Stairways and Ladders Welcome! - OSHA 10-Hour and OSHA … · – Stairway and ladder protection...

Introduction

• Stairways and Ladders • Welcome!

– This course will cover basic elements of stairway and ladder safety in construction.

– The training session should take about 35 minutes to complete.

– Click on the forward arrow to begin your training.

Introduction

• Objectives • Upon completion, you should be familiar

with: – Stairway and ladder protection

• Relevant OSHA standards • Why standards exist • What is covered

Introduction New

• Learning Objectives • Upon completion of this training session, the

student will be able to: – 1: Identify major stairway & ladder hazards – 2: Describe types of stairway & ladder hazards – 3: Protect him/herself from stairway & ladder hazards – 4: Recognize employer requirements to protect workers

from stairway & ladder hazards TIP: Disclaimer: This Compliance Assistance product is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. The Compliance Assistance product is advisory in nature, informational in content, and is intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. Pursuant to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers must comply with safety and health standards promulgated by OSHA or by a State with an OSHA-approved State Plan. In addition, pursuant to Section 5(a)(1), the General Duty Clause of the Act, employers must provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm. Employers can be cited for violating the General Duty Clause if there is a recognized hazard and they do not take reasonable steps to prevent or to abate the hazard. However, failure to implement these recommendations is not, in itself, a violation of the General Duty Clause. Citations can only be based on standards, regulations, and the General Duty Clause.

Introduction

• Course Overview • Objective: Program requirements for

stairways and ladders • Audience: Workers, supervisors, managers • OSHA references:

– 1926.1050-1060, Subpart X (construction) – 1910.27 (general industry)

Introduction

• Course Agenda • This course will focus on:

– Terms and definitions – Temporary stairs – Ladder types – Safe use – Inspection – Straight, step, and fixed ladders

Introduction

• Get Site-Specific training! • This training course:

– Provides basic information – Is NOT a substitute for:

• Provisions of OSHA act • OSHA standards • Specific, hands-on training

Introduction

• Ladder Accidents • Falls from ladders are a leading cause of

work place fatalities and injuries – From 1984 to 1997, approximately:

• 3,000 fatalities • 65,000 disabling injuries

Introduction

• OSHA Citations: Stairways & Ladders • One recent year, OSHA cited these

violations: – No handrail — 598 – Ladder not 3 feet beyond landing — 488 – No stairway or ladder provided — 253 – Damaged ladder — 137

Definitions

• Stairway & Ladder Definitions • Cleats:

– Crosspieces between vertical side rails

• Single-cleat: – Standard ladder configuration of cleats, rails

Definitions

• Definitions (2) • Double-cleated ladder:

– 2 vertical side rails, 1 center rail – Allows 2-way traffic

• Extended trestle (extension ladder): – Self-supporting portable ladder – Adjustable length / height

Definitions

• Definitions (3) • Job-made ladders:

– Fabricated onsite (not commercially) – Strict standards (ANSI A.14.4-1979)

• Portable Ladders: – Readily moved

Definitions

• Definitions (4) • Maximum intended load:

– Greatest weight ladder can safely support – Factor all people, equipment, materials, etc.

Definitions

• Definitions (5) • Fixed-Ladder:

– Permanent structure; not readily moved • Stair rail system:

– Vertical barrier for fall protection – Typically 36 inches above tread

• Tread depth: – Front-to-back measurement of tread

Safety tip: The tread is the top horizontal surface of a step.

Definitions

• Definitions (6) • Unprotected sides and edges:

– No stair rail system or wall ≥ 36” high – Side of edge of stairway landing, ladder

platform without wall / guardrail ≥ 39” high; • Except entrances at point of access

Definitions

• Definitions (7) • Metal pan stairs and landings:

– Stair forms to later be filled with concrete – Tripping hazard

Definitions

• Which of the following are true about unprotected sides and edges? – Unprotected sides and edges are areas where

there is no stair rail system or wall 36 inches or more in height.

– Unprotected sides and edges are any side of the edge of a stairway landing or ladder platform where there is no wall or guardrail system 39 inches or more in height.

– An exception to this last requirement is any entrance at point of access.

Temporary Stairs

• Tripping Hazards • To prevent tripping hazards:

– Pan stairs required to be filled – Treads non-slip material / coating – Sweep stairs, keep clear

Temporary Stairs

• Basic Requirements • For elevation break ≥ 19 inches:

– Stairs, ladder, or ramp – When ≥ 4 risers: handrails

• Stairways not permanent part of building / where construction work being performed: – Landing ≥ 30 inches in direction of travel – 22 inches wide – Landing ≤ 12 feet of every vertical rise

Temporary Stairs

• Basic Requirements (2) • Temporary stairs:

– Between 30° and 50° – Riser height, tread depth = uniform

• Variations not to exceed ¼ inch

Temporary Stairs

• Basic Requirements (3) • Good housekeeping:

– Slippery conditions corrected immediately – Electrical cords not strung across stairs – Materials, tools not be left on stairs / landings – Stairway free of projectiles, sharp edges, nails

Temporary Stairs

• Basic Requirements (4) • Adequate lighting = critical:

– 5-foot candles illumination (minimum) – Door directly onto stairway requires platform – Clearance for access / egress ≥ 20 inches

Safety Tip: A foot candle is a unit of illumination, equal to one lumen per square foot (10.764 lux), or the amount of light from a source of one candela directly thrown on a square foot of surface at a distance of one foot. As an example, a 100 watt incandescent bulb produces about 137 foot-candles.

Temporary Stairs

• Spiral Stairways • Should be part of permanent structure

– Handrail to prevent walking where tread < 6”

Safety Tip: See OSHA standards 1926(a)(1) and 1926.1052[c](2) for further reference.

Temporary Stairs

• Stairway Handrails • Handrail, stair rail system all unprotected

sides: – Stairway with ≥ 4 risers / 30 inches

• Whichever = less

• Handrail height = 30 to 37 inches (tread to top)

Temporary Stairs

• Stairway Handrails (2) • Installation of midrails:

– Midway between tread / handrail – May need mesh (if materials can be dropped) – Must withstand 200 lbs. of force – Toeboards around floor openings, stairwells

Types Of Ladders

• Types of Ladders • Four ladder types:

– Straight – Extension – Step – Fixed

Safety Tip: In most cases, fixed ladders are a permanent part of a structure and are not portable. Fixed ladders with a vertical climb of 24 feet or greater must be equipped with a cage, self-retracting life line, rest platform, or other safety features.

Types of Ladders

• Which of the following types of ladders are most commonly used in the construction industry? – Straight ladder – Extension ladder – Step ladder – Fixed ladder

Types Of Ladders

• Ladder Materials • Common ladder materials:

– Wood – Aluminum – Fiberglass

• Different limitations, advantages, disadvantages

• Choose based on job, conditions, hazards

Safety Tip: Never use an aluminum ladder where electrical wires or equipment or tools are present.

Types Of Ladders

• Duty Rating • Ensure ladder has sufficient load capacity

– Calculate total weight of load: • Worker • PPE • Tools / equipment

– Check rated load capacity (label)

Types of Ladders

• Duty Rating (2) • Ladders manufactured with 5

classifications: – Type IAA: heavy duty, industrial, 375 lbs. limit – Type IA: heavy duty, industrial, 300 lbs. limit – Type I: heavy duty, 250 lbs. limit – Type II: medium duty, 225 lbs. limit – Type III: light duty, 200 lbs. weight limit

Safety Tip: Type III ladders are commonly called a household ladders. These should not be used on a construction site.

Using Ladders Safely

• Using Ladders Safely • If possible, don’t use ladder at all

– Eliminate exposure / risk: • Falls • Contact with overhead utilities • Back, muscle strain

Safety Tip: With any activity, if you can eliminate the exposure to injury by finding another method or piece of equipment, this should be your first consideration.


• Protect Yourself from Injury • When you have to use a ladder:

– Work boots or shoes with heel, non-slip soles – Footwear = clean before climbing – Gloves = recommended – Be aware of jewelry that might catch


• Top Ten Rules • 1. Inspect the ladder.

– Check for damage, defects • Do NOT use damaged ladder

– Remove from work area

– Is it free of oil, grease, other slipping hazards? – Are warning stickers clearly affixed?

Safety Tip: Remember, most ladders are built with one purpose in mind – climbing. Using a ladder for any other purpose can cause damage or weaken it, which may cause serious accidents and injuries.


• Top Ten Rules (2) • 2. Inspect the location.

– Stable? – Free of debris, liquids? – Overhead utilities, obstructions? – Equipment, traffic, tripping hazards?

Safety Tip: Use a large solid board to level the surface and to keep the ladder from

sinking into soft ground.


• Top Ten Rules (3) 3. Select the right ladder for the job:

– long/tall enough, non-conductive?

Case Study: Fatality. An employee was installing gutters using an aluminum ladder. As he was setting up the ladder, he accidentally touched a power line with the aluminum ladder and was electrocuted upon contact with the un-insulated line. That’s why non-conductive ladders are preferred.

Safety Tip: Use a grab device when 3 foot extension is not possible.


• Top Ten Rules (4) • 4. Position the ladder correctly.

– 4-to-1 rule for straight and extension ladders – Four feet up and one foot out. A ladder

contacting a wall 16 feet high should have its base 4 feet out from the wall.

Safety Tip: Do not use a ladder as a make-shift scaffold or a ramp.


• Top Ten Rules (5) • 5. Face the ladder and use both hands

when ascending and descending. – Use 3 point rule. Two hands and one foot or

two feet and one hand.


• Top Ten Rules (6) 6. Secure the ladder to a rigid support. • When securing a ladder, tie the ladder off

as close to the upper support point as possible. This will maximize the stability.

Case Study: An employee was climbing a 10 foot ladder to access a landing which was 9 feet above the adjacent floor. The ladder slid down, and the employee fell to the floor, sustaining fatal injuries. Although the ladder had slip-resistant feet, it was not secured, and the railings did not extend 3 feet above the landing.


• Top Ten Rules (7) • 7. Do not carry materials or tools while

ascending and descending the ladders.

Safety Tip: Use a tool belt or pouch or utilize a lift line to raise materials or tools to your work location.


• Top Ten Rules (8) • 8. Do not extend your body beyond the

rails.

Safety Tip: If your belly button is outside the ladder rails you are in danger. Stay within the rails. If necessary, get off the ladder and move it.


• Top Ten Rules (9) • 9. Never use a stepladder as a straight

ladder or stand on the top 2 steps of a step ladder.


• Top Ten Rules (10) • 10. When setting up a step ladder, all 4

legs: – Level – On firm surface


• Ladder Inspection • Ladders must be inspected:

– On a periodic basis – After any occurrence – By a competent person – Prior to use

Safety Tip: The type of materials the ladder is made from will partly determine the conditions you may find during your inspection.


• Ladder Inspection (2) • Wood ladders:

– Inspect for rot, cracked, split, loose – Should never be painted (can hide damage)

• Metal ladders: – Inspect for corrosion – Never use around electrical work

• Any defective ladders: remove from service!


• Ladder Inspection (3) • Fiberglass ladders:

– Inspect for damage by heat, corrosives – Check rung locks – Check label (correct ladder for job?) – If damaged:

• Tag “do not use” • Remove from service

Safety Tip: Only manufactured-approved materials may be used to repair a commercial ladder.


• Ladders must be inspected: – On a periodic basis – After any occurrence – By a competent person – Prior to use

Straight and Stepladders

• Straight Ladders: Requirements • Maximum intended load:

– Included on manufacturer’s label – Ladder should support 4 times as much; – However, do NOT exceed!

• Rungs, cleats, steps: – Uniform spacing, 10 to 14 inches – Skid-resistant

Situational Analysis

• You are part of a four-person roofing crew that plans to use a 40-foot ladder to access your work area. You check the maximum intended load on the manufacturer’s label of the ladder in your truck. You determine the maximum load weight is just greater than the weight of the heaviest member of your crew. How do you proceed? – Consider getting a ladder with a maximum intended

load that is a bit greater. This is likely the best course of action. Because you need to factor all people, equipment, and materials that the ladder will need to support at one time, it still may be inadequate for this job. For instance, if that crew member is wearing PPE, he may suddenly be too heavy.


• Using Straight Ladders • Maximum length:

– Single section = 30 feet – Double section = 48 feet – Triple section = 60 feet

• Overlap of sections = minimum 3 to 5 feet • Do NOT use top section by itself


• Common Types of Stepladders • Three types of stepladders, rated by height:

– Type I: construction • 3 to 20 feet, heavy duty, industrial use

– Type II: commercial • 3 to 12 feet, medium duty, office use

– Type III: household • 3 to 6 feet, light duty, not for construction


• Using Stepladders • See ANSI A14.1, 14.3, 14.5 • Rungs, cleats, steps:

– Skid resistant – Spaced 8 to 12 inches, uniformly

• Spreader/locking device is required


• Using Stepladders (2) • Top 2 steps NOT to be stood / sat on:

– Ensure ladder = tall enough for job

Safety tip: In California the top 3 steps of a stepladder cannot be used unless a handhold is available or fall protection is used


• Using Stepladders (3) • Stepladders used only:

– Fully open position – Level ground – NOT as straight ladder – Has permanently affixed label:

• Limitations • Safety practices

Safety Tip: As with all ladders, the stepladder should be inspected periodically by a competent person and by the employee prior to use.

Situational Analysis

• You are a dry wall finisher working on a 15-foot mobile scaffold with rubber tires and locking casters. To reach higher, you bring a wooden stepladder atop the platform and lean it against the wall. You know the ladder will exert force on the scaffold when you begin to climb; what steps can help ensure it’s safe to proceed? – This is not a safe scenario under any circumstances.

This is the best answer because a step ladder should never be used as a straight ladder regardless of the safety measures in place.

Fixed Ladders

• Fixed Ladders • Fixed ladders:

– Often permanent part of structure – Not portable – Provide access to roofs, tanks, etc.

Fixed Ladders

• Fixed Ladders – Requirements • Standards for fixed ladders:

– ANSI A14.3, OSHA regulations – Distance between rungs ≤ 12 inches, uniform – Metal ladders = painted / treated to resist

corrosion, rusting

Fixed Ladders

• Clearances for Fixed Ladders • ANSI standards for clearances:

– Climbing side ≥ 30 inches from other objects • Some exceptions reduce to 24 inches

– ≥ 7 inches from back side to any other object

Fixed Ladders

• Clearances for Fixed Ladders (2) • For vertical climb < 24 but top > 24 feet up,

fixed ladders shall have landing platform every 20 feet or one of the following: – Cages – Wells – Ladder safety devices – Self–retracting life lines

Fixed Ladders

• Fixed Ladders • When length of > 24 feet:

– Ladders must have cage or well, multiple sections, each section ≤ 50 feet

• Sections offset from adjacent sections, landing platforms at intervals ≤ 50 feet

Fixed Ladders

• Fixed Ladders: More Requirements • Fixed ladders without cages / wells shall

have: – Clear width to the nearest permanent object of

at least 15 inches on each side of the centerline of the ladder

Fixed Ladders

• Towers, Water Tanks, & Chimneys • Ladder safety devices:

– Tower, water, tank, chimney ladders > 20 feet – No landing platform required

Fixed Ladders

• Which of the following are common safety devices for fixed ladders? – Cages – Wells – Self–retracting life lines – Landing platforms

Hazard Analysis Exposure • Many American workers,

– Exposed to fall hazards and certainly those from ladders and stairways daily and certainly those from ladders and stairways

– Section will briefly describe the magnitude of the problem of occupational falls in the U.S., identifies potential risk factors for fatal injury, and provides recommendations for developing effective safety programs to reduce the risk of fatal falls.

– Goal is to present information on factors that may have contributed to occupational fatalities, and to develop and disseminate recommendations for prevention of similar incidents in the future.

Hazard Analysis

What are the hazards? • Based on data from the NIOSH …

– National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system, falls from elevations were the fourth leading cause of workplace death from 1980 through 1994.

– The 8,102 deaths due to falls from elevations accounted for 10% of all occupational fatalities during this period and an average of 540 deaths per year.

Hazard Analysis

Ladders • Ladders designed and manufactured to be …

– Fixed or portable and are intended to provide easy access to various work settings.

– Ladder configurations vary by length, load rating and ladder material.

– Common types include straight, step, trestle, extension trestle, platform, combination, mason’s, and two- and three-section extension ladders.

– Sizes from 2-foot step ladders to 72-foot, three-section extension ladders as well as fixed ladders that can extend hundreds of feet (e.g. providing access to the top of a water tower).

TIP: Ladder types are type IA, I, II, or III.

Hazard Analysis

Safety Features • Safety features designed into some ladders or

available as retrofits, – Slip resistant rungs/steps, positioning feet that

fully articulate, and top and bottom stabilizers. – Fixed ladders typically have a glide-rail system

through the middle that is accessed and egressed while using a full body harness

– Other fixed ladders have caging systems which are a less effective tool for fall protection.

TIP: Some important factors to be considered before using or climbing a ladder are placement, securing or tying down, climbing style, angle of inclination, three-point contact, and tasks to be performed.

Hazard Analysis

Contributing Factors • Factors that contribute to falls from ladders

– Ladder slip (top or bottom), overreaching, slipping on rungs/steps, defective equipment, and improper ladder selection for a given task.

– There are appropriate uses for stepladders and for extension ladders, but the choice of the wrong ladder for a particular job can put the user at increased risk for a fall.

OSHA Guide

Stairways and Ladders, A Guide to OSHA Rules • OSHA publication: Stairways and Ladders,

A Guide to OSHA Rules. • The rules contained in the booklet are

more than regulatory, they are excellent strategies for avoiding accident or injury.

• Open and review the PDF

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.pdf

OSHA Guide

Stairways and Ladders, A Guide to OSHA Rules • Four topics are highlighted in bold:

– Specific Types of Ladders – Stepladders – Portable Ladders – Fixed Ladders

OSHA Guide

Stairways and Ladders, A Guide to OSHA Rules • We hope you’ll make use of the guide.

Incident Analysis #1 Summary • Carpenter died after falling 10 feet.

– Victim and two co-workers had been assigned clean-up work at a private residence that was under construction.

– Victim last observed by his co-workers standing on a step ladder affixing blocks of wood to ceiling rafters.

– Incident un-witnessed yet assumed that the victim either lost his balance and fell from the ladder, or was descending the ladder and stepped backwards off the ladder and off the edge of the porch.

– Victim struck his head on a concrete block retaining wall. – When found by co-workers, victim unconscious but breathing. – Victim was stabilized and transported to the local hospital where

two days later the victim was pronounced brain dead.

Incident Analysis #2

Investigation • Contractor doing framing work at a private residential

housing community. – 3 story wooden house with a covered porch located at the

second story level. – Porch was located about 10 feet above ground level and a

4-foot concrete block retaining wall was located directly below the porch.

– Victim last observed standing part way up an 8-foot-high fiberglass step ladder on the porch floor.

– The ladder was positioned with the ladder steps facing toward the open side of the porch, and apparently being used by the victim to access the porch ceiling rafters.

TIP: CAUSE OF DEATH: The coroner's report listed the cause of death as subdural hemorrhage.


Investigation • Victim using a hammer and nails to affix pieces of

wood to the porch ceiling rafters. – Although un-witnessed, assumed the victim either lost

his balance and fell from the ladder, or was descending the ladder, stepped backwards off the edge of the porch, and fell and struck his head on the concrete block retaining wall.

– Porch floor was located about 6 feet above the top of the concrete block retaining wall, and guardrails around the porch floor perimeter were not present at the time of the incident.


Recommendation #1: • Employers should provide adequate guarding for

open-sided floors, platforms, and runways. – Discussion: Click on each key word. – Victim was using a stepladder positioned on the floor

of a porch about 1 foot from its edge. – Floor was open-sided and unguarded, 10 feet above

ground level; 4-foot-high concrete block retaining wall directly below.

– Guarding of the open-sided porch floor with a standard railing as required was not present.

TIP: Since the incident, the employer has revised the safety program to require the guarding of all open-sided floors, platforms, and runways prior to the commencement of any work being performed.


Recommendation #2: • Employers should review and revise safety programs.

– For a discussion, click on each key word. – Although the employer had a written safety program, there

was no procedure regarding the protecting of open-sided floors with guardrails and handrails.

– Safety programs should be periodically reviewed and revised, as necessary, to reduce and/or eliminate worker exposures to hazardous situations.

– Safety program should include, but not be limited to, protecting open-sided floors with appropriate guard-railing and handrails, ladder safety, the use of safety equipment, and the recognition and avoidance of fall hazards.


Recommendation #3: • Employers should routinely conduct

scheduled and unscheduled worksite safety inspections. – For a discussion, click on each key word. – Scheduled and unscheduled safety inspections

should be conducted by a competent person to ensure that worksites are free of hazardous conditions.


• Recommendation #4: • Employers should encourage workers to actively

participate in workplace safety. – For a discussion, click on each key word. – Employers should encourage all workers to actively

participate in workplace safety and should ensure that all workers understand the role they play in the prevention of occupational injury.

– In this instance, the victim was working in an area without sufficient guarding. Workers and co-workers should look out for one another's safety and remind each other of the proper way to perform their tasks.

TIP: Employers must instruct workers of their responsibility to participate in making the workplace safer. Increased worker participation will aid in the prevention of occupational injury.


Fatal Fall • Construction laborer fell while climbing a ladder.

– At the time of the incident, victim was preparing a batch of mortar.

– Victim's duties included mixing mortar and transporting it to the desired location in pails.

– The crew went up to the third level of the building, about 12 feet above the second floor where the victim was working.

– Workers used a stairway to access the third floor work area.


Investigation • Evidence suggested that the victim …

– Took the top portion of an aluminum extension ladder (without safety feet), placed one end on the wet concrete floor, and leaned the other end against a wall to reach the third floor area.

– Without attempting to tie off the ladder or secure it in any fashion, the victim began to climb the ladder.

– Bottom of ladder apparently slipped on the wet floor, causing the victim to fall.

– No indications that the victim was carrying a pail of mortar when he fell.


Investigation • During the interviews …

– Employer could offer no reason why the victim used the ladder, which belonged to another contractor, instead of the stairway to access the work area.

– GC stated that victim's employer did not have any extension ladders at the jobsite. There was no indication that the victim had used a ladder in this way prior to the incident.

– Incident occurred on the employer's last day of work at the site.


Recommendation #1: • Employers should ensure that ladders are

used … – In accordance with requirements of existing

Federal safety standards.

TIP: Employers must be familiar with the Federal safety standards that apply to their businesses, including those that relate to the tools and equipment they use.


Recommendation #2: • Upper sections of extension ladders should

not be used as single ladders.


Recommendation #3: • Employers should train workers in the

proper use of tools and equipment used to perform their assigned tasks.

TIP: Training sessions must be conducted and documented by company officials.


Recommendation #4: • Employer should designate an individual as the

company safety officer. – Discussion: At present the safety function is not overseen

by one individual. – Assigning one individual the responsibility for coordinating

all of the safety activity of the company would most likely result in a better overall safety program.

– Safety officer should be required to routinely visit the various jobsites, identify potential hazards, and ensure that those hazards are eliminated.

– This person should also discuss pertinent safety issues with the foreman on the jobsite on a regular basis.

Final Considerations

• Summary • This course covered OSHA standards

regarding: – Temporary stairs – Types of ladders (straight, step, fixed) – Rules for safe use – Key terminology

• It is up to you to apply this knowledge!

Date post:	13-May-2018
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Stairways and Ladders Welcome! - OSHA 10-Hour and OSHA … · – Stairway and ladder protection...

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