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Controlling fungi in your Controlling fungi in your househouse
Fungi need Fungi need food,oxygen, food,oxygen, and water to and water to growgrow
Of these, Of these, water is the water is the most easily most easily controlledcontrolled
Nondestructive sampling Nondestructive sampling Tape lift samples Tape lift samples
Most appropriate for identifying fungi Most appropriate for identifying fungi causing visible contaminationcausing visible contamination
Analyze by direct microscopy Analyze by direct microscopy Identification seldom beyond genus Identification seldom beyond genus
level by spore morphology;level by spore morphology; SemiquantitativeSemiquantitative
(Semi) destructive (Semi) destructive samplingsampling
Exploratory excavations/holes Exploratory excavations/holes Moderately destructiveModerately destructive Valuable if hidden contamination is Valuable if hidden contamination is
suspectedsuspected Swab sampling Swab sampling Bulk air samplingBulk air sampling
Example: carpet samplesExample: carpet samples
Bulk air samples – non-Bulk air samples – non-destructivedestructive
Bulk dust – excellent natural Bulk dust – excellent natural filter/accumulatorfilter/accumulator Collect a volume of dust – good for porous Collect a volume of dust – good for porous
surfaces (fabric, insulation)surfaces (fabric, insulation) Can be semi-quantitativeCan be semi-quantitative Sample size is importantSample size is important
Little equipment needed – HEPA filtered Little equipment needed – HEPA filtered vacuumvacuum
Comparison of air quality in different areasComparison of air quality in different areas +/ – indoor, outdoor+/ – indoor, outdoor Also samples pollens, fibreglass, particulatesAlso samples pollens, fibreglass, particulates
Analyze by direct microscopy or culture Analyze by direct microscopy or culture methodsmethods
Air samplers – impact Air samplers – impact spore trapsspore traps
Rapid turnaround timeRapid turnaround time Particulate matter may Particulate matter may
interfere with analysis interfere with analysis Slide preparation Slide preparation
requires skillrequires skill Morphological Morphological
similarity some genera similarity some genera Under-representation Under-representation
of some genera (of some genera (e. g.e. g. StachybotrysStachybotrys))
Standardized reporting Standardized reporting Particle bounce may Particle bounce may
produce low countsproduce low counts
Burkard
Rotorod
Sieve-type impactorsSieve-type impactors Anderson samplerAnderson sampler
1-6 stages, 1-6 stages, multiple stage provides multiple stage provides
differentiation of particle sizedifferentiation of particle size air is drawn through a sieve plate air is drawn through a sieve plate
onto a culture plate. onto a culture plate. The plate is incubated in a The plate is incubated in a
laboratory, and colonies that laboratory, and colonies that develop are speciated and develop are speciated and enumerated. enumerated.
Culture medium affects resultsCulture medium affects results Malt Extract Agar (MEA) General Malt Extract Agar (MEA) General
screening media for fungi, screening media for fungi, particularly hydrophilic fungiparticularly hydrophilic fungi
Dichloran Glycerol Agar (DG18) Dichloran Glycerol Agar (DG18) xerotolerant fungixerotolerant fungi
Czapek Cellulose Agar (CCA) Czapek Cellulose Agar (CCA) StachybotrysStachybotrys and cellulolytic and cellulolytic PenicilliumPenicillium
Corn Meal AgarCorn Meal Agar Stachybotrys, Stachybotrys, Cheatomium Cheatomium andand other other hydrophilic fungihydrophilic fungi
Spore impact may reduce viabilitySpore impact may reduce viability
Spore plate from an Anderson Spore plate from an Anderson samplersampler
Medium formulation and incubation Medium formulation and incubation temperature important temperature important
Can impact affect spore viability?Can impact affect spore viability?
http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/airborne.htm
Mushroom toxinsMushroom toxins
Amanitins – Amanita species, Amanitins – Amanita species, especially phalloides and especially phalloides and virosavirosa 1998 1998 A. phalloidesA. phalloides found on found on
Vancouver IslandVancouver Island Test for amanitoxins (not for Test for amanitoxins (not for
edibility)edibility) Mushroom ‘juice’ on Mushroom ‘juice’ on
newspapernewspaper drydry Add a drop of concentrated Add a drop of concentrated
HClHCl Blue reaction within 20 Blue reaction within 20
minutes (amanitin+ lignin + minutes (amanitin+ lignin + acid) indicates amatoxins. acid) indicates amatoxins.
Amanita virosa; A phalloides
Gallerina autumnalis; Conocybe filaris
Bastien Treatment for amanitin Bastien Treatment for amanitin poisoningpoisoning
A French physician, Dr. P. Bastien, has developed a new A French physician, Dr. P. Bastien, has developed a new treatment for treatment for AmanitaAmanita poisoning. poisoning.
(1) intravenous injections of 1 gram vitamin C twice a day(1) intravenous injections of 1 gram vitamin C twice a day (2) two capsules of nifuroxazide three times a day(2) two capsules of nifuroxazide three times a day (3) two tablets of dihydrostreptomycin three times a day. (3) two tablets of dihydrostreptomycin three times a day.
Supplemented by measures to control fluid and electrolyte Supplemented by measures to control fluid and electrolyte balance, and by penicillin. balance, and by penicillin.
Successfully treated 15 cases of Successfully treated 15 cases of A. phalloidesA. phalloides poisoning poisoning between 1957 and 1969. between 1957 and 1969.
In 1974 he ate 65 grams of In 1974 he ate 65 grams of A. phalloidesA. phalloides and survived. and survived. In 1981 he ate 70 grams of In 1981 he ate 70 grams of A. phalloidesA. phalloides and again and again
successfully treated himself. successfully treated himself. Reported that the Bastien treatment is now used Reported that the Bastien treatment is now used
throughout France, where it saves the lives of all those throughout France, where it saves the lives of all those whose treatment has not been delayed until massive liver whose treatment has not been delayed until massive liver and kidney damage has occurred. This method should and kidney damage has occurred. This method should obviously be widely publicized and tested in North America. obviously be widely publicized and tested in North America.
Four classes of Four classes of mushroom toxinsmushroom toxins
cause extensive cell destruction, cause extensive cell destruction, overt symptoms only after a significant, and potentially overt symptoms only after a significant, and potentially
fatal, delay fatal, delay amanitin, orellanine, monomethylhydrazine, the amanitin, orellanine, monomethylhydrazine, the
undetermined toxin(s) in undetermined toxin(s) in Tricholoma equestre/T. Tricholoma equestre/T. flavovirensflavovirens
autonomic nervous systemautonomic nervous system symptoms either as soon as they have been absorbed, or symptoms either as soon as they have been absorbed, or
whenever the appropriate substrate enters the system whenever the appropriate substrate enters the system (muscarine, coprine)(muscarine, coprine)
central nervous systemcentral nervous system symptoms as soon as they have been absorbed (muscimol, symptoms as soon as they have been absorbed (muscimol,
psilocybin)psilocybin)
Undetermined toxins that act on the alimentary canalUndetermined toxins that act on the alimentary canal symptoms as soon as they have been absorbed symptoms as soon as they have been absorbed
Mono-methylhydrazineMono-methylhydrazine boiling point of 87.5Cboiling point of 87.5C vapours are toxic vapours are toxic 2-4% of all fatal mushroom 2-4% of all fatal mushroom
poisoningspoisonings Symptoms appear 2-12 Symptoms appear 2-12
hours (typically 6-8 hours) hours (typically 6-8 hours) Bloating, nausea, Bloating, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea and vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps, loss of abdominal cramps, loss of muscular control, muscular control, jaundice; convulsions, jaundice; convulsions, deathdeath
Orellanine Orellanine
Cortinarius orellanoidesCortinarius orellanoides Kidney failureKidney failure TransplantTransplant
Coprine (Antabuse-like)Coprine (Antabuse-like)
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitorinhibitor hot flushes of the face and neckhot flushes of the face and neck metallic tastemetallic taste tingling /numbness tingling /numbness throbbing headachethrobbing headache nausea and vomiting. nausea and vomiting. possible cardiac arrhythmiapossible cardiac arrhythmia
Muscarine Muscarine
Inocybe lanuginella Inocybe fastigiata Clitocybe dealbata Inocybe geophylla
muscarinic muscarinic adrenergic receptor adrenergic receptor inhibitorinhibitor
pupil constriction, pupil constriction, blurred vision, blurred vision, muscle spasms, muscle spasms, diarrhea, slow diarrhea, slow heartbeat, and a heartbeat, and a drop in blood drop in blood pressure pressure
PSL syndrome PSL syndrome perspiration, perspiration, salivation, salivation, lachrymation lachrymation
Ibotenic acid – muscimolIbotenic acid – muscimol
Amanita Amanita muscariamuscaria
muscle muscle spasms, spasms, dizziness, dizziness, vomiting vomiting
deep deep sleep/intense sleep/intense dreamsdreams
Abbaye de Plaincourault, Mérigny, France
Psilocybin-Psilocin Psilocybin-Psilocin
hallucinogenic hallucinogenic Similar Similar
structure to structure to bufotenin and bufotenin and myristicin myristicin (nutmeg)(nutmeg)
Diverse gasterointestinal Diverse gasterointestinal toxinstoxins
AgaricusAgaricus, , AmanitaAmanita, , BoletusBoletus, , ChlorophyllumChlorophyllum, , EntolomaEntoloma, , HebelomaHebeloma, , LactariusLactarius, , MarasmiusMarasmius, , NaematolomaNaematoloma, , OmphalotusOmphalotus, , PholiotaPholiota, , RussulaRussula, , SclerodermaScleroderma, , TricholomaTricholoma,,
B. splendidusB. satanus