose to abuse drugs. Until that hap- pens, law enforcement agencies must stem the flow of both international and domestically produced drugs .... In order to

capture a few hundred smuggling craft annually, tens of thousands of vessels must be boarded by coast Guardsmen."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Investiga- tions Subcommittee. Department of Defense drug testing and

drug interdiction programs. Hearings, 100th Congress, 1st ses-




sion. July 23, 1987. Washington, G.P.O., 1988. 26 pp. LRS88- 364 At head of title: H.A.S.C. no. 100-19. Statement and testimony of Marine Lt. Gen. Stephen Olmstead, deputy assistant secretary of defense for drug policy and enforcement and director of the DOD Task Force on Drug Enforce- ment.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Task Force on International Narcotics Control. The role of the U.S. military in narcotics control overseas. Hearing, 99th Congress, 2nd session. Aug. 5, 1986. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 65 pp. LRS86- 8932 Considers the role of DOD in support of drug laws enforce-

ment; review and basis of U.S. military airlift support for Bolivian Government cocaine eradication effort; views on

military anti-narcotics aid policy issues raised by Bolivian in-

volvement; aspects of Bolivian drug production and U.S.- Bolivian antidrug effort results."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Coast Guard drug interdiction air operations: the case of the

Faltering FalconJet; forty-seven report ... together with dissent-

ing and additional views. Washington, G.P.O., 1988. 45 pp. (Report, House, 100th Congress, 2nd session, no. 100-628) LRS88-3707 "Despite ... [a] recent restructuring, many questions remain

concerning the ability of the Coast Guard to meet its air interdiction responsibilities."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Government Information and Individual Rights Subcommittee.

Military assistance to civilian narcotics law enforcement. Hear-

ings, 97th Congress, 2nd session. Feb. 22-Aug. 18, 1982.

Washington, G.P.O., 1982. 159 pp. LRS82-16163 Hearings focus on south Florida and the Miami area.

Military assistance to civilian narcotics law enforcement: an interim report; forty-second report. Washington, G.P.O., 1982. 23 pp. (Report, House, 97th Congress, 2nd session, no. 97-921) LRS82-11278

sion. July 23, 1987. Washington, G.P.O., 1988. 26 pp. LRS88- 364 At head of title: H.A.S.C. no. 100-19. Statement and testimony of Marine Lt. Gen. Stephen Olmstead, deputy assistant secretary of defense for drug policy and enforcement and director of the DOD Task Force on Drug Enforce- ment.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Task Force on International Narcotics Control. The role of the U.S. military in narcotics control overseas. Hearing, 99th Congress, 2nd session. Aug. 5, 1986. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 65 pp. LRS86- 8932 Considers the role of DOD in support of drug laws enforce-

ment; review and basis of U.S. military airlift support for Bolivian Government cocaine eradication effort; views on

military anti-narcotics aid policy issues raised by Bolivian in-

volvement; aspects of Bolivian drug production and U.S.- Bolivian antidrug effort results."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Coast Guard drug interdiction air operations: the case of the

Faltering FalconJet; forty-seven report ... together with dissent-

ing and additional views. Washington, G.P.O., 1988. 45 pp. (Report, House, 100th Congress, 2nd session, no. 100-628) LRS88-3707 "Despite ... [a] recent restructuring, many questions remain

concerning the ability of the Coast Guard to meet its air interdiction responsibilities."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Government Information and Individual Rights Subcommittee.

Military assistance to civilian narcotics law enforcement. Hear-

ings, 97th Congress, 2nd session. Feb. 22-Aug. 18, 1982.

Washington, G.P.O., 1982. 159 pp. LRS82-16163 Hearings focus on south Florida and the Miami area.

Military assistance to civilian narcotics law enforcement: an interim report; forty-second report. Washington, G.P.O., 1982. 23 pp. (Report, House, 97th Congress, 2nd session, no. 97-921) LRS82-11278

227 227




U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Coast Guard Drug Interdiction and Law Enforcement Act of 1986; report to accompany H.R. 5406, including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office. Washington, G.P.O. 1986. 10 pp. (Report, House, 99th Congress, 2nd session, no. 99-973, part 1) LRS86-9516

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Navigation. Coast Guard Oversight - Part 1. Hearings, 99th Congress, 1st session, on roles and missions; drug interdiction and military readiness; procurement plans and policies. Oct. 9-Dec. 4, 1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 323 pp. "Serial no. 99-23" KF27.M434 1985d

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommit- tee on Crime. Military Cooperation with civilian law enforcement. Hearing, 99th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 24, 1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 241 pp. LRS86-11403 "Serial no. 79"

Posse Comitatus Act. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st session on H.R. 3519. June 3,1981. Washington, G.P.O., 1982. 783 pp. LRS82-17492 "Serial no. 61"

U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. Drug interdiction. Hearing, 100th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 30, 1987. Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 87 pp. LRS87- 10489 "SCNAC-100-1"

U.S. Congress. Senate. Caucus on International Narcotics Control. Combating international drug cartels: issues for U.S. policy; report prepared by Raphael E. Perl, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, on a seminar held on May 18,1987 for the Caucus on International Narcotics Control of the United States Senate. Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 97 p. (Print, Senate, 100th Congress, 1st session, committee print S. Prt.100-45) LRS87-7414

"Major international drug cartels are primarily responsible for the production and transportation of narcotics into the United States and other countries, particularly cocaine and heroin."

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Coast Guard Drug Interdiction and Law Enforcement Act of 1986; report to accompany H.R. 5406, including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office. Washington, G.P.O. 1986. 10 pp. (Report, House, 99th Congress, 2nd session, no. 99-973, part 1) LRS86-9516

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Navigation. Coast Guard Oversight - Part 1. Hearings, 99th Congress, 1st session, on roles and missions; drug interdiction and military readiness; procurement plans and policies. Oct. 9-Dec. 4, 1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 323 pp. "Serial no. 99-23" KF27.M434 1985d

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommit- tee on Crime. Military Cooperation with civilian law enforcement. Hearing, 99th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 24, 1985. Washington, G.P.O., 1986. 241 pp. LRS86-11403 "Serial no. 79"

Posse Comitatus Act. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st session on H.R. 3519. June 3,1981. Washington, G.P.O., 1982. 783 pp. LRS82-17492 "Serial no. 61"

U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. Drug interdiction. Hearing, 100th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 30, 1987. Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 87 pp. LRS87- 10489 "SCNAC-100-1"

U.S. Congress. Senate. Caucus on International Narcotics Control. Combating international drug cartels: issues for U.S. policy; report prepared by Raphael E. Perl, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, on a seminar held on May 18,1987 for the Caucus on International Narcotics Control of the United States Senate. Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 97 p. (Print, Senate, 100th Congress, 1st session, committee print S. Prt.100-45) LRS87-7414

"Major international drug cartels are primarily responsible for the production and transportation of narcotics into the United States and other countries, particularly cocaine and heroin."





Drug interdiction on the Gulf Coast: hearing before the subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session: special hearing, Department of Defense, Department ofJustice, Department of

Transportation, Department of the Treasury, nondepartmental witnesses. Washington, G.P.O., 1983. 133 pp. (S. Hrg. 98-294) KF26.A6463 1983b

_____ National drug interdiction effort. Hearing, 99th Congress, 2nd session. Washington, G.P.O., 1986.60 p. (Hearing, Senate, 99th Congress, 2nd session, S. Hrg. 99-878) LRS86-10440

Special hearing of July 30, 1986, focuses on the role of the

military. Special hearing. - Department of Defense: U.S. Air Force; U.S.

Navy. - Department of Transportation: U.S. Coast Guard.-

Nondepartmental witnesses.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Per- manent Subcommittee on Investigations. Federal drug interdiction: command, control, communications, and intelligence network. Hearings, 100th Congress, 1st session. Mar. 18 and 24, 1987. Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 514 pp. (Hearings, Senate, 100th Congress, 1st session, S. Hrg. 100-118) LRS87-6327

U.S. General Accounting Office. The coordination of requests for military assistance to civilian law enforcement agencies. Washington, G.A.O., 1983. 6 1. LRS83-13475 "GAO/GGD-84-27, Nov. 2,1983" Assesses the work of the National Narcotics Border Interdiction

System, headed by the Vice President, and its predecessor, the Federal Coordination Group for Drug Interdiction.

Drug control: issues surrounding increased use of the

military in drug interdiction; report to congressional requesters. Apr. 29, 1988. Washington, G.A.O., 1988.37 pp. LRS88-3702 "GAO/NSIAD-88-156, B-230748" "The National Defense Authorization act for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 requires [GAO] to review the capabilities of the federal government to control drug smuggling into the United States.


Drug interdiction on the Gulf Coast: hearing before the subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session: special hearing, Department of Defense, Department ofJustice, Department of

Transportation, Department of the Treasury, nondepartmental witnesses. Washington, G.P.O., 1983. 133 pp. (S. Hrg. 98-294) KF26.A6463 1983b

_____ National drug interdiction effort. Hearing, 99th Congress, 2nd session. Washington, G.P.O., 1986.60 p. (Hearing, Senate, 99th Congress, 2nd session, S. Hrg. 99-878) LRS86-10440

Special hearing of July 30, 1986, focuses on the role of the

military. Special hearing. - Department of Defense: U.S. Air Force; U.S.

Navy. - Department of Transportation: U.S. Coast Guard.-

Nondepartmental witnesses.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Per- manent Subcommittee on Investigations. Federal drug interdiction: command, control, communications, and intelligence network. Hearings, 100th Congress, 1st session. Mar. 18 and 24, 1987. Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 514 pp. (Hearings, Senate, 100th Congress, 1st session, S. Hrg. 100-118) LRS87-6327

U.S. General Accounting Office. The coordination of requests for military assistance to civilian law enforcement agencies. Washington, G.A.O., 1983. 6 1. LRS83-13475 "GAO/GGD-84-27, Nov. 2,1983" Assesses the work of the National Narcotics Border Interdiction

System, headed by the Vice President, and its predecessor, the Federal Coordination Group for Drug Interdiction.

Drug control: issues surrounding increased use of the

military in drug interdiction; report to congressional requesters. Apr. 29, 1988. Washington, G.A.O., 1988.37 pp. LRS88-3702 "GAO/NSIAD-88-156, B-230748" "The National Defense Authorization act for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 requires [GAO] to review the capabilities of the federal government to control drug smuggling into the United States.

229 229




This is the first of three reports in response to that requirement. It focuses on the Department of Defense's current and poten- tial role in the government's drug interdiction program."

Drug control: U.S. international narcotics control activities; report to the Congress. Mar. 1, 1988. Washington, G.A.O., 1988. 29 pp. LRS88-2201 "GAO/NSIAD-88-112, B-225282" "The report analyzes the global effectiveness of narcotics control programs and identifies impediments that countries face in their ability to deal with narcotics production and trafficking."

Drug law enforcement: military assistance for anti-drug agencies; report to the Congress. Dec. 27, 1987. Washington, G.A.O., 1987.6 pp. LRS87-11470 "GAO/GGD-87-27, B-229113" "As required by law, the Department of Defense supports drug law enforcement efforts with equipmerit loans, training for law enforcement agency officials, and radar coverage of major drug trafficking routes. GAO found that DOD generally complied with these requirements and also convened a conference of federal drug law enforcement agencies to reach agreement on the appropriate distribution of the assistance."

U.S. narcotics control programs overseas: a continuing assess- ment; report of a staff study mission to South America, the Mediterranean and Middle East, and Southwest Asia March 1986-January 1987 to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 39 pp. LRS87-4260 At head of title: 100th Congress, 1st session. Committee print. The purpose of the staff study missions to South America, the Mediterranean and Middle East, and Southwest Asia was to assess the effectiveness of U.S. narcotics control programs, the level of cooperation between the United States and host country agencies, update the committee's information on current developments affecting narcotics control efforts in the various regions, and identify possible areas for improvement.

Walker, William O., III. Drug control and national security. Diplomatic history, v. 12, spring 1988: 187-199. LRS88-3114

This is the first of three reports in response to that requirement. It focuses on the Department of Defense's current and poten- tial role in the government's drug interdiction program."

Drug control: U.S. international narcotics control activities; report to the Congress. Mar. 1, 1988. Washington, G.A.O., 1988. 29 pp. LRS88-2201 "GAO/NSIAD-88-112, B-225282" "The report analyzes the global effectiveness of narcotics control programs and identifies impediments that countries face in their ability to deal with narcotics production and trafficking."

Drug law enforcement: military assistance for anti-drug agencies; report to the Congress. Dec. 27, 1987. Washington, G.A.O., 1987.6 pp. LRS87-11470 "GAO/GGD-87-27, B-229113" "As required by law, the Department of Defense supports drug law enforcement efforts with equipmerit loans, training for law enforcement agency officials, and radar coverage of major drug trafficking routes. GAO found that DOD generally complied with these requirements and also convened a conference of federal drug law enforcement agencies to reach agreement on the appropriate distribution of the assistance."

U.S. narcotics control programs overseas: a continuing assess- ment; report of a staff study mission to South America, the Mediterranean and Middle East, and Southwest Asia March 1986-January 1987 to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, G.P.O., 1987. 39 pp. LRS87-4260 At head of title: 100th Congress, 1st session. Committee print. The purpose of the staff study missions to South America, the Mediterranean and Middle East, and Southwest Asia was to assess the effectiveness of U.S. narcotics control programs, the level of cooperation between the United States and host country agencies, update the committee's information on current developments affecting narcotics control efforts in the various regions, and identify possible areas for improvement.

Walker, William O., III. Drug control and national security. Diplomatic history, v. 12, spring 1988: 187-199. LRS88-3114




The article looks at the role of drugs in U.S. foreign policy. "Contemporary anti-drug foreign policy has important histori- cal precedents. An explication of current policy and its histori- cal antecedents ... may lead to more appropriate responses to what is undeniably a serious national problem."

Weinberger, Caspar W. Our troops shouldn't be drug cops: don't draft the military to solve a law-enforcement problem. Washington Post, May 22, 1988: C2. LRS88-3706 Former Secretary of Defense argues that "calling for the use of the government's full military resources to put a stop to the drug trade makes for hot and exciting rhetoric. But responding to those calls, as Congress is on the verge of doing, would make for terrible nation-security policy, poor politics and guaranteed failure in the campaign against drugs."

Wilson, George C. Moore, Molly. Pentagon warns of a no-win mission: military says offensive

against drugs would overstretch resources. Washington Post, May 13, 1988: A4.

Reports that "the Defense Department ... agreed with members of Congress that the armed forces could do more to combat

drugs, but warned that the effort would take billions of dollars, divert troops and weapons from their primary missions and

drugs would still flow into the United States."

The article looks at the role of drugs in U.S. foreign policy. "Contemporary anti-drug foreign policy has important histori- cal precedents. An explication of current policy and its histori- cal antecedents ... may lead to more appropriate responses to what is undeniably a serious national problem."

Weinberger, Caspar W. Our troops shouldn't be drug cops: don't draft the military to solve a law-enforcement problem. Washington Post, May 22, 1988: C2. LRS88-3706 Former Secretary of Defense argues that "calling for the use of the government's full military resources to put a stop to the drug trade makes for hot and exciting rhetoric. But responding to those calls, as Congress is on the verge of doing, would make for terrible nation-security policy, poor politics and guaranteed failure in the campaign against drugs."

Wilson, George C. Moore, Molly. Pentagon warns of a no-win mission: military says offensive

against drugs would overstretch resources. Washington Post, May 13, 1988: A4.

Reports that "the Defense Department ... agreed with members of Congress that the armed forces could do more to combat

drugs, but warned that the effort would take billions of dollars, divert troops and weapons from their primary missions and

drugs would still flow into the United States."

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