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Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics
Springer Handbookof Lasers and Optics
Springer Handbook providesa concise compilation of approvedkey information on methods ofresearch, general principles, andfunctional relationships in physicaland applied sciences. The world’sleading experts in the fields ofphysics and engineering will be as-signed by one or several renownededitors to write the chapters com-prising each volume. The contentis selected by these experts fromSpringer sources (books, journals,online content) and other systematicand approved recent publications ofscientific and technical information.
The volumes are designed to beuseful as readable desk referencebook to give a fast and comprehen-sive overview and easy retrieval ofessential reliable key information,including tables, graphs, and bibli-ographies. References to extensivesources are provided.
123
HandbookSpringerof Lasers and Optics
Träger (Ed.)
With 1210 Figures and 163 Tables
EditorProf. Dr. Frank TrägerUniversity of KasselDepartment of PhysicsHeinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132 KasselGermany
ISBN: 978-3-642-19408-5 e-ISBN: 978-3-642-19409-2DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-19409-2Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012933971
c© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the wholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction onmicrofilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of thispublication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theGerman Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, andpermission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations areliable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. inthis publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement,that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulationsand therefore free for general use.
Production and typesetting: le-tex publishing services GmbH, LeipzigSenior Manager Springer Handbook: Dr. W. Skolaut, HeidelbergTypography and layout: schreiberVIS, SeeheimIllustrations: le-tex publishing services GmbH, Leipzig; Hippmann GbR,SchwarzenbruckCover design: eStudio Calamar Steinen, BarcelonaCover production: WMXDesign GmbH, HeidelbergPrinting and binding: Firmengruppe APPL, aprinta druck, Wemding
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V
Foreword
Prof. Theodor W. HänschNobel Laureate in Physics 2005Department of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Munich, Germany
Lasers and optical techniques are becoming ever more indispensible as enablingtools in most fields of science and technology. After the first edition of the SpringerHandbook of Lasers and Optics appeared in 2007, it has quickly become one ofmy favorite desktop references. The handbook provides a concise, balanced, andtimely compilation of basic principles, key applications and recent advances, writ-ten by leading experts. The readable style and the attractive, well-illustrated layoutis even inviting to casual studying and browsing. The rapid pace of technologi-cal advances in our field is reflected in this second edition. It updates much ofthe material and covers quite a few new topics. I know that I will continue tokeep my Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics close at hand, despite the infi-nite amount of information (and misinformation) that is readily accessible via theInternet.
Munich, December 2011 Theodor W. Hänsch
VII
Preface
Prof. Frank TrägerUniversität KasselExperimentalphysik IGermany
This second edition of the Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics has not only beenupdated completely. It also features a number of new chapters, among them integratedoptics, interferometry, fibre optics as well as frequency combs.
In fact, it has often been said that the 21st century is the century of the photon.Optical methods, materials, and components have reached an advanced state of so-phistication hitherto unknown. Optical techniques, particularly those based on lasers,not only find applications in the classical fields of physics and engineering but haveexpanded into many other disciplines such as medicine, the life sciences, chemistryand environmental research, to mention only a few examples. Nevertheless, progressin optics, photonic materials and coherent light sources continues at a rapid pace:New laser materials are being developed; novel concepts such as optics far beyond thediffraction limit, or nanooptics, are being explored; and coherent light sources generatewavelengths in ranges not previously accessible.
In view of the pronounced interdisciplinary nature of optics, the Springer Hand-book of Lasers and Optics also in its second edition is designed as a readable deskreference book to provide fast, up-to-date, comprehensive and authoritative coverageof the field. The chapters are grouped into four parts covering basic principles andmaterials; fabrication and properties of optical components; coherent and incoherentlight sources; and, finally, selected applications and special fields such as terahertzphotonics, x-ray optics, holography or integrated optics and frequency combs.
I hope that all readers will find this Springer Handbook useful and will enjoy usingit.
Kassel, January 2012 Frank Träger
IX
List of Authors
Kiyoshi AsakawaUniversity of TsukubaGraduate School of Pure and Applied Science1-1-1 Tennodai305-8571 Tsukuba, Japane-mail: [email protected]
Andreas AssionFemtolasers Produktions GmbHFernkorngasse 101100 Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]
Thomas E. BauerOptics Balzers Jena GmbHProduct ManagementCarl-Zeiss-Promenade 10Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Thomas BaumertUniversität KasselInstitut für PhysikHeinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132 Kassel, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Dietrich BertramPhilips LightingPhilipsstr. 852068 Aachen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Klaus BonradMerck KGaAPerformance Materials Division PM ATGFrankfurter Str. 25064293 Darmstadt, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Matthias BornPhilips Technologie GmbHInnovative TechnologiesZentrum für Biomedizintechnik (ZBMT)Pauwelsstr. 1752074 Aachen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Annette BorsutzkyKardinal-von-Galen-Gymnasium HiltrupZum Roten Berge 2548165 Münster, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Hans BrandUniversity of Erlangen-Nürnberg LHFTDepartment of Electrical, Electronic andCommunication EngineeringCauerstr. 991058 Erlangen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Robert P. BreaultBreault Research Organization, Inc.6400 East Grant RoadTucson, AZ 85715, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Matthias BrinkmannUniversity of Applied SciencesMathematics and Natural SciencesSchoefferstrasse 364295 Darmstadt, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Robert BrunnerSciTec University of Applied SciencesCarl-Zeiss-Promenade 207745 Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
X List of Authors
Geoffrey W. BurrIBM Almaden Research Center650 Harry RoadSan Jose, CA 95120, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Karsten BuseFraunhofer Institute of Physical MeasurementTechniques IPMHeidenhofstr. 879110 Freiburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Carol ClickSchott North AmericaRegional Research and Development400 York AvenueDuryea, PA 18642, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Christoph CremerLightoptical Nanoscopy Institute of MolecularBiology (IMB)Ackermannweg 455128 Mainz, Germany
andUniversity HeidelbergKirchhoff-Institute of PhysicsIm Neuenheimer Feld 22769120 Heidelberg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Mark J. DavisSchott North AmericaRegional Research and Development400 York AvenueDuryea, PA 18642, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Giuseppe Della VallePolitecnico di MilanoDepartment of PhysicsPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 Milan, Italye-mail: [email protected]
Wolfgang DemtröderTU KaiserslauternDepartment of PhysicsAm Harzhübel 8067663 Kaiserslautern, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Frank J. DuarteInterferometric Optics112 Applegrove DriveRochester, NY 14612-2804, USA
andUniversity of New MexicoElectrical & Computer EngineeringAlbuquerque, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Henrik EhlersLaser Zentrum Hannover e.V.Department of Thin Film TechnologyHollerithallee 830419 Hannover, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Rainer EngelbrechtUniversity Erlangen-NürnbergDepartment ofElectrical-Electronic-Communication EngineeringCauerstr. 991058 Erlangen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Martin FallyUniversity of ViennaFaculty of PhysicsBoltzmanngasse 51090 Vienna, Austriae-mail: [email protected]
Yun-Hsing FanFinisar Shanghai, Inc.66 Huiqing Rd.Shanghai, Pudong Destrict 201201, Chinae-mail: [email protected]
List of Authors XI
Enrico GeißlerCarl Zeiss AGCentral Research and TechnologyCarl-Zeiss-Promenade 1007745 Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Ajoy GhatakIndian Institute of Technology DelhiPhysics DepartmentHauz KhasNew Delhi, 110016, Indiae-mail: [email protected]
Michele GianellaETH ZurichInstitute for Quantum ElectronicsDepartment of PhysicsZurich, Switzerlande-mail: [email protected]
Alexander Goushcha21 Nopalitos WayAliso Viejo, CA 92656, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Daniel R. GrischkowskyOklahoma State UniversityElectrical and Computer EngineeringEngineering South 202Stillwater, OK 74078, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Malte HagemannUniversity of Applied SciencesMathematics and Science FacultySchoefferstrasse 364295 Darmstadt, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Richard F. HaglundVanderbilt UniversityDepartment of Physics and Astronomy6301 Stevenson Center LaneNashville, TN 37235-1807, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Theodor W. HänschMax Planck Institute of Quantum OpticsHans-Kopfermann-Str. 185748 Garching, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Joseph HaydenSchott North AmericaRegional Research and Development400 York AvenueDuryea, PA 18642, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Joachim HeinFriedrich-Schiller-UniversityInstitute for Optics and Quantum ElectronicsMax-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Jürgen HelmckePhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)Bundesallee 10038116 Braunschweig, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Hartmut HillmerUniversity of KasselInstitute of NanostructureTechnologies and Analytics (INA)Heinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132 Kassel, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Günter HuberUniversität HamburgInstitut für Laser-PhysikDepartment PhysikLuruper Chaussee 14922761 Hamburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Mirco ImlauUniversity of OsnabrückDepartment of PhysicsBarbarastr. 749069 Osnabrück, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
XII List of Authors
Kuon Inoue (deceased)Chitose Institute of Science and TechnologyChitose, Japan
Thomas JüstelUniversity of Applied Sciences MünsterStegerwaldstr. 3948565 Steinfurt, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Jeffrey KaiserSpectra-PhysicsDivision of Newport Corporation1335 Terra Bella AvenueMountain View, CA 94043, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Eckhard KrätzigUniversity of OsnabrückPhysics DepartmentBarbarastr. 749069 Osnabrück, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Ferenc KrauszMax-Planck-Institut für QuantenoptikHans-Kopfermann-Str. 185748 Garching, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Stefan KückPhysikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltOptics DivisionBundesallee 10038116 Braunschweig, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Thomas KusserowUniversity of KasselInstitute of NanostructureTechnologies and Analytics (INA)Heinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132 Kassel, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Anne L’HuillierUniversity of LundDepartment of Physics22 100 Lund, Swedene-mail: [email protected]
Johannes A. L’huillierPhotonik-Zentrum Kaiserslautern e.V.Kohlenhofstrasse 1067663 Kaiserslautern, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Bruno LengelerAachen University (RWTH)II. Physikalisches InstitutTemplergraben 5552056 Aachen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Martin LetzSchott GlasMaterials Science, Central ResearchHattenbergstr. 155014 Mainz, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Gerd LeuchsUniversity of Erlangen-NürnbergInstitute of Optics, Information and PhotonicsStaudtstr. 7/B291058 Erlangen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Norbert LindleinUniversity of Erlangen-NürnbergInstitute of Optics, Information and PhotonicsStaudtstr. 7/B291058 Erlangen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Stefano LonghiUniversity of Politecnico di MilanoDepartment of PhysicsPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 Milano, Italye-mail: [email protected]
Ralf MalzLASOS Lasertechnik GmbHResearch and DevelopmentCarl-Zeiss-Promenade 1007745 Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
List of Authors XIII
Klaus MannLaser-Laboratorium Göttingen e.V.Department Optics/Short WavelengthsHans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 137077 Göttingen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Wolfgang MannstadtSchott AGResearch and Technology DevelopmentHattenbergstr. 1055122 Mainz, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Gerd MarowskyLaser-Laboratorium Göttingen e.V.Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1Göttingen, 37077e-mail: [email protected]
Dietrich MartinCarl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.5160 Hacienda DriveDublin, CA 94568, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Reinhard MärzIntel Mobile Communications GmbHPrincipal Design for LithographyAm Campeon 10-1285579 Neubiberg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Yvonne MenkeSchott AGCorporate Research and Technology DevelopmentHattenbergstr. 1055122 Mainz, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Bernhard MesserschmidtGrintech GmbHResearch and Development, ManagementSchillerstr. 107745 Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Katsumi MidorikawaRIKENLaser Technology LaboratoryHirosawa 2-1351-0198 Wako, Japane-mail: [email protected]
Gerard MilburnThe University of QueenslandSchool of Physical Sciences Center for EngineeredQuantum SystemsSt. Lucia QLD 4072, Australiae-mail: [email protected]
Kazuo OhtakaChiba City Museum of Science4-5-1 Chuo, Chuo ku260-0013 Chiba City, Japane-mail: [email protected]
Motoichi OhtsuUniversity of TokyoDepartment of Electrical Engineering andInformation SystemsResearch Center2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku113-8656 Tokyo, Japane-mail: [email protected]
Roger A. PaquinAdvanced Materials Consultant1842 E. Pole Star PlaceOro Valley, AZ 85737, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Klaus PfeilstickerUniversität HeidelbergInstitut für UmweltphysikIm Neuenheimer Feld 22969120 Heidelberg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Nathalie PicquéMax Planck Institute of Quantum OpticsHans-Kopfermann-Str. 185748 Garching, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
XIV List of Authors
Ulrich PlattUniversität HeidelbergInstitut für UmweltphysikIm Neuenheimer Feld 36669121 Heidelberg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Markus PollnauUniversity of TwenteMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyIm Neuenheimer Feld 3667500, Enschede, The Netherlandse-mail: [email protected]
Steffen ReichelSchott AGProduct Manager Optical FiltersHattenbergstr. 1055014 Mainz, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Hans-Dieter ReidenbachCologne University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Applied Optics and ElectronicsBetzdorfer Str. 250679 Cologne, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Hongwen RenChonbuk National UniversityDeptartment of Polymer-Nano Science andTechnologyChonju Chonbuk 561-756, Koreae-mail: [email protected]
Charles K. RhodesUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoPhysics Department845 W. Taylor StreetChicago, IL 60607, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Fritz RiehlePhysikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltDivision of OpticsBundesallee 10038116 Braunschweig, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Detlev RistauLaser Zentrum Hannover e.V.Department of Thin Film TechnologyHannover, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Simone RitterSchott AGDivision Research and Technology DevelopmentHattenbergstr. 1055122 Mainz, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Frank Rohlfing (deceased)Domino UK Ltd.Bar Hill, Cambridge, UK
Evgeny SaldinDeutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY)Notkestr. 8522607 Hamburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Roland SauerbreyHelmholtz-ZentrumDresden-Rossendorf e.V.Bautzner Landstr. 40001328 Dresden, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Evgeny SchneidmillerDeutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY)Notkestr. 8522607 Hamburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Bianca SchrederSchott AGBU Advanced OpticsHattenbergstr. 1055122 Mainz, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Christian G. SchroerDresden University of TechnologyInstitute of Structural PhysicsZellescher Weg 1601062 Dresden, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
List of Authors XV
Markus W. SigristETH ZürichDepartment of Physics Institute for QuantumElectronicsSchafmattstr. 168093 Zürich, Switzerlande-mail: [email protected]
Peter SimonLaser-Laboratorium Göttingen e.V.Ultrashort Pulse PhotonicsHans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1Göttingen, 37077e-mail: [email protected]
Glenn T. SincerboxUniversity of ArizonaOptical Sciences1630 East University BoulevardTucson, AZ 85721, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Elisabeth SoergelUniversity of BonnInstitute of PhysicsWegelerstr. 853115 Bonn, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Steffen SteinbergLASOS Lasertechnik GmbHCarl-Zeiss-Promenade 1007745 Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Sune SvanbergLund UniversityDivision of Atomic PhysicsP.O. Box 11822100 Lund, Swedene-mail: [email protected]
Orazio SveltoPolitecnico di MilanoDepartment of PhysicsPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 3220133 Milan, Italye-mail: [email protected]
Bernd TabbertAdvanced Photonix, Inc.Engineering Department1240 Avenida AcasoCamarillo, CA 93012, USAe-mail: [email protected]
K. ThyagarajanIndian Institute of Technology DelhiPhysics DepartmentNew Delhi, Indiae-mail: [email protected]
Michael TotzeckCarl Zeiss AGCorporate Research & TechnologyCarl-Zeiss-Str. 2273447 Oberkochen, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Mary TurnerEngineering Synthesis Design, Inc.310 S. Williams Blvd.Tucson, AZ 85711, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Michael VollmerUniversity of Applied Sciences BrandenburgMicrosystem and Optical TechnologiesMagdeburger Str. 5014770 Brandenburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Christoph WächterFraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics andPrecision EngineeringMicrooptical Systems DepartmentAlbert-Einstein-Str. 707745 Jena, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Helen WächterQueen’s UniversityDepartment of ChemistryKingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canadae-mail: [email protected]
XVI List of Authors
Silke WolffSchott AGDepartment Research and TechnologyDevelopmentMaterial Development Optical GlassesHattenbergstr. 1055122 Mainz, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Matthias WollenhauptUniversität KasselInstitut für PhysikHeinrich-Plett-Str. 4034132 Kassel, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Shin-Tson WuUniversity of Central FloridaCollege of Optics and Photonics4000 Central Florida Blvd.Orlando, FL 32816, USAe-mail: [email protected]
Mikhail YurkovDeutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY)Notkestr. 8522607 Hamburg, Germanye-mail: [email protected]
Aleksei ZheltikovM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityPhysics DepartmentVorobyevy goryMoscow, 119992, Russiae-mail: [email protected]
XVII
Contents
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. XXV
Part A Basic Principles and Materials
1 The Properties of LightRichard F. Haglund.................................................................................. 31.1 Introduction and Historical Sketch ................................................. 41.2 Parameterization of Light .............................................................. 61.3 Physical Models of Light ................................................................ 91.4 Thermal and Nonthermal Light Sources .......................................... 151.5 Physical Properties of Light ............................................................ 171.6 Statistical Properties of Light.......................................................... 241.7 Characteristics and Applications of Nonclassical Light ...................... 271.8 Summary ...................................................................................... 30References .............................................................................................. 31
2 Geometrical OpticsNorbert Lindlein, Gerd Leuchs ................................................................... 352.1 The Basics and Limitations of Geometrical Optics ............................ 362.2 Paraxial Geometrical Optics............................................................ 422.3 Stops and Pupils ........................................................................... 622.4 Ray Tracing ................................................................................... 642.5 Aberrations ................................................................................... 702.6 Some Important Optical Instruments .............................................. 74References .............................................................................................. 86
3 Wave OpticsNorbert Lindlein, Gerd Leuchs ................................................................... 893.1 Maxwell’s Equations and the Wave Equation .................................. 903.2 Polarization .................................................................................. 1043.3 Interference .................................................................................. 1103.4 Diffraction .................................................................................... 1253.5 Gaussian Beams ............................................................................ 148References .............................................................................................. 159
4 Nonlinear OpticsAleksei Zheltikov, Anne L’Huillier, Ferenc Krausz ........................................ 1614.1 Nonlinear Polarization and Nonlinear Susceptibilities ..................... 1634.2 Wave Aspects of Nonlinear Optics ................................................... 1644.3 Second-Order Nonlinear Processes ................................................. 1654.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Processes .................................................... 168
XVIII Contents
4.5 Ultrashort Light Pulses in a Resonant Two-Level Medium:Self-Induced Transparency and the Pulse Area Theorem.................. 182
4.6 Let There Be White Light: Supercontinuum Generation .................... 1894.7 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy ...................................................... 1984.8 Waveguide Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering ........................ 2064.9 Nonlinear Spectroscopy with Photonic-Crystal-Fiber Sources ........... 2134.10 Surface Nonlinear Optics, Spectroscopy, and Imaging ...................... 2214.11 High-Order Harmonic Generation .................................................. 2234.12 Attosecond Pulses: Measurement and Application........................... 231References .............................................................................................. 240
5 Optical Materials and Their PropertiesMatthias Brinkmann, Joseph Hayden, Martin Letz, Steffen Reichel,Carol Click, Wolfgang Mannstadt, Bianca Schreder, Silke Wolff,Simone Ritter, Mark J. Davis, Thomas E. Bauer, Hongwen Ren,Yun-Hsing Fan, Yvonne Menke, Shin-Tson Wu, Klaus Bonrad,Eckhard Krätzig, Karsten Buse, Roger A. Paquin ........................................ 2535.1 Interaction of Light with Optical Materials ...................................... 2545.2 Optical Glass ................................................................................. 2855.3 Colored Glasses ............................................................................. 2945.4 Laser Glass .................................................................................... 2975.5 Glass-Ceramics for Optical Applications .......................................... 3045.6 Nonlinear Materials ....................................................................... 3115.7 Plastic Optics ................................................................................. 3215.8 Crystalline Optical Materials ........................................................... 3275.9 Transparent Ceramics .................................................................... 3325.10 Special Optical Materials ................................................................ 3445.11 Selected Data ................................................................................ 376References .............................................................................................. 382
6 Thin Film Optical CoatingsDetlev Ristau, Henrik Ehlers ...................................................................... 4016.1 Theory of Optical Coatings .............................................................. 4026.2 Production of Optical Coatings ....................................................... 4066.3 Quality Parameters of Optical Coatings............................................ 4166.4 Summary and Outlook ................................................................... 420References .............................................................................................. 421
Part B Fabrication and Properties of Optical Components
7 Optical Design and Stray Light Concepts and PrinciplesRobert P. Breault, Mary Turner.................................................................. 4277.1 The Design Process ........................................................................ 4277.2 Design Parameters ........................................................................ 4307.3 Stray Light Design Analysis ............................................................. 438
Contents XIX
7.4 The Basic Equation of Radiation Transfer ........................................ 4407.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 444Further Reading ...................................................................................... 444
8 Advanced Optical ComponentsRobert Brunner, Malte Hagemann, Steffen Reichel, Kiyoshi Asakawa,Enrico Geißler, Dietrich Martin, Bernhard Messerschmidt, Kazuo Ohtaka,Elisabeth Soergel, Matthias Brinkmann, Kuon Inoue ................................. 4478.1 Refractive Microoptics .................................................................... 4478.2 Diffractive Optical Elements ........................................................... 4548.3 Computer-Generated Holograms .................................................... 4628.4 Subwavelength Structured Elements .............................................. 4738.5 Electrooptic Modulators ................................................................. 4808.6 Acoustooptic Modulator ................................................................. 4848.7 Gradient Index Optical Components ............................................... 4868.8 Variable Optical Components ......................................................... 4968.9 Periodically Poled Nonlinear Optical Components............................ 5078.10 Photonic Crystals ........................................................................... 511References .............................................................................................. 529
9 Optical DetectorsBernd Tabbert, Alexander Goushcha ......................................................... 5439.1 Photodetector Types, Detection Regimes, and General Figures
of Merit ........................................................................................ 5459.2 Semiconductor Photoconductors .................................................... 5509.3 Semiconductor Photodiodes .......................................................... 5529.4 QWIP ............................................................................................. 5689.5 QDIP ............................................................................................. 5709.6 Metal–Semiconductor (Schottky Barrier)
and Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodiodes ............................... 5719.7 Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification ............................................. 5739.8 Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification: Phototransistors .................. 5809.9 Charge Transfer Detectors............................................................... 5829.10 Photoemissive Detectors ................................................................ 5899.11 Thermal Detectors ......................................................................... 5929.12 Imaging Systems ........................................................................... 5989.13 Photography ................................................................................. 6009.14 Recent Advances in Optical Detectors.............................................. 605References .............................................................................................. 614
Part C Coherent and Incoherent Light Sources
10 Incoherent Light SourcesDietrich Bertram, Matthias Born, Thomas Jüstel ........................................ 62310.1 Incandescent Lamps ...................................................................... 62310.2 Gas Discharge Lamps ..................................................................... 624
XX Contents
10.3 Solid-State Light Sources ............................................................... 63210.4 General Light-Source Survey .......................................................... 639References .............................................................................................. 639
11 Lasers and Coherent Light SourcesOrazio Svelto, Stefano Longhi, Giuseppe Della Valle, Günter Huber,Stefan Kück, Markus Pollnau, Hartmut Hillmer, Thomas Kusserow,Rainer Engelbrecht, Frank Rohlfing, Jeffrey Kaiser, Ralf Malz,Gerd Marowsky, Klaus Mann, Peter Simon, Charles K. Rhodes,Frank J. Duarte, Annette Borsutzky, Johannes A. L’huillier,Markus W. Sigrist, Helen Wächter, Evgeny Saldin, Evgeny Schneidmiller,Mikhail Yurkov, Roland Sauerbrey, Joachim Hein, Michele Gianella,Jürgen Helmcke, Katsumi Midorikawa, Fritz Riehle, Steffen Steinberg,Hans Brand ............................................................................................. 64111.1 Principles of Lasers ........................................................................ 64211.2 Solid-State Lasers .......................................................................... 67211.3 Semiconductor Lasers .................................................................... 75711.4 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Lasers ............................................................ 79211.5 Ion Lasers ..................................................................................... 81411.6 The HeNe Laser .............................................................................. 82311.7 Ultraviolet Lasers: Excimers, Fluorine (F2), and Nitrogen (N2) ........... 83211.8 Dye Lasers ..................................................................................... 85211.9 Optical Parametric Oscillators ......................................................... 86311.10 Generation of Coherent Mid-Infrared Radiation
by Difference-Frequency Mixing .................................................... 88311.11 Free-Electron Lasers ...................................................................... 90211.12 X-ray and EUV Sources ................................................................... 90811.13 Generation of Ultrahigh Light Intensities
and Relativistic Laser–Matter Interaction........................................ 91611.14 Frequency Stabilization of Lasers ................................................... 931References .............................................................................................. 956
12 Short and Ultrashort Laser PulsesMatthias Wollenhaupt, Andreas Assion, Thomas Baumert .......................... 104712.1 Linear Properties of Ultrashort Light Pulses ..................................... 104812.2 Generation of Femtosecond Laser Pulses via Mode Locking .............. 106912.3 Measurement Techniques for Femtosecond Laser Pulses .................. 1072References .............................................................................................. 1089
Part D Selected Applications and Special Fields
13 Optical and Spectroscopic TechniquesSune Svanberg, Wolfgang Demtröder........................................................ 109713.1 Stationary Methods ....................................................................... 109713.2 Time-Resolved Methods ................................................................ 112513.3 Lidar ............................................................................................. 1146
Contents XXI
References .............................................................................................. 1163
14 Optical FibersAjoy Ghatak, K. Thyagarajan.................................................................... 117114.1 Some Historical Remarks ................................................................ 117114.2 The Optical Fiber ........................................................................... 117214.3 Attenuation in Optical Fibers.......................................................... 117314.4 Modes of a Step-Index Fiber .......................................................... 117414.5 Single-Mode Fibers ....................................................................... 117714.6 Ray Analysis of a Multimode Optical Fiber ....................................... 117814.7 Pulse Dispersion in Optical Fibers ................................................... 118014.8 Fiber Gratings ............................................................................... 118714.9 Fiber Optic Couplers ....................................................................... 119214.10 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) .............................................. 119514.11 Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)........................................................... 119914.12 Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers .................................................. 120114.13 Microstructured Fibers ................................................................... 1206References .............................................................................................. 1207
15 Integrated OpticsReinhard März, Christoph Wächter............................................................ 120915.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 121015.2 Waveguide Theory ......................................................................... 121215.3 Building Blocks of Integrated Optics ............................................... 122415.4 Integrated Optical Circuits .............................................................. 123515.5 Integrated Optical Technology Platforms ......................................... 1241References .............................................................................................. 1248
16 InterferometryMichael Totzeck ....................................................................................... 125516.1 Interference of Light ...................................................................... 125516.2 Types of Interferometers ................................................................ 125916.3 Quantitative Phase Measurement ................................................... 1273References .............................................................................................. 1282
17 Frequency CombsTheodor W. Hänsch, Nathalie Picqué......................................................... 128517.1 The Frequency Comb Principle ........................................................ 128517.2 Frequency Comb Generator Technology .......................................... 128717.3 Applications of Frequency Combs ................................................... 129217.4 Conclusion .................................................................................... 1300References .............................................................................................. 1300
18 Quantum OpticsGerard Milburn ........................................................................................ 130518.1 Quantum Fields ............................................................................. 130518.2 States of Light ............................................................................... 1307
XXII Contents
18.3 Measurement ................................................................................ 131018.4 Dissipation and Noise .................................................................... 131318.5 Ion Traps....................................................................................... 131818.6 Quantum Optomechanics ............................................................... 132218.7 Quantum Communication and Computation ................................... 1324References .............................................................................................. 1331
19 NanoopticsMotoichi Ohtsu ........................................................................................ 133519.1 Basics ........................................................................................... 133519.2 Principles of Nanophotonics .......................................................... 133619.3 Nanophotonic Devices ................................................................... 133819.4 Nanophotonic Fabrication ............................................................. 134419.5 Nanophotonic Energy Conversion ................................................... 135019.6 Hierarchy in Nanophotonics and Its Applications ............................ 135319.7 Industrial Applications of Nanophotonics ....................................... 135419.8 Summary ...................................................................................... 1355References .............................................................................................. 1355
20 Optics Far Beyond the Diffraction LimitChristoph Cremer ..................................................................................... 135920.1 Basic Principles ............................................................................. 136120.2 Nanoscale Imaging Applications ..................................................... 1384References .............................................................................................. 1393
21 Ultrafast THz Photonics and ApplicationsDaniel R. Grischkowsky ............................................................................ 139921.1 Guided-Wave THz Photonics .......................................................... 140121.2 Freely Propagating Wave THz Photonics .......................................... 1416References .............................................................................................. 1452
22 X-Ray OpticsChristian G. Schroer, Bruno Lengeler ......................................................... 146122.1 Interaction of X-rays with Matter ................................................... 146222.2 X-ray Optical Components ............................................................. 146422.3 Characterizing X-ray Nanobeams ................................................... 1471References .............................................................................................. 1472
23 Radiation and Optics in the AtmosphereUlrich Platt, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Michael Vollmer ......................................... 147523.1 Radiation Transport in the Earth’s Atmosphere ............................... 147623.2 The Radiation Transport Equation .................................................. 148023.3 Aerosols and Clouds....................................................................... 148223.4 Radiation and Climate ................................................................... 148423.5 Applied Radiation Transport:
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Properties ..................................... 148723.6 Overview of Optical Phenomena in the Atmosphere ........................ 1493
Contents XXIII
23.7 Characteristics of Light Scattering by Molecules and Particlesfor Atmospheric Optics ................................................................... 1493
23.8 Pure Air and Clear Sky Phenomena ................................................. 149623.9 Phenomena Due to Hydrometeors .................................................. 149823.10 Phenomena Due to Ice Crystals: Halos ............................................ 150323.11 Sun and Sky .................................................................................. 150523.12 Clouds, Visibility, and Miscellaneous .............................................. 1508References .............................................................................................. 1510
24 Holography and Optical StorageMirco Imlau, Martin Fally, Geoffrey W. Burr, Glenn T. Sincerbox ................. 151924.1 Introduction and History ............................................................... 152024.2 Principles of Holography ................................................................ 152124.3 Applications of Holography ............................................................ 153124.4 Summary and Outlook ................................................................... 153824.5 Optical Data Storage ...................................................................... 153824.6 Approaches to Increased Areal Density ........................................... 154024.7 Volumetric Optical Recording ......................................................... 154324.8 Conclusion .................................................................................... 1555References .............................................................................................. 1556
25 Laser SafetyHans-Dieter Reidenbach .......................................................................... 156925.1 Historical Remarks ......................................................................... 157025.2 Biological Interactions and Effects .................................................. 157125.3 Maximum Permissible Exposure ..................................................... 157825.4 International Standards and Regulations ....................................... 158825.5 Laser Hazard Categories and Laser Classes ....................................... 158925.6 Protective Measures....................................................................... 159125.7 Special Recommendations ............................................................. 1597References .............................................................................................. 1598
Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 1601About the Authors ..................................................................................... 1603Detailed Contents ...................................................................................... 1623Subject Index ............................................................................................. 1645
XXV
List of Abbreviations
1-D one-dimensional2-D two-dimensional2CLM dual-color localization microscopy
A
AD analog-to-digitalADC analog-to-digital converterADC asymmetric directional couplerAEL accessible emission limitAFM atomic force microscopeAI absorbing ionAID axial fluorescence intensity distributionALON aluminum oxynitrideAM air massAM amplitude modulationAMAX airborne multiaXisANL Argonne National LaboratoryANSI American National Standards InstituteAOM acoustooptic modulatorAOPDF acoustooptic programmable dispersive
filterAORD artificial optical radiation directiveAPCVD atmospheric pressure chemical vapor
depositionAPD avalanche photodiodeAPT attosecond pulse trainAR antireflectionARS angle-resolved scatteringASE amplified spontaneous emissionATI above-threshold ionizationATR attenuated total reflectionAVLIS atomic vapor laser isotope separationAWG arrayed waveguide
B
BBO β-barium-borateBCB benzocyclobutenBCML block copolymer micelle nanolithographyBD blu-ray discBGO Bi12GeO20BH buried heterostructureBLIP background-limited infrared
photodetectorBLS Board of Laser SafetyBOX buried silicon oxideBPC bulk-to-particle conversionBPM beam propagation methodBPM birefringence phase matching
BRDF bidirectional reflectance distributionfunction
BSO Bi12SiO20BTO Bi12TiO20BYF BaY2F8BZ Brillouin zone
C
C–D Cole–Davidson fractional exponent βC–E carrier–envelopeCA central atomCAD computer-aided designCALIPSO cloud-aerosol lidar and infrared
pathfinder satellite observationsCAM content addressable memoryCARS coherent anti-Stokes Raman scatteringCAT coplanar air transmissionCB conduction bandCCD charge-coupled deviceCCIS charge-coupled image sensorCCRF capacitively coupled RFCCW coupled cavity waveguideCD compact discCD-ROM compact disc read-only memoryCDF channel dropping filterCDRH Center for Devices and Radiological
HealthCE Conformité EuropéenneCENELEC Commission Européenne Normalisation
ElectrotechniqueCERN Centre Européen de Recherches
NucléairesCGH computer generated hologramCIE Commission Internationale de l’EclairageCIPM Comité International des Poids et
MésuresCLSM confocal laser scanning fluorescence
microscopyCLSO certified laser safety officerCM carrier multiplicationCMOS complementary
metal–oxide–semiconductor detectorCMT coupled mode theoryCN-PPV poly(para-phenyleneethylene)COC cyclic olefin copolymerCOP cyclic olefin polymerCP coat proteinCPA chirped-pulse amplificationCPM colliding-pulse mode-lockedCPM corrugation pitch modulation
XXVI List of Abbreviations
CPT charge, parity, timeCRDS cavity-ring-down spectroscopyCRI color rendering indexCT computed tomographyCTE coefficient of thermal expansionCTIS charge transfer image sensorCVD chemical vapor depositionCW continuous waveCW-OPO continuous-wave optical parametric
oscillator
D
DARPA United States Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency
DBF distributed feedbackDBR distributed Bragg reflectorDCF dispersion-compensating fiberDCM 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-
dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyranDEPFET depleted field effect transistor structureDESY Deutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronDEZ diethylzincDFB distributed feedbackDFG difference-frequency generationDFWM degenerate four-wave mixingDGD differential group delayDIAL differential absorption lidarDIC differential interference contrastDLA direct laser accelerationDOAS differential optical absorption
spectroscopyDODCI 330-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodideDOE diffractive optical elementDOM dissolved organic matterDOS density of statesDP-CP dressed photon carrying the coherent
phonon energyDQE detective quantum efficiencyDRAM dynamic random-access memoryDRO doubly resonant OPO configurationDRS double Rayleigh scatteringDSF dispersion-shifted fiberdSTORM direct stochastic optical reconstruction
microscopyDUV deep ultravioletDVD digital versatile discDWDM dense wavelength division multiplexed
E
ECDL extended-cavity diode laserED-50 effective dose 50%EDF erbium-doped fiberEDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifierEEC European Economic Community
EEDF electron energy distribution functionEFS equi-frequency surfaceEFTA European Free Trade AssociationEL electroluminescenceELA excimer laser annealingEM electromagneticEMC electromagnetic compatibilityEMT effective-medium theoryEN European NormalizationEN electroless nickelEO electroopticEOM electrooptic modulatorEPR Einstein, Podolsky and RosenEQE external quantum efficiencyerf error functionErIG erbium iron garnetESA excited-state absorptionESO European Southern ObservatoryESRF European Synchrotron Radiation FacilityEU European UnionEUV extreme ultravioletEWOD electrowetting on dielectrics
F
FBCB fluorinated benzocyclobutenFBG fiber Bragg gratingfcc face-centered cubicFD finite differenceFDA Food and Drug AdministrationFDPM frequency-domain phase measurementFDTD finite-difference time domainFE finite elementFEL free-electron laserFEM finite-element methodFET field effect transistorFETD finite-element time-domainFF far fieldFFT fast Fourier transformationFHD flame hydrolysis depositionFIFO first-in first-outFLASH free-electron-laser HamburgFM frequency modulationFOM figure of meritFOV field of viewFP Fabry–PérotFPALM fluorescence photoactivable localization
microscopyFPC Fabry–Pérot cavityFR Faraday rotatorFROG frequency-resolved optical gatingFSR free spectral rangeFT Fourier transformFTF Fourier-transform functionFTS Fourier-transform spectroscopyFWHM full width at half-maximum
List of Abbreviations XXVII
FWM four-wave mixingFZP Fresnel zone plate
G
GAC grating assisted couplerGASMAS gas in scattering media absorption
spectroscopyGC gain-coupledGCF geometrical configuration factorGDD group delay dispersionGLAS geoscience laser altimeter systemGLS sulfide glasses GaLaSGOS Gd2O2SGPC gas-to-particle conversionGPS global positioning systemsGRIIRA green induced infrared absorptionGRIN gradient indexGSA ground-state absorptionGSD ground-state depletionGSDIM ground-state depletion imaging
microscopyGTI Gires–Tournois interferometerGTO gate-turn-offGVD group velocity dispersion
H
HARPS high accuracy radial velocity planetsearcher
HDD hard disk driveHDPE high-density polyethyleneHDSS holographic data storage systemHDTV high-definition televisionHEP high-energy physicsHF high frequencyHFS hyperfine structureHHG high-order-harmonic generationHID high-intensity dischargeHIP hot isostatic pressHMASPS trans-4-[p-(N-hydroxyethyl-N-
methylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
HMD head-mounted displayHMO heavy metal oxideHOMO highest occupied molecular orbitalHPA Health Protection AgencyHR highly reflectingHTMC high-temperature multipass cellHVPE hydride-vapor-phase epitaxy
I
IAD ion-assisted depositionIBAD ion-beam-assisted deposition
IBS ion-beam sputteringICL interband cascade laserICLAS International Coordination Group for
Laser Atmospheric StudiesICNIRP International Commission on
Nonionizing Radiation ProtectionICP inductively coupled plasmaIEC International Electrotechnical
CommissionIFTA iterative Fourier-transform algorithmIGBT insulator gate bipolar transistorIL interference lithographyILRC International Laser Radar ConferencesIR infraredISM Industrial Scientific and MedicalITO indium–tin oxideITRS International Technology Roadmap for
Semiconductors
K
KB Kirkpatrick–BaezKDP potassium dihydrogen phosphateKLM Kerr-lens mode-lockingKTA KTiOAsO4KTN KTa1−xNbxO3KTP KTiOPO4
L
LBO LiB3O5LC liquid crystalLC-SLM liquid-crystal spatial light modulatorLCD liquid-crystal displayLCLS Linac Coherent Light SourceLCoS liquid crystal on siliconlcp left-circularly polarized lightLCVD laser(-induced) chemical vapor
depositionLD laser diodeLEAF large effective areaLED light-emitting diodeLH left-handedLHO La2Hf2O7LIBS laser-induced breakdown spectroscopyLIDAR light detecting and rangingLIDT laser-induced damage thresholdLIF laser-induced fluorescenceLiF lithium fluorideLMJ laser megajouleLOBSTER light optical biostructure analysis at
enhanced resolutionLOQC linear optics quantum computingLP linearly polarizedLPCVD low-pressure CVDLPE liquid-phase epitaxy
XXVIII List of Abbreviations
LPG long period gratingLPPP ladder-PPPLR-SPP long-range surface plasmon polaritonLSHB longitudinal spatial hole burningLSO laser safety officerLSP localized surface plasmonLSR liquid silicone rubberLT low temperatureLT-GaAs low-temperature GaAsLTG-GaAs low-temperature-grown GaAsLUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbitalLVD Low Voltage DirectiveLWFA laser wakefield accelerationLWIR long-wavelength IR
M
MBE molecular beam epitaxyMCP microchannel plateMCT mercury cadmium tellurideMCVD modified chemical vapor depositionMEH-PPV poly[2-methoxy-5(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-
phenylenevinylene]MEMS microelectromechanical systemMESFET metal semiconductor field-effect
transistorMFD multilayer fluorescent diskMI modulation instabilityMIR mid-infraredMIS metal–insulator–semiconductorML mode lockingMMA methyl methacrylateMMI multimode interferenceMOCVD metalorganic chemical vapour epitaxyMOPA master-oscillator power-amplifierMOS metal–oxide–semiconductorMOSFET metal?oxide?semiconductor field-effect
transistorMOT magnetooptical trapMOVPE metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxyMPC metallic photonic crystalMPE maximum permissible exposureMPMMA modified poly(methyl methacrylate)MQW multiquantum wellMSM metal–semiconductor–metalMSR magnetic super-resolutionMTF modulation transfer function
N
NA numerical apertureNB narrow beamNCPM noncritical phase matchingNEP noise equivalent powerNF near fieldNFL nanofocusing lenses
NGL next-generation lithographyNHZ nominal hazard zoneNIF National Ignition FacilityNIM nearly index-matchedNIR near infraredNLO nonlinear opticalNLSE nonlinear Schrödinger equationNLSG nonlinear signal generatorNLTL nonlinear transmission lineNOHD nominal ocular hazard distanceNOP nonlinear optical phenomenonNOPA noncollinear optical parametric amplifierNPB N, N ′-diphenyl-N, N ′-denaphthyl-(1, 1′)-
biphenyl-4, 4′-diamineNPC nonlinear photonic crystalNPM not phase-matchedNRI nonresonant intrinsicNSIC National Storage Industry ConsortiumNSOM near-field scanning optical microscopyNZ-DSF nonzero dispersion shifted fiber
O
OADM optical add/drop multiplexerOCT optical coherence tomographyOD optical densityOD output diodeOEIC optoelectronic integrated circuitOFA optical fibre amplifierOFC oxygen-free copperOFCS optical-fiber communication systemOFHC oxygen-free high conductivityOFI optical-field ionizationOK optical KerrOLED organic light-emitting deviceOLEX ozone lidar experimentOP oriented-patternedOPA optical parametric amplifierOPCPA optical parametric chirped pulse
amplificationOPD optical path differenceOPG optical parametric generationOPL optical path lengthOPO optical parametric oscillatorOPP optical parametric processOPS optically pumped semiconductor laserORMOSIL organically modified silicatesOSNR optical signal-to-noise ratioOTF optical transfer functionOVD outside vapor deposition
P
P3HT poly(3-hexylthiophene)PA photon avalanchePA-GFP photoactivatable green fluorescent protein
List of Abbreviations XXIX
PALM photoactivated localization microscopyPALMIRA photoactivated localization microscopy
with running acquisitionPB photonic bandPBG photonic band gapPBL planetary boundary layerPBS photonic band structurePBS polarizing beam splitterPC photonic crystalPCA translucent polycrystalline aluminumPCB printed circuit boardPCF photonic-crystal fiberPCVD photochemical vapor depositionPD photodetectorPDE photon-detection efficiencyPDH Pound-Drever-Hall techniquePDLC polymer-dispersed liquid crystalPDMS polydimethylsiloxanePE pigment epitheliumPECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor
depositionPEDT/PSS polyethylenedioxythiophene/
polystyrylsulfonatPEM patterned excitation microscopyPESRO pump-enhanced SROPET polyethylenePET positron emission tomographyPF polyfluorenePG polarization gatePHASAR phased arrayPIC particle-in-cellPICVD plasma impulse CVDPIR passive infrared detectorPL photoluminescencePLC planar lightwave circuitPLD pulsed-laser depositionPM polarization-maintainingPMD polarization mode dispersionPML perfectly matched layerPMMA polymethylmethacrylatePMT photomultiplier tubePNLC polymer network liquid crystalPOLLIWOG polarization-labeled interference versus
wavelength for only a glintPPE personal protective equipmentPPKTA periodically poled KTiOAsO4PPKTP periodically poled potassium titanyl
phosphatePPLN periodically poled lithium niobatePPLT periodically poled lithium tantalatePPP poly-p-phenylenePPRTA periodically poled RbTiOAsO4PPV poly-para-phenylenevinylenePPWG parallel-plate waveguidePQ phenanthraquinonePRF pulse repetition frequency
PS polystyrenePSA projected solid anglePSF point spread functionPSHB persistent spectral hole burningPSI phase-shifting interferometryPSU polysulfonePT polythiophenePTCBI polymer 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic
bis-benzimidazolePTV peak-to-valleyPVD physical vapor depositionPWM pulse width modulatorPZT piezoelectric transducer
Q
QC quasicrystalsQCL quantum cascade laserQD quantum dotQDIP quantum-dot infrared photodetectorQE quantum efficiencyQED quantum electrodynamicsQMS quadrupole spectrometerQND quantum nondemolitionQPM quasi-phase matchingQW quantum wellQWIP quantum well infrared photodetectorQWOT quarter-wave optical thicknessQWP quarter-wave plate
R
R/W rewritableRABBITT reconstruction of attosecond bursts by
interference of two-photon transitionRAM residual amplitude modulationRC Rayleigh criterionrcp right-circularly polarized lightRCWA rigorous coupled wave analysisRDE rotating disc electrodeRDS relative dispersion slopeRE rare-earthRENSRESOLFT reversible saturable optical fluorescence
transitionRF radio frequencyRFA Raman fiber amplifierRG risk groupRGB red, green and blueRIBE reactive ion-beam etchingRIE reactive-ion etchingRIKE Raman-induced Kerr effectRLVIP reactive low-voltage ion platingRMS root-mean-squareROM read-only memoryRPE retinal pigment epithelium
XXX List of Abbreviations
RPM reversible photobleaching microscopyRRS rotational Raman scatteringRS Raman scatteringRT radiation transportRT room-temperatureRTA RbTiOAsO4
S
SALM spectrally assigned localizationmicroscopy
SAP single attosecond pulseSAR synthetic-aperture radarSASE self-amplified spontaneous emissionSAW surface acoustic waveSBN Sr1−xBaxNb2O6SBS stimulated Brillouin scatteringSBW saturated bromine waterSC supercontinuumSCDM scanning coherent diffraction microscopySCP stretcher–compressor pairSCSi single-crystal siliconSCSS spring–8 compact SASE sourceSDC symmetric directional couplerSE spontaneous emissionSEM scanning electron microscopeSFA strong field approximationSFG sum-frequency generationSG sampled gratingSHG second-harmonic generationSHRImP single molecule high-resolution imaging
with photobleachingsi semiinsulatingSI Système InternationalSIE structured illumination excitationSIIM structured illumination interference
microscopySIL solid-immersion lensSiPM silicon photomultiplierSLAR side-looking airborne radarSLM spatial light modulatorSM small moleculeSM-LWFA self-modulated laser wakefield
accelerationSMF single-mode fiberSMI spatially modulated illuminationSMSR side-mode suppression ratioSMZ symmetrical Mach–ZehnderSNOM scanning near-field optical microscopeSNR signal-to-noise ratioSNSPD superconducting nanowire single-photon
detectorSOA semiconductor optical amplifierSOI silicon-on-insulatorSOP standard operating procedureSOS silicon-on-sapphire
SP Smith–PurcellSPDC spontaneous parametric down conversionSPDM spectral precision distance microscopySPEM saturated patterned excitation microscopySPIDER spectral phase interferometry for direct
electric field reconstructionSPM self-phase modulationSPP surface plasmon polaritonSQL standard quantum limitSRO singly resonant OPOSRS stimulated Raman scatteringSS stainless steelSSDL solid-state dye laserSSFS soliton self-frequency shiftSSG superstructure gratingSSI spatial–spectral interferenceSTED stimulated emission depletionSTORM stochastic optical reconstruction
microscopySTP standard temperature and pressureSTPA sequential two-photon absorptionSTRUT spectrally temporally resolved
upconversion techniqueSVEA slowly varying envelope approximationSW standing waveSZA solar zenith angle
T
TAC time-to-amplitude converterTADPOLE temporal analysis by dispersing a pair of
light E-fieldsTCE transient collisional excitationTDSE time-dependent Schrödinger equationTE transverse electricTEA transverse excited atmosphericTEF trap-enhanced fieldTEM transverse electric magneticTF thin filmTFT thin-film transistorTGS triglycerine sulfateTHG third-harmonic generationTHz-TDS THz time-domain spectroscopyTIP truncated inverted pyramidTIR total internal reflectionTLE transient luminous eventTM transition metalTM transversal magneticTM transverse magneticTMV Tobacco mosaic virusTNSA target normal sheath accelerationTO thermoopticTO topology optimizationTOD third-order dispersionTOF time-of-flightTPA two-photon absorption
List of Abbreviations XXXI
TPD N, N ′-diphenyl-N, N ′-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-(1, 1′)-biphenyl-4-4′-diamine
TRO triply resonant OPOTS total scatteringTTF TESLA test facilityTTG tunable twin guideTV television
U
UFC ultra fast ceramicsUV ultravioletUV-A ultraviolet AUV-B ultraviolet BUV-C ultraviolet C
V
VB valence bandVBG volume holographic gratingVC vertical cavityVCSEL vertical-cavity surface-emitting laserVIM virtual microscopyVis visibleVLSI very large scale integrationVPE vapor-phase epitaxyVRS vibrational Raman scatteringVUV vacuum ultraviolet
W
WD working distanceWDM wavelength division multiplexingWG waveguideWGP wire-grid polarizerWHO World Health OrganizationWORM write-once, read-many times
X
XFEL x-ray FELXFROG cross-correlation frequency-resolved
optically gatedXPM cross-phase modulationXUV extreme ultraviolet (soft x-ray)
Y
YAG yttrium aluminium garnetYAP yttrium aluminium perovskiteYLF yttrium lithium fluorideYSZ yttria-stabilized zirconiaYVO yttrium vanadate
Z
ZAP zero additional phaseZAP-SPIDER zero-additional-phase SPIDERZBLAN ZrF4BaF2LaF3AlF3NaFZSL zenith scattered light
