STAGE 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Property Part of Lot 28, Concession 4,

Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

Prepared for:

TTC Engineering & Construction c/o Marcello Favaro 1900 Yonge Street

Toronto, Ontario M4S 1Z2 Tel: 416-397-8336

Marcello.favaro@ttc.ca

Prepared by:

URS Canada Inc. Consulting Engineers & Geoscientists

30 Leek Crescent, 4th Floor Richmond Hill, ON

L4B 4N4 Tel: 905-882-4401

www.urs.ca

Licensee: Glenn Kearsley [Licence #P123]

PIF # P123-0260-2014

(Associated PIF’s P123-0230-2014)

August 21, 2014 Project Number: 32969153.pearch Report Type: Original

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report details the rationale, methods and results of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment for the proposed TTC Bus Garage property located at the northeast corner of Kennedy Road and McNicoll Avenue in the in the City of Toronto. The assessment was conducted on behalf of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) under Ontario Regulation 231/08 Transit Project Assessment Process in preparation for the future McNicoll Bus Garage construction. The parcel is bounded by Kennedy Road to the west, McNicoll Avenue to the south, a Canadian National Railway corridor to the east and commercial development to the north. The property is approximately 8.5 hectares in size.

A Stage 1 archaeological assessment was previously conducted by URS Canada Inc. for the study area in 2014. The result of this assessment indicated that the subject property contained moderate to high archaeological potential for both 19th century Euro-Canadian and pre-contact Aboriginal sites. Therefore, URS Canada recommended that the property be subject to a Stage 2 archaeological assessment prior to any future construction projects (URS Canada 2014). URS Canada completed this Stage 2 assessment on August 8, 2014. It consisted of test pitting and pedestrian survey at 5m intervals within the study area. No significant archaeological resources were identified.

In light of these considerations, URS Canada recommends the following:

1) That this study area be cleared of further archaeological concern, as no

archaeological materials were found as a result of this Stage 2 assessment.

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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URS CANADA INC.

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Director: Charlton Carscallen, M.A. [P088] Project Administrator: Glenn Kearsley, M.A. [P123] Field Director: Emily Game, B.A. [R307] Field Technicians: Emily Meikle

Alex Mullan Colin Yu Report Production: Melissa Wallace, M.A. [R496] Emily Game GIS Analysis: Michael Collins, B.Sc. Report Reviewer: Rebecca Gray, B.A. [R452]

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... i

1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Development Context ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Historical Context ...................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Archaeological Context ............................................................................................. 2

2.0 FIELD METHODS AND RECORD OF FINDS ....................................................................... 3

2.1 Stage 2 Survey ............................................................................................. 3

3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................... 5

4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................... 6

5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION ............................................................... 7

6.0 REFERENCES CITED .......................................................................................................... 8

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A : Figures .................................................................................................................... 9 Appendix B: Photo Plates ........................................................................................................... 13

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Percentage of Field Survey Techniques Used Within the Study Area ............................. 4 Table 2: Inventory of Field Documentary Record .......................................................................... 4

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of Study Area ................................................................................................ 10 Figure 2: Location of Study Area in Relation to the Historical Maps for Township of Scarboro

(Miles & Co. 1878). .................................................................................................... 11 Figure 3: Results of Stage 2 Assessment with Photo Plate Locations ........................................ 12

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Development Context

In 2014, URS Canada conducted a Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the TTC McNicoll Bus Garage property located northeast of the intersection of Kennedy Road and McNicoll Avenue in the City of Toronto, Ontario (Figure 1). The work was done for the City of Toronto Transit Commission under Ontario Regulation 231/08 Transit Project Assessment Process in preparation for the future construction of the McNicoll Bus Garage in this location. The study area is bounded by Kennedy Road to the west, McNicoll Avenue to the south, a Canadian National Rail corridor to the east and commercial development to the north. It is approximately 8.5 hectares in size. A Stage 1 archaeological assessment was previously conducted by URS Canada Inc. for the study area in 2014. The result of this assessment indicated that the subject property contained moderate to high archaeological potential for both 19th century Euro-Canadian and pre-contact Aboriginal sites due to the proximity of nearby watercourses, historic travel routes, and a previously registered site. Therefore, URS Canada recommended that the property be subject to a Stage 2 archaeological assessment prior to any future construction projects (URS Canada 2014). The Stage 2 archaeological assessment was carried out under the project direction of Charlton Carscallen [licence #P088] (URS Canada) and under archaeological licence #P123 issued to Glenn Kearsley (URS Canada) in accordance with the provisions of the Ontario Heritage Act (2005) and with the Ontario’s Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s (MTCS) Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011). Stage 2 survey was completed on August 8th, 2014 in order to document any archaeological resources on the property. Permission to access the subject property and to remove and curate artifacts was granted by the TTC and no conditions were placed on this access. URS Canada accepts responsibility for the long term curation of any artifacts recovered as a result of the assessment. This report provides the results of the Stage 2 assessment and provides a recommendation.

1.2 Historical Context

A detailed description of the property’s historical context is provided in the Stage 1 report (URS Canada 2014), and therefore is only summarized here. As noted, the subject property is located on Lot 28, Concession 4 in the Geographic Township of Scarborough, in the Historic County of York (Figure 2). The 200 acres of Lot 28 was originally patented by Andrew Thomson, on May 17, 1802 (Boyle 1896:291). According to the historic mapping of 1878, the southwestern portion of the lot was then occupied by Hugh Clark while the southeastern portion was owned by Elias Wood (Miles & Co., 1878). Both of these homesteads and orchards are depicted on the historic mapping and are well south of the subject property (Figure 2). The northern

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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1/3 of the lot was owned by Simon Miller where a 1 ½ story frame house and an orchard were located on the northwestern corner of the Lot, outside the study area. The subject property falls primarily within the portions of the historic Lots owned by Miller and Wood. The 1878 Historic County Atlas indicates that the study area was largely used for agricultural purposes at that time. Documentary sources corroborate that farming was the profession of the majority of inhabitants in the Township of Scarborough from the time of settlement of the area in the early 19th into the 20th Century (Miles & Co., 1878 and Census of Canada 1861, 1871). Located immediately east of the subject property, between Lots 27 and 28, is the Ontario and Quebec Railway, which was opened in 1884. A station for this line was located south of the subject property, in Agincourt (Robinson 1885).

1.3 Archaeological Context

Physiography and Current Conditions of the Subject Property The TTC McNicoll Bus Garage property is located in the South Slope physiographic region of southern Ontario. The South Slope is comprised of the southern edge of the Oak Ridges Moraine. This physiographic region is underlain by carbonate rich Palaeozoic rock with a variety of overlying glacial deposits. In the region of the study area, the slope is smoothed, faintly drumlinized and intersected by tributaries to the Humber, Rouge and Don Rivers (Chapman and Putman 1984: 173). Soils in this part of the region are Woburn loam and are considered to be very productive for farming.

The subject property consists of an ‘L’ shaped parcel of land approximately 8.5 hectares in size. The property immediately northeast of the intersection of McNicoll Avenue and Kennedy Road (and southwest of the subject property) is occupied by a multi-story residential complex and a private business facing Kennedy Road (Figure 1). The study area itself consists of relatively flat, fallow field that was in agricultural use until fairly recently. There are clusters of brush and trees along the perimeter and a windbreak stand of trees separating the southern field from the northern field. A bus access loop enters the property on the southern end from McNicoll Avenue. Disturbance related to the removal of a structure which once faced Kennedy Road is also visible in the northwestern portion of the study area; gravel and modern debris are visible on the surface of the ploughed field as well as in the test pit profiles (see below).

The Rouge River lies approximately 7km to the east of the subject property while L’Amoreaux pond and creek lie approximately 0.5km to the east. L’Amoreaux forms headwaters of the Bendale tributary and is part of the City of Toronto Highland Creek Watershed.

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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Previous Archaeological Research

In order to compile an inventory of archaeology resources for the study area, three sources of information were accessed: the site record forms for registered sites housed at the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, published and unpublished documentary sources. In Ontario, information concerning archaeological sites is stored in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD) maintained by the MTCS. This database contains archaeological registered sites within the Borden system. Under the Borden system, Canada has been divided into grid blocks based on longitude and latitude. A Borden block is approximately 13 kilometres east to west, and approximately 18.5 kilometres north to south. Each Borden block is referred by a four letter designation and sites located within the block are numbered sequentially as they are found. The McNicoll Bus Garage study area is located in Borden Block AkGt.

According to the OASD (MTCS 2014), there is only one site previously registered within 1 kilometre of the study area. The Alexandra site (AkGt-53) is located less than 500 metres from the northwest corner of the study area. It is a Late Woodland Iroquoian village that was approximately 2.5 hectares in size and consisted of 17 longhouses, 29 features, 3 middens and numerous palisades. This site was subject to Stage 4 mitigation by Archaeological Services Inc. (2008) and is no longer of archaeological concern.

Aside from the aforementioned Stage 1 assessment by URS Canada (P123-0230-2014), only one previous archaeological study has been done within 50m of the subject property (MTCS 2014). This is the 2008 Stage 1-2 AA of The Scrillion Developments Inc. Property, Kennedy Road and McNicoll Avenue, City of Toronto that was conducted by Archaeological Assessments Ltd. (Sutton 2008). No archaeological materials were found.

2.0 FIELD METHODS AND RECORD OF FINDS

2.1 Stage 2 Survey

URS Canada conducted the Stage 2 assessment of the study area for the TTC McNicoll Bus Garage on August 8, 2014 under the field direction of Emily Game [R307]. The Stage 2 assessment followed the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011a), including those related to weather and lighting conditions which were sunny and warm with a temperature of 26 degrees Celsius. Because of the varied conditions within the study area, the Field Director divided the property into Sections (A-F) in order to better describe the Stage 2 methods and results. Sections A and F (represented in red and black on Figure 3) of the study area consisted of ploughed and well weathered agricultural fields with excellent visibility (approximately 90%) (Plates 1-4). Both Sections were subject to pedestrian survey at 5 metre intervals as per Section 2.1.1 of the Standards and Guidelines (MTCS 2011). The soil in Section A was comprised of a medium brown

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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sandy loam. Section F was also comprised of a medium brown sandy loam, but large amounts of gravel, concrete and modern debris were also visible on the surface.

Sections B and C were the only sections to be test pitted. Test pits were excavated a minimum of 30 cm by 30 cm in diameter and extended at least 5cm into sterile subsoil, as per Section 2.1.2, Standards 5-6 of the Standards and Guidelines (MTCS 2011). All soil was screened through 6mm (¼”) mesh and each test pit was backfilled upon completion. The sides and bottom of each test pit were inspected for soil stratigraphy. Section B was an overgrown area that could not be ploughed due to the presence of intermittent ground water. Instead, the dry sections were subject to test pit survey at 5m intervals. Soil in Section B was comprised of medium to dark brown sandy loam and a light brown sandy subsoil at a depth of 25 – 30cm. Due to the heavy disturbance that was visible in Section C (represented in green on Figure 3), and following Section 2.1.8 of the Standards and Guidelines (MTCS 2011), this area was judgementally test pitted at 10m intervals to establish the limits and nature of the disturbance. Disturbed test pits contained mottled dark brown loam topsoil and yellow subsoil, gravel, concrete and modern debris. The soil profiles observed suggested that the majority of the Section C had been disturbed by past grading and infill episodes presumably associated with the former residence in this portion of the property.

Section D (represented in blue on Figure 3) consisted of a low, permanently wet area and was not test pitted. Section E (represented in brown on Figure 3) was visually assessed and determined to be disturbed by previous road construction and grading activities. Table 1 lists the percentage of field survey techniques used within the study area. No archaeological materials were found during the Stage 2 assessment. This archaeological assessment was carried out in anticipation of future development; therefore detailed design mapping was not available at the time of this study. Aerial photographs from 2012 have been used for base mapping instead of a detailed plan.

Table 1: Percentage of Field Survey Techniques Used Within the Study Area

Survey Method Hectares %

Disturbed, judgmentally test pitted 0.150

1.770956

Pedestrian Survey at 5 m Intervals 7.500

88.54782

Test Pit Survey at 5 m Intervals 0.500

5.903188

Visually disturbed 0.250

2.951594

Wet 0.070

0.826446

Totals 8.470 100

TABLE 2: INVENTORY OF FIELD DOCUMENTARY RECORD

Maps Field notes Photo/GPS logs Approx. number of photos 1 Field Maps General Field Notes 1/0 25

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

A Stage 1 background study was undertaken by URS Canada for the proposed McNicoll Bus Garage property, located at the northeast corner of Kennedy Road and McNicoll Avenue in the in the City of Toronto (Figure 1). The assessment was done on behalf of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) under Ontario Regulation 231/08 Transit Project Assessment Process in preparation for the future construction of the McNicoll Bus Garage. The Stage 1 assessment identified the subject property as containing moderate to high archaeological potential and therefore recommended that a Stage 2 assessment be carried out prior to any construction disturbance (URS Canada 2014). URS Canada conducted the Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the subject property on August 8, 2014. The survey consisted of both the pedestrian survey of ploughed fields and the test pitting survey of forested and scrub lands that could not be ploughed. The results of the Stage 2 field survey revealed that the some of the subject property consisted of disturbed or graded lands associated with previous construction / infill activities. No archaeological resources were found as a result of the Stage 2 assessment.

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4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

In light of these considerations, URS Canada makes the following recommendation: 1) That this study area be cleared of further archaeological concern, as no

archaeological materials were found as a result of this Stage 2 assessment.

The above recommendations are subject to Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport approval, and it is an offence to alter any archaeological site without MTCS concurrence. No grading or other activities that may result in the destruction or disturbance of an archaeological site are permitted until notice of Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport approval has been received.

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5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

Standard Clauses

a) This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licencing in accordance with Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

b) It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such a time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

c) Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

d) The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990, c.C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

Documentation related to the archaeological assessment of this project (including the contact information of the cemetery landowner) will be curated by URS Canada until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to Her Majesty the Queen in right of Ontario, or other public institution, can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner, the Ontario Ministry of Culture, and any other legitimate interest groups.

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6.0 REFERENCES CITED

Archaeological Services Inc, 2004 A Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the City of Toronto (Interim

Report). Prepared by Archaeological Services Inc. in association with Cuesta Systems Inc., Commonwealth Historic Resources Management Limited, Golder Associates, and Historica Research Limited. Available at www.toronto.ca/culture.

Boyle, David

1896 The Township of Scarobo. William Briggs, Toronto, Ontario. Mercer and Pelham

1885 History of Toronto and County of York Ontario; Containing an Outline of the History of the Dominion of Canada, A history of the City of Toronto and the County of York, with the Townships, Towns, Villages, Churches, Schools, General and Local Statistics, Biographical Sketches Etc. Volume II. C. Blackett Robinson, Toronto, Ontario.

Miles & Co.

1878 Illustrated historical atlas of the county of York and the township of West Gwillimbury & town of Bradford in the county of Simcoe, Ont. Toronto, Ontario.

Ministry of Tourism and Culture

1997 Archaeology, Land Use Planning and Development in Ontario. Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture, Toronto.

2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Cultural Programs Branch, Archaeology and Planning Unit, Toronto.

2014 Sites within a One Kilometre Radius of the Subject Property Provided from the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database, August 21, 2014

Robinson, C. Blackett

1885 A History of Toronto and County of York. Toronto, Ontario. Sutton, Rick

2008 Archaeological Assessments Ltd.: A Stage 1-2 AA of The Scrillion Developments Inc. Property, Kennedy Road and McNicoll Avenue, City of Toronto.

URS Canada,

2014 TTC McNicoll Bus Garage, Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarboro (Now Scarborough), County of York (Now the City of Toronto), Ontario, Class Environmental Assessment and Preliminary Design Study. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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APPENDIX A : FIGURES

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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FIGURE 2: LOCATION OF STUDY AREA IN RELATION TO THE HISTORICAL MAPS FOR TOWNSHIP OF SCARBORO (MILES & CO. 1878).

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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FIGURE 3: RESULTS OF STAGE 2 ASSESSMENT WITH PHOTO PLATE LOCATIONS

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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APPENDIX B: PHOTO PLATES

Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment TTC McNicoll Bus Garage Part of Lot 28, Concession 4, Geographic Township of Scarborough, County of York, (now the City of Toronto), Ontario

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Plate 1: Overview of Section A; facing west. Plate 2: Gravel and modern debris on surface of Section F, facing east

Plate 3: Overview of Section A, facing south Plate 4: Crew at work in Section A, view to south

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Plate 5: View to southwest of dirt and debris piles in Section C

Plate 6: Example of disturbed test pit in Section C

Plate 7: Crew at work in Section C, facing southwest

Plate 8: View of mounded dirt in Section C, facing east

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Plate 9: Example of disturbance in Section C: gravel on surface

Plate 10: View to east of low and wet area in Section D, not tested

Plate 11: Crew test pitting Section B, facing west

Plate 12: Typical test pit in Section B