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8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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BIOLOGY X
Instant Notes
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Instant Notes
Minhad. M. Muhiyudheen
Kaliyattamukku, [email protected]
SCIENCE INSTITUTEOpp. HP pump, Vengara, Malappuram
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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First of all, thanking the CREATOR who bestowed me to bring out the book Biology-X
Instant notesto the students of class X under Kerala state syllabus.
This book has been exclusively designed as a powerful tool for the last-minute preparation in
their pursuit of success in the SSLC-Board Examination.
Every effort has been made to make the description point wise as per the new grading and
evaluation system. Difficulties which nerve the students have been dealt within simple and
lucid style.
I hereby express my sincere gratitude to Rahees Valappil (Director, Sunrise Institute-
Pandikasala) who put forward the idea of making capsule notes, Vinod Sir (G.Rajas.H.S.S,
Kottakal) & Jaleel Sir (Oriental H.S.S, Tirurangadi), who ready to share their valuable
materials, My brother, Munawar Ahammed, who helped me in typing material and all and all
Rajeev Sir (Blogger,www.english4keralasyllabus.com)who constantly motivated me in
bringing this note.
I kindly requesting the teaching faculties to share their materials with English blog, who
humbly trying to give as much aids to the student community.
I hope that this book will be warmly received by students and teachers. Great care has been
taken to avoid mistakes. Constructive criticism of the book and suggestions for its further
improvement will be gratefully acknowledged.
Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen
Kaliyattamukku, Malappuram
Mob:9846292227
Faculty of Biology, Science Institute-Vengara
http://www.english4keralasyllabus.com/http://www.english4keralasyllabus.com/http://www.english4keralasyllabus.com/http://www.english4keralasyllabus.com/8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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CChhaapptteerrII.. C{nbp apdw...............................1
CChhaapptteerrIIII.. {]XnIcW Cs\bpw.......................8
CChhaapptteerrIIIIII.. {]XnIcWv ]nnse ck X{w..........11
CChhaapptteerrIIVV.. D]m]Nbn\v tijw..............................18
CChhaapptteerrVV.. kanXn XIcptm............................22
CChhaapptteerrVVII.. kpcbpw NnInkbpw..........................25
CChhaapptteerrVVIIII..\sf s\ \fmbn..............................31
CChhaapptteerrVVIIIIII.. Pohs IY, PohnIfp sSbpw .....................36
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara1
1 C{nb p apdwakvXnjvhpw 5 mt\{nbfpw a\pjys\ Npp]mSpap amsf a\nemphm\pw {]XnIcnphm\pw klmbnpp.
]mTw Npcp n
kwcWwLS\, [aw
I. Iv ImgvN Step-1. t^m Zqcw {IaoIcnpp
Step-2. hkvXphns {]Xn_nw_w sdn\bn ]XnppStep-3. {]Imi {KmlnI Do]nnsSppStep-4. \mUob AthK Xetmdntev
Zznt\{X Zi\wsshIey
\yqtdm-ASnm\ LSIw\mUn 3 Xcw, Kmwntbm
\mUohyh {]h\w C{nbm\p`hfnse ]vXetmdv kwc Ww, LS\, [aw
LS\
II. sNhn tIhn F A\p`hwicocns Xpe\\ne ]me\w
III. \mhv LS\kzmZv F A\p`hw
IV. aqv LS\
Kw F A\p`hw
V. Xzv LS\
I. IvImgvNbpsS C{nbw
kwcWw
1. Xetbmnbnse Ipgnbn Ddnncnpp. BLmXfn \nv c
2. It]mf, I]oen In s]mSn]Se hnSmsX XS bpp.
3. Ip\o
Ins\ Ftmgpw CuapXmn shpp
s]mSnhoWm IgpIn Ifbpp
ssetkmsskw In\pntev ISp tcmKmWpsf \innp cmkmn ASnbncnpp.
LS\bpw [ahpw
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara2
t\{X`mKw khntijX [aw
I. ZrV]Sew _mly]mfn t\{XtKmfn\v ZrVX \Ipp
a) tImWnb kpXmcyamb ap`mKw {]Imi civanIsf Dntev ISn hnSpp
b) t\{XmhcWwtImWnb HgnsI Ins ap`mKwBhcWw sNbvXncnp ew
kwcWw
II. c]Sew ctemanI sIm p a[y]mfn Inse IeIv t]mjWhpw HmIvknP\pw \Ipp
a) sFdnkv c]Sens hrmIrXnbnep Ccpap`mKw
sFdnknse t]inI {]Imins GpdnepI
\pkcnv IrjvWaWnsb NpcppIbpw hnIknnpIbpw hgn Intev {]thinp {]Imins Afhv\nb{npp
IrjvWaWn sFdnkns a[y`mKp kpjncw
b) sekvIrjvWaWnv ]nmenbnkv\mbpsIm v koenbdn t]inIfpambn _ntImshIvkv sekv
t^m Zqcw {IaoIcnv {]Xn_nw_w sdn\bn ]Xnnpp
III. ZrjvSn ]Sew {]Imi {KmlnI ImWsSp Bc]mfncq]sSp {]Xn_nw_n\\pkcnv BthKsfD mpp
a) ]oX _npImgvN in Ghpw IqSpA\p`hsSp t\{X `mKw
b) A_np
ChnsS {]Xn_nw_w cq]w sIm m ImgvN
km[yac) t\{X\mUn A_nphn \nv XpSp \mUn BthKsf Xetmdntev hlnpp
AIzkv Ad tImWnbpw sekn\pw CSbnep AdtImWnbpw sekn\pw Bhiyamb t]mjWhpw O2\Ip PekZriamb \ndncnpp
hn{Snbkv Adsekn\pw sdn\pw CSbnep henbAd
t\{XtKmfn\v BIrXn \Ip sPn t]mep\ndncnpp
Imgv L1.t^m Zqcw {IaoIcn
ASppw AIsebpap hkvXpfpsS {]Xn_nw_w sdn\bn ]Xnbm Inse sekv t^m Zqcw {IaoIcnp hn[w
2.{]Xn_n_w sdn\bn
hkvXphn \nv hcp {]Imi civanI InIqSnISp t]mIp ]mX ImWnp ^vtfmNm
tImWnb AIzkv Ad IrjvWaWn sekv hn{Snbkv Ad sdn\
{]Xn_nw_ns {]tXyIX Io sNdpXvo Xe XncnXv
o bYmw
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara3
3.sdn\bpsS LS\bpw {]Xn_nw_hpw cq]sSptmgp mIp amhpw
sdn\bnse tdmUv, tIm tImifn ImWsSp tdmtUm]vkn, t^mtm]vknFo hW fpsS {]Imi hnLS\amWvImgvNbpsS ASnm\w
Vit.Abn \np m Ip sdn\m F cmkhkvXphpw Hm]vkn F amwkyhpw tNmWv Cu hWI D mhpXv. tdmUp tImi anb shfnn DtPnXamIpp
tdmtUm]vkn hnLSn v sdn\mepw Hm]vkn\pw Bbn amdpp. Cu cmkamw \mUob BthK Dfhmpp.
Vit.A
sdtUm]vkn sdn\m + Hm]vkn
Ch c- pw {]Imins Akmnyn tbmPnpp.
hnman F bpsS A`mhw ]p\xkwtbmP\n Ipdhp mp p \nimX.
tIm tImi Xo{h {]Imin DtPnXamIpp, \nd Xncndnbm (t^mtm]vkn hnLSnpXv Xo{h {]IminembXn\m)
a\pjy\n Nphv, ], \oe Fo civanIfm ]camh[n DtPnsSp 3 C\w tIm tImifmWpXv.
tIm tImifn XIcmdv ImcWw Nne \nd ImWm km[nm Ah hWmX.
Fp sIm v?? \mb, ]q XpSnb kkvX\nI temIs 2 \ndfpsS an{inXambnmWv ImWpXv
? ]nI ImWp temIw a\pjytcm hWi_famWv
? A_nphn {]Xn_nw_w ]Xnm ImgvN km[ya
? ]qv cm{Xnbn ImgvN in IqSpXemWv
? aqv ]I ImgvNbn
4.\mUob AthK Xetmdntev ImgvN F A\p`hw1. Hcp hkvXphns {]Xn_nw_w ZrjvSn]Sen ]Xnptm
{]Imi {KmlnI Do]nnsSpp.2. BthK cq]sSpp.3. BthK t\{X\mUn hgn Xetmdnse ImgvNbpsS tI{n
Fpp.4. ImgvNbpsS tI{w c v In \npap {]Xn_nw_sf t\mn
hkvXphns\ AtX cq]n ImgvN km[yampIbpw sNpp.
Zznt\{X Zi\whkvXphn \np AIehpw AXns I\hpw kw_nv IrXyamb [mcW \Ip {Xnam\ ImgvN km[yampp.
Ins sshIey
sshIeyw ImcWw eWw ]cnlmcw
1. ZoL ZrjvSn
2. {lkzZrjvSn
3. tImv t]iosshIeywc- v IpIfpw Htc hkvXphntI{oIcnIcnm IgnbmAh
ikv{X{Inb
4. tmtmaAIzkv {Zhns ]p\cmKncWwXSsSpXv
aqew In aw hnpp
5. {]kv_tbmnbsekns CemkvXnIX\jvsSpp
ASpp hkvXpsf hyambnImWm Ignbn
tImshIvkv sekvD]tbmKnv ]cnlcnmw
6. Xnancw t\{X sekvAXmcyamIpp ImgvN {ItaW \jvS sSppsekv amnshikv{X{Inb
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara4
\mUo hyh C{n bm\p`hfnse ]vmt\{nbfn kzoIcns hnhc (AhnsSbp {KmlnI Do]nnsv BthKfmbn) Hne[nIw
\qtdmWpIfneqsS ISpt]mbn Xetmdnse {]tXyI tI{nsepp. AhnsS shv BthK hniIe\w sNbvXpwkwtbmPnnpw IrXyamb C{nbm\p`h \apv {]Zm\w sNpp.
\yqtdm ASnm\ LSIw
\mUn 3 Xcw - mt\{nbfn \np Xetmdntepw kpjpav\bntepw BthKsf sIm- pt]mIp \mUoXp
- Xetmdnsbpw kpjpav\bpsSbpw \ntZi Ahbhfntep sIm- pt]mIp \mUoXp
- kwthZ\mUoXpfpw t{]cI\mUoXpfpw DtNncnp \mUnI
Kmwntbm-\mUo tImiicoc Iqam HcmhcWw sIm - v s]mXnncn (tKmfmIrXnbnep) `mK.
hnhcfpsS ssIamw
{KmlnI - icocn\pn \npw ]cnkcp\npw Do]\sf kzoIcnphm Ignhp \mUotImi
Do]\w- icoc n\Itm Npp]mSntem D- mIp am {KmlotImifnse ]mkvamkvXcnsCcphipw \ne\np sshZypX kpenXmhbn D mIp hyXnbm\w
AthK - p t - mIp w
{]XnIcWw- AthK - mIp am
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara5
Xetmdv \mUohyhbpsS tI{w
kwcW1. XetbmSv ISpw IqSnb IhNw2. sa\nkv Xetmdns\ s]mXnbp 3]mfn
3.CSF sa\nkns Bc]mfnInSbnep {Zhw
{][m\ `mK`mKw khntijX [w
1. skdn{_w
Xetmdnse Ghpw henb `mKw
]pdw `mKw t{Kamdpw D`mKw sshv
amdpamWv
_pn, Hma, Nn, `mh\ XpSnb KpWfpsStI{w
ImgvN tIhn, Kw, cpNn, kv]iw Fnhsb ]nt_m[w Dfhmpp
Fm sFnI Ne\sfbpw \nb{npp
2. skdns_w Xetmdnse c- mas henb `mKw t]in {]h\sf GtIm]nnv icocnsXpe\ \ne ]menpp
3. saUpeHtmtK
skdns_tmSv tNv Zv t]mseImWsSp mKw
CXns XpSbmWv kpipw\
sshv am ]pdpw t{Kam AIpamWv
Ass\nI {]h\sf \nb{npp
4. Xemakv skdn{_ntepw XncntIbpap hniIe\w
sNbvXv BthKsf ]p\x{]kcWw sNpp5. ssltm Xemakv Bc kanXn ]menpp.
CXns ]pdw`mKv \yqtdmWpIfpsS tImiicoc XnnsRcpn ImWsSpp. aben CmXp sIm v skdn{_nsCu `mKn\v Nmc\ndamWpXv. AXn\m Cu ]pdw`mKs t{Kam Fp hnfnpp. t{Kamdn D NpfnhpIfpw aSpIfpwIqSpX \yqtdmWpIsf DsmpXn\p A\pIqe\fmWv.
shfpp \ndtmSpIqSnb aben sIm v BhcWw sNbvXncnp \mUoXpfmWv Cu `mKpXv.
II. sNhn sNhnbmWv {ihWs klmbnp mt\{nbw.
icocns Xpe\ \ne ]menm klmbnpI F [hpw sNhnp v.sNhnbpsS LS\
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara6
tIhn F A\p`hw
sNhnpS I\mfw I]Sw An irwJe Hmh hntUm
tImnb s]cnenw^v FtUm enw^v HmK Hm^v tImn (i_vZ{KmlnI)
{ihW \mUn
Xetmdnse {ihW tI{w
i_vZw Xncndnbpp
icocns kpe\hpw sNhnbpw
Bc Inse A hrmImc Ipg, shn_yq Fnh tNmWv icocs Xpe\ \ne ]menm klmbnpXv.
Bc Iw
A hrmImc Ipg shn_yq
Bw]yqfbnse {KmlnI bq{Snn, kmyq{KmlnI
FtUmenw^n Ne\w
Do]\w
BthKw
skdns_w
t]io {]h\sf GtIm]nn vicoc Xpe\ \ne km[yampp
III. \mhv \mhnepw Ihnfnepw sXm bnepw nXnsNp kzmZpapIpffmWv kzmZv Adnbphm klmbnpXv. a[pcw, Ibv]v, ]pfn, Dv Fo {]mYanI kzmZpI Xncndnbphm hyXykvXkzmZpapIpf D v.
LS\cpNn F A\p`hw((SStteepp--11)) ]ZmYIWnII Dan\ocnebnpp
((SStteepp--22)) kzmZpapIpffnse kzmZv{KmlnI
Do]nnsSpp((SStteepp--33)) BthK cq]sSpp.((SStteepp--44)) \mUn hgn
((SStteepp--55)) skdn{_nse cpNnbpsS tI{n Fpp((SStteepp--66)) cpNn A\p`hsSpp
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara7
IV. aqvLS\
Kw F A\p`hw ((SStteepp--11))KIWnII hmbphnt\msSmw aqn\pn {]thinpp.
((SStteepp--22))tjva{Zhn ebnv KIWnII {LmW{Kmlnbn Fpp.
((SStteepp--33)){LmW{KmlnI Do]nv BthK D mIpp.
((SStteepp--44))BthK {LmW\mUn hgn skdn{_nse {LmWtI{n Fnpp((SStteepp--55))Kw A\p`hsSpp.
V. Xzv LS\
A\p`h 1. NqSv, kv]iw, thZ\, XWpv, aZwFo {KmlnI
Do]nsSpp
2. BthK D mIpp.
3. BthK _s \mUnI hgn Xetmdn Fpp
4. Ah A\p`hfmbn amdpp.
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara8
2 {]XnIc W Cs\bpwa\pjy\nse {]XnIcW kwhn[m\icocnse hnhn[ AhbhfpsS {]h\sf GtIm]nnpIbpw \nb{npIbpw sNpXv \mUohyhbpwAx{kmhnhyhbpamWv (Ax{kmhnhyhASp Aymbn N sNpw).Npp]mSn \npw icocn\pn \npw Do]\ kzoIcnpIbpw {]XnIcW cq]sSppIbpw sNpXv
\mUohybmWv. \psS \mUohyhsb tI{\mUohyh, s]cns^d \mUohyh Fns\ c- mbn Xncnmw.
s]cns^d\mUohyh
tI{\mUohyhXetmdpw kpjpav\bpw tNXmWv tI{\mUohyh. imcocnI {]h\mhiyamb
t_m[]qhamb Xocp am\ {][m\ambpw XetmdnemWp mIpXv (Ccnep sFnI {]XnIcWsf Ipdn v ap Aymbn N sNbvXp).Fm ASnbcLfn Do]\\pkcn v BI kvanIhpw Ass\nIhpambn D mIp imcocnI {]XnIcWv(dn^vfIvkv {]h\) XmImenI \ntZi A[nIhpw kpjpav\bn \nmWp mIpXv.
saUp H_vtfmwtKbpsS XpSbmbn \snsIogwhscsbp AIw s]mbmb Hcp hncenshap shfp ZmWv kpjpav\.
kwcWw
1. \sns IhNw2. 3 ]mfn sa\nRvPkv sIm p BhcWw3. sa\nRvPkv ]mfnInSbnepw sk{S I\menepw CSF
AXn\ptijambncnpw BthK XetmdnsepXv. XpSv t_m[]qhamb {]XnIcW D mIpp.DZm: bmZrnIambn Xobn Nhnptm Imev s]sv ]nhenpp.
Xbv v sIm ncnptm kqNn ssIbn sIm m ssI ]nhenpp.
kpjpav\bpsS LS\
intcm\mUnI(12 tPmUn)
kpjpav\ \mUnI
(31 tPmUn)
Xetm
kpjpav\tI{\mUohyh
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara9
dn^vfIvkv {]h\nse BthKfpsS ]mXbmWv dn^vfIvkv BIv.
ap 2 dn^vfIvkpI
skdn{_ dn vfIvkv : Xetmdn \npw cq]sSp dn^vfIvkv ( NB:Igpn\v apIfn kw`hnpp). DZm:IpNn,Xp
I ojUv dn vfIvkv : ]cnioe\ neqsSbpw A\p`hn eqsSbpw cq]sSp dn^vfIvkv
DZm: kU t{_v sNpXv.
cpNntbdnb Blmc ]Zmsf ]n tIptm Dan\o D]mZ\w IqSpp.
t{]anp s]ns t]cv tImtem Ahfp]tbmKnp kvt{]bpsS Kw aqneSn mtem tcmamw D mIpXv.
s]cns^d \mUohyhtI{\mUohyhsb icocnse Ahbhfpambn _nnp \mUnI tNXmWv s]cns^d \mUohyh.BcnImhbh fpsS {]h\sf \nb{npXp s]cns^d \mUohyhbpsS `mKamb kzX{\mUohyhbmWv.
knw]XnIv hyhbpw ]mcmknw]XnIvhyhbpw tNcpXmWv kzX{\mUohyh.
\sns Ccphipap Kmwntbm irwJebpw AhtbmSv
_s \mUotI{fpw tNXmWv knw]XnIv hyh.({]XnknLfn icoctmSv A\pI (Sympathy)tXmn
icocs cnm {]h\aamIpXn\memWv Chv Cu
t]cv e`nXv)
akvXnjvIn \npw kpjpav\bpsS Ahkm\`mKs
KmwntbmWpIfn \npw ]pdsSp \mUnI tNXmWv
]mcmknw]XnIvhyh
(knw]XnIv hyhv ]mcBbXn\memWv Chv Cu t]cv e`n Xv)
{]XnknLsf t\cnSm knw]XnIvhyh icocs kampw. {]XnknLw XcWw sNbvXp Ignm ]mcmknw]X
nIvhyh imcocnI {]h\sf km[mcW\nebntep sIm phcpIbpw sNpw.
? Bc Do]\\p kcnv a\pjy {]XnIcn psXs\ckZnep mIp hyXnbm\w, Pens Afhn hcp amw, CO2s Afhn hcp amw CsXmw BcDo]\fmWv. Ccw Do]\sf {KlnpXn\v klmbIamb {KmlnI Bcmhbfnepw t]inIfnepw D v.
DZm: Iotamdnk]vdpI (cmkhkvXpfpsS kmn[n Do]nsSp {KmlotImi),_mtcmdnk]vdpI (cpgepIfn ImWsSp aZ{KmlnI )
Cu {KmlnI Do]nnsSpXns ^eambn BthK D mhpIbpw _s Ahbh AXn\\pkcnv
{]hnpIbpw sNpw.
{KmlnIDo]nsSpp
BthK kwthZ\ \yqtdm hgn kpjpav\bntev
{]XnIcWw \Spp
kwthZ\ \mUnbn \npwBthK C \yqtdmhgn
t{]cI \mUnbntev
\nti t{]cI \yqtdmhgn _s t]inbntev
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara10
\mUo hyhp mIp sshIeytcmKw ImcWw eWw ]cnlmcw1. kvt{Smv2. XfhmXw
3. Assja tcmKw\mUo IeIfn tIv cq]sSp^eambn \yqtdmWpI \inpXv
Hma ]qWambpw \inpp]qWambpw NnInnv t`Zamm Ignbn
4. ]mnk
tcmKw
tUm]mans Ipdhv aqewXetmdnse KmwntbmWpI
\inpp
hndb, Dan\o HgpIn sIm ncnpI, icocns Xpe\m
h \jvSsSpI, PohnXtmSv hncnbpw hnjmZhpw
]qambn kpJsSpmIgnbn. tUm]man
D]tbmKnv \nb{nmw
5. A]kvamcwXetmdnse sshZypX XcwKp- mIp {IacmlnXyw
kn, At_m[mh acpv sIm v ]cnlcnmw
ap PohnIfnse {]XnIcW kwhn[m\
Pohn{KmlnI Ds
Ahbhw{]XnIcW coXn/ {]tXyIX
mantUmsamWmkv,
bpo\ sFkvt]mv
{]Imins hyXnbm\ Xncndnv {]XnIcnpp.
ssl{U \mUo PmenI \mUo tImi het]mse icocn hym]nncnpw
Npp]mSn \npw Do]\ kzoIcnpIbpw AXn\\pkrXambn{]XnIcnpIbpw sNpp.
jUv]Z HamnUnbw {]Imi Do]\sf Hmtcm HamUnnbn \npw
BthKfmbn Xetmdnsenv {]Xn_nw_sf kwtbmPnnvImgvN km[yampp.
hmepI A{Sm tkmWnIv i_vZns {]Xn[z\n hniIe\w sNbvXv kmc]mXbnse XS Xncndnbpp.
]mv
AWen,s]cpmv
tP_vkkvHmK
Xm]{KmlnI
IqsSqsS \op \mn ]n]nSnncnp KIWnIIsftP_vkkv HmK\nse {LmW {KmlnI kzoIcnv aWw
Xncndnbpp.cm{XnImefn av PohnIfpsS kmn[yw Xncndnbm klmbnpp
kkyfnse {]XnIcWwss^tmt{Imw(hWI t{]mo) {]Imi n\\pkcn v Imm{Ks hfpp, ]qfp mpp, hn v apfnpp.
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara11
3 {]XnIc Wv ]nnse ck X{wa\pjy\pw Ahs klPohnIfpw _mlytam BcnItam Bb Do]\\pkcnv {]XnIcnpXv AhcpsS icocn shv\Sp Nne cmkka\zbns ^eambmWv.
cmkka\zbw a\pjy\n\mUohyh t]mse Ax{kmhnhyhbpw BcnIhpw _mlyhpamb ]cnnXnbnep mIp hyXnbm\\pkcnv Poh
[sf \nb{npw {IaoIcnpamWv icocw kmlNcysf XcWw sNpXv. \mUohyh \nb{np {]XnIcWhfsc s]sv \SphbmWv (ap Aymbn N sNbvXp).
{Iam\pKXambn \St {]XnIcWsf (DZm: hfcpp, hyXy hnImc {]ISnnpp, Ddpp, hnbpp, aq{Xw t]mIpp)\nb{npXv Ax{kmhnhyhbmWv. AXn\mbn a\pjy icocns hnhn[ `mKfn nXn sNp Ax{kmhn {KnIDev]mZnnp ktihmlIcmWv tlmtamWpI. Cu cmkhkvXp cneqsS eym\spIbpw imcocnI{]h\sf Bhiym\pkcWw amw hcppIbpw sNpp.
tlmtamWpI eyIeIfn
SStteepp--11))
{KnIfn \nv tlmtamWpI t\cnv cn Iecpp.(AXn\memWv tlmtam D]mZI{KnIsf Ax{kmhn{KnI Fvhnfn pXv).
SStteepp--22))tlmtam Xam{XI cneqsS eyIeIfntev kwhl\w sNpp(cneqsS icocns FmbnSpw Fpps nepw Hmtcm tlmtamWnt\bpw kzoIcnpXn\v AXns{]h\tI{fn {]tXyI {KmlnIfp v).
SStteepp--33))eyIeIfpsS tImikvXcntem tImi{Zhyntem ImWsSp {Kmlnbpambn tlmtam knv tlmtam{Kmlnkwbpw cq]sSpp.
SStteepp--44))CXns\ XpSv tImin\I v cmkmnI {]h\aamIpp.
SStteepp--55))CXns eambn tImins {]h\ntem LS\bntem amap mIpp.
a\pjy\nse Ax{kmhn{KnIfpwAhbpsS tlmtam Wp Ifpw (icoc nse m\a\pkcn v)
m\w akvXnjvIns a[y`mKv Xemakn\v Xmsg tlmtamWpI:
dneoknwKv tlmtamWpI
ssltmXemaknse \mUotImi D]mZnnp {]tXyI Xcw tlmtamWpIfmWv dneoknwKv tlmtamWpI. Ch
Poh{]h\sf t\cnv \nb{npn. Ch (t]m knc hgn Fn) ]nyqdn {KnbpsS apZfs Do]nnptm
hyXykvX t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpI D]mZnnsSpp. Hmtcm t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpIfpw AXmXv {KnIsf
Do]nnv hyXykvX tlmtamWpI D]mZnnsSpp. Cln_ndn tlmtamWpI
dneoknwKv tlmtamWpIsXncmbn Nne {KnIfpsS tlmtam D]mZ\s ao`hnnp tlmtamWpIIfmWnh.
Cu c- p hn`mKw tlmtamWpIfpsSbpw kwtbmPnX {]h\neqsSbmWv an Ax{kmhn {KnIfpsSbpw [a
IrXyambn \nb{nsSp Xv.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
16/49
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
17/49
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara12
hmtkm{]kn
aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw \nb{npp.
aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw Ipdbvt kmlNcy n (DZmA[nI hnbn\mtem Pemwins Ipdhn\mtem cn Pens
Afhv IpdbpI)hmtkm{]kns D]mZ\w IqSpIbpw Ah hrIfn \nv IqSpX Pew cntev XncnsI BKncWw sNpp.
aq{XneqsS IqSpX Pew ]pd t- kmlNcy n(cn Pens Afhv IpSptm DZmagmew, ap Imew AsIn
hnbmXncnptm) hmtkm{]kns D]mZ\wIpdbpIbpw Ah hrIfn \np Pens ]p\cmKncWw IpdbvpIbpw
sNpp.
aq{XneqsSbp Pe\jvSw {IaoIcnp tlmtam F AYn BnssUbqsdnIv tlmtam-ADHFpw
hmtkm{]kn AdnbsSpp v. ( ADH Cmbncpsn Znhkhpw 27l aq{Xw cq]sSpambncpp).
Ub_nkv Ckn]n Ukvhmtkm{]kns Ipdhv aqew aq{XneqsS AanXambn Pew \jvSsSp Ah.
HmIvkntSmkn
an\pkt]inIfpsS ktmNw km[yamp tlmtamWm Wv HmIvkntSmkn. AXn\m {]khw kpKaamm HmIvkntSmknklmbnpp. ]m NpcpXn\pw Cu tlmtam klmbnpp v.
m\w ssltmXemakn\v Xmsg
LS\m]cambn ]nyq dn {Knv c- p Zffp vapZfhpw ]nZfhpw
apZfw tlmtamWpI:
t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpIdneoknwKv tlmtamWpIfpsS Do]\ns ^eambmWv ]nyqdn {KnbpsS apZfn \npw t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpID]mZnnsSpXv. ssXtdmbvUv {Kn, A{Un\ tImIvkv, sKmWmUpI (hrjW, AWvUmib ) XpS nb av{KnI tlmtamWpIsf {khnpXv t{Sm]nIv (Do]\)tlmtamWpIfpsS t{]cWbmemWv.
Nne t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpI
TSH- ssXtdmbvUv naptenwKv tlmtam
ACTH-A{Unt\m tImntmt{Sm]nIv tlmtam
GTH- sKmWmtUm t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpI skmamtmt{Sm]n (hfmtlmtam)
icochf km[yampp. Cu tlmtamWns D]mZ\nep mIp Gpdn hfsb tZmjIcambn _m[npp.
sshIeyw eWw ImcWwhma\Xzw
AnIfpsS hf apcSnvIpmcmbn Xocpp.
hfmImeLn skmamtmt{Sm]n D]mZ\wIpdbpXv.
`oamImcXzw s]mhpw mchpw IqSnbhcmbn XocpphfmImeLn skmamtmt{Sm]n D]mZ\wIqSpXv.
At{ImsaKmenBcmhbhfpw icocns A{K`mKfpw (hncepI, apJmnI)am{Xw AanXambn hfcpp.
hfmImeLn\ptijwskmamtmt{Sm]ns D]mZ\w IqSpXv.
t{]memIvn
]mep]mZ\n\p klmbnpp
]nZfw
ssltmXemakv D]mZnnp
HmIvkntSmkn\pw hmtkm{]kn\pw ]nyqdn {KnbpsS ]nZfn kw`cnsSpp. ]noSvBhiym\pkcWw ]nZfn \nv cntev hnpsImSppIbpw sNpp. (av tlmtamWpI D]mZnnsSpn)
m\w akvXnjvIns a[y`mKv
tlmtam:
saetSmWn
ssPhnI{]h\sf kzm[o\nv ssZ\nIhpw EXp_nbpamb XmfmIX ssIhcpm klmbnpp.
Nne DZmlcW
Ddepw DWcepw
PohnIfpsS tZimS\w
]pev tImgn IqhpXv.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
18/49
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
19/49
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara14
tImIvkv tlmtamWpI:
tImntkmamwkyw, sImgpv Fnhsb hnLSnnpp; Aant\m BknUv hnLSnn v qtmkv D]mZnnpp; Icfn sstmPkw`cnpp; {]Xntcm[tImisf ao`hnnpp.AePntcmKsfbpw \ohosbpw XSbpXn\v tImntkm klmbIamWv. AXn\m BkvXva, knhow XpSnb NnetcmKv tImntkm Huj[ambn \Imdp v.
tImntkmfns AantXm]tbmKw cnse qtmkns Afhv IqSm ImcWamIpp. AXpsIm v {]taltcmKnIvCXv Huj[ambn \Im ]mSpX.
AtUmotdmehWPekpe\w ]menpXn\v klmbnpp. hnbv, aq{Xw FnhbneqsSbp tkmUnbw Atbm WpIfpsS \jvSwIpdpw s]mmknbwAtbm WpIsf ]pdnbpamWv AtUmotdm ehWkpe\w km[yamp Xv.
ssewKnItlmtamWpI
ssewKnIhfsbbpw [asfbpw \nb{npp.
m\w Bamibn\v Xmsg, ]IzmibtmSv tNv
tlmtamWpI:
Ckpen
cnse qtmkns Afhv A[nIamImsX {IaoIcnpp. (cnse qtmkns km[mcW Afhv 70-110 mg / 100 ml)qtmkns Afhv IqSptm ]m{Inbmknep sFevkv Hm^v emKlmknse tImi Ckp en D]mZnnpp.Ckpen qtmkns BKncWw XzcnXsSppp, A[nIap qtmkns\ sstm P, sImgp v, amwkyw Fnhbmn ampp
qtKm
cn qtmkns Afhv IpdbmsX {IaoIcnpp.
qtmkns Afhv Ipdbptm ]m{Inbmknep sFevkv Hm^v emKlmknse tImi qtKm D]mZnnpp.qtKm sstmPs\bpw Aant\m BknUpIsfbpw qtmkmn ampp.
Ub_nkv saenkvcnse qtmkns Afhv A[nIcnp Ah.CXn\pImcWw
1) sFevkv Hm^v emKlmknse _omtImi \inpI
2) Ckpen {KmlnI {]h\aamXmIpI
3) {]h\aam Ckpen D]mZnn
Cu tcmKaphcpsS aq{XneqsS A[nIap qtmkv ]pdwXsSpp. Cu Pe\jvSw ]cnlcnphm tcmKn IqSpXshw IpSnpw. ]cnlmcwHuj[, Blmc\nb{Ww, Ckpen Ipnhbv]v
hrjW (]pcpjamcn)
m\w DZcmibn\v shfnbn, hrjvWknbn
tlmtam:
sStmntdmIuamcnse imcocnIam km[yam, ssewKnImhbhfpsS hf, _otPm]mZ\w.
AWvUmib (kv{XoIfn)
m\w DZcmibn, K`mibn\ncphipambn
tlmtamWpI:
Cukv{SP
Iuamcnse imcocnIam km[yam, ssewKnImhbhfpsS hf, Atm]mZ\w, BhN{I{IaoIcWw.
s{]mPtdm
BhN{I{IaoIcWw, K`[mcWs klmbn , {`qWs \ne\n, K`mibhf.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
20/49
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara15
Ax{kmhnhyhbpw \mUohyhbpwHcp XmcXayw Ax{kmhnhyh \mUo hyh
ktifbpXv cneqsS kwhlnsSp{]tXyI cmkhkvXp (tlmtamWpI) hgn.
ktifbpXv \mUoXphneqsS t{]jWw sNsSp BthKfmbnv.
cneqsS kwhlnsSpXn\m tlmtamW{]XnIcW kmh[m\nemWv
BthK AXnthKn kcnpXn\m \mUob{]XnIcW s]sphbmWv.
cntev {khnsSpXn\m tlmtamWpIicocns Fm `mKpw Fpp. AXpsIm vtlmtamW {]XnIcW ]etmgpw icocnshnZqc `mKfnep hnhn[ eyIeI DsSpXmbncnpw.
\mUob BthK {]tXyI \mUoXp hgn \nZnjvSeym\fn am{Xsa Fppp. AXpsIm v\mUob {]XnIcW hfsc {]mtZinIambncnpw.
tlmtamW {]XnIcW s]mXpsh ZoLImetv \o p\nphbmbncnpw.
DZmhf, D]m]Nbw
\mUob {]XnIcW {lkzImetv am{Xaphbmbncnpw.
DZmHcp t]inbpsS ktmNw\mUobhpw cmkobhpamb ktihn\nab kwhn[m\ ]ckv]c]qcIambn {]hnmWv BckanXn ]cn]mensSpXv.
cmkka\zbw ap PohnIfnNne Pp ktihn\nabn\mbn Npp]mSntev Nne {]tXyI cmkhkvXp ]pdphnSpp v. Cu cmkhkvXpsf ^ndtamWpIFp]d bpw.Htc PohnKWnse AwKv am{Xta Ah D]mZnnp ^ndtamWpIsf Xncndnbm Ignbq.
{][m\ [a$ A]mbkqN\ \I$ kmc]mX \nWbn$ hmkens ]cn[n tcJsSp$ kmnyspdnp kqN\ \I$ CWIsf BIjn
Nne PohnIfpw AhbpsS ^ndtamWp IfpwPohn ^ndtam [awDdpv \nnXamb ]mXbneqsS hcnhcnbmbn kcnm
klmbnpp
shcpIv knshtmCWIsf BIjnmIkvXqcnam IkvXqcn
s] ]p\qie`
t_mw_ntm
^ndtamWpIsftbm kam\LS\bp cmkhkvXpsftbm D]tbmKnv IoSsf BIjnp \innp kwhn[m\amWv ^ndtamsIW
cmkka\zbw kkyfn kkyfn Poh{]h\sf \nb{nm sacnanItImifn (hfcp `mKfn ImWsSp {]tXyIXcw tImi)\nansSp {]tXyI cmkhkvXpfmWv kkytlmtamWpI.
tImihn`P\w, tImihf, tImifpsS sshhn[yhcWw Fo hfm Lsf kzm[o\nm\p ktifmWvkkytlmtamWpIfneqsS tImiv \IsSpXv. AXn\m kkytlmtamWpI hfmhkvXp F t]cnepw Adnb sSpp.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
21/49
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara16
kkytlmtamWpI:hfm L sf kzm[o \np hn[w
hfsb klmbnph hfsb XS bph
Kn=apf bvp hnnse A_vv B.=hnnsbpw apIpffpsSbpw kp]vXmh kw`rXmlmcs hnLSnn
ssktm, Kn=tImihfbpw tImihn`P\hpw A_vv B.,FYn=tImihn`P\hpw tImihfbpw XSbXzcnXsSp, hnpapfbv
HmIvkn=_oPioj nsbpw_oPaqensbpw hf
HmIvkn,Kn =ImWvUZoLoIcWw
Kn=CeI hncnbHmIvkn=A{KapIpf ns ta[mhnw
]mizthcpIfpsS hf
HmIvkn=s]]qfpsS D]mZ\w FYn= CeIfpw ^efpw aqs,]gpssktm=]qfpw CeIfpw sImgnbpXv
XSbpp
A_vv B.=]mIamb Ce Ifpw ^efpw sImgnb
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
22/49
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE Vengara17
hfphfcpXns ckX{w
Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIkkytlmtamWpIv kam\amb cmkLS\Sp kwbp Ir{Xnaambn kwtjnv Cv ImjnI taJebn hym]Iambn D]tbm
Knpp v.
Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIfpsS {][m\ {]tbmP\
\mc, am XpSnb ^e hmWnPymSnm\n Hcpanv ]gpnm
ssIXtmfn Htc kab v ]qhnS \Sm
shcnhK hnfIfn s]]qfpsS D]mZ\w Iqm
Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIfpsS AhinjvS Nnetm BtcmKy{]iv\v ImcWamtbmw. CmcWfm Ir{Xna kkytlmtamWpIfpsS D]tbmKn AXoh{i ]pet Xp v.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
23/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 18
4 D]m ]Nbn\v tijwPohnIfn Blmcnse hnhn[ LSI Zl\{]{Inbaqew hnLSnv sNdnb LSIfmbn cq]sv icoc
IeIfntev BKncWw sNsSpp. tImifn shv BlmcLSI hnhn[ cmkamv hnt[bamIpp (D]m]NbwPoh\vB[mcamb {]{Inb). Cu D]m]Nb {]h\fpsS ^eambn Blmcns Hcwiw icochfmbpw qcn`mKhpw icocnsssZ\wZn\ {]h\p DutPmXv]mZ\n\mbpw hn\ntbmKnsSpp.
D]m]Nb{]h\ ^eambn icocIeIfn ]ehn[ ]mgvhkvXpfpw D mIpp. ss\t{SmP\nI amen\y (AtamWnb/
bqdnb/bqdnIv BknUv), CO2, Pew, ss_ ]nspI (lotamtmns hnLS\^eambp mIpXv), ehW FnhbmWv Chbn{][m\sh.Ch icocneSnv IqSpXv Bcka nXn XIcm\nSbmIpw. AXn\m Cu lm\nIcamb hkvXpsf thncnvbYmkabw Hmtcm PohnbptSbpw hnkP\mhbh]pdw Xpp.
a\pjy\nse hnkP \mh bha\pjy hnkP\w \SpXv {][m\ambpw Hcp tPmUn hrI hgnbmWv.
hrIfpsS(a) m\wDZcmibns \sns Ccphipap
amwkt]in\ncIfpsS AcnIn.
(b) BIrXn]baWnbpsS BIrXn
(c)
henw 11cm \ofhpw, 5cmhoXnbpw, 3cm I\hpw(d) `mcw150 {Kmw(e) \ndwISpwNphv(f) [awbqdnb, eh W, Bhiyne[nIambn icocnsep acppI,
hnman\pI, tZmjIcamb ap ]ZmY Fnhsb cn \npwAcnpamn aq{Xcq]n ]pdpp.
((SStteepp--11)) hnkPy hkvXp cn Iev hrbntev
Blmcnse amwkyns D]m]Nb ^eambn ({]tbmP\wicoc \namW{]h\mhiyamb ]pXnb amwky, FsskapI XpSn hnhn[ ]ZmYfpsS kwt jWn\mbp Aant\m BknUpI hnLSnp mIpp) cq] sSp]mgvhkvXphmb AtamWnbbpw [m\yInsbpw sImgpnsbpw D]m]Nb eambn ({]tbmP\w DutPmXv]mZ\w) cq]sSp CO2pw Pehpw tImifn \npw cntev hym]npIbpw cw Chsb Icfn FnpIbpw sNpp. Icfnshv FsskapIfpsS ssPh Dt{]cIwklmbm Ch IqSntv bqdnbF ]ZmY ambn amsSpp.
NH3+ CO2+H2O bqdnb(bqdnbmssknFdnb sSp Cu {]h\w Nm{InIambn ]e LfmbmWv \SpXv.AtamWnb Gsd lm\nIchpw ebnm [mcmfw Pew Bh iyambXn\mepwa\pjy Pe PohnAmXn\m bqdnbbmbn ampp. bqdnb XmcXtay\ hnjmwiw IpdhpXpw shn\mbn ebnpXpamb Hcp ]ZmYamWv.)
Icfn cq]sSp bqdnb ho pw c ntev amsSpp. bqdnbbpw ap tZmjIc
amb ]ZmYfpw Ie cw (lrZbn \nv DXaZnep) hrm[a\n hgn hrIfn
sepp (GItZiw 1100ml/min).
((SStteepp--22)) hr hnkPy hkvXpsf Acn v amn aq{XampphrbpsS BcLS\
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
24/49
Zl\mhinjv S
aew
DutPmXv ]mZ\w
]
mgvhkvXpCO2+H2O
]pXnbamwky fpsSbpw
F
sskapIfpsSbpw
k
wtjWw
]
mgvhkvXp AtamWnb
P
oh{]h\sf
k
lmbnpp, A
[nIapXv
Zl\w
(Ip Sen )
qtmkv
Aant\mBknUv
D]m]Nb{]h\
(tImin )
bqdnbmsskn
(Icfn )
(lr Zbw)
kqvaAcn
(hr bn ses\t{^mWn )
hmtkm{]kn
/ADH
( ssltmXem ak v \n v)
]n y q d n ]n Z fw, kw`cn pp
Bhiy
L
SI
B
hiy an m
]
Zm
Pew
apJyhnkP\mhbhw
Preparedby,
Minhad.M.Muhiyudheen
cw
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
25/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 19
Hmtcm hrbpsSbpw tImIvkn ImWsSp kqva AcnIfmWv s\t{^mWpI (GXm v 12 et mfwHcwXpdXpw atbw ASXpamb \o pNpcp IpgemWXv). ChbmWv cn Ie hnkPy hkvXpsf Acnv amnaq{XampXv.
s\t{^mWns LS\
kqva Acn \Sp hn[w Hmtcm s\t{^mWn\pw Ins BIrXnbnep `mKamb t_mamkv Im]vkyqfn ImWsSp temanImPmes
tmadpekvFv ]d bpp.henw IqSnb A^cv shk(hrm[a\nbpsS imJ) t_mamkv Im]vkyqfntev cw hln p sIm v hcpp. Fmt\ C^cv shk (hrmkncbpsS imJ) BWv t_mamkv Im]vkyqfn\v ]pdtv cw sIm pt]mIpXv. hennep Cu hyXymkw cns Hgpn aap mpp. CXp ImcWambntmadpekntev hcp amen\yfSnb cw t_mamkv Im]vkyqfnseAXnkqva kpjncneqsS AcnsSpp. Cu {ZmhIs tmadpem^nt{SvFp ]dbpp.(kqva kpjnc Petbpw cnse hfsc sNdnb IWnIItfbpwam{Xta ISnhnSpIbpq. amwkyhpw Nph cmWpfpw kpjncsfm henw IqSnbXn\m ^nt{Sntev Ahsb ISn hnSpn).
127mltmadpem ^nt{Sv 1 an\pnep mIpp. Fm Ch bnepPehpw qtmkpw ap ]e LSIfpw icocn\v BhiyaphbmWv.^nt{Sv \ofw IqSnb hrm\fnIbneqsS ISpt]mIptm Cu hkvXpsf]p\cmKncWw sNsSpp. CXns\mw Bhiyanm Nne ]Zm^nt{Sntev tNsSpp. GItZiw ^nt{Sns 126mlDw]p\cmKncWw sNsSpIbpw _mn mKw aq{XambntiJ cW\mfnbntemvISpp.
lotamtm_ns hnLS\^eambp mIp bqtdmt{ImwF hW IamWv aq{Xn\v Cfw a\ndw sImSppXv.
aq{Xw ]pdp hn[wtiJcW\mfnbn \npw aq{Xw hrbpsS s]hnknsepp. AhnsS \npw aq{XhmlnbneqsS
aq{Xmibnsen tiJcnsSpp. aq{Xmibw \ndbptm aq{X\mfnbneqsS ]pdsSpp.
((SStteepp--33)) ipoIcn cs kncIfntev ISn hnSppipoIcn cw hrmknchgn XncnsItmhpIbpw sNpp.
aq{Xns Af hvtlmtam \nb{Ww icmicn Hcp hyn 1.5laq{X amWv Znhkhpw ]pdpXv. Fm Cu Afhv Imemhb\pkcnv
hyXymk sSpp. th\ Imefn \mw IqSpX hnbpXn\m icocn Pe\jvSw kw`hnpp. Atm cnse Pens Afhv IpdbpIbpw Pens Afhv \ne\nt nhcnIbpw sNpp. AXn\m ADH/hmtkm{]kns D]mZ\w IqSpIbpwaq{Xns D]mZ\w IpdbpIbpw sNpw.ag/ XWp v Imefn hnbns cq]n Pe\jvSw kw`hnpn. Atm cnse Pens AfhvIqSpXn\m A[nIap Pens ]pdt nhcpp. AXn\m ADHs D]mZ\w IpdbpIbpw aq{Xns Afhv IqSpIbpwsNpw.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
26/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 20
hr tcmKtcmKw {][m\tcmKeWw ImcWw apIcpX]cnlmcw
s\ss{^nkvhrhow)
IenbXpw ISpw\ndtmSpIqSnbXpamb aq{Xw, ]pdwthZ\bpw]\nbpw, apJpw IWmenepw]mZnepw \ohow.
kvs{S]vtmtImkv tcmKmWp _m[,aq{Xmibneq sSbp AWp_m[,kzbw {]Xntcm[ sshIey Fnh.
Znhkhpw 23l shw
IpSnpI.
IrXyamb CSthfIfnaq{Xw HgnpI.
aq{Xpcbpw Npp]mSpwipNnbmbn kqnpI.
Bhiyanm acppID]tbmKnmXncnpI.
hramyw
hnf, icoc`mcw IpdbpI, XeIdw,On XpSnbh.bqdnbbpw ap hnkPyhkvXpfpwAcnpamsSmsX cn Xs\ne\npp.
]eXcw hrtcmK,{]talw, cmXnkZw, s\ss{^nFnh.
aq{Xn Iv
ASnhbn thZ\, aq{XXSw,]pdwthZ\, XeIdw, On.
Imyw HmIvktev, Imyw t^mkvt^v Fnh XcnIfmbn aq{Xhmlnbnepw hrIfnepw ASnpIqSpp.
hrmXIcmdpIv ]cnlmcwhrI {]h\clnXamb DS Xs NnIn tXtS XmWv.
A.UbmenknkvkoWamb b{kwhn[m\w D]tbmKnv cnse amen\y Acnpamn cw ipoIcnp {]{InbbmWnXv.
c- v hrIfpw {]h\clnXamIp AhbnemWv Ubmenknkv \SpXv.
? Ubmenknkv sNpsXs\((SStteepp--11))kuIcy{][amb [a\nIfn \npw hnkPyhkvXpfpsS AfhpIqSnbcw tiJcnpp.
((SStteepp--22))cw I]nSnmXncnm\mbn slmcnF cmkhkvXp tNpp.
((SStteepp--33))Ubmenknkv ^vfqbnUv\nd Smn\pnse \o skptemkv IpgeneqsScs ]Xps ISnhnSpp. skptemkv Ipg hfsc sNdnb IWnIItfbpw Petbpw vfqbnUntev Ahym]\w sNpp.(Fm cnse amwkyhpw tvepIfpw henaph bmbXn\m Ahym]\wsNsSpn. AXn\m Cu kwhn[m\w Hcp Ir{Xna hrt]mse {]hnpp.)
((SStteepp--44))ipoIcns cw tcmKnbpsS kncbntev ISnhnSpp.
B.hr amnshHcnepw NnInnp t`Zamm Ignbm Xcn c- p hrIfpw {]h\clnXamIp AhbnemWv hrI amnhbvt n hcpXv. Cu Ir{Xna hrI km[mcW hrt]mse {]hnpp.
km[yXIfpw ]cnanXnIfpw$ ]q BtcmKyhm\mbncns A]ISntem atm s]v acWspt]mIpbmfpsStbm]q BtcmKyhm\mb HcmfpsStbm hrI amnshmhpXmWv.$ GXp KWns] ZmXmhmbmepw, ZmXmhnsbpw kzoImhnsbpw c{Kqp
I ]ckv]cw s]mcpsSpXmbncnWw.$ ZmXmhn \npw {]h\\ncXamb Hcp hrbmWv kzoImhntebvv amnhbvpXv. kzoImhns icocw Cu hrsb ]qambpw kzoIcnptm am{Xta hramnhbv hnPbIcamIppq.
hr Zm\w sNq... Poh ]phbvq...Hcp hr am{Xw D]tbmKn v Hcp hynv Pohnm\mIpw (AXn\v Aw henw IqSpsav am{Xw). BtcmKyhm\mb HcmAbmfpsS Hcp hr Zm\w sNbvXm asmcmv AXp]tbmKnv Pohnm\mIpw. AXn\m hr Zm\neqsSasmcmfpambn PohnXw ]phbvm\mIpw.
icocnse ap hnkP\mhbh Xzv, izmktImiw, Ic Fnhbpw hnkP\n\v klmbnpp.
Ahbhw hnkPy hnkP\ coXnizmktImiw CO2, Pew CO2 tiJcnv \ocmhntbmsSmw ]pdpp.Ic ico cn cq]sSptXm ]pdp \nv Fp
tXm Bb hnjhkvXphnjhkvXpsf \nhocyampp.t\cnv ]pdpn.
Xzv Pew, bqdnb, bqdnIv BknUv, eh W hnbneqsS]pdpp.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
27/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 21
ap Nne Ppfnse hnkP\mhbh hnkPyhkvXpfpw hnkP\mhbhfpsS koWX PohnIfnse Poh{]h\ \nc\pkcnpw PohnpNpp]mS\pkcnpw ({][m\ambpw Pee`yX) hyXymksSpp.
Pp hnkPyhkvXp hnkP\mhbhw hnk\ coXnAao_ AtamWnb icocn A[nIamsbp Pehpw ktmNt^\ ]pdpp.
anc bqdnb s\{^oUn bicoc Adbn \npw Pew, ss\t{SmP\nI hnkPyhkvXp FnhthXncnv icotcm]cnXenep kpjncw hgn ]pdpp.
jUv]Z bqdnIv BknUvam]oPnb\fnII
icoc Adbn \ndp\np icoc{Zhn kzX{ambn hym]npInSp Cu t\cnb IpgepI A]Yntev Xpdpp.am]oPnb \fnII icoc{Zhn \nv amen\ysf thXncnvA]Yn Fnpp. AhnsS \nv ]pdpp.
ayw AtamWnb hr hrIfneqsS t\cnv Pentev hnkPn sSpp.hmam{In Xhf
AtamWnbbqdnb
hr hrIfneqsS t\cnv PentevhnkPnsSpp.Npp]mSntev hnkPnsSpp.
]nI,DcK
bqdnIv BknUv hrJccq]ntem Ipgpcq]ntem ]pdpp.(CXv hnkP\neqsSbp Pe\jvSw ]camh[n Ipdbvmklmbnpp.)
kkyfnse hnkP\{]{InbIkkyfn Ppsftmse Hcp {]tXyI hnkP\hyh \nehn C. kkyfn cq]sSp hnkPyfpsS
Afhpw Ppsf At]nv hfsc IpdhmWv. Ppfpambn XmcXayw sNptm kkyfpsS {]h\\ncXIpdhmbXmWv CXn\v Hcp {][m\ ImcWambn ]dbsSp Xv.
hnkPy hkvXp hnk\ coXnO2
({]ImikwtjWns Dt]mambp mIpHmIvknP Bhiyne[nIapXv)
CO2 smam hgn(tImiizk\ns ^eambp mIpXv) (CeIfpsS Xmsgbpw Cfw ImWvUfnepw
ImWsSp kpjnc)
Pew(an \nv Bhiyne[nIw hensSppXv)
Pew sslUmtmUpI hgn]phKkkyfn (CeIfpsS A{Kn ImWsSp kpjnc)
smambneqsS _mjv]ambpw sslUmtmUneqsS sNdpXpnIfmbpamWv Pew ]pdphnSpXv.
tImit^\ n kqn
ap Nne hnkPyhkvXp ImWvUns a[ynep {]mbwsN sskewIpgepIfn \nt]n
({ItaW ImXBbn amdpp)
Ce sImgnb(sImgnbmdmIptm kky BhiyambLSIsf XncnsSpv hnkPyhkvXp\nt]npp)
_mly]cnnXnbpsS kpnXn_mly]cnnXn amen\yapamt Xns Bh iyIX
tcmKBhmkhyhbpsS \miw
ssPhsshhn[y timjWwImemhmhyXnbm\w
\namP\ amK
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara22
5 ka nXn XI cptmPoh{]h\ \n_m[w \SWsan tImi]cnkc v BhiyhkvXp Fnttc Xp v. AtXmsSmw AhnsS
\nv A\mhiyhkvXp \ow sNstS Xpap v. Cu {]{InbIv XSw t\cnSptm BckanXn XIcmdnemhpIbpw
Xqew hnhn[ tcmKfp mhpIbpw sNpp. AXpt]mse Xs _mly]cnnXnbpsS kpnXnbpw Pohs \ne\nn
{]m[m\yapXmWv.
a\pjy tcmK1. kmw{IanI tcmK
Hcp hynbn \npw asmcmfntev ]Icp tcmK. kqva PohnIfmWv Ccnep tcmKv Imc WamIpXv.tcmKmcn tcmKw eW
ssSt^mbnUv $ XethZ\ $ iamb ]\n $ DZcthZ\, aew
tImfd $ hbdnfw, On $ Inshw t]msebp aew
$ t]inIfn tImnnSpw
bw $ XpSbmbn A\p`hsSp hc Npa
$ ]\n $ I^n cw $ s\pthZ\ $ `mcpdhv
Fen\n
km[mcW ]\nbpsS eWp ]pdsa
$ In Nphv, shbnept\mm {]bmkw$ Bcmhbhfmb hr, Ic, izmktImiw Fnhbn c{kmhw
Nnt]mIvkv $ ]\n, XethZ\
$ icoc`mKfn Nph XnWpI. Ch {ItaW Ipanf Ifmbn cq]sSpp.
sUn\n
$ apJpw ImWp Nph XSnpI
$ icocns hnhn[ `mKfn c{kmhw(cnse tvsepIfpsS Fw IpdbpXp aqew)
]n\n $ PetZmjn\p kam\amb eW
NnpKp\nb $ hndbtemSpIqSnb ]\n, XethZ\ ({]mcw`eW) $ knhow, thZ\
hbdpISn $ t\cnb hbdpthZ\ $ CSbvnsS aehnkP\w $ aen chpw I^hpw
ae\n $ ITn\amb ]\n, hndb $ Aklyamb XethZ\$ icocamsI Npps]mp A\p`hw $ \nnX CSthfIfn ]\n Bhnpp.
av$ hndbtemSpIqSnb ]\n $ tcmKm_m[bpnSv thZ\, Nph v \ndw
$ icoc`mK hopp (enw^vhmlnbn hncI hfcpXpaqew, enw^ns {]hmlwXSsSpXn\m)
]pgpSn
dnwKvthw(hsmdn) $ icocn hrmIrXnbnep XnWpI
tcmK ]Icp coXnItcmKkw{IaWw XSbm\p apIcpXepI
ssSt^mbnUvtImfd Blmc]m\ob
hbdpISn
bw
Nnt]mIvkv hmbp
]n\n
sUn\n
NnpKp\nb {]mWnIfpsS Zwi\wae\n
av
Fen\n
]pgpSn kw, av coXnI
dnwKv thw
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara23
kqva PohnI icocs _m[n p hn[wkqva Pohn B{IaWcoXnI
tImins P\nXIkwhn[m\fpsS \nb{Ww GsSpv s]cpIn icoctImisf \innpp
Ch D]mZnnp hnjhkvXptImifnse {]h \s _m[npItbm \innpItbm sNpp.
Ch D]mZnnptSmIvkn\pI, FsskapI IpS ensbpw apw BhcWIesb \innpp.Nneh ctImisf B{Ianpp]pdsSphnp FsskapItImi sf \innpp.
2. Zpoefpw tcmKfpw
a. Sm, \ntmn, CO, s_tkmss]dn XpSn 60 ]cw Imgvknt\mP\pI
]pIbnebn ASnbnp v.
t{_mssnkv]pIbneP\y cmkhkvXp izk\]Ynse koenbIfpsS Ne\sXSbpIbpw izmk\mfn tjvaw ASnpIqSnizmktImin how D mhpIbpwsNp Ah.
cn\v HmIvknPs\ kzoIcnm\p tijn Ipdbpp.(ImcWw lotamtmn\v O2-SpXnt\m {]Xn]n CO-t\mSmWv. AXn\m COlotamtm_n \p
ambn tNv Imt_mIvkolotamtmn\mbn amdpp. CXvhfsc kmh[m \ta hnLSnppq).
]pIhen ico cs _m[n p hn[w
b. CXv \mUohyhsb _m[nv t]io{]h\fpsS GtIm]\w XSsSppp.
dn^vfIvkpI kmh[m\amIpXn\pwASnb ncLfn s]sv Xocpam\ FSppXn\p tijn \jvSsSpXn\pw ImcWamIpp.
Ichow, kntdmknkv Fo tcmKp Imc Whpw aZy]m\amWv.
c.DZmacnPphm\ ,sImss, Hmnbw, sltdmbn, tam^n, LSD.
Chbn NneXv `bw,DIWvT, aXn{`aw Fnh D mpp.
apNneh \mUohyqls Xfn abap mpIbmWv sNpXv.
d. Nne _mIvSocnb, ^wKkpI Fnh aqew aq{Xmibns BckvXcn AWpm[ \nan w how D mIpp. Ccw
AWp_m[ Nnetm s\ss{^nkn\v hgnshbvpp.
ImcWhnkP\n\v tijw hrnbmmXncnpI hrnlo\amb aq{Xpc D]tbmKnBhiyn\v shw IpSnmXncnpIaq{XsamgnmsX ]nSnp \npI
kzoIcnmhp apIcpXepI
3. ImkicoctImi A\nb{nXambn s]cpIpIbpw av tImiv e`nt t]mjI hensSp v Ahsb \innp
Ibpw sNp AhbmWv Imk.
Imk tImiv AhbpsS Dhm\p\nv cneqsStbm enw^neqsStbm icocnsav `mKfn Fntcphm\pw AhnSfn s]cpIphm\pap Ignhp v.
UVcivanI
]pIbne Imc W av hnIncW
Nnebn\w sshdkv
kzoIcnmhp apIcpXepI
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara24
4. P\nXItcmKPo\pIfnse sshIeyw \nanap tcmK
tcmKw eWw ImcWw
sNdnb apdnhn\np t]mepw A\nb{nXamb c{kmhw
cw I]nSnm\mhiyamb t{]mos A`mhw
hnf, ImbnIamb A[zm\w Bhiyap tPmenIsNm _pnapv
1. lotamtm_ns LS\m]camb sshIeyw2. AcpWcmWpfpsS Fw, Ahbnse lotam
tm_n Ch km[mcWtXmXnepw Ipdhv
5. BckanXn XIcm\p ap ImcW
kzoIcn mhp apIcpXepI
PptcmK
B{mIvkv
Ipfv tcmKw
AInSphow
]ptmdw
kky tcmK 1. kqva PohnIfp mp tcmK
IqpNob (sXv) ^wKkv almfn (Ihpv)(Imphgn) {ZpXhmw (IpcpapfIv)
sshdkv Ipdp\mptcmKw (hmg)(IoS hgn) samsskv tcmKw (]bsNSn, aco\n)
hmtcmKw (hgpX\) CeI s]sv hmSn sImgnbpp,D]mZ\w KWyambn Ipdbpp.
_mIvSocnb(hnphgn) ssv tcmKw (s\sSn) CebpsS hi fn \ndhyXymk ap ]mSpI,
CebpsS A{K mK DWpp.
2. \yq\t]mjWw sIm- p mIp tcmKkkyv imcocnI {]h\mbn hnhn[ imcocnI {]hmbn hnhn[ aqeI an \npw e yamtI Xp v.Ch e`nmXncpm imcocnI{]h XSs]SpIbpw tcmK D mhpIbpw sNpw.
aqeI {][m\ [a \yq\t]mjWw sIm p mIp tcmK eWs]mmkyw $ amwkykwtjWw
$ Bkyc{ Xpdm\pwASbvm\pw klmbnpp
$ CeIfn Xhnp\ndnep DWnb ]mSpI$ CebpsS RcpIfn afnv$ CebpsS ASn`mKv ]n \ndw
aojyw $ lcnXIns \nanXnv
AXymhiyw$ izk\{]{InbbnseFsskapIfpsS {]h\wXzcnXsSp
$ CeIfnse RcpInSbn a\ndwaqsnb CeIfnemWv Cu eWw I pXpS pXv.{ItaW CXv XfncneIfntepw hym]npp.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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6 kpcbpw NnInkbpwtcmKfp mm tijnbp [mcmfw kqvaPohnIv \SphnemWv \mw PohnpsXnepw \mw Ftmgpw tcmK_m[nXcmImdn. ImcWw kqvaPohnI icocnsepXv XSbm\pw GsXnepw Xcnsenbm Ahsb \innm\pw Ignhp kpcm{]Xntcm[kwhn[m\ \app v. C\n tcmKw _m[n v Ignm AXn \npw c t\SpXn\mbn \mwNnInsb B{ibnpp.
]mTw Npcpn
Xzv
1. icocnse kpcmkwhn[m\hnhn[ {kh, cmkhkvXp
1. icocXm]\ne Db2. mtKmssktmknkv
2. kzm`mhnI {]Xntcm[ {]h\ 3. ho {]XnIcWw4. cw I]nSn5. Bnt_mUnI D]mZnn
hnIknnsSp imkv{XRvP3. Ir{Xna {]Xntcm[hcWw hmIvkn\pI
kzbw {]Xntcm[ sshIey
4. {]Xntcm[ sshIey AanX {]Xntcm[wAhbhw amnhbvepw {]Xntcm[hpw{]Xntcm[tijn \in AIDS
1. NnInmcoXnI BbpthZw, tlmantbmXn, AtemXn etc.
kvs]jyssetkj\pI2. B[p\nI sshZyimkv{Xw tcmK \nWtbm]m[nI
Bn_tbmnIv
{]Ya ip{iqj
3. A]ISw Ipdm c \nthi\w c{KqpI, RhLSIw, Fdnt{Xmmtmknkv ^om enkv cZm\w:{]m[m\yw
kzm`mhnI kwhn[m\tcmK{]Xntcm[w
{]Xntcm[hcWw
kpcmkwhn [m\fpw {]Xntcm[ {]h\fpw1. icocnse kpcmkwhn [m\
XzvtcmKmcnIsf AIv {]thinmsX kpiamb hnhn[ coXnIfn Xzv XSbpp. sIcmn
sUankv FnsUankv (AWpfpsS{]thi\w XSbpp)
]mfnItjvakvXcw tcmaw
sNhn, Iv, aqv, hmbv, aq{X\mfw NqSn \npw XWpnXpSnb `mKfnep t\ Cu \npw kwcnpptjvamhcWw tcmKmWpsf XSbpp A\yhkvXpsf XSbpp
{kh
hnbv sk_wAWp\miIw AWp\miIw
Xzv
FabapXn\m
shw ]nnSnn
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Xzv Cm `mKv tcmKmWpsf Nne {kh /cmkhkvXp D]mZnn v XSbpItbm \innpItbm sNpp.
{kh/cmkhkvXp
ImWsSp`mKw
{]Xntcm[ coXn
Ip\o Ivssetkmsskw F AWp\min\n ASnbnp Cu {Zhw Ins\ \\bvpIhgn tcmKmWpsf \innpp.
tjvaw aqv HgpIp tjvaneqsS tcmKmWpsf ]pdpp.sagpIv sNhn AWp\miIwDan\o hmb mcKpWhpw AWp\miItijnbpw tcmKmWpsf XSbpp.
HCl Bamibw
`WneqsSbpw shneqsSbpsap tcmKmWpsf
\innpp.
2. kzm`mhnI {]Xntcm[ {]h\i.icocXm]\ne Db a\pjys km[mcW icotcmjvamhv (36.9
oC, Cuw, pH, t]mjILSIfpsS e`yX XpS nb A\pIqe kmlNcy)
tcmKmWpfpsS h[\hn\v A\ptbmPyamWv.
tcmKmWp_m[bp mIptm AhbpsS s]cpI tijnsb IpdpXn\v icocw Xm]\ne Dbpp.
(AYhm]\nHcp {]Xntcm[ {]h\w)
ii. mtKmssktmknkv icocXm]\ne Dbn tcmKmWpfpsS s]cpI \nb{nm icocn\v Ignbpsanepw \innpn.
(Dnsenb tcmKmWpsf \innm am{Xta tcmKap mIpXv XSbm\mIq). tizXcmWp (\yqt{Sm^n, tamtWmsskv) tcmKmWpsf hngpn \innpp ^mtKmssktmknkv.
iii.ho {]XnIcWw kqvaPohnIsXnsc icocw \Sp Hcp {]Xntcm[ {]h\amWv ho.(SStteepp--11)) icocnse apdnhneqsS tcmKmWp Dn
ISptm B mKs ctemanIIfnse `nnIfnhoap mIpp.
(SStteepp--22)) ctemanIIfneqsS D mIp c{]hmlw IqSpp.
(SStteepp--33)) IqSpX tizXcmWp temanIm`nnbnse hnShpIfneqsS ]pdv hcpp.
(SStteepp--44)) tcmKmWpsf hngpn \innpp.
(SStteepp--55)) apdnth `mKw km[mcW \nebnemIpp.
iv.cw I]nSn apdnth ev cwI cq]sSpXv aqew tcmKmWp apdnhneqsS icocn\Itv {]thinpXv XSbpp. AanXambn cw hmv A]ISap mImXncnm klmbnpp.
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v. Bnt_mUnI D]mZnn ^mtKmssktmknkns\ AXnPohn v Htsd tcmKmWp icocnsemw.tcmKmWpfpsS (BnP){]tXyIX Xncn dnv Benwt^msskpIfpw Tenwt^mssk pIfpwt\cntm Bnt_mUnI (amwky Xm{XI)D]mZnntm \innpp.
3.Ir{Xna {]Xntcm[hcWw tcmKmWpsf {]Xntcm[nm\mbn kzm`mhnI {]XnIcW cq]sSm kabsaSppw. Cu kabn\nSbns hfsc
IqSpX s]cpIm\pw hym]nm\pw Nne tcmKmWpp Ignbpw.
Cu Ahkcfn Ir{Xna {]Xntcm[tijn apIqn BPnpXneqsS tcmKmWpsf XSbmw.
hnIkn nsSp imkv{X RvPFtUzUvP eqbn ]mkvN
BZyambn hmIvknt\j ]conp.
hkqcn CmXmm {]bXv\np.
tcmKmWpknmw (kqvaPohnI aqeamWv tcmKD mIpsX knmw) BhnjvIcnp.
]mkvNssdtkj F {]{Inb Is n.
B{mIvkv, t]hnjm[ FnhbvsXnsc hmIvkn \nanp
hmIvkn\pI\nhocyamnbtXm Poh\nmtXm Bb tcmKmWpsf Ipnsh v AWp_m[tbm hynIfn {]Xntcm[w hfnsbSpp {]h\amWv hmIvknt\j. \nhocyampXneqsS AhbpsS tcmKap mm\p tijn IpdbpXn\m AhbneSnb
ssPhnIXm{XIsf icocnse tizXcmWp BnP\mbn I v Bnt_mUn D]mZnn v \innm kmh Imiw e`npp.Ccw {]Xntcm[tijn icocn \ne\npXn\m ]noSv {]thinp bYm tcmKmWphn\v tcmKw D mm IgnbmAh icocnep mIpp.
hmIvkn\pI ]ehn[w
arXfmb Poh\pXpw \nhocyam kPohamb \nhocyamnbAWp sXpamb tcmKmWp tcmKmWp tSmIvkn\pI
DZmdm_okv hmIvkn\pI, _n.kn.Pn. hkqcn hmIvkn T.Tkmv hmIvkn
4. {]Xntcm[ sshIey{]Xntcm[ kwhn[m\fpsS XIcmdpI icocn Nne hn]coX ^efp mpp.XIcmdpI tcmKw ImcWwkzbw{]Xntcm[
sshIey
hmX\n kzw icocnse tImisfs BnP\pIfmbn
v AhbvsXnsc enwt^msskpI {]hnpp.AanX {]Xntcm[w BkvXvaAePn
s]mSn]Se, ]cmKtcWp XpSnb BnP\pIsXnsc icocw AanXambn {]XnIcnpXv aqeapAkzX.
Ahbhw amn hbvepw {]Xntcm[hpw XIcmdnemb Ahbhp]Icambn ]pXpXmbn tNphbvp Ahbhw icocs kw_nnStmfw Hc\yhkvXp
(BnP)BWv . tNphbvp Ahbhns\Xnsc icocw Bnt_mUnI D]mZnn v {]XnIcW{]h\ \Sn Xnckvcnpw.
]cnlm cw{]Xntcm[tijn XmmenIambn AapXn\p acppI D]tbmKnpI.shphnfn {]Xntcm[tijn IpdXv ImcWw tcmKmWp {]thi\ns km[yX IqSpX. (AXpsIm v Cu Ahbnse
]cnNcWn {]tXyI {i BhiyamWv)
tcmKw hmIvkn
bw BCG
t]mfntbm OPVIchow slssnkv hmIkn\pI
ap n\ocv MMR
sS\kv DPT
Un^vXocnb DPT
hnNpa DPT
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{]Xntcm[tijn \in/AIDSkpcnXam AWphnapamm c\nthi\wssewKnI _w kqNnI
enwt^msskpIfpw ap kpcmkwhn[m\fpw
{]hnpI hgn BtcmKyap icocw
HIVbpsS B{I aWw enwt^msskpIsf \innpp
{]Xntcm[tijn Ipdbpp
tcmK ]nSns]Spp acWw
FbvUvkns\Xnsc kzoIcnt apIcpXepI
NnInHmtcm \mnsebpw kmlNcy\pkcn v Htsd NnInmcoXnI cq]snp v.
NnInmcoXn khntijX
BbpthZw]pcmWImew apX mcXn {]Nmcnep mbncp NnInmcoXn icocs kpkambn]cn]menm\p Hcp PohnXNcy
tlmantbmXnm]Ikmaph l\namXXzwHmtcmcp cnepap tcmKeWv {]m[m\yamWv \IpXv.
tcmKn\p ImcWamIp hkvXphn\pXstcmKia\ap mm\pw Ignbpw.{]amWwHuj [ t\npwtXmdpw AhbpsS hocywh[npp.
AtemXn m]I lntm{ImkvtcmK \nWbw, tcmKNnIn, acppI Fnhbvv {]m[m\yw
B[p\nI sshZyimkv{Xw
Hmtcm tcmKNnInpw {]tXyI]T\ (kvs]jyssetkj) apXn\mepw \qX\ tcmK\nWtbm]m[nIfpXn\mepw Cv anBip]{XnIfpw B[p\nI sshZyimkv{Xw ASnm\amn bmWv {]hnpXv.
kvs]jyssetkj _s taJe]oUnbm{SnIvkv iniptcmK NnInImUntbmfPn lrZbNnInsPdnbm{SnIvkv hm[IytcmK NnInHmtmfPn Imk NnInH^vXmtamfPn t\{XNnIn\yqtdmfPn akvXnjvI\mUotcmK NnInbqtdmfPn aq{XmibtcmK NnInssK\tmfPn kv{XotcmK NnIntdUntbmfPn tdUntbj D]tbmKnp tcmK
\nWbhpw NnInbpw
E.N.T sNhn, sXm , aqv kw_ambtcmKfpsS NnIn
HIVico cn IS
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
35/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 29
tcmK\nWtbm ]m[nI
Bn_tbmnIv ( )kqvaPohnIsf \inntm \nhocyamntbm tcmK NnInn v t`Zamphm D]tbmKnp hkvXpfmWv Bn_tbmnpI.icocn\pnepw icotcm]cnXenepw Ch D]tbmKnsSpp. Chbn NneXv kqvaPohnIfn \ntm Asncmk{]{InbIfneqsStbm D mpp.
AeIvkm vsfanwKmWv BZy Bn_tbmnmb s]\nknen I p]nSnXv.
Bn_tbmnpI PohZmbn\nI kqnp]tbmKnnsn Poh\min\nI
\nccamb D]tbmKw ChbvsXnsc _mIvSocnbIfn AXnPoh\tijn D mIm CSbmpp.
icocnse D]ImcnIfmbnp _mIvSocnbIsf \innpp.icocn Nne hnman\pIfpsS Afhv Ipdbvpp.
A]ISw Ipdm
i. {]Yaip{iqj
Xtahpw s]sv tcmKw aqnhpw Bip]{XnbnsenpXv hsc \Ip ip{iqj.
shn hoWmsf cnm
An`wKw kw`hnm
izmk]Yw ASm
]e ImcWfmepw BfpI A]ISw kw`hn hynv {]Yaip{iqj \Im aSnpp
ii. c\nthi\wASnbc Lfn Poh cnm c\nthi\w klmbIamhpw.
{int Imcy
$ tcmKIm km[yX
$ cns Afhv
$ ZmXmhns {]mbw, enwKw, BtcmKynXn XpSnbh
$ A\ptbmPyXHmtcm hynbptSbpw cn hyXykvX t{]mo BnP\pw Bnt_mUnbpwASnbn cnpp. Ch
ZmXmhnepw kzoImhnepw tbmPnncnWw.
c{Kq v BnP Bnt_mUn Bcn\nsmwkzoIcnmw
A A Anti-B A, O
B B Anti-A B, O
AB A, B C AB, A, B, OO C Anti-A, Anti-B O
tcmK\nW b
D]m [nI{]tbm P\w
n\n sXtamao icocns Xm]\ne AfpXn\p D]Ic WwsXkvtImv lrZbkv]\w AfpXn\p D]IcWwkv^ntmamt\mao ckw AfpXn\p D]IcWw
MRI kvIm arZpIeIfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\p kwhn[m\w
FIvkvtd FpIfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\p kwhn[m\wkn. n. kvIm
arZpIeIfpsS 3DNn{XsfSppXn\p kwhn[m\wt]kvta lrZbanSnv IrXyambn \nb{npXn\p D]IcWwECG lrZbnse sshZypX XcwK tcJsSpm klmbnp kmtXnIhnZy.
EEG akvXnjvInse sshZypXXcwKsf sdtmUv sNp kmtXnIhnZy.BPntbm{Kmw lrZbcpgepIfnse XS Ip]nSnpXn\v CXv klmbnppIr{Xna hmhpI {]h\clnXamb lrZb hmhpIfpsS ]Icambn D]tbmKnmss_mkv kPdn cIpg XSsm asmcp cIpg B `mKn\v kamcambn Xpntp ikv{X{InbsSen saUnkn hnhc ssIamdm Ignbp hn[nep Zriy{ihy ktXfpsS klmbw tcmKnsb
]cntim[np Xn\pw acpv \nt[inpXn\pw sSv \SpXn\pw D]tbmKsSpppP\nnIv Fn\obdnwKv Hcp PohnbpsS P\nXI LS\bn A`nejWobamb am hcpp kmtXnI \mt\m sSIvt\mfPn BfptS Xen ]Zms ssIImcyw sNp kmtXnIhnZyFtUmkvtImn Zl\]Yhpw icocAdbpw \nconp Xn\p kwhn[m\w.
PosXdmn XIcmdnemb Po\pIsf amn ]Icw BtcmKyap Po\pI sh v ]nSnn v tcmKw NnInnp coXn
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
36/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 30
c\nthi\w \Sptm A, B BnP\pIsmw RhLSIw F Hcn\w BnPs kmn[yw IqSn ]cnK Wnt Xp v.
RhLS I ]eXps nepw BnP DBWv Ah bn {][m\w. Cu LSIaph Rh+Fpw Cmh Rh-Fpw
AdnbsSpp.
Fdnt{Xmmtmknkv ^omenkv
Rh+c{Kqp kv{Xov Rh
-c{Kqp Ipv P\nptmgp mIp sshcpy]camb AhbmWnXv.
a) -ve c{Kqp kv{Xopw +vec {Kqp ]pcpj\pw BZyw P\np Ipn\v
XIcmsdmpap mIpn.
b)Fm {]khkab v mk ths]Sptm Ipns cnse RhLSIw
AbpsS cnsentbmw.
c)Atm AbpsS icocw Cu LSIns\Xnsc Bnt_mUnI cq]sSppp.
d)]noSp K`fn Ipv Rh+BsWn t\cs cq]s Bnt_mUnI mk hgn
{`qWn {]thin v AcpWcmWp I]nSn v {`qWw \inpXn\nSbmpp.
cZm\w t{]mmlnnm sNmhp Imcy
kpcmkwhn[m\w kkyfn1. kzm`m hnI {]Xntcm[kwhn[m\
LS\m]c amb kwhn [m\sXmen, sXmenpds sagpIv, Iyqnn, enn
ssPhcmk]camb amtteepp--11)) tcmKmWp Dn {]thinptm Ahbnep cmk hkvXpsf kkytImi Xncndnbpp.
tteepp--22)) NneXcw t{]mo\pI, kmenknenIv BknUv, FYnen XpSnb ]ZmY D]mZnnpp.
tteepp--33))
Cu ]ZmYfpsS kmn[yw hgn tcmKmWp_m[bpsS hnhcw kkyicocnsembnSpw Fnpp.
tteepp--44)) tcmKmWpsf t\cnSm hnhn[ kkyIeIfnse tImifn LS\m]camb ]e amfpw D mIpp.
$ AWp_m[nXtImifpsS s]sp \miw.
$ AWpm[nXtImisf thXncnp tImv tImi\ncIfpsS cq]oIcWw.
$ ^nt\m kwbpfpsS \namWw.
2. {]Xntcm[hcWw P\nXI amw hcpnb kky D]mZnnp Bnt_mUnIfmWv mnt_mUnI.
DZm]pIbnesSnbn samsskIv F tcmKn\p ImcWamb Sp_mtmsamsskIv sshdkns Nne Po\pI ISnhn sNSnIv
Cu tcmKns\Xnsc {]Xntcm[tijn cq]sp.
Fdnt{Xmmtmknkv^om
enkvaqew acn Ipv
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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i
]gb tcmK\nW tbm]m[nI
1. n\n sXtamaoCu D]IcWw a\pjyicocns Xm]\ne Afphm D]tbmKnpp. n\n sXtam aodn Xm]\ne mclov
kvsIbven BWv. CXn 950
F(350C) apX 1080F(420C) hsc ASbmfsSpnbncnpw.
2. sXkvtIm vlrZbkv]\w AfpXn\p D]IcWamWnXv. sXkvtImnse Ub{^ns I\neqsS lrZbkv]\ns
kz`mhw tUmIvS Xncndnbpp.
3. kv ntmamt\mao
ckw AfpXn\p D]IcWamWnXv. lrZbw ktmNnptm D mIp aw aqew [a\nI hnIknpp.Cu aamWv kntmfnIv {]j. Fm lrZbw hn{ianp tmgp aamWv UbtmfnIv {]j. BtcmKyap HcmfpsS kntmfnIv{]j120mm/HgbpwUbtmfnIv {]j80mm/Hgbpw Bbncnpw.
\qX\ tcmK\nW tbm]m[nI
1. MRIkvImBcmhbhpsS hniZamb Nn{XoIcWn\v klmbnp asmcp kwhn[m\amWnXv. ImnIaehpw tdUntbm hnInc
WfpamWv Nn{XsfSppXn\v D]tbmKnpXv. arZpIeIfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\v hfsc klmbIamWv Cu kwhn[m\w.CXn AtbmWoIcW tdUntbj\pI D]tbmKnpn. akvXnjvInsbpw \snsbpw tISp]mSpI Is pXn\pwknIfnse XIcmdpI Is pXn\pw Cu kwhn[m\w D]tbmKsSppp. Penep H2BfpsS khntij XbmWvCXv t^mkv sNpXv. AXn\m Pemwiw Ipdhp AnIsfbpw ]ns\bpw CXn\m ImWm ]n.
2. X-rayX-ray F sshZypXImnI hnIncWfpsS klmbm Bc`mKfpsS Nn{XsfSpp kmtXnIhnZybmWnXv.
X-ray hnIncWsf ISnhnSm\p tijnbpsS Imcyn icocIeI hyXymksncnpp. Cu {]tXyIX {]tbmP\sSpnsIm mWv X-ray Nn{XsfSpp Xv. hkvXpfpsS Dn ISp ]pd v hcp hnIncWs Hcp t^mtm^nenan hogm\\phZnptm icocn\pnse hkvXpfpsS {]Xncq]w ^nenan ]Xnbpp. X-rayIsf Hpw Xs IS nhnSmXn\m FpIX-ray Nn{Xn shfp \ndnepw, `mKnIambn ISnhnSpXn\m arZpIeI Nmc\ndnepw hmbp ]qWambpw ISnhnSpXn\m izmktImi Idpv \ndnepw ImWsSpp.
3. C.T.kvImX-ray hnIncWfp]tbmKn v icocnse Bc`mKfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\p
Hcp kmtXnIhnZybmWv C.T.kvIm. arZpe IeIfpsS Nn{XsfSppXn\v hfsc A\ptbmPyamWnXv. ]ccmKX X-raybn \npw hyXykvXambn C.T.kvIm\nwKn Htc kabw hyXykvX BwKnfpIfn, At\Iw X-ray _oapI icocneqsS ISnhnSpp. icocn \nv ]pd v hcphnIncWsf Hcp detector kzoIcnpIbpw Iyqdns klmbtmsS {Xnam\ Nn{Xfmn
ampIbpw sNpp. Ccn icocns image D mnsIm v icocs ]cntim[npXn\p Hcp kwhn[m\amWnXv.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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ii
4. Ir{Xna t]kvtaCeIvt{SmUpI aptJ\ sshZypX BthK \Insm- v lrZbanSnv IrXyambn
\nb{npXn\p D]IcWw. _mdn hgn {]hnpp. CSs tXmsfn\vXmsgbmbn icocn\pn CXv m]npp. CeIvt{SmUpIsf lrZbhpambn_nnpp.
5. ECG (Electrocardiograph)lrZbXmfhpw, lrZbnse sshZypX XcwKfpw hniZambn tcJsSpm klmbnp Hcp kmtXnIhnZybmWnXv.
ECG bneqsS e`yamIp {Km^v \nco v lrZb {]h\nse sshIeyw a\nemmw.
6. EEG (Electroencephalogram)
XetbmSn Ddnp CeIvt{SmUpI D]tbmKn v akvXnjvInse sshZypXXcwKsf sdtmUv sNp Hcp kmtXnIhnZybmWnXv. Xetmdns {]h\shniIe\w sNbvXv GsXnepw Xcn A]mIXI Ds n Is pXn\vklmbnpp.
7. BPntbm{Kmw
Contrastal dye bpw X-raybpw D]tbm Kn v cIpgepIfpsSbpw lrZbnsbpw BcnI`mK]cntim[np kmtXnIhnZybmWnXv. Intetbm Ibe(hbdnsbpw XpSbptSbpw CSbnep `mKw)bnsetbm [a\nbneqsS ISnhnSp Io D]tbmKn v lrZbn\v kao]ap cIpgepIfn ssU Ipnhbvpp.]noSv ssU hym]npXns X-rayNn{Xsf Spv hniIe\w sNpp. lrZbcpgepIfnse XS I p]nSnpXn\v CXv klmbnpp.
8. Ir{XnahmhpI{]h\clnXamb lrZb hmhpIfpsS m\v Ir{XnahmhpI sh v]nSnnp kwhn[m\hpw Cv \nehnep v.
9. ss_mkv kPdn
cIpg icnsSpm Ignbmhn[w XSsm asmcp cIpg (km[mcW tcmKnbpsS
Xs XpSbn \nsSpXv) B `mKn\v kamcambn Xpntp ikv{X{InbbmWvss_mkv kPdn.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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iii
10. sSen saUnkn
hnhchn\nabkmtXnIhnZysb tcmK\nWbNnInm cwKv D]tbmKnpIbmWv sSensaUnkn\neqsS sNpXv. Cu kwhn[m\neqsS tcmKnbpw tUmIvSdpw tcmK\nWb kwhn[m\fpw Xnep Zqcns {]iv\w ]cnlcnsSpp. ]ckv]cw hnhc ssIamdm Ignbp hn[nepZriy{ihy ktXfpsS klmbw tcmKnsb ]cntim[npXn\pw acpv \nt[inpXn\pw sSv \SpXn\pw D]tbmKsSppp.
11. \mt\msSIvt\mfPnBfptStbm Xm{XIfptStbm Xen ]Zms ssIImcyw sNp kmtXnIhnZybmWv \mt\msSIvt\mfPn. km[mcW
KXnbn 1100nm (1 nm=10-9m)henap hkvXpfmWv Cu kmtXnIhnZybn DsSppXv. {]mcw`Zibnep Cu kmtXnIhnZybvv NnInmcwKpw CeIvt{SmWnv taJebnepsams Zqchym]Iamb am hcpm\Ipsap IcpXsSpp.
12. FtUm kvtImnZl\]Yhpw DSens D`mKhpw (Bcmhbh DsImp Ad) Endoscope F D]IcWw D]tbmKn v \nconpXn\p kwhn[m\amWnXv. hgap Hcp Syq_pw AXn\mbn LSnnncnp __pw IymadbpamWv Cu D]Ic Wns {][m\`mK. Syq_v icocn\I v ISn Iypdns tamWndneqsS Zriy \nconpp. Zl\]Ynse XS Is pXn\mWv CXv {][m\ambpw D]tbmKnpXv. Nnetm eLpikv{X{InbIpw D]tbmKnpp.
13. P\nnIv Fn\obdnwKvP\nXI hkvXp \ow sNbvtXm Iqnttm Hcp PohnbpsS P\nXI LS\bn
A`nejWobamb hyXnbm\ hcpp kmtXnIhnZybmWv P\nXI Fn\obdnwKv /dotImn\v DNAsSIvt\mfPn.
Tools-sdkv{SnIvj FtUm\yqntbkv' ("tamfnIyq em I{XnI')DNAsb apdnm D] tbmKnp
FsskapI.
entKkv("tamfnIypem ]i') DNAsb Xn tNp Fsskw.KthjWw, ssPhkmtXnIhnZy, sshZyimkv{Xw, Irjn, hyhkmbw XpSnb ]e taJe
Ifnepw Cu kmtXnIhnZy hym]Iambn D]tbmKnpp.
14. PosXdmn]mccytcmKv ImcWw Po\nse sshIeyw aqew sXmb t{]mo\pI D]mZnnpXmWv.
XIcmdnemb Po\pIsf amn ]Icw BtcmKyap Po\pI sh v ]nSnn v tcmKw NnInnp B[p\nI coXnbmWv PosXdmn.
Courtesy: Vinod Master (GRHSS, Kottakkal)
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
40/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 31
7\ sf s\ \fmbnAssewKnI {]Xyp]mZ\w Hcp amXmhn \nv am{XamIbm Ah D]mZnnp ASp Xeapd AXns X\n]Imbncnpw.
Fm a\pjy\Sw ]e PohnIfnepw \Sp ssewKnI {]Xyp]mZ\w amXmhpw ]nXmhpw DsSpXmWv. Cs\bp mIp]pXpXeapd Ah Xnepw amXm]nXmfn \npw kmZriyfpw (hwi]mccyw) sshhn[yfpw (hyXnbm\) {]ISampp.AXn\m Ccnep mIp km\ AXpeycmbncnpw (\sf t]mse \mw am{Xw).Ccnep hwi]mccytbpw hyXnbm\tfbpw Ipdnp ]T\amWv P\nXI imkv{Xw.
]mTw Npcpn
Mendal-]coW, ]mccy \nba
P\nXI imkv{Xw imkv{XimJbmbp Bhn`mhw
hfbnse \mgnI IpI
Po\pI( DNAbpsS {]h\ LSIw)
t{Imatkmw, DNA LS\
]mc cyns Po\pIfpsS {]h\w Xm{XmSnm\w DNA (gene)RNAt{]mo(kz`mhw \nb{npp)
hyXnbm\p 1.Po hn\nabw
ImcW 2. D]cnh\w ( ]mccytcmK)
enwK\nWb t{ImatkmapI]pcpj\nepw kv{Xobnepw
a\pjy\nse _oPtImifn
enwK\nWbw _oPkwtbmKkm[yXbpw enwKhpw (enwK \nWbn ]pw_oPns ]v)
P\nXI FPn\obdnwKv
P\nXI imkv{X nskw`mh\I km[yXIfpw BiIfpw
{KnK tPm saU F imkv{X \mWv BZyambn hwi]mccys Ipdnv imkv{Xobambn Dcw Is nb Xv.
AXn\m Atlw ]mccyimkv{Xns ]nXmhmbn Adnb sSpp.
Atlw ]bsSnbnemWv ]T\ \SnbXv. AXn\p ImcWw
saUs ]coWn\v 3 LSfp v.SStteepp--11))]bsSnbnse ip amXr]nXr kkysf Is n.
SStteepp--22))h kcWneqsS Hmw Xeapdsb D]mZnnp.
SStteepp--33))c- mw Xeapdtbbpw ]noSp XeapdItfbpw kz]cmKWn\v hnt[bamn.
GItZiw 29,000tmfw ]bsSnIsf Ccn apfnv \nconp.
]coWfn \npw Atlw e`n Nne \nKa\$ Hmtcm kz`mhn\pw ImcWamIp Hmtcm tPmUn LSI Fm PohnIfnepw D mbncnpw. Cu LSIsf
Atlw {]XoI D]tbmKnv kqNnnp.DZm: DbcqSpX T T , Nph ]qhv RR
Dbcpdhv tt , shfp ]qhv rr$ Cu tPmUn LSIfn Hv amXmhn \npw atXp ]nXmhn \npambncnpw e`npXv.
(Cu LSIfmWv amXm ]nXmfn \npw ]mccyKpW ASp Xeapdbntev hlnpXv).$ hn]coX KpW amXrkkyntem ]nXrkkyntem Bbncpmepw ]coW en\v bmsXmcp amhpw D mhn.
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
41/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 32
]bsNSnIfpsS DbcqSpX, Dbcpdhv Fo hn]coX KpWfmWv ]coWw1 ]T\hnt[b amnbXv.
amXrkkyw ]nXrkkyw(Dbcw IqSnbXv) (Dbcw IpdXv)
TT tt
_oPtImi T t
(F1 ) Tt
(Dbcw IqSnbXv)
\ncoWw 1mw Xeapdbn amXrkkyns DbcqSpX F KpWhntijWamWv km\ {]ISamnbXv. Fm P\nXILSIfn Ch Xn hyXymkap v. amXrkkyn Db cqSpXen\p 2 LSIfptm (TT) kXnbn DbcqSpXen\pwDbcpdhn\pap Hmtcm LSIfmWpXv (Tt).
\nbakqN\ DbcqSpXen\p LSIw (T) Dbcpdhn\p LSIns (t) ta ta[mhnXzw ImWnp.
\nKa\w {]ISkz`mh \nbaw
Hcp tPmUn hn]coX KpW IqSntcptm AXnsemcp KpWw am{Xw {]ISamhpIbpw ({]ISKpWw) atXpadncnpIbpw (Kp]vXKpWw) sNpw.
]coWw1se F1Xeapdbn kz]cmKWw \Sn D]mZnnp hnpI apfnmbncpp 2mas ]coWw.
Tt Tt
_oPtImi T t T t
F2 TT Tt Tt tt
(Dbcw IqSnbXv) (D. IqSnbXv) (D. IqSnbXv) (D. IpdXv)
\ncoWw 2mw Xeapdbn 3:1 F A\p]mXn Dbc w IqSnb sNSnIfpw Dbcw Ipd sNSnIfpw D mbn.Fm Dbcw IqSnb Fm kkyfpsSbpw P\nXI LS\ Hcpt]mteb. 1/3 DbcqSpXen\v ImcWamb LSI (TT) am{Xap
hbpw 2/3 DbcqSpXen\pw Dbcpdhn\pap Hmtcm LSIfphbpamWv (Tt).
\nbakqN\ amXrkkynset]mse ]nXrkkynepw tPmUnbmbn ImWsSp LSI tPmUn ]ncnmWv Hmtcm _oPtImifntepw t]mIpXv.
\nKa\whnthN\ \nbaw_oPtImi D mIptm KpWhntij sf \nWbnp ]mccy LSI tPmUn]ncnbpIbpw Hmtcmpw Hmtcm enwKtImintev t]mhpIbpw sNpp.
]coWw3 saU ]bsNSnbpsS Dbcw F KpWhpw ]qhns \ndhpw ]cnKWnp.
amXrkkyw ]nXrkkyw(D. IqSnb Nph ]qfpXv) (D. Ipd sh ]qfpXv)
TTRR ttrr
_oPtImi TR tr
(F1 ) TtRr
(D. IqSnb Nph ]qfpXv)
]coWw : 1
]coWw : 2
]coWw : 3
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
42/49SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara 33
\ncoWw 1mw Xeapdbn Fm kXnIfpw amXrkkyns Dbcw IqSnb Nph ]qfp mp KpWfmWv {]ISamnbXv.Fm amXrkkyn \npw hyXykvXambn Kp]vXKpWn\pw ImcWamIp Hmtcm LS hoXhpw ASnbncnpp.
]coWw3se F1Xeapdsb kz]cmKWn\v hnt[b ampXmbncpp 4mas ]coWw.
TtRr TtRr
kv{Xo_oP ]pw_oP
_oPtImi TR Tr tR tr TR Tr tR tr
ChbpsS kwtbmKkw`mhyX ]v kvIzbdnCs\ kw{K lnmw
TR Tr tR tr
TRTTRRNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
TTRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
TtRRNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
TtRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
TrTTRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
TTrrsh ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
TtRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
Ttrrsh ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
tR
TtRR
Np. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
TtRr
Np. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
ttRR
Np. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
ttRr
Np. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
trTtRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
Ttrrsh ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
ttRrNp. ]qfpDbcw IqSnbh
ttrrsh ]qfpD. Ipdh
\ncoWw 1mw Xeapdbn \nv 4 Xcnep kv{Xo_oP fpw ]pw_oPfpw D mIpp. amXr]nXrkkyfn Hnp\nKpWhntijfp km\v ]pdsa 2 kcbn\fpw D mbn.
Nph ]qfp Dbcw Ipdhshfp ]qfp Dbcw IqSnbh
A\p]mXw9:3:3:1
\nbakqN\ Hmtcm kz`mhhntijhpw asmpambn ZrV_w ImWnpnspw Ahbvv GXp ambpw IqSntcphm km[yXDs pw hnebncpn.
\nKa\w kzX{ A]hyql\ \nbaw
ct- m AXne[nItam tPmUn hn]coXKpW IqSntcptm AXntemtcm tPmUn KpWhpw A]ctPmUnbpambn IqSnecmsXXnIpw kzX{ambn ASp Xeapdbntep hym]cnp p.
saUens ]coW^e 1866 {]knoIcnpsh nepw Av AXn\v th {X AwKoImcw InpIbp mbn.884 saU Acnp. saU acWsv 16 hjp tijw lyqtKm Uo {hokv, Im tImdkv , FdnIv sjamIv Fo
imkv{XmcmWv saUens ]mccyimkv{X \nba kzX{ambn Is n ]p\cmhnjvIcnXv. ]noSmWv ]mccytbpwhyXnbm\tfbpw]n {]Xn]mZnp P\nXIimkv{XwF imkv{X imJ cq]w sIm Xv.
hjw imkv{X kw`mh\
1866 {KnK tPm saU P\nXI \nb a BhnjvIcnp.
1869 {^UdnIv anj \yqnIv BknUv Is n.
1900lyqtKm Un {hokv,FdnIv sjamv,Im tImdkv
saUens \nba ]p\cmhnjvIcnp.
1902hm Fkv k,XntbmU t_mhdn
]mccyLSI t{ImatkmapIfnemWv ASnbncnpXv Fv Is n.
1905 t_vk]mccysbpw hyXnbm\sfbpw ]n ]Tnp ]pXnb imkv{XimJbvvP\nIvkvF t]cp \In.
1943 Bthcn Ctlns t\XrXz nep KthjI DNABWv P\nXI hkvXpshp Is n.1953
Pbnwkv hmSvk,{^mknkv {Inv
DNAbpsS NpptKmhWn amXrI AhXcnnp.
1909 sPmlmk saU hniZoIcn ]mcc yLSIp Po Fp t]cp \In.
1970amj \nc_Kv,ltKm_nv sJmcm\
P\nXI tImUv Is n.
]coWw : 4
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]mc cy t{]jWns Xm{Xm Snm\wkz`mhhntijfpsS ]mccyt{]jWw Nne LSI hgnbmsW saUens
kev]w bmYmYyamsWv ]noSv sXfnbnsp. GsXmcp PohnbpsSbpw Hmtcm kz`mhkhntijXtbbpw \nb{npXv Po\pIfmsWpw Po\pI DNA Xm{XbpsS `mK fmsWpw hyambn.
aan\pn t{ImatkmanemWv DNA ImWsSpXv.
Uo HmIvkn ssdt_m\yqnIv BknUns \o 2 CgIfmWv Hcp DNAXm{X.
2 CgIfpw Hcp NpptKmhWnbpsS BIrXnbnemWv. DNAbpsS ASnm\ LSIfmWv \yqntbmssSUpI.
CXn 3 LSIfp vUo HmIvkn ssdt_mkv ]kmc, t^mkvt^v Xm{X, 4 Xcwss\{SP t_kpI AUn\n(A), ssXao(T), Kzm\n(G), ssksmkn(C).ss\{SP t_kpI 4 Xcn DXn\m \yqntbmssSUpIfpw 4 XcnemWv.
]kmcbpw t^mkvt^pw tNmWv NpptKmhWnbpsS s\Snb CgIfpw ss\{SPt_kpI tNmWv AXns ]SnIfpw \nanncnpXv.
A-Tpambpw G-C pambpw tPmUntNcpp. AXmbXv DNA bnse c- ngIfpw Hcp t]mseb. Ah ]ckv]c ]qcIfmWv.
DNA bpsS {]h\LS IfmWv Po\pI. D]m]Nb {]h\sf \nb{n
pXpw kz`mh khntijXIp ImcWamIpXpw Cu `mKfmWv.Po\pIfpsS {]h\w
kz`mhkhntjXI cq]sSppXpw D]m]Nb {]h\sf \nb{npXpw t{]mo\pIfmWv. GXpXcw t{]mo\pI\nanWsav Xocpam\npXv DNAbnse Po\pIfmWv. DNAt\cnv t{]mo \nanpn.
SStteepp--11))DNA bn\nv RNA\nanpp.DNACg]ncnbppPo\nset_kpIfpambn ssdt_m\yqntbmssSUpI tNv XXpeyambRNA\nanppRNAbpsS CgI DNAbn \npw th]ncnbpp.(DNA ]qh nXnbnemIpp).
SStteepp--22))RNA bn\nv t{]mo\nanpp.RNA
aan \npw tImi{Z hynep ssdt_mtkmapIfnsepp RNAbnse \nt in\\pkcnvssdt_mtkman shv Aant\m BknUpI Iqntvt{]mo\nanpp.
DNA bpw RNA bpw Xnep hyXymk
hyXn bm \ p Imc W amXm]nXmfn \npw hyXykvXamb kz`mhhntij (hyXnbm\w) kXnIfn {]ISamIpXns
ImcW c- mWv Po hn\nabhpw D]cnh\hpw.
1. Po hn\nabw_oPtImi cq]sSp kabv (Du\`wKneqsS) amXmhn \npw ]nXmhn \npw e`n
kacq] t{ImatkmapI tPmUntNcpIbpw P\nXI hkvXp ssIamdpIbpw sNpw. Cu {]{Inb
bmWv Po hn\nabw.
Pohn\nab^eambn amXmhn \nv e`n t{Imatkman ]nXmhn \npap Nne Po\pIfpw
]nXmhn \nv e`n t{Imatkman amXmhn \npap Nne Po\pIfpw Fntcpp. CXv km\
fn sshhn[yap mpp.
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2. D]cnh\wBIkvanIambn t{ImatkmapIfpsS LS\bntem Fntem kw`hnp am (D]cnh\) km\fn ]e
hn[ sshIeypw ImcWamIpp. Ch ]mccyambn t{]jWw sNsSpp. Ccw sshIeyfmWv ]mccy tcmK.
km[mcWbmbp ]mccytcmK
tcmK XIcm eW
SWknt{Umw
enwK\nWb t{ImatkmapIfn Hp Ipdhv (Hcpt{Imatkmw am{Xw)
t{Imatkm apI = 44 + XT
kv{XoeWw,hyX,s]mpdhv.
Uuknt{Umw
kzcq] t{ImatkmapIfn HpIqSpX(21mw t{Imatkmw aqsw.BsI 47 t{Imatkmw).
t{Imatkm apI= 45 + XX/ 45 + XY
_pnamyw,hyX,Ipd tcmK{]Xntcm[tijn.
knnskA\oanb
AcpWcmWpfnse lotamtm_nXm{XIfn LS\m]camb sshIeyap mIpp.BbXn\m cn HmIvknPs Afhv Ipdbptm AcpWcmWpv cq]amw kw`hnvAcnhmfns BIrXnbmbn amdpp.
IeIfntep HmIvknPkwhl\tijn Ipdbpp.
enwK\nWbw a\pjy\n
enwK \nWb t{ImatkmapI]pcpj\nepw kv{Xobnepw 46 t{Imatkmw BWpXv. Fm Chbn 2 Fw
enwKs \nWbnphbmWv. enwK\nWb t{ImatkmapI 2 Xcap vX & Y.
]pcpj\nX YDw kv{Xobn X XDw.
enwK \nWb t{ImatkmapI_oPtImifn
AWvUn X t{ImatkmapI am{Xambncnpw DXv. Fm ]pw_o Pn50% X Dw 50% Y Dw Bbncnpw.
enwK \nWbn ]pw_o Pns ]v_oPkwtbmK kabv AWvUhpambn X t{Imatkmw ASnb ]pw_oPamWv
kwtbmPnpsXn B knmWvUw hfv s]Ip nbmIpw(X X). adnvAWvUhpambn kwtbmPnpXv Y t{Imatkmw ASnb ]pw_oPamsWn AXv hfvBIpnbmIpw(X Y)
P\nXI hkvXp \ow sNbvtXm Iqnttm Hcp PohnbpsS P\n XI LS \bn A`nejWob amb
hyXnbm\ hcpp kmtXnIhnZybmWv P\nXI Fn\obdnwKv /dotImn \v DNAsSIvt\m fPn.
Tools-A. sdkv{SnIvj FtUm\yqntbkv' ("tamfnIyqem I{XnI')DNAsb apdn m D]tbmKnp FsskapI.
B. entKkv("tamfn Iypem ]i')Po\pIsf Xn tNp Fsskw.
kw`mh \I1. sshZyimkv{X taJe_mIvSocn bsb sIm- v a\pjyCkpen D]mZnnpp.
2. Irjn taJeIoS\m iI tijnbp sNSnI D]mZnnp. (Eg: Bt ]cpnbpw Bt hgpX\bpw)
3. hyhkmbnI taJes]t{Smfnbw D] Xnp\inn p kq _KpIsf krjvSnp.
4.
Ipmt\zmjW taJe]nXrXzw kw_n X ]cnl cnp Xn\pw IpIrXy sXfnbnpXn\pwD]tbmKnphcp DNA ^nwK{]nnwKv
BiI
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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8 Pohs IY... Pohn IfpsSbpwPohs D]nsbpdnpw PohnIfpsS Bhn`mhs kw_npw hyXykvXamb A`n{]mb \ne\npp- v.
APohob LSIfn \nmWv BZyPohIWnI D mbsXpw ]noSv AXn\v A\pIqeamb amw (]cnWmaw) kw`hnmWv
hyXykvX PohnhK D mbsXpamWv imkv{XtemIw hnizknpXv.
]mTw Npcp n
BZy PohIWnI
Pohs D]nbpw XpSbpw cmk ]cnWma hmZw (H]mcnlmtU ]cn Iev]\)
av 2 hmZKXnI
PohIWnIbn \npw ssPhsshhn[yntev
kzbmPnXkz`mhfpsS ]mccyt{]jWknmw
PohnIfn hyXnbm\v {]IrXn\n[mcW knmw
ImcWw D]cnh\ knmw
\h Umhn\nkwHsS
PohnIfpsS BcLS\bnse kmaywPoh]cnWmans sXfnhpI Poh {]h\fnse kmayw
t^mkn ]T\w
Bntbm ]vsSdnIvkv B\bpsS ]cnWmaw
ss{]tav HmUdn \nv
a\pjys D]nbpw ]cnWmahpw sXfnhpI 1. Hb irwJe ]T\w
2. t^mkn ]T\w
]cnWma hrw
]cnWman a\pjys CSs]SepI {]XymLmX
Pohs Bhn`mhw(BZy PohIWnI cq]sXv)
cmk]cnWma hmZw(H]m cnlmtU ]cnIev]\)
]cnIev]\bpsS km[qIcWwmen an, ltcmUv bqtd (1953): bphm Hmsd (1961): kndn s]mws]cpa (1963):
ayqtj\pI aqew
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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av2 hmZKXnI kap{Zn\Snbnse An]XcnInemWv BZyPohs DXv hw]mkvs]anb hmZw {]]ns atsXnepw `mKp cq]s Pohs IWnI `qanbnsen.
BZy PohIWnIbn \npw _lptImiPohnIfntev
cmk]cnWmaneqsS BZy PohIWnI cq]sSm GItZiw 1100 Ziewhj th nhp.
kzX{ HmIvknP CmXncpXn\m Ap mbncpPohnI hfsc efnXambLS\bp Ahmbh GItImiPohnIfmbncpp.
]noSv {]ImikwtjWtijnbp tImi cq]sp. CtXpSv Acon kzX{mhbn HmIvknP cq]sSpIbpw CXv hmbh PohnIfpsSBhn`mhn\nSbmpIbpw sNbvXp.
Pohn hKfp mbXv]cnWmaknm. kzbmPnXkz`mhfpsS ]mccyt{]jWknmw (By Lamarck)
Hcp Pohn AXns PohnXImev t\SnsbSpp imcocnI am (kzbmPnXkz`mh) PohnbpsS Po\pIfpsS LS\sb_m[nmXn\m Ah XpSp Xeapdbntev t{]jWw sNsSn. AXn\m emamns knmw ImelcWsp.
2. {]IrXn\n[mcW knm w (ByDarwin &Wallace)PohnIfn \nccw hyXnbm\fp mIpp. CXn A\pKpWamb hyXnbm\fphsb {]IrXn \n[mcWw (XncsSppI)
sNpIbpw Amh \inpIbpw sNpp.
Eg:]mn Im
Eg:Pndm^ns Igpv
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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(a)KemtKmkv IpcphnI Umhns\ ]cnWma Nnbntev \bn Ch 15 Zzo]pIfn 13 C\ap mbncpp. i_vZhpwIqSpIqp hn[hpw Hp t]msebp IpcphnI Blm cnepw BlmccoXnbnepamWv sshhn[yw {]ZinnncpXv.Umhns \nKa\whnpXo\n IpcphnIfpsS ]qhnI sXt Atacnbn\npw KemtKmkv Zzo]pIfntev IpSntbdn. HmtcmZzo]nepw Fs Ipcphn kaql Cc]nSnbamcpsS A`mhn AXXv efnse hyXykvX kmlNcyfpambn A\pIqe\w t\Sn hyXykvX IpcphnhKfmbn ]cnWanp.
(b)KmetKmkv BaI
(c)kky`ppIfmb CKzm\I, IS CKzm\I
hyXnbm\sfs\bp mIppshpw Ah ASp Xeapdbntev ssIamw sNssXs\sbpw hniZoIcnmUmhn\p Ignn. CXv Atlw t\cn Hcp {][m\ ]cnanXnbmbncpp.
]cnWma]T\v ]pXnb cq]w \InbXv P\nXIimkv{Xns hnImkamWv.
3. D]cnh\ knmw (By Hugo de Vries)PohnIfpsS P\nXILS\bn BIkvanIambp mIpXpw XeapdIfntev ssIamw sNsSmhpXpamb amfmWv
D]cnh\w) Poh]cnWmantev \bnpXv.
4. \hUmhn\nkwUmhns ]cnWma Bibsf P\nXI imkv{Xnse ]pXnb AdnhpIfpsS shfnn hniZoIcnp B[p\nI ]cnWmaimkv{Xw.
t{ImatkmapIfnepw Po\pIfnepap mIp ayqtj\pIfpsS ^eambn Hmtcm kv]ojnknepw sshhn[y D mIpw. Ch {]IrXn\n[mcWn\v hnt[bamIptm amdnb kmlNcyfpambn Hpt]mIph am{Xw \ne\npIbpw Amh \inpIbpw sNpp.
5. HsSacp`qanI, ]X\ncI, \ZnI XpSnbh Hcp hns] Ppsf ap Ppfn \npw ths]Sppw.
Cs\ Hsv Ignbp Pohnkaqlfn \nccw D mtbmhp ayqtj\pI aqew {]tXyI hambn Xocmw.
Eg:knar K (Bkvt{Xenbbn am{Xw)Atd_y HIhpw (B{^nbnepw Atd_y cmPyfnepw) _mIv{Snb HIhpw (a[y Gjy)
Poh]cnWmans sXfnhpI (a) PohnIfpsS Bc LS\bnse kmayw hyXykvX hn`mKfnepw kmlNcyfnepw Pohnp PohnIfpsS BcLS\bn s]mXphmb kmayw ImWpp.
DZma\pjys ssI (\nb{Wn\v), apXebpsS apIm (Cgbm), XnanwKens Xpg (Xpgbm), ]nbpsS NndIv (]dIm)Chsbmw \nnncnpXv pPmn1, tdUnbkv1, A\1, Im8, samIm5, s^em\vPkv14 (Total-30)
AnI sIm mWv.
(b)Poh {]h\
Fm PohPmefpsSbpw tImiLS\, Poh{]h\ Fnhbn hfsctbsd kam\XI DXmbn ImWsSpp.
(c) t^mkn ]T\w
]cnWmas Ipdnp Ghpw hnizk\obamb sXfnhmWv t^mknepI.F smt^mkn epI qhn
kwcnsnp {]mNo\ PohnIfpsS AhinjvStfm ASbmftfm BWv.
t^mkn apcq]nepw
]iIfn (Bw_) s]ptmb PohnI
emhbnepw apw ]Xn PohnIfpsS ASbmf.
ap]mfnbn IpSpntmb PohnIfpsS icoc.
CS\net^mknepI HcpPohnhKn \npw asmntep ]cnWmas Ipdnv hnhcw \Ipp.eLpLS\bp PohnIfn \nv koWLS\bp PohnI ]cnWanpp Fpw t^mkn ]T\w ImWnpp.
Bntbm]vsSdnIvkv (hmw{]mNo\ ]n)Bntbm]vsSdnIvkns t^mkn DcKfn \npw ]nI ]cnWanp FXn\v sXfnhmWv. ImcWw AXn DcKfp
sSbpw ]nIfpsSbpw kz`mhkhntijXI ImWmw.
DcK kz`mh ]n kz`mh
\sv hmep hsc \o pInSpp
sImn ]pI
apImen hncepI. AhbpsS Avhfv Iq \J.
XqhepIfpsS kmnyw
sImpIfpsS kmnyw
Eg:
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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B\bpsS ]cnWma Ncn{Xw t^mkn ]T\neqsS a\nemn.B\bpsS ]cnWman kw`hn {][m\ imcocnI am
XetbmSn\Iv [mcmfw hmbpAdIfp mbn. Igpv sNdpXmbn
]pIfpsS Fw Ipdp. AWpI{]tXyI coXnbn cq]sp.
Xpnss hfp
henn h[\hv sNhn hepXmbn Imev hfv iambn ta mSnbnse c- mas DfnpI hfv sImpIfmbn.
a\pjys D]nbpw ]cnWmahpwa\pjys D]n ss{]tav HmUdn \nv
? a\pjy Ipcn \ntm\sp Ppfnse kkvX\n hn`mKn ss{]tavHmU dnemWv a\pjy\pw Ipcpw DsSpXv.
ss{]tapIsf 2 hn`mKambn Xncnncnpps{]mknanbkpw Bt{mt]mbntUbpw. Bt{mt]mbntUsb (hmwa\pjy kmZriy
ambXv) ho pw 2 Bn Xncnncnpp sktm]ntmbntUbpw tlmant\mbntUbpw. BZytXn IpcpIfpw c- matXn
BIpc pIfpw a\pjycpw DsSpp. AXn\m a\pjy Ipcn \npw t\cnv ]cnWanX.
sXfnhpI
1. Hb irwJe XmcXayw
Bt{mt]mbntU
8/9/2019 Sslc Biology Instant Note by Minhad
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2. t^mkn ]T\wbpPo Upt_mbv (1891):Ctmt\jybnse PmhmZzo]n \npw tlmtam CdIvSkns t^mkn Is n.sUmWmUv sPmlmk (1971) :sXpIngt B{^nbn \npw Ghpw ]gw IqSnb Bkv{Smtem]nkv t^mkn Is n.eon IpSpw_w (1976):Xmkm\nbbn \npw emhbn ]Xn a\pjy]qhnIcpsS ImmSpI Is n.
a\pjy]cnWma hrw
]cnWman a\pjys CSs]SepIa\pjys CSs]SepI {]IrXnbnse PohPmefpsS \ne\nns\ {]XnIqeambn _m[npp. ImjnI cwKw,
sshZyimkv{XcwKw XpSnb taJeIfn Ah ]coWn\mbn hyXykvX PohPmesf D]tbmKsSppXn\m P\nX
Isshhn[yaph D]mZnnsSpp. CXv {]IrXnbpsS kzta[bmep \n[mcW km[yXbn Ipdhv hcppp. AtXmsSmw Nne PohnIfpsS hwi\min\pw Ahs CSs]SepI ImcWambnp v. DZmkzhf, tUmtUm ]n
IqSmsX hnthIiq\yamb IoS\min\nIfpsS {]tbmKw, Bn_tbmnpIfpsS D]tbmKw XpSnbh AXns\Xnsc{]Xntcm[tijnbp PohnIfpsS Bhn`mhn\v ImcWamIpp. Npcpn B[p\nI a\pjy ]cnWmans Znisb\nWbnpp. hnIk\w kpnchpw PohPmev \miw kw`hnm coXnbnepamIWw.