INSIDE Incorporating the Surveyors Board of South Australia EDITION 16 - 2015 this edition + New Licenced Surveyor + Surveying and Mapping SA Committee Report + TSACE Career Expo 14 and 15 June 2015 + Legislative Review Committee + The Code of Practice Committee + RSG’s UniSA Workshop 27 June 2015 + Cadastral Workshops 2015-16 + Spatial Information Day 2015 + SSSI-SA Region + Pegging Exemptions + Easements of Limited Duration + Audit Survey Summary + Lodging plans for Information Purposes + Surveyors Board of Queensland - Board Communique + 2015 Remaining Calendar dates + Retired Surveyors Luncheon Dates 2015 + Vale Joe Stacey + Calls for Photos for the Annual Report + SB e-news Edition 17 New Licenced Surveyor At the Surveyors Board SA meeting of 16 April 2015 Mr David Struthers presented his final assessment. Mr Struthers completed his training successfully and was awarded his Surveyors Licence. The Board congratulated him on his achievement and welcomed him as a Licenced Surveyor in South Australia. SSSi Land Surveying Commission - SA e-news
Transcript
INSIDE
Incorporatingthe Surveyors
Board of South Australia
EDITION 16 - 2015
this edition + New Licenced Surveyor+ Surveying and Mapping SA Committee Report+ TSACE Career Expo 14 and 15 June 2015+ Legislative Review Committee+ The Code of Practice Committee+ RSG’s UniSA Workshop 27 June 2015 + Cadastral Workshops 2015-16+ Spatial Information Day 2015+ SSSI-SA Region+ Pegging Exemptions+ Easements of Limited Duration + Audit Survey Summary+ Lodging plans for Information Purposes+ Surveyors Board of Queensland - Board Communique+ 2015 Remaining Calendar dates+ Retired Surveyors Luncheon Dates 2015+ Vale Joe Stacey+ Calls for Photos for the Annual Report+ SB e-news Edition 17
New Licenced SurveyorAt the Surveyors Board SA meetingof 16 April 2015 Mr David Strutherspresented his final assessment.
Mr Struthers completed his trainingsuccessfully and was awarded hisSurveyors Licence.
The Board congratulated him on his achievement and welcomed him as a Licenced Surveyor in South Australia.
SSSi Land Surveying Commission - SAe-news
Committee ReportThe Surveying and Mapping SA committee has reached the end of their financial year and preparations for the new financial year are underway.
Our launch of the UniSA Education Funding will be conducted on Tuesday 14 July 2015 to be held at the Adelaide Festival Centre. Hosted by the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA). The luncheon features in the “Shaping the future of SA Series: Developing the resources of our state”.
The University of South Australia will receive the second round of education funding at the commencementof the luncheon and guest speakers include Mr Kym Bourke ( Bourke Urban), Mr Rob Cole (Beach Energy),and Mr Andrew Cole (Oz Minerals).
UniSA Civil Engineering and Environmental and Geospatial Sciences Scholarships Awards Ceremony, Friday 15 May 2015
A Q&A session at the end of their presentations will wrap up the luncheon. All Licenced Surveyors in SA can attend the event at the CEDA Member rate. Tables of 10 are available on request and a detailed email invitation will be distributed in the coming week. If you have any questions regarding this event please contact the Registrar Sharon Medlow Smith
UniSA is in the final stages of producing a video that features Surveying and Mapping SA as a career choice. The video includes interviews with our Surveyor-General Mike Burdett and Chair of the SurveyorsBoard SA, Michael Nietschke. The video will be available to view from links on the Surveyors Board website and the Surveying and Mapping SA Website when it is complete.
Surveying and Mapping SA website will be completed in the coming month providing an interactive link and information to students interested in our industry for their career choices. Our Facebook page is up and running and we have had some interest in it. This does provide an additional platform for engaging students and starting a conversation with them.
The work experience program has been redesigned to accommodate the changes in the work experience environment. Students enrolled at UniSA are being connected with businesses direct for a 2 – 3 day work experience opportunity in the field. These students can use their work experiences in their studies and will be encouraged to include their activities in their assessment portfolios.
Secondary students are being supported direct by businesses who are accepting students for a period to participate in work experience as deemed necessary by their schools. Thank you to those surveyors who continue to support these students at a very important stage of their education when it comes to choosing a career. UniSA distributes the Surveying and Mapping SA brochures at the career events conducted by the schools and Sharon has provided the schools with a full set of the “10 Things to Like about Surveying”and the “10 things to like about Mapping” A4 leaflets along with the Pathways brochures and the new“Role of a Surveyor” flyer.
If any businesses would like a selection of these brochures for your foyer please do not hesitate to contactSharon and thanks to those of you who have taken brochures.
Flinders University
Science, IT and
Engineering Careers
Expo, Thursday 19
March 2015
TSACE Career Expo -14 and 15 June 2015The SSSI-SA Young Professional’s recently represented the Surveying and Spatial industry at the 2015 Tertiary Studies and Careers Expo held at the Adelaide Convention Centre (pictured below).
Beau Thorley, Chair of the SSSI-SA YP’s, and his committee were happy to represent the industry andanswer questions of interested students making enquiries about our industry as a career option. UniSA,Flinders Uni and TAFE SA all provided detailed information featuring the various pathways on offer and theSurveying and Mapping SA brochures were also available.
SSSI-SA would like to thank C.R Kennedy for their support of the event, loaning equipment for the displaywhich proved to generate interest from the students. Well done to all those who volunteered their valuabletime, your efforts are much appreciated.
Legislative Review CommitteeAt the 18 April 2015 Cadastral Workshop a call for interested persons to join the new Legislative ReviewCommittee was made. We have had 9 surveyors express their interest in participating on this committeeand the Board is now formalising it.
Information on the committee members and its activities will be made available to all surveyors by emailand with updates in the Enews.
The Code of Practice CommitteeThe Code of Practice Committee has completed the “Code of Practice – Lodgement of Boundary Identification Surveys” and it can be downloaded from the website for your reference.
The implementation of the code will run for twelve months Following this time the Board will review it prior to making any final adjustments.
The Code of Practice Committee welcomes your feedback during this time and it is important that all surveyors participate in this process.
RSG’SUniSA Workshop 27June 2015The 2015 Surveyors Board SA Registered Surveying Graduate Workshopwas conducted on Saturday 27 June 2015. This was a mandatory event for all RSG’s and formed the basis for annual workshops in support of their training.
Scott Allen and his workshop committee put together a very interestingand interactive program that proved to be very beneficial to the graduates.Thanks must be made to the following for providing their time and experience in presenting this workshop.
+ Mr Ruhi Afnan+ Mr Paul Corcoran+ Mr Michael Liebelt+ Mr Kim Nisbet+ Mr John Minehan
(Guest Presenter from NSW)+ Mr Craig Roberts
(Guest presenter from UNSW)+ Mr Max Sayer+ Mr Bradley Slape+ Mr Beau Thorley
Cadastral Workshops 2015-16The SSSI-SA Land Services Commission - Cadastral Workshop Breakfast held in April 2015 had 109 registrations despite it being conducted during the school holidays.
The event was informative and the networking following Breakfast was excellent.
This workshop is the first of all future workshops that will be uploaded to YouTube for surveyors to review at your leisure. The link can be obtained from the Registrar and provides members with the opportunity to view the event, complete the critique form and claim their CPD Points. The cost for thisprocess is $150.00
The next Cadastral Workshop is scheduled for Monday night 16 November 2015 and surveyors are reminded that it is necessary for you to attend at least one of these events to secure your Board Endorsed CPD Points.
Items of interest and suggested topics are always welcome so please send them to the Registrar or contact Joe D’Aloia. Presenters are eligible for 6 CPD Points in recognition of their participation.
Mark Sinclair (Fugro LADS) with Joe D’Aloia at the Cadastral Workshop April 2015
Spatial Information Day 2015Spatial Information Day is the premier Spatial Conference in South Australia, bringing together spatial professionals from all areas of the industry to view exciting presentations and technical exhibits.
Surveyors and the Surveying professional have been great contributors to the day and we look forward to seeing you all there again this year. There will be 6 CPD points awarded for attending SID 2015, including 3 “Surveyors Board endorsed” points for Licensed and Graduate Surveyors. The Surveyingstream has presentations all day. The following notes our key presenters:
+ MATT HIGGINS
Manager Geodesy & Positioning from the Qld Department of Natural Resources & Mines.Matt will be presenting on the Latest trends in Positioning & their Impact on Surveying and Spatial Professionals, Matt has been on the United Nations International Committee on GNSS and also the U.S. Position, Navigation and Timing Advisory Board and is one of Australia’s foremost experts on Geodesy and GNSS.
+ JOHN DYSON
Technical Director with Mott MacDonald.John will talk about the Adelaide Oval Redevelopment – Global Best Practice in Information Manage-ment an overview from a Senior Project Manager / Client perspective of the Spatial Information approach and BIM that supported the agreement to bring AFL to Adelaide Oval, and the subsequent approvals and design for the expansion of Adelaide Oval to a seated capacity of 50,000, starting from the Initial survey information and 3D laser Scanning used to commence the project.
+ MICHAEL BURDETT
Surveyor–General of South Australia & national ICSM Chair.Michael will present on Cadastre 2034, powering land and real property is a strategy document for the future of the cadastre in Australia, his presentation will look at where we are now and sets down a vision for the future.
+ PAUL BANKS Auspat. Paul has worked on major engineering projects all over the world which include Hong Kong airport, High speed rail in Taipei, the Gateway Bridge and many Iconic Australian infrastructure projects.
+ RICHARD ABBOTT will be doing a presentation titled - In Recognition of her century year. Boundary Surveying in Coober Pedy, Richard will share his insight into Cadastral surveying in the town which was originally surveyed in the 1970’s by the Lands Department and Surveyor Sam Rosko.
Our Surveying stream has additional presentations that are being finalised at the moment, so more details will be forthcoming as the program is confirmed.
The South Australian Spatial Excellence Awards (SASEA) are presented at the Awards Gala dinner following Spatial Information Day which recognise and acknowledge excellence in the South Australian spatial information industry.
Visit http://www.spatialinformationday.org.au to get more information regarding the program or registrations. Any problems with registration please contact Rachel from the SSSI on (08) 8212 0359 or email [email protected].
PROUD SPONSORS OF SID AND SASEA 2015:
SSSI-SA RegionWork on Spatial Information Day continues and the event is set for Friday 14 August 2015. Spatial Information Day registrations are open. The early bird registration has been extended to the end of the Financial Year.
The SID Breakfast, hosted as always by the SA Women in Spatial, welcomes all delegates with a full breakfast and a range of excellent presentations.
SID Conference Keynotes and Multi-Stream Presentations will once again demonstrate individual and industry innovation promoting the sharing of ideas across the full spectrum of the spatial professions.
The SASEA Gala Dinner celebrates leadership and innovation in the field of surveying and spatial sciences. These winners will then be entered into the prestigious 2016 Asia Pacific Spatial ExcellenceAwards (APSEA).
Pegging ExemptionsSurvey Instructions require all new boundaries be marked unless occupied. Surveyors attest to compliance with this instruction at the date they certify the plan. Otherwise, the legislation does not provide surveyors with discretion in the timing of pegging new boundaries.
It is recognised that sometimes it is not practical to place pegs until certain milestones after planlodgement. The Surveyor-General has authority in the instructions to grant their exemption (see CSG 1.4).Requests for exemption to delay pegging may be emailed to [email protected].
The request should include a brief explanation of the circumstance, and propose a date by which the new boundaries will be pegged. The proposed date must satisfy potential purchasers’ need for the allotment’s extent to be obvious on the ground. The record of the granted request provides an important protection for the surveyor.
Kim Nisbet Manager Land Boundaries April 2015
Easements of Limited Duration INFORMATION FOR SURVEYORS
The Plan Presentation Guidelines (PPG) at 5.44 refers to easements of limited duration. All usual requirements in relation to plans as set out in the PPG apply. Easements of limited duration are no different to any other easement except they are for a certain term. Easements of limited duration are shown in the same format as other easements on plans (PPG Section 5) except include ‘with limitations’ in the easement category to indicate the duration is limited. The expiry date is not to be shown on the plan but will be provided in the creating document.
Easements Created by Leases (prefixed GU, L or UL)
Easements of limited duration can be created by a Grant of Easement or division application documents. For many years easements of limited duration have also been created by way of lease due to the difficulty in creating easements over Crown leasehold land. Documents being, Lease creating Easement/Right of Way (GU), Lease (L) and Underlease (UL) have created easements of limited duration. From 24 January 2014 the Registrar-General no longer accepted easements created by GU, UL or L. See Notice to LodgingParties (NTLP) No 172.
Uplifting Leases of Easement to Easement Status
NTLP 178 stated an easement of limited duration created by lease will be shown as an easement note on issue of Real Property Act titles and upon conversion of Crown leases to electronic format. Althoughthe NTLP 178 refers only to uplifting of GU’s, easements of limited duration created by UL and L will also be shown as an easement when it is a lease of easement (not a lease of land or a lease of land that includes rights relevant only to that leased land). NTLP 172 and 178 refers to the Lands Titles Officechanges in practice.
Plans to Note Existing Easements of Limited Duration
As a consequence of the change referred to in NTLP 178 to GU Dealings new plans will now need to include existing easements of limited duration created by lease. From 18 May 2015 upon conversion ofCrown leases to electronic format and on issue of titles an easement of limited duration will be shown as an easement note.
It is important to check the lease document when dealing with existing leases of easements where the document is not prefixed GU. This is to ensure that it is an easement of limited duration and not a lease of land that includes reference to rights.
Easements of limited duration created by lease are to be shown on plans as easements on the textual and diagram sheets. The usual requirements of Section 5 and other relevant sections of the PPG apply.
Plans attached to Lease
An easement created by a lease is sometimes defined by reference to a plan attached to the document. In those instances the surveyor will be required to relate the easement from the plan attached to the document to the plan being prepared.
Easement of Limited Duration or Lease?
As easements of limited duration created by a lease have three different prefixes and various ways of being endorsed on titles and Crown leases it is recommended that a copy of the Lease of Easement document be obtained.
Surveyors may need to consult with a Property Examiner Client Advice Officer before the plan is prepared to ensure that it is an easement of limited duration created by lease and not just an easement attached to leased land.
Audit Survey SummarySince the report in SB e-news Edition 15 the following issues were identified by the Audit Program.
REDEFINITION
1. Rural survey in 1893 created boundary on existing fence by tieline/offset. The current surveyor redefinedthe original boundary as a straight line between occupation adopted at extremities only. Other very old(and recent) fencing connected by audit survey between these extremities could be reconciled within a couple of links of the original offsets. The current surveyor had redefined the boundary up to 8m out of position at these intermediate bends.
2. A surveyor laid an allotment in a 1924 subdivision at original frontage southerly from, and abutting, an accepted road redefinition. This left a 0.3m excess to redefinition to the south, with occupation 0.2m southerly at the subject land southern boundary. Audit connected further side occupation to the southwhich supported a southerly shift of at least 0.2m in that boundary. (So too did occupation elsewhere in the subdivision connected by other surveys.) Analysis of the redefinition of the accepted road showed it to be invalid as a start point for laying original allotment widths (it was based on 1960’s indirect extra-polations of data, contrary to occupation/marks connected at the time).
3. The current surveyor laid the western boundary of a Section surveyed in 1858 parallel to the road redefinition, at the distance shown on the original survey for the northern boundary. The southern boundary distance was unreadable on the diagram book page, and was not shown on the CT. The angle at the resulting NW corner was broken by 22 minutes. The NW corner was 2.8m short of the fencing of the western boundary; connection through other surveys indicated 4.0m excess available to the west. The SW corner was 0.7m beyond the fence; connection through other surveys indicated 0.1m shortage to the west. Furthermore, perusal of the original field notes confirmed the western boundary was not parallel as assumed, and the current surveyor had unknowingly taken a 4.1m excess in the southern boundary. Following audit the surveyor amended the survey to adopt the fencing of the western boundary; angles agreeing to better than 3 minutes.
4. A surveyor attempted to reconstruct an 1860 tieline/offset road. There was no logic for his construction at one end, and 4m & 10 minute errors were made in that construction. Audit was able to get good agreement between the tieline and old strainers, suggesting adoption of the latter, some of which the current surveyor had instead shown up to 7m off the boundary.
5. The current surveyor took 0.3m excess in an urban area beyond occupation. Additional side occupationsconnected by audit confirmed the excess belonged elsewhere.
6. No plan exists for original survey of a rural Section. The current surveyor redefined his eastern boundaryby adoption of occupation. This boundary was the western side of a road redefined by a 1925 survey. This survey was missed in his search; found by searching against the Section number on the opposite side of the road to the subject land. This survey showed the occupation, in about the same position as that adopted by the current surveyor, 14 links off the western side of the road.
7. A rural road was created by 1903 survey, heading in an easterly direction. The current surveyor establishedthere was 2.3m excess in the 2.6km of road (6 straights) between redefinition at the extremities. In 1958 uncertified division created a N/S boundary intersecting the road about halfway between the extremities,some 1.1km from the western end, a few metres from the middle bend. The current surveyor commenced by redefining this resubdivision boundary at 1958 width from the Section’s western boundary, coming 1.1m west of an old fence where it intersected the road. He then redefined the road’s adjacent bend at CTdistance from this position, and the remaining two road bends to the east by proportioning the overall 2.3m excess in the remaining 1.2km of road. Road occupation was of no evidentiary value as it is many metres out of position. In this case the surveyor should have instead first proportioned the 2.3m excess in redefining the five road bends. The old fence at the southern end of the resubdivision boundary is thenwithin 0.4m of the shifted middle bend, suggesting it is the best evidence of the southern end of theresubdivision boundary.
CONNECTION
8. A surveyor was a metre out of position with a PSM “Fd”, and another PSM Fd did not appear to exist.The surveyor’s field note observations for these PSMs appeared to only be pre-calced coordinates.
9. On a rural division the current surveyor showed as redefinition six bends in the outer boundary by dataonly, without surveying necessary reference marks and occupation at the bends.
MISREPRESENTED OCCUPATION
A surveyor was metres out of position with occupation at two rural road corners; the offsets appearedto be copied from a 30 year old survey.
Investigation of four occupations outside tolerance revealed that the surveyor had not measured them. Their chainages, and six others, had merely been copied from another firm’s plan lodged threeyears earlier.
MARKING
New corner on a rural survey was not pegged. The plan indicated the new boundary intersected an existing boundary on line to, but 0.3m short of, a post in fencing of that boundary. There was a good chance of confusion for potential purchasers, or fencers, as there were other adjacent posts in that fenceline.
Two new cut corners on a rural survey were not pegged.
Four new reference marks shown on a rural survey were not placed.
Kim Nisbet Manager Land Boundaries April 2015
Lodging Plans for Information Purposes
AMENDED EMAIL ADDRESS
As EPL does not accommodate Plans for Information Purposes their lodgement is a problem for firms thatno longer plot on film. LTSA (Land Titles SA) accepts lodgement of these plans as a TIFF image, outside ofEPL, as an alternative to film.
Surveyors wishing to utilise the TIFF option should send an email to LTSA containing the image of the Planfor Information Purposes using the following details:
The TIFF image files will need to meet the current EPL format requirements:Resolution 300 x 300 DPIColours Black and whiteCompression CCITT Group 4 fax
As there is no provision for a digital signature for these TIFF images the certification must be endorsed witha scan of the surveyor’s handwritten signature inserted into the TIFF image. Otherwise plan requirements(see PPG 2.24) remain the same irrespective of the option chosen.
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Board Communique
Below is a summary of matters that have come before the Queensland Surveyors Board in recent months.
Survey practice and supervision
One of the outcomes from a prior Professional Conduct Review Panel hearing for a corporation with acadastral endorsement was that the Board would randomly monitor the corporation’s plans to confirm compliance with professional standards. At the request of the Board, four plans were randomly selected for field inspections by DNRM. After review of the field inspection reports the Board formally appointed an investigator to investigate further and determine if there was evidence of professional misconduct. Both the field inspection reports and the investigator’s report raised a number of concerns as;
pegs were placed in incorrect places (in excess of 1 m) and did not match the placement recorded on the plans,bearings and distances did not align with the data disclosed on plans or field notes,physical evidence was not found to support pegs or marks listed as placed per the plan,supervision in the field was inadequate and quality assurance systems did not readily identify errors that had been made.
The Board prepared charges and a Professional Conduct Review Panel found a number of charges wereproven. As this was a second offence by the corporation a significant fine and costs order was imposed.
Cadastral surveys by non-cadastral surveyors
Case 1 The Board received information that indicated that cadastral surveys were being performed by a surveying associate without the supervision of a registered cadastral surveyor. The Board appointed an independent investigator to determine if there was evidence of cadastral surveys being performed by the surveying associate for a fee. The investigator found significant evidence that the surveying associate was performing cadastral surveys for a fee. The Board initiated disciplinary charges for professional misconduct and the matter was heard by the Professional Conduct Review Panel. The charges were found to be proved and a fine and costs order was imposed.
Case 2 The Board received a complaint from a cadastral surveyor about a surveying graduate providing cadastral advice to a client for a fee. The initial evidence indicated that an identification survey had been performed and heights certified, so the Board appointed an independent investigator. The Board subsequently initiated disciplinary charges for professional misconduct and the matter was heard by the Professional Conduct Review Panel. The charges were not proven however the Surveying Graduategave an undertaking to the Panel to better clarify all arrangements and documentation in the future to ensure there was no misunderstanding about the performance of cadastral surveys.
Lodging plans within the prescribed timeframe
After an identification survey was performed the adjoining property owner lodged a formal complaint with the Board alleging professional misconduct as there was a period of approximately 65 days betweenwhen the field work was performed and when the identification survey plan was signed and dated. After review of the matter the Board requested that the surveyor in future finalise and lodge plans within the prescribed timeframe listed in the Survey Mapping and Infrastructure Act 2003.
Access to adjoining property
The Board received a formal complaint from a member of the public about a surveyor entering their property without notice in order to complete a survey for a client who was an adjoining property owner. The Board’s representative visited the site with a number of recent plans and explained to the complainantwhat type of survey had been performed and resolved the concerns of the complainant. The Board again reminds surveyors about the need to communicate with property owners if they need to enter adjoiningproperties in order to complete a survey.
Business practice
A formal complaint was lodged with the Board from a member of the public alleging unprofessional behaviour by a surveyor. After discussion with both parties about deemed incomplete surveys and non-payment of fees the Board mediated the dispute which saw the client receive all outstanding plans and the surveyor’s account paid in full. It is not Board policy to become involved in fee disputes between the surveyor and client. In this case, the process of investigating the complaint led to resolution of the issue.
SUMMARY OF COMPLAINTS AND/OR DISCIPLINARY ACTION
Remaining Calendar Dates for 2015
SURVEYORS BOARD SA
MEETING DATES
SSSI-SA REGIONAL OFFICE
MEETING DATES
IMPORTANT CALENDAR DATES 2015
UniSA Education funding CEDA Luncheon
Spatial Information Day
Institution of Surveyors Australia, South Australian Division INC AGM
Land Services Commission Cadastral Workshops 2015
Thursday 16 July 2015Thursday 20 August 2015Thursday 17 September 2015Thursday 15 October 2015Thursday 19 November 2015Thursday 3 December 2015
Tuesday 7 July 2015Tuesday 18 August 2015Tuesday 29 September 2015Tuesday 10 November 2015
Tuesday 14 July 2015
Friday 14 August 2015
Wednesday 16 Spetember 2015
Monday Dinner 16 November 2015
Retired Surveyors Luncheon Dates 2015The program for 2015 is
TUESDAY 15TH SEPTEMBER 12.00 noon for 12.30pm
TUESDAY 17TH NOVEMBER 12.00 noon for 12.30pm
Location: Hackney Hotel - 95 Hackney Road, Hackney, South Australia 5069.
All retired surveyors and their partners are welcome. Anybody wishing to attend a luncheon should contact Barry Thorne no later than one week before the event.
If you know any recently retired surveyors please let me know their contact details.
Contact Details: Barry Thorne Email address: [email protected] Telephone: 8278 1346 Postal Address: PO Box 668, Blackwood 5051
For more information on events and registrations (if required) http://www.sssi.org.au/index/region/5.html
Vale Joe StaceyJoseph Stacey passed away peacefully on February 11th 2015 at the Barossa Village. He was aged 92 years
Joe was a dearly loved husband of Yvonne (deceased), step father to Sonia and her husband Terry, andgrandfather (Pumpa) to Charlene, Ramon, Anthony and Nadia. He was also great grandfather to Yasmine,Tamikha, Raymond and Rhiley. He was known as one of nature’s true gentlemen.
On behalf of all members, the Board extends its sincere condolences to the Stacey family.
We are looking for good quality, high resolution photos of surveyors in action for our 2014-2015 Annual Report and would like to feature local content and state of the art equipment.
