SSWH 17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies
between World War I and World War II.
a. Examine the impact of the war on science, art, and social thinking by identifying the cultural significance of Sigmund
Freud, Albert Einstein, and Picasso
After WWI, people rejected the belief in continual human progress expressed during the Enlightenment. Instead they felt a sense of alienation and cynicism.
Since 1600s, scientists thought that through reason, humans could solve any problem.
But in the 1900s, another thought arose. Some felt that humans could no longer be confident about the powers of rational thought.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian doctor
Published The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900
Developed a revolutionary theory on human behavior – the concept of the unconscious mind.
His method of uncovering the unconscious mind became known as psychoanalysis.
Using hypnotism, he studies mentally disturbed patients and found they could remember things they ordinarily couldn’t when hypnotized. Brought those memories back to conscious thought
gradually Studied their dreams and encouraged them to talk about
whatever came to mind. Interpreted thoughts and memories to reveal
unconscious mind.
Unconscious mind governed human behavior.
People were generally unaware of mental processes of the unconscious.
His ideas gained popularity after WWI because if people believed that the unconscious and not the rational controlled people’s actions, then much of the bewildering things could be explained.
It help them understand why the devastation of WWI happened, why things had not turned out as they had hoped, and why uneasiness in human life continued.
It also made people wonder how much of the images from WWI would be repressed into the unconscious and affect decision-making in the future.
ALBERT
EINSTEIN
Born in Germany in 1879 Studied mathematics and physics In 1905, he published four papers with
revolutionary new ideas: 1st – existence of the atom 2nd – applied quantum theory to light 3rd – special theory of relativity: speed of light
is fastest speed ever and motion is relative to the observer and so not absolute in time, space or motion.
4th – E=mc2; meaning that mass can be converted in massive amounts of energy
Einstein’s theories created a new dimension: space-time continuum.
Even such seemingly absolute and definite concepts such as space, motion, and time had to be seen as relative, or dependant on each other.
Einstein’s work led to the atomic age and the development of atomic weapons.
PABLO
PICASSO
Was born in Spain in 1881 the son of a prominent art teacher.
Was skilled in drawing and painting at an early age
Created cubism style of painting along with Georges Braque from France. Emphasized using geometric forms, shapes and
designs (especially cubes) to show the abstract structure of everyday objects.
Often depicted objects from different perspectives at the same time.
Considered to be the most influential painter of the 20th
century. Contributed to the political and social climate of his time. His work was
Uplifting and offered hope through two world wars, and a civil war in his homeland Spain.
Inspired millions at a time when the future of the world was in doubt.
Influenced by the politics of the outside world Displayed courage in depicting abstract images of hope for the
future, while also depicting the horrors of the world around him.
Believed that the non-traditional depictions of reality in his painting were a “mediator between this strange hostile world and us, a way of seizing the power by giving form to our terrors as well as our desires.”
Painted for the 1937 World’s Fair held in Paris, Picasso’s Guernica was painted to express outrage over the bombing of the town of Guernica, a town with no strategic value, during the Spanish Civil War. Using only blacks, grays, and white, Picasso evoked anguish and horror with his distorted figures writhing in agony under stark electric light.
The painting was on tour in the USA when WWII started, and Picasso asked the painting stay here until democracy returned to Spain. It was returned in 1981.
All children are artists. The
problem is how to remain an
artist once he grows up.
- Pablo Ruiz Picasso
1937
1905
1903-
1904
1907
1903
1962
1958
SSWH 17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies
between World War I and World War II.
b. Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution from the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s first
Five Year Plan.
Russia had the largest territory and population in Europe
Diverse population (Slavic, several Russian varieties, Polish, Finnish, and many more)
Industrial development lagged and most of the country was undeveloped.
Ice bound ports most of the year
Russia was seeking ports in the Mediterranean at the expense of conflict with the Ottoman Empire.
The Romanov tsar was a conservative autocrat, holding absolute power. He tried to counteract Western influence & philosophy. Censored speech and press
Rejected all calls for a constitution
began “Russification” Forced non-Russian people to
Use Russian language
Accept Russian Orthodox religion
Adopt Russian customs
Wanted foreign policy to unite Slavic people under Russian leadership and territorial expansion
Alexander II, still conservative and autocratic, did care about public opinion, so he tried making reforms to respond to popular demands. Emancipation Edict of 1861
Freed all serfs in Russia
were bound to people (like slaves), not to the land
Had some civil rights, like ability to sue in court
Did not really improve the position of serfs:
2 options open to them
Land ownership: expensive – buy small plot of land for high price + rent more land at high price to be able to farm enough to make payments, pay taxes, and make a living.
Labor pool: move to city and become cheap labor for factories.
More of Alexander II’s Reforms Allowed elected councils at county and provincial levels
Could collect taxes and control programs for public health, education, welfare, and public works
Court reforms Civil and Criminal courts were modeled after European
counterparts Appeals courts instituted Put in place local justices of the peace Led to a decline in corruption and delay
All of it was criticized: Too much according to conservatives Just the beginning according to liberals Radicals wanted much, much more reform much more quickly
Rise of Radical movements
Nihilists (1860s)– called for abolishing political, economic, and social structures and build a completely new Russia
Populists (1870s) – wanted to live among the peasants as teachers and doctors and lead to the seizing of landed estates and dividing them among the peasants; eventually became People’s Will and resorted to terrorism to try to force their demands.
Made Alexander II more conservative, but he continued reforms.
Alexander II’s Reforms: 1870 major cities were granted limited elected governments
1874 military reforms were instituted.
Alexander II was assassinated by the Radical group People’s Will in 1881.
This assassination led to a period of intensive repression by Alexander III and his successor, Nicholas II. Censorship
Control of church and education
Spies and informers
Imprisonment and exile
Revived and intensified Russification
Sponsored pogroms (riots that massacred Jewish minorities)
This suppression and overturning of Alexander II’s reforms had much opposition
The new working class in the cities were ready audiences for the liberals and radicals seeking change in Russia.
Terrorism increased.
1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War over territories in China and Korea was a humiliating Russian defeat at the hands of Japan. Showed Russia as corrupt and inefficient
Spurred discontented groups to action
Bloody Sunday – January 22, 1905: tsarist troops shot at strikers attempting to deliver a petition to the tsar Directly led to the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Revolution of 1905
Worker strike and held demonstrations
Violent street fighting broke out
Small mutinies in the army and navy
To regain control, the tsar:
Issued a decree called the October Manifesto promising individual liberties and an elected parliament (Duma)
Repressed demonstrations
Executed leaders of the Revolution
Revolution of 1905 failed because
Army loyal to Nicholas II
French, bound by an alliance, loaned money to Nicholas
Revolutionary groups were divided in their goals.
Radicals disagreed amongst themselves
Moderates feared Radical demands.
Nicholas II didn’t change:
Still an absolute autocrat
Still using corrupt & inefficient officials
Example of corrupt officials: Rasputin was a court official and Russian Orthodox
priest/monk in Romanov Russia, and held influence over the royal family.
(He had “healed” Nicholas II’s son Alexei and so won the favor of the Romanov family.)
Said he had visions of the future of Russia, one of which sent Nicholas II to take charge of the armed forces even though he had no training
This left Nicholas II’s wife, Alexandra, and Rasputin in control of government at home.
Alexandra was distrusted because of her German heritage
Rasputin was corrupt
further turned the people against the tsar.
Russia was also facing severe economic problems
Despite rapid industrialization, it was still the most backward European nation.
Debt, taxes, and rents kept most peasants in poverty
World War I
Showed Russian weakness:
Not enough railroads and good roads
Industrially behind:
Industry could not equip or supply the army
Cut off from outside supplies by Ottomans
Russian troops were badly led.
Russia was suffering high casualties in war.
All told - 1.7 million dead, 5 million wounded or disabled, and 2 million taken prisoner
In Feb. 1917, strikes and street demonstrations broke out in Petrograd over food shortages.
This time, the army joined the rioters, so Nicholas II had no support.
Nicholas II abdicated on March 15, ending the 300 year old Romanov dynasty.
A liberal provisional government was established until a constitutional assembly could be elected to establish a new permanent system of government.
A liberal provisional government was established until a constitutional assembly could be elected to establish a new permanent system of government.
Between March and October, the provisional government was reorganized four times.
“Soviets,” those elected councils that had first originated as strike committees in 1905, surfaced all over Russia and wielded considerable power through control of factories and segments of the military. Created an ongoing source of chaos and upheaval in
Russian government.
By September 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, had achieved majorities in the Petrograd and Moscow soviets and won increasing support among the hungry urban workers and soldiers. In October they staged a coup (the
"October Revolution"), occupying government buildings and strategic points.
The congress of soviets approved the formation of a new government composed mainly of Bolsheviks
During the coup in October, 1917, the Bolsheviks stormed the Winter Palace.
Bolsheviks storming of the Winter Palace
The Bolsheviks capitalized on the government’s insistence on continuing the war, its inability to feed the population, and its refusal to undertake land reform
One of their first acts were to ended Russia’s involvement in WWI by signing the treaty of Brest-Litorsk with Germany on March 3, 1918
1922 poster declaring“Starvation is strangling Russia”
Vladimir Lenin had studied Marxism. In contrast to Marx, Lenin viewed the industrial
working class as incapable of developing the proper revolutionary consciousness that would lead to effective political action
Lenin believed the industrial proletariat (working class) would require the leadership of a well-organized and highly disciplined party to serve as the catalyst for revolution and the realization of a socialist society Marx – communism with no government Lenin – communism brought by government
Lenin advocated transfer of legal authority to the soviets and uncompromising opposition to the war
Civil War The Bolsheviks (the “Reds”) and their
opponents (the “Whites”) fought a civil war from 1918 to 1921
Lenin established Moscow as his capital and initiated the “Red Terror” against the “Whites” In July 1918, the Bolsheviks executed Nicholas II
and his family to prevent them from being manipulated by the Whites.
Secret police killed 200,000 of Lenin’s opponents
Civil War cont’d…
Britain, France, Japan, and the US all sent troops and supplies to aid the Whites, but the Whites were defeated in 1921
Over 10 million are estimated to have died in Russia’s civil war.
1919 Bolshevik poster showing the three White generals as vicious dogs under the control of the US, France and Britain.
War Communism During the civil war, the Bolsheviks
adopted a hasty and unplanned course of nationalization called “war communism” which led government to: assume control of banks, industry, and privately
held commercial property
Seize landed estates and church property
Abolish private trade
War Communism cont’d…
By 1921, industrial production fell 90% and agricultural output was down 50% Workers went on strike
Demobilized soldiers flooded the workforce
Peasants rebelled
Clearly Lenin had to do something
1920 Bolshevik poster entitled “The Last Battle” shows a Red Army soldier knocking a capitalist businessman off
the world.
New Economic Policy Lenin knew he needed to win back the workers Implemented the “New Economic Policy” in
1921 to radically reverse war communism Effectively brought back capitalism to some
sectors of Russian economy Elements of New Economic Policy (NEP)
Peasants could sell surplus grain after gov’t takes 50%
Small factories handed back to private ownership Private trading of small goods allowed
However, Lenin died in 1924 before the New Economic Plan could get a decent chance to work
After Lenin’s death, a struggle for power ensued and Joseph Stalin emerged in control in 1928
Lenin’s body on display in Moscow
Five-Year Plan Once Stalin took over, he replaced Lenin’s New
Economic Plan with his first Five-Year Plan in 1929 Designed to transform the Soviet Union from a
predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power
Set targets for increased productivity in all spheres of the economy, especially heavy machinery and oil, at the expense of consumer goods
Collectivization- private farms were eliminated and government began to own all the land
Even though consumer goods were almost non-existent, full employment in the midst of Global Depression made a centrally planned economy appear like this look good.
Stalin consolidated power by inciting a civil war within his own party to remove opposition
Between 1935 and 1938 he removed all people suspected of opposition from their positions of authority By 1939, 8 million Soviet
citizens were in labor camps and 3 million were dead
Joseph Stalin(1879-1953)
SSWH 17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies
between World War I and World War II.
c. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and Asia by comparing the policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf
Hitler in Germany, and Hirohito in Japan.
Definition: a political movement that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition
Characteristics of Fascist Philosophy Nationalism
Disdain for human rights
Identification of enemies as unifying cause
Militarism
Sexism
Controlled mass media
National security protected
Religion tied to government
Protection of corporations
Labor power suppressed
Crime and punishment
Corruption
Fraudulent elections
Relied on dictatorial rule and totalitarian regime. State maintains rigid control of the people through force
and censorship.
All authority belongs to the state and individual rights were subordinate to it.
Communism v. Fascism Communism seeks socialist economy and internal
revolution.
Fascism is nationalistic and appeals to the middle class while promising to preserve existing social classes. Defends private property ownership
After WWI, Germany and Italy faced a number of problems:
Heavy loss of life
Crushing burden of debt
High unemployment
Runaway inflation
In Italy, these conditions resulted in violent strikes with which the constitutional monarchy seemed unable to effectively deal.
Then came Benito Mussolini.
Mussolini was an extreme nationalist and was kicked out of the Italian Socialist Party, so he began his Fascist Party with a doctrine called fascism.
Supporters:
appealed to demobilized soldiers and other nationalists
attracted professionals, wealthy landowners, and businesspeople because of its opposition to communism. This second group of supporters helped finance fascism’s rise.
Gained support from the lower middle classes who were hurt by unemployment and inflation.
Recognized the appeal of anticommunism (Italians saw the Russian Revolution and didn’t want it to happen in Italy) Promised to prevent a proletarian revolution
Stood for protection of private property and middle class
Proposed collaboration between labor and management to restore the economy
Stressed national prestige, pledging to return Italy to the military glories of the Roman Empire.
Began a violent campaign against opponents (socialists and communists)
October 1922 – Black Shirt groups from all over Italy came to Rome to “defend Italy against a communist revolution.”
The king did not respond to Parliament’s request for martial law, so his cabinet resigned. The he was advised to appoint Mussolini premier and ask him to head a coalition government.
Once in office, Mussolini began to destroy democracy. Appointed Fascists to all government positions in central government
and in the provinces Pushed a new election law that gave the party who got most votes
would get 2/3 of the seats in the lower house of Parliament. 1924 – Fascists won election
1925 – Mussolini made head of government accountable to no one. Took title of il Duce
Governmental Policies: (Now it was all dictatorship) Disbanned opposition political parties
Suspended freedom of speech, press, assembly and trial by jury.
Gov’t controlled labor unions
Strikes were outlawed
Uniformed and secret police spied everywhere
Mussolini was commander-in-chief of all military and police
King was a figure head. All power was in the Grand Council of Fascist Party with Mussolini as head.
Economic Policies: Representation in gov’t was based on occupation or
profession
Country’s major economic activities were formed into syndicates (corporations) Set wages and prices and working conditions
Private property still allowed
Profit still allowed
Labor unions and capitalists had to submit to Mussolini
In addition, Mussolini strengthened army and navyand increased arms. – to reduce unemployment and add military strength.
After World War I, Germany declared itself a republic, called the Weimar Republic President and 2 house parliament elected by universal
suffrage. President appointed the chancellor (prime minister)
Not popular with the people, was just a way to prevent revolution like Russia had experience.
Had problems High unemployment
Soaring inflation (1 trillion marks to make 25 cents)
Two attempted revolutions by socialists and communists
Weak government
After WW I, the German Workers Party started 1920 – changed name to National Socialist German
Workers Party (Nazi) Extremely nationalistic
Violently anticommunist
Attracted wealthy business leaders and landowners in Germany because of its promise to protect Germany from communism.
1921 – Hitler joins Nazi party in Munich and helped with an uprising in Munich in 1923, which got him jail time In prison, he wrote Mein Kampf, which expressed the spirit
of the Nazi movement.
Hitler was a talented speaker and used radio to spread his message. His emotional speeches attracted enthusiastic listeners. He expressed feelings that many Germans identified with:
Frustration
Bitterness
Patriotism
Humiliated
People felt eager to follow a leader that might restore Germany’s lost glory.
Hitler’s promises:
Repeal the Treaty of Versailles (especially the War Guilt Clause)
Restore Germany’s armaments
Regain all its lost territory and colonies to build a “greater Germany”
Protect against communism.
He added
Racial doctrine: Master race Aryans – all others are inferior.
Rise to power:
Election of 1930 won lots of voters to Nazi party (result of Great Depression & fear of communism)
January 1933 – President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor
Hitler then used the Nazi private army to intimidate the Reichstag.
February 1933 – Hitler given emergency powers to deal with a perceived “communist revolt”
Hitler used these powers to make himself dictator.
Once in power, Hitler became der Fuhrer
Hitler turned Germany into a police state:
Banned opposition parties
Banned labor unions,
Banned opposition newspapers
Created Gestapo – secret police with wide range powers
Opposition (liberals, socialists and communists) ended up dead or in concentration camps, as did “inferior” races
Began rearming
1935 openly violated the Treaty of Versailles
Emperor Hirohito in Japan
Was the longest reigning emperor in Japanese history – from 1926-1989
Saw Japan through Depression, World War II, Occupation, Cold War, and the Rise of Modern Japan.
Disputes over how he actually exercised power
History following World War II showed Hirohito as simply a figurehead with no real power – all decisions were by a cabinet.
Recent historians have found primary sources that support a fascist image of Hirohito – controlling people through influence and relationships.
Examples of Hirohito’s Facism
Nationalism – supported the idea of a strong Japan underthe authority of a divine right emperor.
Identification of enemies as unifying cause – protect Japan from Soviets, Westerners
Militarism – built a strong military for protection of Japan from Western powerhouses
Controlled mass media – controlled the news and images released to his people
National security protected – taught that the only way to protect Japan was to be aggressive; used secret police
Religion tied to government – used the state religion to portray faithfulness to gods tied to faithfulness to state
SSWH 17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies
between World War I and World War II.
d. Analyze the rise of nationalism as seen in the ideas of Sun Yat Sen, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and Mohandas Gandhi.
Definition: a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or groups
Country: China
known as "The Father of the Revolution" or "The Father of the Republic."
As a revolutionary, he lived most of his life in disappointment.
Struggled for twenty years to bring a nationalist and democratic revolution to China
finally triumphed with the establishment of the Chinese Republic in 1912 with him as president, but it was taken from him by the dictatorial and ambitious Yüan Shih-kai.
He died in 1925, with China in ruins, torn by the anarchy and violence of competing warlords.
His ideas, however, fueled the revolutionary fervor of the early twentieth century and became the basis of the Nationalist government established by Chiang Kai-shek in 1928.
His Ideas:
revolution based on 3 principles
Nationalism: Chinese government should be in the hands of the Chinese rather than a foreigners (Remember: Qing dynasty were Manchus)
Democracy: Government should be republican and democratically elected
Equalization: government should equalize wealth and land among the people
His ideas cont’d…
Government divided into five separate branches:
Executive
Legislative
Judicial
Censorate
Civil service system
never really instituted in Nationalist China.
Democracy was based on the "four powers of the people."
the right to vote;
the right to recall;
the power of initiative (the power to initiate legislation);
the power of referendum (the power to amend an old law).
His ideas cont’d…
Thought people of China were not ready to be a democracy so he developed a period of training called the "Three Stages of Revolution."
1st stage: military autocracy rule to get completely rid of imperial government.
2nd stage: political tutelage - military autocracy that trains people in democracy on local level
3rd stage: national democracy.
Sun's stages of revolution were the first theories of "guided democracy" to emerge in Asia and became a powerful tool under the Communists.
Country: part of Ottoman Empire that became Turkey
Founding father of the Turkish Republic.
A participant in the Young Turk movement: illegal political activities against the despotism of Ottoman Sultan
Atatürk diagnosed the bad condition of their society as caused by its political structure and prescribed a restructuring.
Atatürk participated with partisan politics until he realized that factionalism based on military membership in political societies would undermine the fighting capacity and discipline of the armed forces.
devoted himself to military writing and fighting. He was active in quelling uprisings in the capital (1909) and Albania (1910), as well as in the defense of Ottoman Libya against Italy (1911–1912).
The disastrous Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 accelerated his conversion to Turkish nationalism
Atatürk emerged from WWI acknowledged as one of the youngest and most outstanding commanders and accorded prestige and popularity at home.
Fighting against Allied attempts to dismember what remained of the Ottoman empire, Atatürk supervised resistance by establishing an alternative national assembly to represent the resisting Turkey.
Believed that a nation's right to full independence is fought for, not granted
Led to the Turkish National Struggle of 1919–1922
Republic of Turkey created in 1923 with Atatürk as president.
concentrated on advancing his nationalist revolution to transform Turkey into a modern, democratic, nation-state through a plan called Six Arrows:
Republicanism: no monarch, people to vote
Nationalism: taking pride in the country
Populism: belief in the rights of common people
Reformism: policy of constantly reforming
Statism: highly centralized gov’t controlling economics
Secularism: rejection of restricting religion
Examples of his Reforms
Abolishing the Caliphate (March 1924).
Closed theological schools
Replaced the Shariah law of Islam with the new law codes separating church & state.
Controlled media & education:
Converted written Turkish from an Arabic script to a modified Latin alphabet by law.
made it impossible for Turks to read any of the Ottoman history, manuscripts or literature, except as translated by a tightly controlled academia and media
All the citizens from six to forty year old were made to attend school and learn the new alphabet.
Country: India
most influential figure of modern Indian politics
became the symbol of Indian nationalism
was given the status of the Father of the Nation after India achieved independence in 1947.
His doctrine of non-violent protest to achieve political and social progress has been hugely influential.
Trained as a lawyer and worked in an Indian law firm located in South Africa.
was appalled by the treatment of Indian immigrants
joined the struggle to obtain basic rights for them.
sent to prison many times.
Developed satyagraha – "truth force" – a method of non-violent protest to help fight for those rights.
His method of non-violence in the Indian struggle for basic human rights was highly idealistic. Had the following components:
Do not reject rule of law as a principle
Break those laws which were unreasonable or suppressive.
Accept punishment for having violated the law.
Reject calmly and with determination the legitimacy of the law in question.
By 1914, British authorities made concessions to many of Gandhi’s requests.
In 1915, he returned to India and within a few years became the leader of a nationwide struggle for Indian home rule.
During his lifetime, Gandhi commanded influence hitherto unattained by any political leader in India.
refashioned the Indian National Congress into an effective political instrument of Indian nationalism
worked for Hindu-Muslim unity
undertook major campaigns of nonviolent resistance to British imperialism in 1920–22, 1930–34, and 1940–42.
campaigned to end discrimination against India's untouchable class
concentrated on educating rural India and promoting cottage industry.
Gandhi made moral Truth central to his leadership, which was able to create a national mood, which cut across castes, classes, religions, and regional loyalties.
This at times led him to limit the more radical aspects of nationalist aspirations of some within the Congress and outside it.
Gandhi was opposed to Western modernization as a model for India's development.
Looked more to India's villages and self-sufficient rural communities for inspiration in the economic sphere.
Gandhi's most significant contribution to Indian politics was perhaps his belief in the strength of ordinary people.
Gandhi was able to mobilize the Indian people primarily because the demands his politics made upon the individual were not extraordinary.
His insistence on non-violence which underpinned his campaigns of civil disobedience (satyagrah) allowed people to participate in national politics in many different ways—none of which necessarily required a break with people's daily lives.
India achieved dominion status in 1947
partition of the subcontinent into India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim) was a great disappointment to Gandhi
violence erupted when stranded Muslims and Hindu minorities in the divided areas tried to move
Within a few weeks, half a million people had died.
Gandhi vowed to fast until the violence stopped, which it did in September 1947 when his health was seriously threatened.
In January 1948 he was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic for his pro-Muslim sympathies.
SSWH 17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies
between World War I and World War II.
e. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police state that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy and how they differ
from authoritarian governments.
Totalitarianism Both AuthoritarianismGoal: Create a new world order
Strong centralized dictatorialgovernment (one individual or a small elite group)
Goal: Preserve existingsocial order
Has a guiding ideology Exercises power within recognized limits
Erases distinction between state & society by controlling attitudes, values, and beliefs –making all people alike
Controls all aspects of economic and political life
Tolerates pluralism
Interest of nation over interests of individuals
Mobilizes people for nationalistic goal
Remember the Russian Revolution and the Bolshevik Party’s goal for Russia.
They overthrew the 300 year old Romanov dynasty and created a completely new government.
Within a short period of 22 years (1917-1939) Russia was almost completely transformed into a 'modern' nation.
Politically: controlled by the Communist Party, which in turn was dominated by Stalin.
Economically: from agricultural country to modernized and industrialized country.
Socially: the nobles and the landlords were gone. A totalitarian society with the Communist Party controlling every aspect of life of its citizens did spring into being. Under the party, everyone is supposed to be equal.
Militarily: Russian military force could stand up to German attack during the WWII.
All in all, the Communist rule has given a new sense of purpose to almost all Russians.
Hitler created a totalitarian state in Germany.
Characteristics of his Totalitarian state
ran and censored the media (radio, newspapers, & film)
Used propaganda to brainwash people to believe everything the government told them: (media, fliers, posters & public meetings like rallies)
Used secret police to find enemies of the state.
publicly humiliate or torture enemies
Imprison, exile or put people in concentration camps without trial
People did not question decisions, no matter how absurd they appeared to be. It was evident that working against the party, or even being perceived as a potential threat would lead to prison or worse Through careful coercion, manipulation and misleading information the authorities could, and did, do as they pleased as the people either knew nothing about actions being taken or were too afraid to speak out about them.
Fascism is the totalitarian government that arose in Italy
It took root because the liberal parliamentary regime could not solve the problems arising from the WWI.
Under the stress of economic hardships and social unrest, the propertied class turned to support the Fascists.
Mussolini maintained power by imposing a strict control of the political, economic, social life of the Italian people.
Created a long period of stable government but they were deprived of political liberty and economic advancement.
Italy remained a poor and backward country.
SSWH 17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies
between World War I and World War II.
f. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World War IIin Europe and Asia; include the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, The Spanish Civil War, the rape of Nanjing in China, and the
German annexation of the Sudentenland.
Italy wished to expand and link its holdings in the Horn of Africa.
Italy expected they could do this without punishment
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935
Goal: create a new Roman empire
Germany offered to help
Started alliance (Rome-Berlin Axis) between Italy and Germany.
Italy attacked Ethiopia from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland without a declaration of war.
League of Nations declared Italy an aggressor but took no effective action.
Within 7 months, Italy had annexed Ethiopia
Effects: undermine the credibility of
League of Nations
encourage Fascist Italy to ally itself with Nazi Germany.
a major conflict devastating Spain from July 1936 to April 1939.
Started as an attempted coup by a group of army generals against the republican government of Spain. The generals were supported by conservatives,
monarchists, and fascists (Italy & Germany).
Allowed Germany to try out their new air force.
Outcome: overthrow of the republican government
founding of a fascist dictatorship under General Francisco Franco
Robert Capa's "Loyalist Militiaman at
the Moment of Death, Cerro
Muriano, September 5, 1936." General Francisco Franco
Japan had taken Manchuria from the Chinese in 1931.
Chinese tried to appease Japan by allowing them to govern in the North, but now Japan wanted more.
Japanese attacked and seized Nanjing in December 1937.
For six weeks period afterward hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped by Japanese soldiers.
Fostered bitterness between Japan and China.
September 15, 1938
Hitler demanded the Sudentenland section of Czechoslovakia because German’s lived there.
Threatened war if it was not given to him.
British, French, Germans and Italians met in Munich to decide:
Allowed Hitler to control
Height of Western appeasement policy
Hitler promised not to make many more demands
