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Covalent bondingCovalent bonding
L.O.:• Describe a covalent bond as a shared pair of electrons.• Describe single and multiple covalent bonding.• Use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent bonding. • Describe dative covalent (coordinate) bonding.• Use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent bonding
Dative covalent bonding in NH4+
A dative covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons which has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only.
Expansion of the octet:o unpaired electrons pair upo The maximum number of electrons that can
pair up is equivalent to the number of electrons in the outer shell.