State Project Management Unit, Integrated Coastal Zone ... Report_DSDA.pdf · State Project...

State Project Management Unit, Integrated Coastal

Zone Management Project, IESWM, West

Bengal

Consultancy on Techno-Economic Feasibility and

Transaction Advisory Services for Integrated Solid Waste

Management at Digha town

Final Report

August 2013

CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited

[iii]

Abbreviations

BARC Beltsville aerated rapid composting

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

CAT Collection and Transportation Plan

CBR California Bearing Ratio

CEQA California Environmental Air Quality Act

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

CRIS CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions

DCV Direction Control Valve

DSDA Digha Shankarpur Development Authority

EPC Engineer Procure and Construct

ESR Elevated Service Reservoir

GVW Gross Vehicle Weight

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IESWM Institute of Environmental Studies & Wetland Management

IMD Indian Metrological Department

ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management

LDPE Low Density Polyethylene

MARC Marine Aquarium and Research Centre

MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forest

MRTS Mechanical Refuse Transfer Station

MSL Mean Sea Level

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management

NGO Non-governmental organization

NSW New South Whales, Australia

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OMC Optimum Moisture Content

PEB

PET

Pre Engineered Buildings

Polyethylene Terephthalate

PHE Public Health Engineering

PLC Programmable Logic Controller

PPP Public Private Partnership

PRV Pressure Reducing Valves

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

RDF Refused Derived Fuel

REL Real End Loader

RPM Rotations per Minute

SBI State Bank of India

SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District

SLF Sanitary Landfill Site

SPM Suspended Particulate Matter

SPMU State Project Management Unit

SRC Steel Reinforced Concrete

SSI Small Scale Industries

SWM Solid Waste Management

TPD Metric Tonnes per Day

TPH Tonnes per hour

ULB Urban Local Body

USA United States of America

USDA US Department of Agriculture

USEPA US Environment Protection Agency

WBM Water Bound Macadam

[v]

Executive Summary

Digha-Shankarpur in the East Medinipur district of West Bengal has developed into a major coastal tourism hub from a small village in the past 50 years owing to the significant improvement in the road connections and transportation fleet. As per the estimates, approximately 26 lakh locals as well as outside tourists visit Digha-Shankarpur, which has led to unplanned development of hotels, holiday houses, private lodges, and substantial informal hawking and markets in the area. This unplanned development has led to the creation of unhygienic environment due to discharge of untreated waste as well as lack of sanitation facilities for the tourists.

The Government of India, in July 2010, signed the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project with the World Bank and received International Development Association (IDA) credits equivalent to US$ 221.965 million (approximately Rs. 1,110 crores). The objectives of the project are building capacity and piloting the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) approaches in the Indian states of Gujarat, Odisha, and West Bengal. The state components include preparation of an integrated coastal zone management plan (ICZMP), considering the above objectives and identifying the local pilot investments. Some of the pilot activities in the ICZMP are located in the coastal stretch of Digha-Shankarpur.

The Digha Shankarpur Development Authority (DSDA), constituted under the West Bengal Town and Country Planning Act, 1979, and responsible for the development of the area and provision of infrastructure, is currently managing the waste management activities in the area under DSDA.

As per a primary survey, 12 tons per day (TPD) and 33 TPD of waste is generated in the DSDA area on normal days and peak days

1, respectively. Major contributors, up to 75%, of daily waste are hotels,

commercial establishments, and coconut vendors at the tourist areas. Various practices are followed in the DSDA area for management of waste. Organic waste generated from hotels and restaurants is collected by piggery owners, and recyclable waste such as liquor and plastic bottles is collected by recycling agents on per kilogram basis.

DSDA and the Panchayat Committee of Ramnagar area, under DSDA, has deployed a team of 25 labourers for sweeping streets on contractual basis. This team undertakes street sweeping activities as directed by the sanitary supervisor appointed by DSDA. Door-to-door waste collection service is currently not provided in the DSDA area.

Waste collected through street sweeping is dumped at open collection points provided in the DSDA area. The waste accumulated at these points is then transported to the open dumping site at Jatarnala through tractors. This open dumping site is operational since 2002 and has a composting facility, which is currently non-functional.

Based on the study of the current solid waste management (SWM) practices in the Digha-Shankarpur area, prominent issues w.r.t. the SWM value chain in the DSDA area have been identified to arrive at specific recommendations.

Component Remarks

Generation

Waste from all sources, i.e., households, hotels, restaurants, commercial establishments, markets, temples, institutions, drains, street sweepings, gets mixed during collection and transportation.

Segregation at Source Only hotels, restaurants, and lodges segregate waste

Primary Collection

Door-to-door waste collection absent

Dumping of waste at open dumping points

Absence of dustbins for waste collection at public places and

1 Peak days refer to days when the number of tourists visiting Digha increases significantly owing to holidays.

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Component Remarks

tourist attractions

Unhealthy and unhygienic waste disposal practices followed by the hog lots

No provision to collect bulk waste from hotels and restaurants

Secondary Collection

Insufficient number of collection points with insufficient capacity of collection point, only 23 secondary collection points for the entire Digha

All the collection points are open and unhygienic

No provision of separate biodegradable (green) and recyclable (blue) containers for waste collection

Poor maintenance of collection points

No spraying of disinfectants at collection points

Manual lifting of waste from the collection points, leading to spilling of waste

Street Sweeping

Absence of need-based sweeping

Inefficient street sweeping operations

Sweeping not covering all the roads and streets

Inadequate staff for street sweeping

No provision of protective gear to the staff

No health camps and vaccination for the sanitation staff

Transportation

Manual and multiple handling of waste

Open transportation of waste

Spillage of waste during transportation

Leakage of leachate from the waste transportation vehicle

Community Participation

No efforts made to encourage community participation

Public Awareness Absence of signage for proper waste disposal, campaigns, NGO

activities for public awareness on SWM, significance of recycling, and reuse and segregation of waste

Disposal

No waste processing practice followed

Unscientific, open, disposal of waste

No record of daily dumped waste due to the absence of a weighbridge at disposal site

Absence of a proper processing facility

Considering the current SWM practices in the DSDA area, an integrated SWM plan (ISWMP) with an initial capital investment of Rs. 13.39 crores, covering source segregation, collection, transportation, processing, and scientific disposal of inert, is suggested. The operation and maintenance cost per annum for the suggested ISWMP is estimated to be Rs. 216.26 lakhs, covering the repair and maintenance, consumables, fuel and electricity charges, establishment expenditure, and all associated costs and charges.

The ISWMP suggests a two-bin system (one for dry waste and one for wet organic waste) for segregation of waste at the source (households). These bins are to be provided to the households by DSDA and awareness programmes for waste segregation are to be conducted by DSDA. Further, door-to-door waste collection from all the households in the DSDA area is suggested to be undertaken by using mechanized auto tippers having segregated storage facility for the waste collected from households. Additional auto tippers are to be employed for the collection of bulk waste from hotels, restaurants, lodges, and coconut vendors. The waste collected should be directly transported to the waste processing and disposal site.

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Additional staff is suggested to be deployed in two shifts (morning shift and evening shift) for the collection of waste from streets, tourist areas, and picnic spots. The waste collected through street sweeping should be stored in high-capacity secondary collection bins. Thus, this primary and secondary waste collection system is expected to cover the entire DSDA area and eliminate waste dumping in open areas.

The waste from the secondary collection bins will be collected by the vehicles having facility of mechanical lifting for unloading the waste from bins and directly transported to the waste processing and disposal facility at Ratanpur.

Integrated waste processing is suggested for the waste received at the processing and disposal facility, to ensure that minimum residual waste is disposed at the landfill site. The waste processing technology is adopted considering the major constituents of the waste, i.e., coconut shells, dry recyclable waste, and organic and mixed waste. A landfill site with a capacity of 81,200 cubic metres is designed to cover the landfilling requirement for the waste generated in the DSDA area for 15 years.

Finances of DSDA are assessed for 2009-10 and 2010-11 to check the availability of financial resources for additional expenditure required for the ISWMP. During the assessment period, the income of DSDA increased from Rs. 296 lakhs in 2009-10 to Rs. 306 lakhs in 2010-11. As against the income, the expenditure of DSDA increased from Rs. 257 lakhs to Rs. 264 lakhs. Major revenue source for DSDA, 75% to 80%, are licence fees, rents, and revenue grants from the state government. On the expenditure side, administrative and establishment expenses, up to 80%, are the major outflow areas. Based on the assessment of the income and expenditure of DSDA, it is derived that 17% of the surplus income is available for additional anticipated expenses under the ISWMP.

A team of a supervisor and 25 daily wage labourers currently manage the partial street sweeping and collection of the waste from the secondary points. The annual expenditure towards this casual wages was to the tune of Rs. 16 lakhs in 2010-11, which increased by 38% from Rs. 12 lakhs in 2009-10.

It is evident from the financial assessment that DSDA does not have the required financial resources to fund the additional operation and maintenance expenditure for ISWMP and will either require external financial assistance or have to introduce additional user charges/fees to recover the operations cost of the ISWMP.

An efficient institutional setup is a must for the successful implementation of any project. In DSDA, currently, there is no such dedicated department or cell looking after SWM. Currently, one of the retired officials of DSDA has been appointed as the sanitary supervisor to manage the team of labourers. To strengthen the institutional setup of DSDA, it is suggested that a sanitation cell should be constituted in DSDA, for waste management in the area under DSDA. The sanitation cell should consist of a sanitary officer, an overall in-charge of SWM activities in Digha, two sanitary supervisors, one to supervise collection and transportation of waste and one for processing and disposal, and a workshop foreman, and a store keeper. Roles and responsibilities each member of the sanitation cell is presented in the section. The sanitation cell should be given additional support staff for day-to-day record keeping and mechanics for the repair and maintenance of vehicles as and when required.

Attractiveness of private sector participation in SWM is closely linked to various considerations such as daily waste quantity, waste characteristics, and market availability of the by-products of waste processing. For successful implementation of the suggested ISWMP in the DSDA area through public private partnership (PPP), the prevailing constraints need to be addressed. Of the total waste generated in DSDA, only a certain portion of the waste is collected by the secondary waste management stream, i.e., recycling agents collect recyclables from hotels and restaurants and piggery owners collect organic waste from hotels and restaurants. The quantity of waste generated in the DSDA area is low compared to the quantity required for successful PPP implementation.

Considering the issues in implementing the project on PPP basis, a project implementation structure has been suggested in the report that provides for fixed revenue streams to the private entity and clear performance standards for implementing the project. It is envisaged that the private entity shall receive a two-part payment towards the management of solid waste generated in the Digha-Shankarpur Area. Part one of the payment shall be the tipping fees, which shall be linked to the quantity of the waste handled by the private entity, and the second part shall be the fixed monthly amount to be paid to the private entity, during the operations period, for the recovery of the capital investments undertaken by the private entity for procurement/construction of the project facilities. The suggested contract structure should ensure that performance the obligations of the private entity

[viii]

during the concession period of 15 years and is assured of the revenues. Considering an adequate rate of returns, project’s internal rate of return (IRR) of 15.81%, and equity IRR of 18.20%, the payment for part one comes to Rs. 3,000 per ton of the solid waste handled by the private entity and Rs. 10 lakh per month for the second part.

Considering the extent of the capital investment required and the associated annual operation and maintenance cost for maintaining the project facilities, DSDA may have to introduce certain additional user charges from the commercial entities in the DSDA area. DSDA currently is spending Rs. 16 lakhs towards the salaries of the daily wage staff for part of SWM operations from its own funds. Once the ISWMP is implemented, the expenditure towards SWM will increase substantially. As per the estimation, the per month payment for the integrated SWM project from DSDA would be around Rs. 18 lakhs for collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of waste. This payment would increase in future, and therefore, DSDA needs to strengthen its revenues by imposing user charges to recover the increased expenditure.

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Contents

1. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Project appreciation ................................................................................................................ 1

1.3 Scope of work.......................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 Phase – 1: Current situation analysis of SWM in DSDA ........................................... 2

1.3.2 Phase – 2: ISWM action plan and technical and financial feasibility study ............... 2

1.4 Structure of the report ............................................................................................................. 3

2. Profile of Digha ............................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Profile of Digha ........................................................................................................................ 4

2.3 Demography of Digha Shankarpur Area ................................................................................. 4

2.3.1 Area and population ................................................................................................... 5

2.3.2 Economic activity ....................................................................................................... 5

2.4 Tourism ................................................................................................................................... 5

3. Existing SWM System ..................................................................................................................... 7

3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7

3.2 Waste generation .................................................................................................................... 7

3.3 Collection and transportation of waste .................................................................................... 7

3.3.1 Primary Collection ...................................................................................................... 8

3.3.2 Residential areas/households .................................................................................... 8

3.3.3 Hotels and restaurants ............................................................................................... 9

3.3.4 Commercial establishments ..................................................................................... 11

3.3.5 Coconut vendors ...................................................................................................... 11

3.3.6 Tourist spots ............................................................................................................ 12

3.3.7 Beach side ............................................................................................................... 13

3.3.8 General Markets ...................................................................................................... 14

3.3.9 Street sweeping ....................................................................................................... 15

3.3.10 Secondary waste collection ..................................................................................... 16

3.3.11 Transportation of waste ........................................................................................... 17

3.4 Staff details for current waste management ......................................................................... 18

3.5 Reuse of waste generated .................................................................................................... 18

3.5.1 Organic waste .......................................................................................................... 18

3.5.2 Dry waste ................................................................................................................. 19

3.6 Processing and disposal ....................................................................................................... 22

3.7 Deficiency analysis ................................................................................................................ 23

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4. Waste Quantification and Characterization .................................................................................. 25

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 25

4.2 Waste quantification .............................................................................................................. 25

4.2.1 Domestic Households .............................................................................................. 25

4.2.2 Commercial Establishments .................................................................................... 26

4.2.3 Waste Coconut Shells ............................................................................................. 27

4.2.4 Hotels & Restaurants ............................................................................................... 28

4.2.5 Street Sweeping Waste ........................................................................................... 30

4.2.6 Markets .................................................................................................................... 30

4.2.7 Tourist Spots ............................................................................................................ 31

4.3 Summary of total waste generation ...................................................................................... 31

4.4 Quantity of waste collected ................................................................................................... 32

4.5 Projection of MSW Generated .............................................................................................. 33

4.5.1 Projection of Tourists ............................................................................................... 34

4.5.2 Projection of Tourists ............................................................................................... 35

4.6 Waste Characterization ......................................................................................................... 36

4.6.1 Physical Analysis of Solid Waste ............................................................................. 38

5. Integrated Solid Waste Management plan for Digha .................................................................... 41

5.1 Collection and Transportation Plan ....................................................................................... 41

5.1.1 Overview of the CAT Plan ....................................................................................... 41

5.1.2 Segregation and storage of waste at source ........................................................... 42

5.1.3 Primary collection .................................................................................................... 43

5.1.4 Secondary Collection and transportation ................................................................. 47

5.2 Waste Processing strategy ................................................................................................... 48

5.2.1 Strategies for Processing Facilities.......................................................................... 48

5.2.2 Common Facilities at the Processing site ................................................................ 50

5.2.3 Proposed Site for Integrated Facility ....................................................................... 50

5.3 Waste Processing Plant ........................................................................................................ 50

5.3.1 Technology Options for Composting ....................................................................... 51

5.3.2 Legal Compliances and Regulations – MSW Rules 2000 ....................................... 52

5.3.3 Composting Process ................................................................................................ 53

5.3.4 Compost Plant Planning and Design ....................................................................... 54

5.3.5 Process Machinery .................................................................................................. 57

5.3.6 Estimation of Output (Quantity of Compost Produced) ........................................... 58

5.4 Odor Management ................................................................................................................ 58

5.5 Waste recycling ..................................................................................................................... 59

5.5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 59

5.5.2 Dry Waste Recycling ............................................................................................... 60

5.5.3 Recycling of Waste Coconut Shells ......................................................................... 60

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5.6 Sanitary Landfill Design ........................................................................................................ 60

5.6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 60

5.6.2 MoEF Guidelines for Landfill Design ....................................................................... 60

5.6.3 Foot Print of Sanitary Facility ................................................................................... 61

5.6.4 Sanitary Landfill Design Concepts ........................................................................... 62

5.6.5 Landfill Volume ........................................................................................................ 62

5.6.6 Landfill Life ............................................................................................................... 63

5.6.7 Standard Design Requirements............................................................................... 63

5.6.8 Design of Leachate Collection System .................................................................... 64

5.6.9 Leachate treatment .................................................................................................. 64

5.6.10 Bottom Liner ............................................................................................................. 64

5.6.11 Landfill gas management ......................................................................................... 66

5.6.12 Design of Final Cover System ................................................................................. 66

5.6.13 Summary of Design ................................................................................................. 66

5.6.14 Environmental Management plan ............................................................................ 67

5.7 Vehicle Maintenance Workshop............................................................................................ 70

6. Environmental Assessment .......................................................................................................... 71

6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 71

6.2 Environmental impact of solid waste disposal on land ......................................................... 74

6.3 Project description ................................................................................................................. 74

6.4 Baseline Environmental Features ......................................................................................... 74

6.4.1 Climatic conditions ................................................................................................... 74

6.4.2 Air Environment ....................................................................................................... 75

6.4.3 Noise environment ................................................................................................... 76

6.4.4 Water environment .................................................................................................. 77

6.4.5 Geology .................................................................................................................... 78

6.4.6 Soil Quality ............................................................................................................... 78

7. Integrated SWM facility costing..................................................................................................... 80

7.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 80

7.2 Capital Cost Estimation ......................................................................................................... 80

7.2.1 Source Segregation ................................................................................................. 80

7.2.2 Primary collection .................................................................................................... 81

7.2.3 Secondary Collection and Transportation ............................................................... 83

7.2.4 Integrated processing and landfill facility ................................................................. 84

7.3 Summary of Capital Cost ...................................................................................................... 99

7.4 O&M Cost .............................................................................................................................. 99

7.4.1 Collection and Transportation ................................................................................ 100

7.4.2 Integrated processing and disposal ....................................................................... 101

7.5 Summary of Operation and Maintenance cost .................................................................... 102

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8. Institutional Structure for DSDA .................................................................................................. 103

8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 103

8.2 Institutional Arrangement for MSW Management ............................................................... 103

8.3 Suggested Organisation Structure ...................................................................................... 104

8.4 Roles and responsibilities of the proposed staff ................................................................. 105

9. Finances of DSDA ...................................................................................................................... 107

9.1 Assessment Framework ...................................................................................................... 107

9.2 Income ................................................................................................................................. 107

9.3 Expenditure ......................................................................................................................... 108

9.4 Assessment summary ......................................................................................................... 108

10. Project Implementation structure and Financial Feasibility ........................................................ 109

10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 109

10.2 Project Structure Options in SWM ...................................................................................... 109

10.3 Framework for project scoping ............................................................................................ 110

10.4 Issues in adopting PPP option for Digha ............................................................................ 110

10.5 Evaluation of project implementation structures ................................................................. 111

10.5.1 Project Structure for Digha ISWM Project ............................................................. 111

10.6 Contract Structure ............................................................................................................... 111

10.7 Key features of the contract structure ................................................................................. 112

10.8 Allocation of Responsibility ................................................................................................. 113

10.9 Financial Model ................................................................................................................... 116

10.9.1 Project Costs.......................................................................................................... 116

10.9.2 Key Assumptions ................................................................................................... 117

10.9.3 Project Income and expenditure statement ........................................................... 119

10.9.4 Key Financial Indicators ......................................................................................... 119

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List of Tables

Table 2: Sources of MSW Generation in Digha ...................................................................................... 7

Table 3: MSW management practices followed by hotels and restaurants .......................................... 10

Table 4: Details of Markets in Digha ..................................................................................................... 14

Table 5: Details of Recycling by Dealer (Mr Asir Alishah) .................................................................... 20

Table 6: Details of Recycling by Dealer (Mr Devendra Chandra) ......................................................... 21

Table 7: Estimation of Quantity of Dry Waste Recycling in Digha ........................................................ 21

Table 8: Deficiency Analysis of Present Scenario of SWM in Digha .................................................... 23

Table 9: Household Survey Details ....................................................................................................... 25

Table 10: Estimation of MSW Generated from Households ................................................................. 26

Table 11: Solid Waste Generated by Commercial Establishments ...................................................... 26

Table 12: Assessment of Quantity of Waste Coconut Shells Generated – Normal Days .................... 27

Table 13: Assessment of Quantity of Waste Coconut Shells Generated – Peak Days ........................ 28

Table 14: Assessment of Quantity of Waste from Hotels and Restaurants .......................................... 29

Table 15: Estimation of Waste Generation from Hotels and Restaurants ............................................ 30

Table 16: Quantification of street sweeping waste ............................................................................... 30

Table 17: Quantity of Waste Generated from Markets ......................................................................... 30

Table 18: Total Waste Generated ......................................................................................................... 31

Table 19: Estimation of Quantity of Waste Collected ........................................................................... 32

Table 20: Estimation of Quantity of Waste Reaching Collection System ............................................. 33

Table 21: Tourist Projections from Department of Tourism, WB Report data ...................................... 34

Table 22: Tourist Projections from Ministry of Tourism, GoI Report data ............................................. 34

Table 23: Projection of Per Capita Waste Generation .......................................................................... 35

Table 24: Projection of Waste Generation in Digha area ..................................................................... 36

Table 25: Characteristics of waste at Secondary Collection Points...................................................... 38

Table 26: Characteristics of waste at Disposal Site .............................................................................. 39

Table 27: Chemical properties of MSW generated in Digha ................................................................. 40

Table 28: MSW Source Segregation – categories ................................................................................ 42

Table 29: Estimation of Number of Households Covered by Auto Tipper ............................................ 43

Table 30: Collection strategy for hotels and restaurants and coconut shells ....................................... 46

Table 31: Requirements for Collection from Hotels & Restaurants ...................................................... 46

Table 32: Requirements for Collection of Waste Coconut Shells ......................................................... 46

Table 33: Estimation of secondary collection bins ................................................................................ 47

Table 34: Strategy for Processing of Waste ......................................................................................... 48

Table 35: detail of waste management facilities in DSDA .................................................................... 49

Table 36: Area requirements for new processing facilities ................................................................... 49

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Table 37: Technology Options for Composting..................................................................................... 51

Table 38: Quality Standards of Compost Produced ............................................................................. 53

Table 39: Factors affecting composting ................................................................................................ 53

Table 40: Details of Machinery required for compost plant .................................................................. 57

Table 41: Material Balance for Compost Plant ..................................................................................... 58

Table 42: Factor Affecting Odour and Control Mechanisms ................................................................. 58

Table 43: Sanitary Facility – Area Statement........................................................................................ 61

Table 44: Standard Design Requirements for Sanitary Landfill ............................................................ 63

Table 45: Typical Values for Geo-membrane Measure in Performance Tests ..................................... 65

Table 46: Summary of Landfill Design .................................................................................................. 66

Table 47: Sampling Specifications for Environmental Monitoring ......................................................... 67

Table 48: Disposal Standards for Treated Leachate ............................................................................ 68

Table 49: Standards for Surface and Ground Water Quality Monitoring .............................................. 69

Table 50: Ambient Air Quality Standards .............................................................................................. 69

Table 51: Climatological data at station ................................................................................................ 75

Table 52: Sources & effects of air pollutants due to proposed project ................................................. 76

Table 53: Ambient air quality at proposed site ...................................................................................... 76

Table 54: Noise levels in the study area ............................................................................................... 77

Table 55: CPCB ambient noise standards ............................................................................................ 77

Table 56: Summary of water quality ..................................................................................................... 77

Table 57: Summary of soil quality ......................................................................................................... 78

Table 58: Integrated solid waste management cost summary ............................................................. 80

Table 59: Twin bins required for source segregation ............................................................................ 80

Table 60: Cost of Twin Bins for Households and Establishments and Stalls ....................................... 81

Table 61: cost of auto tippers for primary collection of waste ............................................................... 81

Table 62: Requirements for waste collection from tourist areas ........................................................... 81

Table 63: Cost Estimation for Waste Collection from Tourist Areas ..................................................... 82

Table 64: Requirements for Sweeping of Roads and Picnic Spots ...................................................... 82

Table 65: Cost Estimation for Sweeping of Streets and Picnic Spots .................................................. 83

Table 66: Cost for Procurement of Auto Tippers for bulk waste collection ........................................... 83

Table 67: Cost Estimation for Secondary Collection and Transportation ............................................. 84

Table 68: Capital Cost for Integrated Facility ........................................................................................ 85

Table 69: Capital cost estimates for Integrated Solid Waste Management for Digha .......................... 99

Table 70: O&M cost estimates of collection and transportation plan .................................................. 100

Table 71: Manpower Cost for proposed collection and transportation ............................................... 100

Table 72: Annual recurring expenditure .............................................................................................. 100

Table 73: Operation and Maintenance cost for integrated processing and disposal facility ............... 101

Table 74: Manpower cost for Integrated Facility ................................................................................. 101

Table 75: Summary of operation and maintenance costs for proposed ISWM .................................. 102

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Table 76: Organizational Structure of Proposed MSW Management Department of DSDA .............. 106

Table 77: Income sources of DSDA (Rs. Lakhs) ................................................................................ 107

Table 78: Expenditure by DSDA ......................................................................................................... 108

Table 79: Assessment framework for PPP in SWM............................................................................ 110

Table 80: Capital Costs for the Project ............................................................................................... 116

Table 81: Operation and Maintenance costs for the Project ............................................................... 117

Table 82: Construction related assumptions....................................................................................... 117

Table 83: Financial assumptions ........................................................................................................ 118

Table 84: Revenue related assumptions ............................................................................................ 118

Table 85: Projected Income Expenditure Statement .......................................................................... 119

Table 86: Key Financial Indicators ...................................................................................................... 119

Table 87: Proposed location for placement of secondary collection bins ........................................... 120

Table 88: Technical specifications of auto tipper ................................................................................ 121

Table 89: Technical Specifications of Hydraulic Hopper .................................................................... 121

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Location of Digha ..................................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: Location of existing dump site and proposed site for Sanitary landfill ................................... 23

Figure 3: Process flow diagram for waste processing .......................................................................... 55

Figure 4: Location map of proposed landfill site ................................................................................... 72

Figure 6: Map showing 10 km radius around proposed Landfill site .................................................... 73

Figure 6: Proposed organization chart for the SWM cell in DSDA ..................................................... 105

Figure 6: Contract structure ................................................................................................................ 112

State Project Management Unit, ICZM, IESWM, West Bengal

[1] [Consultancy on Techno-Economic Feasibility and Transaction Advisory Services

for Integrated Solid Waste Management at Digha Town] – [Final Report]

1. Background

This chapter describes in detail the background of the project and the scope of work for the project. This chapter also presents the structure of the report.

1.1 Introduction

The Government of India has initiated a number of initiatives to fulfil the objectives of protection of life and livelihood of coastal communities; conservation of ecological resources in the coastal and marine areas; and promotion of economic activities that have necessarily to be located in the coastal regions.

As a part of the initiatives, the Government of India, along with the respective state governments, is implementing a World Bank financed project called the ‘Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project’ (ICZM Project).

The project has specific objectives to support the long-term vision of the government by:

Building national capacity for the implementation of a comprehensive coastal management approach in the country;

Piloting the integrated coastal zone management approach in the states of Gujarat, Orissa, and West Bengal;

Expanding the institutional capacity and knowledge base needed for integrated management of coastal zones;

Capacity building at the state level, preparing integrated coastal zone management plans, and making a range of complementary local pilot investments.

Some of the pilot activities under the ICZM in West Bengal are located on the coastal stretch of Digha-Shankarpur.

1.2 Project appreciation

The coastal settlement of Digha changed from a small village to a local tourist resort over a period of 50 years, as improvement of road connections and introduction of a fleet of transport operations led to a significant influx of tourists.

This in turn led to unplanned development of hotels, holiday houses, and private lodges on the beach. Hawkers and informal markets are now prevalent along the Digha beach.

These developments have resulted in unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics along the beach and increased coastal water pollution due to discharge of untreated waste and sewage from informal markets and hotels, open defecation by floating tourist population, and pollution from buses transporting day tourists.

In order to address the above-mentioned issues, the State Project Management Unit (SPMU), Integrated Coastal Zone Management Society of West Bengal, has proposed to appoint a consultant for the assignment, ‘Consultancy on Techno-Economic Feasibility and Transaction Advisory Services for Integrated Solid Waste Management at Digha Town’. The tasks under this assignment are as follows:

Prepare an Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Action Plan considering various implementation options including the public-private partnership (PPP) mode and covering all components of solid waste management (SWM) for the Digha Shankarpur Development Area (DSDA)

Prepare a techno-economic feasibility report including results of financial feasibility study of the overall project, which could be used for the selection of a private operator and/or a developer


[Consultancy on Techno-Economic Feasibility and Transaction Advisory Services for

Integrated Solid Waste Management at Digha Town] – [Final Report] [2]

Assist DSDA in preparing the bid documents for PPP transaction, including evaluation and selection of the SWM private operator/developer

1.3 Scope of work

The scope of work is mainly divided into two tasks: (a) Phase – 1: Baseline assessment of the existing situation of SWM in DSDA and (b) Phase – 2: Preparation of an action plan for ISWM in DSDA and the technical as well as the financial feasibility report for DSDA.

1.3.1 Phase – 1: Current situation analysis of SWM in DSDA

The current status of waste generation and SWM practices in DSDA shall be assessed through secondary and primary surveys, which would include the following activities:

Analyse baseline data available for DSDA

Determine the status of SWM system in DSDA

Review and critically assess the current SWM methods/practices in DSDA.

Review the current initiatives by NGOs/citizens’ groups and other agencies in the project area on SWM. The review shall facilitate reorganizing SWM practices.

Address the gaps in the current system, if any

Hold stakeholder consultations with various groups

Conduct an institutional assessment and study

Reviewing and assessing the current status of DSDA finance and the financing mechanism for SWM.

Review the waste disposal practices

Establish the baseline environmental status of the new landfill site proposed by DSDA

These tasks will lead to preparation of a situation analysis report, which will include:

Gaps in the existing system, in terms of SWM including technical, financial, and institutional aspects;

Areas to be improved and potential opportunities for improvement; and

Current good practices that need to be encouraged further.

1.3.2 Phase – 2: ISWM action plan and technical and financial feasibility study

Based on the situation analysis, prepare the ISWM Action Plan for DSDA considering the optimal horizon year (not less than 20 years).

The plan shall provide technical and institutional options for effective management of collection, segregation and recycling, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste.

With regard to Shankarpur area, the plan shall specify options considering the challenges like distance from Digha and low volumes of waste generated.

The action plan and feasibility assessment study shall cover, but not limited to:

Assess the quantity of solid waste to be managed based on the existing and project population considering the proposed expansion of tourism development in Digha town

Analyse source segregation options for different types of sources

Assess primary collection options with emphasis on stakeholder participation




Consider DSDA zoning (including existing and proposed) and route options for efficient transportation of waste, fleet and fleet management options for the waste management

Assess the treatment and disposal of waste generated and selection of implementable option and detailed layout (including area/size allocation for each component) of the waste disposal facility

Assess the construction of the engineered landfill, considering the options for interim improvements to the current dumping site before the engineered landfill is operational

Conduct an environmental and social assessment for the ISWM (including waste disposal facility) plan as an integral part of planning and feasibility assessment of SWM components

Based on the foregoing activities, assess and recommend a suitable option(s) for the implementation of the ISWM plan, including private sector participation covering different components of the Solid Waste Management

Support in the proposed structure shall be comprehensive covering the technical, operational and measures for improving the institutional efficiency of the local body such as additional/redeployment of staff, Capacity building, etc.

Provide support in the assessment of the financial impact of the implementation of the proposed action plan on local body resources.

1.4 Structure of the report

The entire report is structured in the following manner:

Chapter 2 of the report depicts the profile of Digha town and its regional setting.

Chapter 3 focuses on the current waste management practices of Digha and infrastructure provided for waste management. Information obtained from the local body on various aspects of SWM, such as quantity of waste generated, systems of waste collection, disposal facilities including the treatment facilities, and composting/landfill practices, is presented in this chapter. A focused description has been done with respect to recycling practices in Digha.

In Chapter 4, the quantity of the waste generated by the town is estimated through sampling surveys. The quantity so established is compared with the available information on waste collected and disposed by DSDA and the exact amount of waste generated is been established. This chapter also presents the chemical characterization of waste generated in Digha.

Chapter 5 of this report presents the recommendations for implementation of the Integrated Soil Waste Management plan. Followed by Chapter 6 which presents the Environment assessment of the proposed integrated processing and disposal facility.

Chapter 7 of this report presents the cost estimation of the components suggested under the Integrated Solid Waste management plan.

The proposed institutional structure with detailed roles and responsibilities is presented in Chapter 8

Chapter 9 of the report presents the assessment of the finances of the Digha Shankarpur Development Authority.

Suggestive project implementation structure and associated financial feasibility is presented in Chapter 10.




2. Profile of Digha

This chapter covers the location, regional setting, and profile of Digha. The information is collected from the office of DSDA.

2.1 Background

Digha is located at the coast of Bay of Bengal, near Orissa-West Bengal border. It is 22 feet (6 meters) above mean sea level (MSL). Digha is accessible from Kolkata as well as from kharagpur located 183 and 234 km from Kolkata and Kharagpur respectively. The town is connected by State highway (SH- 4) and a rail link via Tamluk, New rail line is being planned from Digha to Jaleswar on Kharagpur Port Line.

Figure 1: Location of Digha

West Bengal Purba Medinipur Digha

2.2 Profile of Digha

Digha is West Bengal's most popular sea resort and tourist spot located to the southwest of Kolkata. Located 187 km from Kolkata on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, Digha is a popular beach resort with a 6-km long and hard beach. Digha can be divided into two parts: Old Digha and New Digha. The northern stretch is known as Old Digha and the southern stretch, as New Digha. Old Digha is the area previously developed from the British time and New Digha is a recent development. Being a tourist place, majority of the land area is occupied by hotels, restaurants, and lodges.

The residential colonies in Digha are located in Gobinda Basan, Khadal Gobra, Bilamuria, and Bhagi Brahmapur in Old Digha and Champabani, Jatimati, Dattapur, N2-Sector, Pudima, Palchandapur, Ratanpur, Simanthgram, and Jagdishpur in New Digha. N2-Sector is a fast-growing high-income group colony. Drawing 1 as given in the Annexure presents the base map of Digha.

2.3 Demography of Digha Shankarpur Area

Digha Shankarpur area falls under the jurisdiction of Purba (East) Midinapore district and geographically positioned at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal. Digha is West Bengal's most popular sea beach where tourists mostly from economy class thronged in large numbers, by quietly




moving away from the usual din and bustle of hectic life for the sake of revitalizing themselves in an infinitesimal manner.

2.3.1 Area and population

The population of the area under Digha was 27,713 persons in 2001, increased by a nominal annual growth rate of one present from the population of 25,337 in 1991. The total area under the DSDA is 37 square kilometres covering 42 mouzas under its planning area.

2.3.2 Economic activity

Major economic activity in the Digha Shankarpur area is associated with Tourism. As per the estimates provided by the DSDA, 26 lakhs tourists visit digha per annum. Providing hotel facilities to these tourists is the major activity and associated commercial activities. At present in DSDA area, there are 34 government hotels and 440 hotels operated by private sector.

2.4 Tourism

Digha is described as the Brighton of the East. Digha has a low gradient with a shallow sand beach with gentle waves. The beach is girdled with casuarina plantations along the coast enhancing the beauty of this place. The sea at Digha is calm and shallow for about a mile from the beach making it quite safe for swimming.

It is the only seaside resort supported by a wide variety of hotels and private lodges. Chandaneswar, another tourist destination around Digha is an old Shiva temple. A fish farm located at Junput is worth visiting.

The discussions with the concerned officers and the resource persons revealed that tourist can be divided into two categories:

Local tourists who visit Digha for a day and do not stay at hotels

Outside tourists who visit Digha for more than one night and stay at hotels

Based on the collation of data provided by Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal and the extracts from the I-WIN report, the average tourist flow to Digha has increased from 13.29 lakhs per annum in 2007 to 25.47 lakhs per annum in 2010 with an annual average growth rate of 27%. Generally, the local tourists visit Digha during weekends, holidays, and festivals, whereas the outside tourists visit during extended weekends, holidays, and festivals.

Table 1: Tourist Inflow in Digha

Year Domestic Tourists Foreign Tourists Total Tourists Growth Rate

2007 13.27 0.02 13.29

2008 13.87 0.03 13.90 5%

2009 15.24 0.05 15.29 10%

2010 25.43 0.04 25.47 67%

Source: West Bengal Tourism Data

The tourist data has also been collected from the report titled ‘Identification of Tourism Circuits – West Bengal’ prepared by IL&FS Infrastructure for the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, the average tourist flow to DSDA is 19,859/day and to the beaches is 8250/day in 2010. The report has projected that these tourist fugues will increase to 48,026 by 2020 at an annual growth rate of 9.32%.







3. Existing SWM System

This chapter discusses the present scenario of municipal solid waste collection, transportation, processing, and disposal practices of solid waste in Digha.

3.1 Introduction

The main objectives of Solid Waste Management (SWM) is to improve the collection efficiency and reduce the quantity of solid waste disposed by recovery of materials, and processing solid waste and generating by products from the solid waste.

In this section, the data on the existing SWM practices in Digha Shankarpur Development Authority (DSDA) is presented. A detailed field survey has been conducted to assess the quantity and character (physical and chemical) of the solid waste generated in the Digha area.

3.2 Waste generation

The major generators of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Digha are listed in Table 2.

Table 2: Sources of MSW Generation in Digha

Source Number Source

Population (Residential) 27,713 DSDA Website

Commercial Establishments 3,000 Discussions with DSDA officials

Roads More than 15 km Discussions with DSDA officials and estimation from the map provided by DSDA

Hotels, Restaurants, and Lodges

525 Discussions with DSDA officials

Markets 12 DSDA

Picnic Spots 5 Discussions with DSDA officials

Tourists 25.47 lakhs/annum Secondary information from Department of Tourism, West Bengal and I-WIN Report

3.3 Collection and transportation of waste

Waste collection and transportation are principal components of SWM in Digha. As indicated above and based on the field surveys, the major sources of solid waste generators in Digha are:

Residential households

Hotels and restaurants

Commercial areas

Markets (vegetable, fish, etc.)

Tourists – Beach side and picnic spots

Coconut vendors




Street sweeping

3.3.1 Primary Collection

Primary collection of waste is imperative to avoid indiscriminate disposal of solid waste. But it has been observed that primary collection is not been practiced at Digha. This might be due to the rural characteristics of the project area and recycling habits of the citizens of Digha, which did not create the need for door-to-door waste collection.

Transportation of waste from waste storage/secondary collection points at regular intervals is essential to prevent the overflowing of bins/containers and littering on streets. The project area is provided with either open collection points or static civil structures for secondary storage of MSW.

Scientific treatment and safe disposal of MSW are essential to protect the environment and health. But DSDA is practising indiscriminate open dumping of the collected solid waste at current dumping site at Jatranal. However, DSDA has identified a new site at Ratanpur to develop a scientific treatment and disposal facility.

.

Meeting with Executive Officer (EO), DSDA EO, DSDA, Explaining Present MSW System

3.3.2 Residential areas/households

In general, residential households are main contributors of MSW generated in a town/city. But in the case of Digha, contribution of MSW from households is very small due to its rural characteristics as well as recycling and disposal habits of the citizens.

It has been observed that the citizens of Digha generate mostly organic waste, i.e., kitchen waste, except packaging material like plastic and paper, as well as bottles. The common waste storage and handling practices by citizens in Digha are as follows:

Vegetable and fruit peels and leftover food are fed to the cattle.

Food waste that cannot be fed to cattle is disposed in open pits in the open area around the household.

Recyclable waste like newspaper, cartons, plastic, and bottles are being stored and sold to recyclers.

All other waste materials like paper and plastic (mostly packaging material) are thrown at one corner of the compound and burnt once considerable quantity is accumulated.

Garden waste and coconut shells are used as firewood.




Since most of the waste is being recycled / reused, very small quantity of waste is being disposed by citizens of Digha. However, in few areas like N2-Sector, where the high-income people lives, recycling / reuse practices are not followed. At these areas, waste is deposed at secondary collection points.

Except at N2-Sector, no designated collection points have been deployed by DSDA. The general practice is to throw the waste in front of or near the house. DSDA staff or the citizens themselves sweep the waste once in a while and form a big heap at one corner of the street/colony. These big heaps of waste is then burnt generating ash. This Ash then accumulates on the sides of the road over time. DSDA follows this practice regularly at all most all the residential areas, except at N2-Sector, where waste is collected from the collection points.

Backyard Disposal & Burning of Waste – Hotels Backyard Disposal by Households

3.3.3 Hotels and restaurants

Hotels and restaurants are one of the major sources of MSW generated in Digha. Administratively, all the hotels and restaurants are to be registered with DSDA, but only about 10% of the establishments are registered. As per the figures provided by DSDA and the hotel owners’ association, there are around 525 hotels and restaurants in DSDA. The establishments can be divided into 3 categories:

1. Hotels with restaurants – which generate large quantities of MSW

2. Restaurants (without boarding) – which generate medium quantities of MSW, mostly organic in nature

3. Lodges (only boarding and no restaurant facility) – which generate less quantities of MSW, mostly dry recyclable waste

There is no data available either with DSDA or with the hotel owners’ association on category-wise breakup of hotels and restaurants. However, based on the primary surveys conducted during quantification surveys, it has been roughly estimated that 50% are hotels with restaurants, 25% are restaurants, and 25% are lodges.

The MSW generated from hotels and restaurants is segregated in three groups and stored by the management:

1. Kitchen waste and leftover food

2. Recyclable waste like newspaper, plastic bottles, beer bottles, and liquor bottles

3. Inert waste like carry bags, cardboard plates and glasses, rags, wet/waste paper, sachets, wraps, and sweeping waste

As per the field surveys and observations, the management is efficiently segregating the waste into these categories and recycling the first two categories to the maximum extent. The MSW management practices followed by hotels and restaurants are present below.




Table 3: MSW management practices followed by hotels and restaurants

Type of Waste Present Practice

Kitchen waste and leftover food

Organic waste is stored and handed over to the local pig farmers, which is used as feed the pigs. Every day in the morning, the staff of hotels and restaurants hands over the biodegradable waste to the collection crew of pig farmers on monthly chargeable basis. Pig farmers pay around Rs. 100 to Rs. 500 per month to each hotel or restaurant based on the size of the establishment/quantities. The average monthly charge can be considered to be Rs. 200/month.

The excess organic waste is either disposed in the backyard (if space is available) or at the collection points.

Recyclable waste like newspaper, PET bottles, beer bottles, and liquor bottles

All the hotels and restaurants are practicing recycling of dry waste like newspapers, PET bottles, beer bottles, and liquor bottles. The staff collects and stores the recyclable waste at a designated place. Once considerable quantity is accumulated, the waste is sold to the recycling vendors.

Inert waste like carry bags, cardboard plates and glasses, rags, wet/waste paper, sachets, wraps, and sweeping waste

The waste, which has no recycling value, is swept and thrown out by the hotels and restaurants. Inert waste is either disposed in the backyard (if space is available) or outside in collection points, which will be collected by DSDA’s sweeping crew.

The MSW from hotels and restaurants is recycled effectively by the management/staff. If they are provided with a good collection and transportation system, then MSW can be managed more effectively.

Consultation with Mr Anandinandan Das, President, Hotel Owners’ Association

Consultation with Mr Rabindas, Owner, Aastha Hotel




Hotel Nest Consultation with Owner, Hotel Nest

3.3.4 Commercial establishments

Digha being a tourist place is a hub for many commercial establishments catering to the needs of tourists. Many commercial establishments are located along the beach, near tourist spots, and around the markets. There are no official records available on the type and number of commercial establishments in Digha. The focused discussions with the DSDA officials and a broad estimation reveal that there might be around 3,000 commercial establishments in Digha. With the composition being roadside eateries in form of chat centres, tea stalls, food stalls, fruit vendors and other small establishments such as ornament shops, handicraft shops, toy stores and sea shell made article shops,

It is observed that in terms of weight, the quantity of MSW generated by the commercial establishments is not heavy, but is voluminous. The type of MSW generated by the commercial establishments is characterized as plates and glasses made of plastic/cardboard, paper, leaves, wraps, bottles, polythene bags, and packing material.

The commercial establishments generally deposit the waste in front of their stalls/shops in small heaps, which is then collected by the sweeping crew of DSDA.

3.3.5 Coconut vendors

Usage of coconut in daily life is an integral part of citizens of Digha region. Not only the residents of Digha but also the tourists consume lot of coconut water due to the hot and humid climatic condition of the region. Many coconut vendors could be found at beaches and tourist spots. The coconut shells are disposed by the vendors at open places. The residents collect these coconut shells and keep them in open areas or along the beach for drying. The dried coconut shells are used as firewood by the residents. The same practice is followed by the residents at homes also.

Management of coconut waste is one of the critical tasks for DSDA. The residents collect and accumulate the coconut shells wherever open areas are available. The practice of drying coconut shells has following disadvantages:

Heaps of coconut shell left to dry in open, hampers the aesthetics of the area and inconveniences the tourists.

The heaps of coconut shells become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and flies, thereby spreading communicable diseases.

The heaps sometimes catch fire, posing sever fire hazards.

It has been observed that the waste coconut shells generated are more than the requirement of villagers. So they either do not try to dry them or leave the dried coconut shells to be collected and transported by DSDA. Since the coconut shells are heavy and also require more efforts to transport, DSDA team burns the coconut waste regularly in open areas or along the beach. To avoid burning of coconut shells in open areas, there shall be a proper management plan to collect and process the coconut waste.




Burning of Waste Coconut Shells Burning of Waste Coconut Shells

3.3.6 Tourist spots

Tourism is the main source of income of Digha. Tourists visiting Digha can be divided into following two categories;

Short distance tourists- who visit Digha for a day and do not stay at hotels

Long distance - who visit Digha for more than one night and stay at hotels

Based on the report titled ‘Identification of Tourism Circuits – West Bengal’ prepared by IL&FS Infrastructure for the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, the average tourist flow to Digha-Shankarpur (as destination) is 19,859/day and to the beaches (Digha & Shankarpur) is 9,361/day in 2010. Of the total tourists visiting DSDA, 10,498 tourists/day choose to stay at least for one night.

The local tourists generally come in the morning and spend time at picnic spots by playing, entertaining, cooking, and eating. In the evening, they go around the beach for recreation/relaxing and go to commercial areas for shopping.

Thus, the picnic spots are favourite destinations for local tourists to spend quality time at Digha. The famous picnic spots are:

Khonika

Marina Jungle

Police Holiday Home Maidan

Maithi Ghat

Tourists at Khonica Picnic Spot Tourists at Permanent Picnic Spot




The tourists come in groups, and majority of them cook and eat food at the spot itself. Very few people carry the food along with them. During cooking and eating, the tourists generate lot of waste, which includes:

Biodegradable wet waste comprising kitchen waste, leftover food, and fruit peels

Material used for serving food and water, like plastic/cardboard plates, glasses, and bowls

Recyclable waste like plastic bottles

Coconut shells

The general practice is after the cooking, eating and resting the tourists throw the waste indiscriminately around the spot. There is no formal disposal practice followed by the tourists. By the end of the day, picnic spots would be littered with waste and lightweight materials like plastic, cardboard, and paper can be found blowing along with the wind. Because of the indiscriminate disposal, lot of waste can be found littering all over the place. This creates unhygienic conditions at picnic spots.

To deal with the situation and to manage waste at picnic spots, the DSDA sweeping crew cleans the spots covered with waste, on need-based basis. The crew sweeps the waste and forms small heaps. The waste is voluminous, and to reduce the burden of transporting it, the crew sets small waste heaps on fire.

The practice of burning waste is against the MSW Rules and needs to be eliminated by developing a proper management strategy.

Littering of Picnic Spot Littering of Picnic Spot

3.3.7 Beach side

Beach side is the major tourist attraction But,. the bin density along the beach is ….. which is in very less in comparison to the benchmark value of ………,hence tourists litter waste on the beach.

Presently, DSDA has engaged two sweeping teams, one each at Old Digha Beach and New Digha Beach. The team sweeps the waste and forms small heaps at convenient places. Later, the heaps are burned. . But, this practice is not in line with the MSW Rules 2000.




Tourists at Beach Tourists at Beach

3.3.8 General Markets

There are 12 markets in Digha catering to the needs of the citizens and tourists. The famous markets are Nehru market, Khonika market, South Bengal market, Sabuj haat, and Bodthola market. The markets have all variety of stalls including general stores, groceries, vegetable stalls, fruit stalls, fish stalls, meat shops, chicken shops, etc. The details of the markets in Digha are presented below.

Table 4: Details of Markets in Digha

Sr. No. Location No. of Authorized Stalls

No. of Unauthorized Stalls

Total Stalls

1 Siobghola 2 10 12

2 Near Police Station 1 1 2

3 Youth Hostel 1 100 101

4 Old Market 17 10 27

5 Khonika 19 150 169

6 Shiv Temple 11 180 191

7 Tulsitola 16 30 46

8 Cafeteria 16 175 191

9 Hospital Market 26 20 46

10 South Bengal Bus Stand 93 20 113

11 Bodthola 162 150 312

12 Nehru Maidan 288 180 468

13 Sabuj Haat 160 160

(Source: DSDA)

The waste generated from the markets is mostly biodegradable material mixed with plastic, paper, and silt. Except the Nehru market, no other market has an exclusive sweeping team to clean the market. One sweeping team, consisting of two sweepers (1 male and 1 female), is deployed by the vendors’ association of the market to sweep the market and deposit the waste at a nearby collection point. DSDA is taking up the sweeping of markets as part of regular sweeping activities and no separate crew is allocated for sweeping of markets. Drawing 2 as provided in Annexure presents the location of markets and commercial areas.




Market area in Digha

Sweeping of Market Sweeping of Market

3.3.9 Street sweeping

The street sweeping is carried out on all days of the week with the help of equipment provided by DSDA, which include brooms, baskets, and wheel barrows. The waste is collected in wheelbarrows and is transported to the nearest open point or collection point.

DSDA has deployed 25 workers to sweep streets in Digha. Out of 25 workers, DSDA has deployed 20 people and Panchayat Samiti of Ramnagar has deployed 5 people. Every day, early in the morning at 5:30 am, the entire workforce assembles at the DSDA office. The sanitary supervisor allocates the sweeping areas/stretch to the workers. The areas are divided into daily sweeping areas, twice a week sweeping areas, once a week sweeping areas, and need-based sweeping areas. Based on the requirement, the sweeping areas would be allocated to the workers. Drawing 3 as provided in Annexure presents the current sweeping plan of Digha.




Open Dumping at Residential Areas Open Dumping at Markets

Sweeping Implements used for Sweeping

As per the work norms prescribed by the Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, the sweeping norms per sweeper are 250 m to 350 m in high-density areas and markets, 400 m to 600 m in medium-density areas, and 650 m to 750 m in low-density areas. Considering 8 km as high density & tourist locations, 5 km as medium density and 2 km as low density thus the total sweepers required are around 50 (including relievers).

3.3.10 Secondary waste collection

DSDA has provided static cement structures and open points for secondary storage of waste. The waste collected by the sweeping crew is carried in wheelbarrows and disposed at the secondary collection points. As mentioned, DSDA has provided two types of secondary collection points:

Cement concrete structures locally called ‘Vat’

Open collection points

DSDA has provided 23 Vat and 10 open points for secondary collection, from where a vehicle collects the waste and transports to the disposal site. Drawing 4 as provided in Annexure presents the location of 'Vat (Temporary disposal points for waste) and open collection points in Digha.




Open Collection Point Cement Concrete Collection Point (‘Vat’)

Sweeping Crew Depositing Waste at Vat Sweeping Crew Depositing Waste at Vat

3.3.11 Transportation of waste

The collection and transportation of waste are carried out by DSDA on all the days, including public holidays. The waste from Vats and open spaces is loaded manually into a tractor. DSDA has deployed one tractor on rental basis for the transportation of waste. The tractor is provided with one driver and four loading crew.

As per the information provided by the sanitary supervisor, the tractor makes 3 trips every day during normal tourist season and 5 trips a day during peak tourist season. The tractors collect about 5 to 6 MT of waste every day.




Vehicle Used to Transport MSW Collection of MSW from Vat

Collection of MSW from Secondary Collection Point

Collection of MSW from Secondary Collection Point

3.4 Staff details for current waste management

Administratively, DSDA is responsible for MSW management in Digha. The executive officer supported by sanitation staff looks after the MSW management in Digha. The sanitation team is headed by a sanitary supervisor, who takes care of collection, sweeping, and transportation of MSW in Digha. The total workforce involved in MSW management is 25 workers, 1 driver, and 4 lifting crew.

3.5 Reuse of waste generated

3.5.1 Organic waste

The organic waste generated by the residents as well from the hotels in Digha is reused in following ways;

3.5.1.1 Cattle feed

Most of the households in Digha have cattle at home. Organic waste like vegetable and fruit peels, raw vegetables and fruits, and leftover rice is fed to the cattle.

Some villagers collect raw vegetables and fruits from markets to feed the cattle.

3.5.1.2 Pig farms

The kitchen waste and leftover food from hotels and restaurants is collected by pig farms and used as food for pigs. There are two pig farms in Digha. One pig farm is located at Jatranal and has 10-12 animals. This farm collects on an average 200 to 300 kg of organic waste from hotels and restaurants. The other pig farm is located at the backside of the new bus stand (Orissa–West Bengal boarder) in New Digha. This is a big farm having 60-70 animals. This farm collects about 900 to 1,000 kg of organic waste every day.

To collect the organic waste, the pig farms have engaged manual as well as motorized tricycles with High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) bins/drums. The organic waste is collected from hotels and restaurants early in the morning using these vehicles.




Vehicles Used by Pig Farmers to Collect Organic Waste

Collection of Organic Waste by Pig Farmers from Hotel

Organic Waste used in Pig Farms Pig Farm

3.5.2 Dry waste

Recycling of dry MSW is one of the important activities in the MSW management system in Digha. Being a tourist destination, Digha generates huge quantities of recyclable waste. Recycling is a very organized activity in Digha with systematic collection and recycling. Collection of recyclable waste generally happens at the following places:

Secondary collection points

Hotels and restaurants

Collection of recyclables from secondary collection points, i.e., from Vats and open points, is carried out by rag pickers. As per the information provided by recycling dealers, around 25 rag pickers operate in Digha. These rag pickers collect recyclable waste from collection points and other tourist spots and sell the same to the dealers. The rag pickers mainly collection PET bottles only.

Collection of recyclables from hotels, restaurants, and lodges is carried out by collection agents. Mr Md. Khaji, a collection agent, and dealers confirmed that there are 15-20 collection agents in Digha. These collection agents have tie-ups with hotels, restaurants, and lodges to buy the recyclables. The collection agents collect the recyclables at regular intervals or whenever sufficient quantity accumulates. The collected recyclables are sold to the dealers. The collection agents mainly collect PET bottles, beer bottles, liquor bottles, and cartons.

There are four dealers involved in recycling business in Digha, namely:




Asir Alishah

Jalaluddi

Gautam Debnath

Devendra Chandra

Detailed discussions have been carried out with Mr Asir Alishah and Mr Devendra Chandra. The results of the discussion with the dealers for recycled material are as follows;

Mr Asir Alishah, Location: Ratanpur

The discussions revealed that Mr Asir Alishah:

Mainly deals with the recycling of PET bottles, beer bottles, liquor bottles, and cartons

Buys the recyclables from rag pickers and collection agents

Stores the materials in closed/open areas

Sells the recyclables to recycling industries at Kolkata at 15-20% margin

Is willing to do recycling business more aggressively if place and godown is provided

The material type wise recycling details by Mr Asir Alishah have been presented as follows.

Table 5: Details of Recycling by Dealer (Mr Asir Alishah)

Material Normal Days Peak Days Buying Price

PET bottles 500 kg/month 1000 kg/month Rs. 20/kg

Beer bottles 80 No./day 150 No./day Re. 1/bottle

Liquor bottles 40 kg/day 60 kg/day Rs. 2/kg

Plastic 100 kg/6 months 200 kg/6 months Rs. 2.5/kg

Cartons 10 kg/day 15 kg/day Rs. 5/kg

(Source: Consultation with the waste dealer)

Recycling Dealer at Ratanpur Waste for recycling at Ratanpur

Mr Devendra Chandra, Location: Parsore Road, New Digha

The discussions revealed that with Mr Devendra Chandra:

Mainly deals with the recycling of PET bottles, beer bottles, liquor bottles, and cartons




Buy the recyclables from rag pickers and collection agents

Stores the materials in closed/open areas

Sells the recyclables to recycling industries at Kolkata at 15-20% margin or sometimes Re. 1/kg

Is willing to do recycling business more aggressively if place is provided

The material type wise recycling details by Mr Devendra Chandra have been presented as follows.

Table 6: Details of Recycling by Dealer (Mr Devendra Chandra)

Material Normal Days Peak Days Buying Price

PET Bottles 50 kg/month 150 kg/month Rs. 15/kg

Beer Bottles 200 No./day 400 No./day Re. 1/bottle

Liquor Bottles 50 kg/day 300 kg/day Rs. 2/kg

LDPE 2 kg/day 5 kg/day Rs. 6.5/kg

Cartons 20 kg/day 20 kg/day Rs. 5/kg

(Source: Consultation with the Dealer)

Recycling Dealer at New Digha Recycling Dealer at New Digha

Based on the information collected from the recycling dealers, it has been estimated that 113 kg of PET bottles, 1,660 beer bottles, 900 kg of liquor bottles, and 190 kg of cartons are recycled every day.

Table 7: Estimation of Quantity of Dry Waste Recycling in Digha

Material Average Quantity Recycled/Dealer

No. of Dealers Total Quantity Recycled

PET Bottles 28 kg/day 4 113 kg/day

Beer Bottles 415 No./day 4 1660 No./day

Liquor Bottles 225 kg/day 4 900 kg/day

LDPE 3.5 kg/day 4 14 kg/day

Cartons 47.5 kg/day 4 190 kg/day

(Source: Consultation with the Dealer)




3.6 Processing and disposal

At present, DSDA transports the waste to its disposal site at Jatranala. The site is allotted to DSDA, but possession of the same has not yet been taken. Actual proposal is to develop a deer park at the present disposal site. But DSDA is utilizing the site for disposal of waste. DSDA is practicing open and indiscriminate dumping of waste at Jatranala since 2002.

A small vermin compost plant is present at Jatranala. Presently, the vermin compost plant is not operational, and no staff is deployed to oversee the dumping site and compost plant. The compost plant has a segregation platform and a thatch roof shed, which are under dilapidated condition. There are two rows of compost pits, each row having three pits, i.e., total six pits constructed in the shed. The plant was constructed around 6 years back and was operated for 1 year.

Segregation Platform Vermin Compost Pits and Shed

To develop a scientific treatment and disposal facility, DSDA has identified 12 acres of land at Ratanpur. The site has been allotted to DSDA, but possession has not been taken yet. Presently, the land is being cultivated by the villagers. Till the establishment of the scientific treatment and disposal facility at proposed site, DSDA is planning to continue with the present dump site at Jatranala.

Proposed Site for Integrated Facility Proposed Site for Integrated Facility




Figure 2: Location of existing dump site and proposed site for Sanitary landfill

3.7 Deficiency analysis

The current SWM system of Digha has a fairly structured collection and transportation system. However, there are several issues that need to be addressed, such as mixed composition of waste, open/backyard disposal, burning of waste, absence of a weighbridge, and lack of scientific disposal. The issues associated with the current management system are highlighted in the following Table 8.

SWM practices in Digha need improvements to make it more effective and efficient. While DSDA has a basic collection and transportation mechanism, the following aspects of the present system need be addressed to establish an integrated SWM system for Digha.

Table 8: Deficiency Analysis of Present Scenario of SWM in Digha

Component Remarks

Generation

Waste from all categories including households, hotels, restaurants, commercial establishments, markets, temples, institutions, drain silt, street sweepings gets mixed during collection and transportation

No provision to collect the bulk waste from hotels and restaurants

Segregation at Source

Only hotels, restaurants, and lodges segregate waste, while households follows a broad segregation to suit their needs

Informal way of recyclable collection, but can be made systematic

Primary Collection

Door-to-door waste collection is completely absent

Open dumping points are operational

Absence of dustbins at public places and tourist attractions

Unhealthy and unhygienic waste disposal practices followed by the big generators

Secondary Collection

Insufficient number of collection points, only 23 static collection points for the entire Digha

All the collection points are open and unhygienic

Stray animals present at the secondary collection points

No provision of separate biodegradable (green) and recyclable (blue) containers

Poor maintenance of collection points

Erratic capacities of the collection points

No spraying of disinfectants at collection points




Component Remarks

Manual lifting of the waste from the collection points leading to spilling of waste

Street Sweeping

Absence of need-based sweeping

Inefficient street sweeping operations

Current sweeping does not cover all the roads and streets

Only 25 workers engaged for sweeping and collection of waste, which is inadequate

No provision of protective gear to the staff

No health camps and vaccination for the sanitation staff

Transportation

Manual and multiple handling of waste

Open transportation of waste

Spillage of waste during transportation

Leakage of leachate from the vehicle

Community Participation

No efforts made to encourage community participation

Public Awareness Absence of significant educational programmes, campaigns, NGO activities for public awareness on SWM, significance of recycling, and reuse and segregation of MSW

Disposal

Absence of waste processing practices

Absence of scientific disposal

Absence of weighbridge at the operational disposal site

Absence of proper processing facility

Present compost plant also under dilapidated condition




4. Waste Quantification and Characterization

This chapter describes in detail the process of the waste quantification from different sources in Digha. Apart from assessing the waste quantities, this section also present the chemical and physical characteristics of the waste generated in Digha.

4.1 Introduction

Quantification of municipal waste generated was carried out separately for different sources of generation such as residential, commercial, street sweeping, markets, beach side, etc.

Waste composition, characteristics and quantities of solid waste is essential for the following reasons;

It provides the basic data on which the management system is planned, designed and operated.

The changes/trend in composition and quantity of waste over a period of time are known which help in future planning.

It provides the information for the selection of equipment and appropriate technology.

It indicates the amount and type of material suitable for processing, recovery and recycling.

The waste generation rates have been worked out on the basis of field surveys, waste sampling and discussion with the different waste generators and the officials of the DSDA. The results of the study are set out in this section.

4.2 Waste quantification

4.2.1 Domestic Households

The waste generated from domestic households forms one of the components of total MSW generated in Digha area. Field surveys have been conducted for to assess the MSW generation from 18

th to 20

th October 2012. Field visits have been conducted for more than 150 households and results

of 150 households were considered for consistent results. The total population of the sample households is 927. The quantity of waste generated by sample households during the survey was ranging between 172 kg to 189 kg per day. The results of the survey have been presented in Table 9 below;

Table 9: Household Survey Details

On 18Oct’12 On 19Oct’12 On 20Oct’12 Average

No. of HHs Surveyed 150 150 150 150

Population 927 927 927 927

Total Quantity of Waste, kg 172.50 176.60 188.78 179.29

Average Waste/HH, kg/day 1.15 1.18 1.26 1.20

Per Capita Generation, kg/day 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.19

(Source: Primary Survey)

As presented above the average per capita generation from households is estimated to be around 190gm/day. Thus the total waste generated by the population in Digha is around 700kg/day.




Table 10: Estimation of MSW Generated from Households

Value

Per Capita Generation, gm./day 190

Population of Digha 3667

Total Quantity of Waste Generated, kg/day 697

The households are generating coconut waste apart from the MSW from day-to-day activities. During field visits it has been attempted to assess the coconut waste but could not do the same because the residents unable to give clear picture on the quantities generated and the waste generation are not regular / diurnal to carry out the sample survey. So assessment of waste is excluding the coconut waste generated from households. However exclusion of coconut waste from the quantity assessment does not have any impact as it is dried and utilized by the resident as firewood.

Quantification Survey of Households Quantification Survey of Households

4.2.2 Commercial Establishments

There are at about 3,000 commercial establishments operating in Digha, majority of them are chat Centre’s, tea stalls, food stalls, ornaments shops, handicraft shops, toy stores, sea shell made article shops and fruit vendors. The major waste generating sources are chat/snack Centre’s, tea stalls, food stalls, etc.

In order to assess the waste generated by these establishments, field visits and assessment surveys were carried out at commercial areas like along sea beach, Khonica picnic spot / market, permanent picnic spot, etc. Discussions were also held, with the shop owners on the amount of waste generated by each of them and disposal practices.

Since no information is available with DSDA on category wise inventory of commercial establishment, samples were selected randomly and survey was conducted. The survey has been conducted in two phases i.e. during normal tourist period (18/10/12 to 20/10/12) and during peak tourist period (31/12/12 to 01/01/13). A total of 80 establishments during normal days and 60 establishments during peak days were selected and field assessment surveys were carried out.

Table 11: Solid Waste Generated by Commercial Establishments

Description Value

Number of Commercial Establishments 3000

Unit Waste Solid Waste Generation Rate during Normal Days, kg/unit/day 0.58

MSW Generated by Commercial Establishments during normal days, tons/day 1.74




Unit Waste Solid Waste Generation Rate during Peak Days, kg/unit/day 1.72

MSW Generated by Commercial Establishments during peak days, tons/day 5.16


Based on the survey it was concluded that commercial establishments in Digha generates 1.74 MT of solid waste everyday with unit generation rate of 0.58 kg/day during normal days. During peak days the waste generation is as high as 5.16 tonnes per day (TPD) with unit generation rate of 1.72 kg/day.

Quantification Survey of Commercial Establishments

Quantification Survey of Commercial Establishments

4.2.3 Waste Coconut Shells

Waste coconut shells are one of the major constituent of MSW generated in Digha. To estimate the waste coconut shells generated, assessment survey of coconut vendors has been carried out. Sampling Survey of 14 coconut vendors has been carried out for two days during normal tourist period (18/10/12 & 19/10/12) as well as during peak tourist period (31/12/12 & 01/01/13). As per the assessment each coconut vendor is generating waste coconut shells of 42.39 kg/day during normal days and 113.49kg/day during peak days.

Coconut Vendor at Beach Coconut Vendor at Tourist Spot

Table 12: Assessment of Quantity of Waste Coconut Shells Generated – Normal Days

Description On 18Oct’2012 On 20Oct’2012 Average




No. of Sample Vendors 14 14 14

No. of Waste Coconut Shells Generated per day by Sample Vendors

496 446 471

Average No. of Waste Coconut Shells Generated each Vendors, No./day

35.43 31.86 33.64

Average Weight of One Coconut Shell, kg

1.26 1.26 1.26

Weight of Waste Coconut Shells Generated by each Vendor, kg/day

44.64 40.14 42.39

Total Coconut Vendors in Digha 70 70 70

Total Weight of Waste Coconut Shell, TPD

3.12 2.81 2.97


Table 13: Assessment of Quantity of Waste Coconut Shells Generated – Peak Days

Description On 31Dec’2012 On 01Jan’2013 Average

No. of Sample Vendors 14 14 14

No. of Waste Coconut Shells Generated per day by Sample Vendors

1199 1324 1261

Average No. of Waste Coconut Shells Generated each Vendors, No./day

85.64 94.57 90.07

Average Weight of One Coconut Shell, kg

1.26 1.26 1.26

Weight of Waste Coconut Shells Generated by each Vendor, kg/day

107.91 119.15 113.49

Total Coconut Vendors in Digha 70 70 70

Total Weight of Waste Coconut Shell, TPD

7.55 8.34 7.94


Based on the surveys and assessment the quantity of waste coconut shells generated in Digha is estimated to be around 3TPD during normal days and 8TPD during peak days. This waste is either used by resident as firewood or DSDA is burning to reduce the quantity. Details of quantification survey of waste coconut shells are presented in Annexure 4C.

4.2.4 Hotels & Restaurants

Hotels, restaurants and lodges are the main sources of waste generation in Digha, which mainly contributes organic and recyclable waste. The waste stream from hotels and restaurants mainly comprises,

1. Kitchen waste and left over food

2. Recyclable waste like newspaper, PET bottles, beer bottles and liquor bottles

3. Other waste like carry bags, cardboard plates & glasses, rags, wet/waste paper, sachets, wraps and sweeping waste

Waste generation depends on number of occupants in each category. Based on the discussions with the hotel owners it is revealed that during normal days the occupancy is 20-50% and during peak 60-




100%. As informed by DSDA, there are 525 numbers of hotels, restaurants and lodges present in Digha. During normal tourist period detailed field surveys have been conducted for three days (18/10/12 to 20/10/12) to estimate the quantity of waste generation from the hotels, restaurants and lodges. But for the purpose of assessment only two days have been considered as the one day results were not reliable

2. During peak tourist period the detailed field surveys have been repeated for

two days (31/12/12 & 01/01/13) to arrive at the quantity of waste generation from the hotels, restaurants and lodges.

Table 14: Assessment of Quantity of Waste from Hotels and Restaurants

Type Organic Waste, kg/day

Beer Bottles, No./day

Liquor Bottles, No./day

PET Bottles, No./day

Other Waste, kg/day

Normal Days

Peak Days

Normal Days

Peak Days

Normal Days

Peak Days

Normal Days

Peak Days

Normal Days

Peak Days

Hotels with Restaurants

10.05 35.57 5.96 9.92 7.40 9.24 9.98 25.39 1.50 2.19

Restaurants 9.82 29.67 8.58 15.00 1.46 2.08

Lodges 4.32 7.32 5.71 4.41 7.09 11.50 1.35 1.36

Average 6.62 21.75 3.43 5.75 4.37 4.55 8.55 17.30 1.44 1.88

No. of Establishments

525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525

Generation per day

3477 11419 1799 3019 2294 2389 4489 9082 754 987


Thus the quantity of organic waste generated is 3.5 TPD during normal days and 11.5 TPD during peak days. Similar estimation has been carried out for beer bottles, liquor bottles and PET bottled as present below.

Quantification Survey of Hotels Quantification Survey of Restaurants

2 Due to apprehensions initially hotels, restaurants and lodges did not share the clear information but after understanding

the purpose of the study co-operation has been extended.




Table 15: Estimation of Waste Generation from Hotels and Restaurants

Type of Waste Normal Days Peak Days

Organic Waste, kg/day 3,477.00 11,419

Beer Bottles, kg /day

(Considering avg. wt. of one empty beer bottles as 0.2kg) 359.80 603.80

Liquor Bottles, kg /day

(Considering avg. wt. of one empty liquor bottles as 0.25kg) 573.56 597.25

PET Bottles, kg /day

(Considering avg. wt. of one empty PET bottles as 19gm) 85.29 172.56

Other Waste, kg/day 754.00 987.00

Total 5,249.65 13,779.61


As present in the above table the waste generation from hotels, restaurants and lodges is ranging from 5TPD during normal days to 14TPD in peak days.

4.2.5 Street Sweeping Waste

Street sweeping waste is mainly inert waste comprising of dust, sand, dry leaves and small stones. This waste also contains litter, and animal waste. Based on the discussions with the sweeping staff and random survey during sweeping operations it was estimated that the waste generation rate is in the range of 38kg/km/day during normal days to 50 kg/km/day during peak days. For the total 8 km of road length in Digha it is estimated that 304kg of street sweeping waste is generated per day Details on quantification of street sweeping is shown in Table below.

Table 16: Quantification of street sweeping waste

Description Normal Days Peak Days

Average road length swept every in km 8 8

Waste generation factor kg/km/day 38 50

Total waste generation, kg/day 304 400

4.2.6 Markets

There are 12 markets in Digha catering to the needs of the citizens and tourists. Out of all the famous markets are Nehru market, Khonika market, South Bengal market, Sabuj haat and Bodthola market. The markets have all variety of stalls including general stores, groceries, vegetable stalls, fruit stalls, fish stalls, meat shops, chicken shops, etc.

The quantity of waste generated from the markets is quantified by considering the same waste generation factors as commercial establishments. Waste Quantification for markets in Digha is given in Table below.

Table 17: Quantity of Waste Generated from Markets

S. No Name of the Market

No. of Stalls

Normal Days Peak Days

Generation Rate, kg/Unit/day

Waste Generate, kg/day



1 Siobghola 12 0.58 6.96 1.72 20.64




S. No Name of the Market

No. of Stalls

Normal Days Peak Days





2 Youth Hostel 101 0.58 58.58 1.72 173.72

3 Old Market 27 0.58 15.66 1.72 46.44

4 Khonika 169 0.58 98.02 1.72 290.68

5 Shiv Temple 191 0.58 110.78 1.72 328.52

6 Tulsitola 46 0.58 26.68 1.72 79.12

7 Cafeteria 191 0.58 110.78 1.72 328.52

8 Hospital Market 46 0.58 26.68 1.72 79.12

9 South Bengal Bus Stand

113 0.58 65.54 1.72 194.36

10 Bodthola 312 0.58 180.96 1.72 536.64

11 Nehru Maidan 468 0.58 271.44 1.72 804.96

12 Sabuj Haat 160 0.58 92.80 1.72 275.2

Total 1064.88 3157.92

Thus the total quantity of waste generated from markets in Digha area is estimated to be 1.06TPD during normal days and 3.16TPD during peak days.

4.2.7 Tourist Spots

As discussed in the previous chapters, tourist can be divided into two categories;

Local tourists who visit Digha for a day, who do not stay at hotels

Outside tourist who visit Digha for more than one night, who stay at hotels

The local tourists generally come in the morning spend time at picnic spots and leave by late evening. These tourists are main contributors of waste at tourist spots.

To assess the waste generated at tourist spots random field surveys have been conducted at Khonika tourist spot and Permanent picnic spot. At each place waste generated by around 75 tourists has been estimated. At both the places the waste generated by the 75 tourists is around 4kg (Almost all the waste is cardboard/leaf plates & PET bottles). Thus waste generated from a group of tourists has been assessed and applied on number of tourists in the group. The average waste generated by each tourist is estimated to be around 50gm. The waste generation rate is applied on the number of local tourists to arrive at the waste generated at picnic spots. As indicated in the previous chapter the average number of tourists visiting Digha 8250/day with peak number goes to 25,000/day to 75,000/day (average 50,000/day). Thus the waste generated at picnic spots is estimated as 412kg/day on normal days and 2.5TPD during peak days.

4.3 Summary of total waste generation

The average daily waste generation from Digha is around 15 TPD. Table below provides breakup of waste generation from various sources and percentage distribution of waste generation from different sources.

Table 18: Total Waste Generated

S. No. Source Normal Days Peak Days




Waste Generated, TPD

Percentage Waste Composition

Waste Generated, TPD

Percentage Waste Composition

1 Domestic Households

0.70 5.63% 0.70 2.08%

2 Commercial Establishments

1.74 14.00% 5.16 15.34%

3 Waste Coconut Shells

2.97 23.89% 7.94 23.60%

4 Hotels, Restaurants & Lodges

5.25 42.24% 13.78 40.96%

5 Street Sweeping 0.30 2.41% 0.40 1.19%

6 Markets 1.06 8.53% 3.16 9.39%

7 Tourist Spots 0.41 3.30% 2.50 7.43%

TOTAL 12.43 33.64

4.4 Quantity of waste collected

DSDA has deployed one tractor for transportation of waste to the disposal site at Jatranal. To estimate the quantity of waste collected, vehicle movement with respect to average number of trips performed per day has been noted in discussion with the sanitary supervisor. As per the information provided by the sanitary supervisor the tractor makes 3 trips every day during normal tourist season and 5 trips a day during peak tourist season.

To arrive at the quantity of waste carried by the vehicle in one trip volume of the vehicle has been applied with bulk density of waste, which was assessed on field during characterization surveys.

Table 19: Estimation of Quantity of Waste Collected

Indicator Value

Normal Tourist Season

Average no. of trips per day 3

Volume of the trailer, m3 3.1 (3.35m X 1.85m X 0.5m)

Bulk Density of Waste, kg/m3 360

Quantity of MSW carried per trip, MT 1.12

Quantity of MSW collected per day, MT 3.36

Peak Tourist Season

Average no. of trips per day 7

Volume of the trailer, m3 3.1 (3.35m X 1.85m X 0.5m)

Bulk Density of Waste, kg/m3 360

Quantity of MSW carried per trip, MT 1.12

Quantity of MSW collected per day, MT 7.84

Thus as estimated above the average quantity of waste collected by DSDA is 3.36TPD during normal days and 7.84TPD during peak days. When compared to the quantity of waste collected with the quantity of waste generated it is only 25% owing to segregation and reuse of the waste generated by the local residents and the waste collection directly from the source by the recycling agencies and




cattle farms. The table below provides the local practices followed for direct waste collection from source due to which majority of waste does not reach to the collection system;

Table 20: Estimation of Quantity of Waste Reaching Collection System

Source Waste Generated, TPD

Practice

Domestic Households

0.70 Organic waste – feed to cattle

Other waste – disposed in back yard and burned

Commercial Establishments

1.74 (Normal days)

5.16 (Peak Days)

Mixed waste – disposed along the streets or in secondary collection points

Recyclable waste – collected by rag pickers (mostly PET bottles)

Waste Coconut Shells

2.97 (Normal days)

7.94 (Peak Days)

Collected by residents for utilizing as firewood

Excess waste is burned by collection crew

Very less waste reaches the mainstream collection system

Hotels, Restaurants & Lodges

5.25 (Normal days)

13.78 (Peak Days)

Organic waste – mostly collected by pig farmers. Excess waste is either disposed in backyards (if space available) or in collection points

Recyclable waste – collected by collection agents

Inert waste – excess waste is either disposed in backyards (if space available) or in collection points

Street Sweeping

0.30 (Normal days)

0.40 (Peak Days)

Reaches secondary collection points

Markets

1.06 (Normal days)

3.16 (Pak Days)

Mixed waste – disposed in secondary collection points

Waste coconut shells – Collected by residents for utilizing as firewood

Tourist Spots

0.41 (Normal days)

2.50 (Peak Days)

Mixed waste – disposed along the streets or in secondary collection points

Recyclable waste – collected by rag pickers (mostly PET bottles)

Almost 70 – 75% of the total waste is recycled or disposed in backyard or burned or reused, thus not reaching the mainstream collection system of DSDA. So it can be concluded that out of total waste generated only 30% of waste reaches the mainstream collection system of DSDA which is being collected by DSDA. Thus the actual collection efficiency of DSDA is around 90%.

4.5 Projection of MSW Generated

As presented in the earlier sections the main contributors of the waste generated in the DSDA area are tourists and their associated activities. So projection of waste generated in line with the tourist inflow would be more appropriate in this case. Thus to arrive at the per capita waste generation by tourists and there by arriving at the future waste quantities, two projects have been carried out;

Projection of tourists

Projection of per capita generation




4.5.1 Projection of Tourists

To project tourists two sets of data has been considered (a) data from Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal extracted from the I-WIN report and (b) data from the report titled ‘Identification of Tourism Circuits – West Bengal’ prepared by IL&FS Infrastructure for the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India

Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal extracted from the I-WIN report provides the information that the tourist population was 13.29 lakhs/annum in 2007, 13.9 lakhs/annum in 2008, 15.29 lakhs/annum in 2009 and 25.47 lakhs/annum in 2010 the annual tourist growth rate between 2007-08 is 5% where as between 2008-09 is 10%, but a substantial growth of 67% has been reported during 2009-10. Thus considering the tourist growth rate from 2007 to 2010, the average CAGR work out to 27%. With the average CAGR of 27% and 2010 tourist population, the projections have been carried out for next 20 years.

Table 21: Tourist Projections from Department of Tourism, WB Report data

Year Tourists /Annum,

Lakhs Tourists /Day Year

Tourists /Annum, Lakhs

Tourists /Day

2010 25.47 6,978 2020 222.70 61,013

2011 31.64 8,668 2021 276.62 75,787

2012 39.30 10,766 2022 343.60 94,138

2013 48.81 13,373 2023 426.80 116,932

2014 60.63 16,612 2024 530.15 145,246

2015 75.31 20,634 2025 658.52 180,416

2016 93.55 25,630 2026 817.97 224,102

2017 116.20 31,836 2027 1,016.04 278,367

2018 144.34 39,545 2028 1,262.06 345,771

2019 179.29 49,120 2029 1,567.66 429,496

As presented in the table above the average tourist population to Digha has increased from 13,373/day in 2013 to 39,545/day in 2018, to 1,16,932/day in 2023 and to 3,45,771/day in 2028.

Similarly the projections have been carried out for the data from the report titled ‘Identification of Tourism Circuits – West Bengal’ prepared by IL&FS Infrastructure for the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. The report presents and projects that the tourist population will grow from 19,859/day to 48,026/day with an average annual growth rate of 9.23%. in line with the previous projections the tourist population has been projected for next 20 years considering the CAGR of 9.23% and 2010 as base year.

Table 22: Tourist Projections from Ministry of Tourism, GoI Report data




Tourists /Day

2010 72.49 19,859 2020 175.29 48,025

2011 79.18 21,692 2021 191.48 52,459

2012 86.49 23,695 2022 209.15 57,302

2013 94.47 25,883 2023 228.46 62,592

2014 103.19 28,273 2024 249.55 68,371

2015 112.72 30,883 2025 272.59 74,683







Tourists /Day

2016 123.13 33,734 2026 297.76 81,578

2017 134.50 36,848 2027 325.25 89,110

2018 146.91 40,250 2028 355.28 97,337

2019 160.48 43,966 2029 388.08 106,324

As presented in the table above the average tourist population to Digha has increased from 25,883/day in 2013 to 40,250/day in 2018, to 62,592/day in 2023 and to 97,337/day in 2028.

The comparison of projections by two different information, the projection from I-WIN report data presents an abnormal projection of tourists from 13,373/day to 3,45,771/day from 2013 to 2028. Whereas the projections from IL&FS report data presents conservative projection of tourists from 25,883/day to 97,332/day from 2013 to 2028.

Since the tourist projections have direct impact on the project feasibility and its implementation, projections arrived from IL&FS report data have been considered.

4.5.2 Projection of Tourists

Applying the tourist population of 2013 i.e. 25,883/day on quantity of waste generated i.e. 12.43MT/day (during normal season), the per capita waste generation by tourists is worked out to 480 gm/tourist/day. The per capita waste generation rate changes with time due to change in the life style, economy and habits of the tourists as well as residents. Since no past data on per capita generation / waste quantities are available, a moderate 5% increase in per capita generation have been considered.

Table 23: Projection of Per Capita Waste Generation

Year kg/tourist/day Year kg/ tourist /day

2013 0.48 2023 0.78

2014 0.50 2024 0.82

2015 0.53 2025 0.86

2016 0.55 2026 0.90

2017 0.58 2027 0.94

2018 0.61 2028 0.99

2019 0.64 2029 1.04

2020 0.67 2030 1.09

2021 0.71 2031 1.14

2022 0.74 2032 1.20

Thus as presented above the per capita generation has increased from 0.48 kg/tourist/day in 2013 to almost 1 kg/tourist/day in 2028.

Applying the tourist population on per capita waste generation by tourists, the waste generated in the normal season has been estimated. The normal season waste quantity has been applied with the factor 2.71 to arrive at the peak season waste quantity (as assessed during the sample surveys, peak season waste quantity is 2.71 times the normal season).




Table 24: Projection of Waste Generation in Digha area

Year Normal Days,

MT/day

Peak Days,

MT/day Year

Normal Days,

MT/day

Peak Days,

MT/day

2013 12.43 33.64 2023 48.68 131.75

2014 14.25 38.56 2024 55.80 151.02

2015 16.33 44.20 2025 63.96 173.11

2016 18.72 50.67 2026 73.32 198.43

2017 21.46 58.08 2027 84.05 227.46

2018 24.60 66.57 2028 96.34 260.73

2019 28.20 76.31 2029 110.43 298.87

2020 32.32 87.47 2030 126.58 342.58

2021 37.05 100.27 2031 145.10 392.69

2022 42.47 114.94 2032 166.33 450.14

The above table presents the projection of waste quantities over a period of 20 years during normal as well as peak seasons.

4.6 Waste Characterization

For the activity of waste characterization the primary and first task is to derive the sampling plan, which includes sampling locations, coverage of vehicle / area and sampling schedule. A detailed sampling plan has been prepared and then characterization survey has been conducted. Waste characterization study for Digha was carried from 19

th October 2012 to 21

st October 2012 at

secondary collection points and disposal site. On 19th and 20

th October 2012 sampling has been done

at secondary collection points;

Open Point at Tokyo Inn Hotel

Permanent Picnic Spot Vat

Sabujhaat Market

Khonika Vat

N2 Sector Vat

From 19th to 21

st October 2012 three samples have been collected from Jatranal disposal site.

In order to assess the physical characteristics of the MSW, samples are collected as per the sampling plan. For the purpose of survey a temporary weighing arrangement has been arranged. The tools used to carry out the analysis are;

a box for sampling

temporary weighing arrangements for weighing MSW

A clean surface to operate on

For each sampling, about 50-100 kg (at secondary collection point) and 250 kg (at disposal site) of freshly arrived solid waste was collected. Around 0.15, meter cube composite sample of the collected MSW was drawn out using coning and quartering method. Each sample was then loaded into the sample box and pushed down to a density approximately equivalent to the original load in the collection point/vehicle. Then the weight of the sample was taken. After the weighing, the sample is then segregated into the following categories,

Organic Waste




Paper & Cardboard

Plastics

Glass & Ceramics

Rags /Cloth /Cotton

Garden Waste

Stone, Debris & Boulders

Coconut Shells

Jute & Raw Betel Nut

Leaves used as Plates

Thermocol Plates

Grass & Straw

Organic Waste mixed with Sand & Silt

The segregated materials are then weighed separately and the weights of each fraction are noted in the standard format.

From the original sample of MSW drawn for physical segregation, about 2 kg of sample has been collected in a sample bag for the chemical analysis. The analysis was then carried out for chemical characteristics.

Characterization Survey Characterization Survey




Characterization Survey Characterization Survey

4.6.1 Physical Analysis of Solid Waste

Organic matter including food waste, market waste, sand and fine earth with soil are the major constituents of the solid waste generated in Digha. The composition of organic matter mixed with sand & silt ranges from 28 % to 37 %, where as the exclusive organic matter ranges from 11% to 20%. The other major constituents of waste generated in Digha are coconut shells (12%), plastic (7%) and paper & cardboard (5%). Leaves and cardboard plates also the predominant constituent of waste as far as volume is considered, but due to its light weight does not reflect the same in percentage by weight basis.

Table 25: Characteristics of waste at Secondary Collection Points

Physical Characteristics

Unit



Sabujhaat Market

Khonika Vat

N2 Sector Vat

Average

Organic Waste % 12.95 15.79 61.67 2.56 32.26 25.05

Paper & Cardboard

% 8.63 1.32 0 1.92 3.23 3.02

Plastics % 22.3 14.47 6.61 3.21 6.45 10.61

Glass & Ceramics % 0.36 0 0 0 0 0.07

Rags /Cloth /Cotton

% 10.07 6.58 0.88 6.41 6.45 6.08

Garden Waste % 0 9.87 0 0 16.13 5.2

Stone, Debris & Boulders

% 0.72 0 2.2 0.64 0 0.71

Coconut Shells % 10.79 14.47 14.1 51.28 16.13 21.35




Physical Characteristics

Unit



Sabujhaat Market

Khonika Vat

N2 Sector Vat

Average

Jute & Raw Betel Nut

% 0 0 1.32 0 0 0.26

Leaves used as Plates

% 0 3.29 0 7.69 0 2.2

Thermocol Plates % 1.8 1.32 0 3.85 0 1.39

Grass & Straw % 0 0 0 0 0


% 32.37 32.89 13.22 22.44 19.35 24.06

TOTAL % 100 100 100 100 100 100

(Source: Field Sampling Survey)

Table 26: Characteristics of waste at Disposal Site

Physical Characteristics Unit Jatranal

(Sample 1)

Jatranal

(Sample 2)

Jatranal

(Sample 3) Average

Organic Waste % 10.60 18.69 19.94 16.41

Paper & Cardboard % 8.48 3.12 4.98 5.53

Plastics % 9.89 7.79 5.61 7.76

Glass & Ceramics % 0.71 0.93 0.62 0.75

Rags /Cloth /Cotton % 8.48 3.12 5.61 5.73

Garden Waste % 2.83 1.56 2.80 2.40

Stone, Debris & Boulders % 1.06 10.28 3.74 5.03

Coconut Shells % 13.43 9.97 12.46 11.95

Jute & Raw Betel Nut % 1.41 4.05 1.87 2.44

Leaves used as Plates % 4.24 1.87 3.12 3.07

Thermocol Plates % 2.83 1.25 2.18 2.08

Grass & Straw % 7.77 0.00 2.80 3.53


% 28.27 37.38 34.27 33.31

TOTAL % 100 100 100 100

(Source: Field Sampling Survey)

Chemical characteristics of MSW

Chemical properties analyzed for MSW included moisture, Carbon content, Nitrogen, Calorific Value and heavy metals. Chemical properties of waste were analyzed to make a decision on the most suitable waste processing technology. The moisture content of the tested samples was in the range of 31.73 – 39.24% and the calorific value ranges of 1050 – 1240 kcal/kg. Carbon content is the indicator of the conversion of MSW into compost. Calorific Value is the indicator of suitability of waste for waste




to energy technologies. The heavy metals are also well within the desirable ranges. Detail chemical properties of waste are shown in the Table 27.

Table 27: Chemical properties of MSW generated in Digha

Property Unit Range

pH 6.32 – 7.15

Moisture Content, % % 31.73 – 39.24

Carbon Content, % % 26.1 – 28.9

Nitrogen mg/kg 0.96 – 1.06

Volatile Matter % 23.2 – 32.8

Calorific Value, kilo Calories / kilo 1050 – 1240

(Source: Field Sampling Survey & Lab Analysis)




5. Integrated Solid Waste Management plan for Digha

This section of the report, based on the ground level analysis of the solid waste management situation, provides the suggestive Integrated Solid Waste Management plan for area under the Digha Shankarpur Development Authority.

5.1 Collection and Transportation Plan

The analysis and discussions in the earlier chapters bring out the fact that the Solid Waste Management in Digha will require modifications and up-gradations for more effective management. The proposed Collection and Transportation Plan (CAT plan) is built by taking into considerations of the initiatives taken by the Digha Shankarpur Development Authority (DSDA) and should meet the needs for the future. The plan conforms to the requirements of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (Management & Handling Rules) 2000 and Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), MoUD, GoI. The Plan is based on the information obtained from the DSDA and field observations done during the project period; Infrastructure gap analysis has been performed to reach into conclusive figures.

The broad objectives, for which the management plan is structured, emphasizes on following:

Encourage and enhance source segregation and storage of biodegradable and non-bio-degradable wastes separately at all premises

Implement 100 per cent door to door collection system

Encourage primary collection of waste with community participation

Collection of waste by containerized carts and small vehicles

Elimination of secondary open collection points

Regular street sweeping on a need base schedule

Initiate transportation of waste in covered vehicles and dispense with manual loading of waste

Avoiding multiple handling of waste and its exposure during collection and transportation

Provision of easy to operate storage facilities

Daily clearance of 100 percent of waste generated in the area

5.1.1 Overview of the CAT Plan

Collection and transportation, the most important component of the solid waste management (SWM) operation requires active involvement of the citizens, tourists and all associated stake holders of Digha area. Besides introduction of equipment and vehicles for minimum handling and exposure of waste, awareness creation is the key in developing meaningful partnerships. The suggestions in this section focus mainly on the mode of operation, choices of vehicle and equipment’s and estimation of the requirements.

The suggestions are mainly for:

Promotion of the practice of segregation and storage of waste at source in two bins- for biodegradable waste and another for recyclable waste, so as to facilitate an organized and hierarchical system of waste collection and disposal, without letting the waste to reach the ground in the primary and secondary collection stages.

Organization of door to door collection with community participation and minimize the multiple handling of waste.

Organized collection of waste from the tourist locations and commercial areas




Containerized secondary storage facilities by eliminating ground level open points.

Daily transportation of waste to the integrated processing & disposal facility.

Container transportation using simple hydraulic system mounted vehicles.

Awareness creation for source segregation & storage at source and promote recycling.

The proposals are discussed in detail in the subsequent sections in this chapter and process of collection and transportation has been presented.

5.1.2 Segregation and storage of waste at source

Source segregation and storage is not the primary responsibility of the DSDA. If achieved, there will be improvement in the waste quality and subsequently improvement in the waste processing. However, it is realized that in a heterogeneous society with several layers of stratification, it is difficult to achieve complete source segregation. At present, households, hotels and restaurants are segregating the waste to recover the recyclables and practicing burning of non-recyclable waste. This method of segregation is not found suitable and not recommended under the MSW Rules 2000; hence it is desirable to implement ‘Segregation at Source’ only.

Source segregation of recyclables and biodegradables (organic waste) will not only provide an efficient way for resource recovery, but will also substantially reduce the pressure and pollution at landfill sites. It is understood that implementation of such practices takes time and requires significant cooperation from the public. However, initiation should be made and efforts should be diverted to progressively increase the segregation practices. Community participation indicates various actions that could be taken by DSDA to increase the public participation for the management of MSW. The following sections deal with issues that need to be considered for source segregation and various options available to DSDA to implement the system.

5.1.2.1 Segregation at source

Waste segregation at source can be achieved by storing dry and wet fraction of MSW in two different bins/ bags and dispose them separately.

Table 28: MSW Source Segregation – categories

Sr No Particular Components

1 Food & Green waste (wet waste)

Cooked/uncooked food, vegetable, fruit, meat, borne, fish waste, leaves, grass

2 Recyclable & Non-bio-degradable (dry waste)

Paper, Plastics, glass, metal, ceramic, rubber, leather, rags, used cloths, wood,

stone, sand, ash, Thermocol, straw & packing materials

However, it is not easy to implement source segregation practices immediately. A prolonged campaign by DSDA will be required with adequate budgetary provisions under Information Education and Communication (IEC) Programs, taken up with the help of NGOs / CBOs.

5.1.2.2 Storage at source

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) recommends a three bin system of storage of waste, however, such a system of segregation in the initial stages of waste management is difficult for the community to practice. It is hence proposed to establish a system based on two bin system of solid waste storage at source. Every household is encouraged to keep separate bins/containers for food/green waste and recyclables/non-bio degradable waste.




5.1.2.2.1 Households

The household bin for food and green waste could be of 10-15 liters capacity made of plastic / reinforced plastic / low density polyethylene (LDPE) or metal. Similar bins may be used for recyclables, non-bio-degradable. Bins are preferred options against the use of plastic bags as it is often difficult to separate the plastic bag during the waste processing and disposal. Moreover, plastic bags have a recurring expenditure, which is often difficult to overcome in a long run.

5.1.2.2.2 Hotels and restaurants

Hotels and restaurants need to keep adequate number of bins to facilitate easy handling and transfer of waste to Municipal collection system. Plastic, HDPE or reinforced fiber-glass bins are recommended for this purpose.

5.1.2.2.3 Commercial Establishments

Commercial establishments and stalls should store waste in non-corrosive bin / bins of about 15-60 Liter capacity each and transfer contents to large container kept at the secondary collection points or handover to collection crew directly.

Provision of suitable containers at source is the responsibility of individual generators. However DSDA initially may provide bins to households & commercial establishments to encourage the source segregation. The main role of DSDA will be to create awareness amongst the people with the support of NGOs. As segregation and storage require a high degree of human awareness on the health and environment perils of throwing waste on ground, a continued and concentrated effort is required to create this awareness.

5.1.3 Primary collection

5.1.3.1 Door to door from Households

Under the present scenario, DSDA does not follow the practice of primary collection of waste. To implement the door to door collection system in Digha, fully mechanized Auto Tippers are proposed. In this system the Auto would stop at the pre-decided point in the locality at a pre-specified time and individual household / establishment / hotels and restaurants bin is picked up by the refuse collectors from the premises, empties and places the bin back at the same location. Auto tippers provide a better coverage of primary waste generation source, from a larger area with better efficiency. Auto tippers also tip the waste directly into the secondary storage bins / vehicle, thus eliminating the manual handling of waste. Auto tippers will have provision for collection of wet and dry wastes separately. The indicative drawings of the Auto Tipper and hopper are provided in the Annexure. As estimated in the following table each Auto Tipper will cover about 500 households every day under door to door collection system in two trips.

Table 29: Estimation of Number of Households Covered by Auto Tipper

Item Quantity

Volume of Hopper 0.83 m3

Density of Waste 400 kg/m3

Waste Carried per Trip 332 kg/day

No. of Trips Performed per Day 2 trips/day

Total Waste Collected per Day 664 kg/day

Waste Generated by each Household 1.2 kg/HH

Number of Households can be covered by each Auto Tipper

Say 500 HH/Day




Each Auto tipper will be operated by one driver and three helpers and should be given time schedule and route map for door to door collection. After entering in to the collection area the auto tipper will blow the horn for vigil. The helpers of the auto tippers will go to the households with buckets/bins of 40 liters capacity to collect the waste from the households and place the same into the auto tippers. The auto tipper move slowly or wait at a particular point till the households in the street are covered by the helpers of the auto tippers. The auto tipper will have provision for collecting and transporting segregated waste. The total number of households in DSDA area for which door to door collection system is about 1500. Thus to implement 100% door to door collection system in DSDA area it is required to deploy three Auto. The waste collected by the auto tippers shall be directly transported to Integrated Processing and Disposal Facility at Ratanpur.

5.1.3.2 Tourist areas

There are various tourist attraction areas in Digha which attract influx of the tourist visiting Digha. It has been observed that while roaming around tourists pick up some eatables and throw the wraps, waste paper, plastic bags/covers, sachets, etc. on the road. This is mainly due to lack of;

Road side dust bins with proper collection system

Awareness among the tourist on waste management

This section presents the strategies for effective collection of waste generated by tourists. It has been identified that the main tourist attraction places for a walk, shopping and relaxation are beach road, markets and Digha main road. It is proposed that static dust bins with metal stand shall be placed all along the road at tourist attraction places. The tourist shall be educated not to throw the waste on the road and to place the waste inside the dust bins.

It is proposed that the bins shall be placed at an interval of 20m along the road at a place convenient for tourist to place the waste. The dust bins shall be emptied by the special sweeping crew dedicated to maintain the cleanliness of the tourist attractions.

Varieties of dustbins are available in the market. DSDA can decide the look, shape and color of the dustbins to suit the local conditions. The dustbin shall be so selected that it shall be attractive and gain the attention of the tourist. DSDA shall ensure that the dustbin shall be made of HDPE with metal stand. It shall be easy to operate and have provision to place plastic cover in it to collect the waste.

The entire waste collection crew shall be divided into teams of two persons each and should be responsible for waste collection from through sweeping from 500 meter road length and from 25 dustbins. The collection crew would be responsible for;

Emptying the dustbins regularly

Sweeping the road length allotted

Collecting the litter along the road allotted




Transferring the waste into nearby secondary collection bin

To perform the above duties each team shall be provided with;

Pushcart with four numbers of 40 liter capacity bins

Long handle broom

Metal trays

Gum boots

Gloves

Shovels

Reflective jackets

Uniforms

It is proposed that the road sweeping and waste collection shall be taken up in two shifts i.e. from 6:00 AM to 2:00 PM (1

st shift) and 2:00 PM to 10:00 PM (2

nd shift). Each shift is of 8 hours with 30min

break.

5.1.3.3 Picnic Spots and Street Sweeping

In order to improve the waste collection from picnic spots and street sweeping system, all the picnic spots and roads and lanes shall be covered on a day to day basis.

As presented earlier eight kilo meter of important road length is covered under tourist attraction area through sweeping. The remaining road length of seven kilo meter is to be covered under sweeping activity. Also all the picnic spots too need to be covered under sweeping.

Sweeping norms have been considered as per the CPHEEO guidelines as one person per 500 m in medium density areas. Each picnic spot shall be allotted with dedicated sweeping crew. For sweeping of roads a team of two persons shall be formed and allot 1000m road length same in case of picnic spots also. The team engaged in sweeping shall be provided with long handle broom, metal trays, Gum boots, gloves, shovels, reflective jacket and uniforms. The sweepers should work in pairs, carrying out the following:

Sweeping allotted road length / picnic spot

Collecting the sweeping in container push cart

Depositing the sweeping waste in the nearby secondary collection bin

Cleaning the secondary collection bin with in the allotted road length

Kerb side collection from shops/establishments along the road/street

The street sweeping team shall operate for 1 shift i.e. from 6:00 am to 2:00 pm whereas sweeping of picnic spots is a continuous job to be performed in 2 shifts i.e. from 6:00 am to 2:00 pm (1

st shift) and

2:00 pm to 10:00 pm (2nd

shift). Each shift is of 8 hours with 30min break. During peak days the street sweeping can be operated for one extra shift to be deployed at picnic spots.

5.1.3.4 Direct (Bulk waste) Collection

A direct and separate collection system is recommended for Hotels and Restaurants and from the coconut vendors. Waste from these sources should be collected from the source and transported to the Integrated Processing and Disposal Facility directly. The objective of the system is to eliminate this waste at the secondary storage area. This system may operate on a user fee basis.

DSDA should organize the system by deploying the dedicated fleet and manpower for the collection of bulk garbage. The hotels and restaurants shall be directed to use two-bin system for the storage of food waste and other recyclable material. Both the wastes should be collected separately in the vehicle. In case of waste coconut shells the vendors shall be asked to store the waste and handover the same to the collection crew. DSDA shall ensure that open drying and burning of waste coconut shell is completely eliminated.




Table 30: Collection strategy for hotels and restaurants and coconut shells

Sr.No. Type of Waste Quantity, TPD Reuse /Recycling DSDA Role

Hotels & Restaurants

1 Organic

3.48 (Normal Days)

11.42 (Peak Days)

About 1TPD is being collected by pig farmers

DSDA shall provide system to collect the remaining quantity of waste

2 Recyclable

1.02 (Normal Days)

1.37 (Peak Days)

Completely collected & recycled by dealers

DSDA shall support dealers by authorizing them and providing land

3 Other Waste

0.75 (Normal Days)

0.99 (Peak Days)

DSDA shall provide a system to collect the waste

Coconut Vendors

1 Waste Coconut Shells

2.97 (Normal Days)

7.94 (Peak Days)

Open drying and burning

DSDA shall provide a system to collect the waste

As estimated below to collect the waste from hotels, restaurants and lodges six auto tippers are required (including standby). These auto tippers operate in one shift during normal days and in two shifts during peak days. After completing the door to door collection in first shift, the three auto tippers shall also be deployed for bulk waste collection in second shift during peak days.

Table 31: Requirements for Collection from Hotels & Restaurants


Waste to be collected by DSDA 3.23TPD 11.41TPD

Carrying capacity of auto tipper 332kg/trip 332kg/trip

No. of trips/shift 2 2

No. of shifts/day 1 2

No. of Auto Tippers Required 5 + 1 Standby

6 Auto for 2 shifts + 3 Auto Tippers used for Door to Door Collection in 1 shift

As estimated below to collect the waste coconut shells from vendors, six auto tippers are required (including standby). These auto tippers operate in one shift during normal days and in two shifts during peak days. During peak days the standby auto tipper shall also be put in operation.

Table 32: Requirements for Collection of Waste Coconut Shells


Waste to be collected by DSDA 2.97TPD 7.94TPD

Carrying capacity of auto tipper 332kg/trip 332kg/trip

No. of trips/shift 2 2





No. of shifts/day 1 2

No. of Auto Tippers Required 5 + 1 Standby 6 (Operate Standby also)

Auto tipper consists of one driver and 2 helpers shall be given time schedule and route map for bulk waste collection. After the full load the auto tipper shall take the waste directly to Integrated Processing & Disposal Facility at Ratanpur. The auto tipper will have provision for collecting and transporting segregated waste. The technical specifications for auto tippers are same as described under door to door collection.

5.1.4 Secondary Collection and transportation

The main objective of the secondary collection system is to store the waste temporarily and transport it as early as possible. Waste is temporarily stored in the secondary collection points prior its transportation to Integrated Processing and Disposal Facility. At present there is no organized system for secondary collection of waste and DSDA is collecting waste from open ground level points.

Digha is a tourist place and maintenance of effective sanitation is most important for its growth and sustainability. The present system of ‘Vats’ and open collection points are creating unhygienic conditions in the town. So it is proposed to eliminate the ‘Vats’ and open point system and convert to secondary collection bin system. Covered High density polyethylene (HDPE) bins of 240 liters and 660 liters capacity have been proposed for secondary collection system. These bins can be easily operated and automatically unloaded into the waste collection vehicles. For collection of waste from the secondary collection bins Real End Loader (REL / Compactors) have been proposed.

The bin shall be made of good quality HDPE material with. The bin shall have wheels at the bottom and easy to operate. It shall have provisions and attachments so that the REL can lift it automatically. The bin shall have the lid on the top to cover the waste. Leachate shall not flow out of the bin.

Table 33: Estimation of secondary collection bins


Waste reaching secondary collection bins 3.51TPD 11.22TPD

Density of waste 300kg/m3 300kg/m3

Volume of waste 11.70m3

11,700 lit (approx.)

37.40m3

37,400 lit (approx.)

Carrying capacity of the bin (considering 75% of its design capacity)

240 lit

660 lit

180

500 lit

180

500 lit

No. of Secondary Collection Bins required (with provision of 15% excess capacity)

240 lit

660 lit

75

Nil

75

60

It is proposed that in the DSDA area these high capacity bins be placed at 33 different locations. These locations are suggested based on the principal to provide 100% coverage and minimum distance to be traveled to load the waste in these bins and also considering the places where waste




generated frequently. The proposed locations for the placement of the secondary collection bins are provided in Annexure.

5.1.4.1 Secondary transportation

Transportation of waste from secondary collection bins at regular intervals is essential to ensure that no bin is overflowing and avoid littering around the bin. Hygienic conditions should be maintained in Digha by clearing the waste from the bins. The secondary transportation from bins to integrated processing and disposal facility shall be carried out by REL / Compactor having capacity of seven meter cube. The compactor vehicle can carry three to four tons of waste in one trip. Thus one compactor is proposed for Digha to transport the waste from secondary collection bins to Integrated Processing and Disposal Facility. During normal days the compactor can transport the entire waste in one trip and during peak days it makes three trips to cover all the bins. The technical specifications of these compacters are provided in the Annexure.

5.2 Waste Processing strategy

The concept of treatment and final disposal of the MSW of DSDA area has been formulated by proposing various waste processing facilities for different components of waste. In this section, the entire concept for waste processing and disposal has been discussed in detail along with the evaluated design capacity of each facility.

5.2.1 Strategies for Processing Facilities

As already discussed in Chapter 4, presently total quantity of MSW generated is 12.43 metric tonnes per day (TPD) during normal days and 33.64 TPD during peak days. The main constituents of MSW can be divided as dry recyclables, waste coconut shell, organic waste and mixed waste.

Table 34: Strategy for Processing of Waste

Type of Waste Quantity (TPD)

Processing Strategy Normal Days Peak Days

Waste Coconut Shells

2.97 (2013)

5.90 (2018)

11.68 (2023)

7.94 (2013)

15.98 (2018)

31.62 (2023)

Separation of Fiber from Shell and sell in local market

Dry Recyclable Waste

1.02 (2013)

1.97 (2018)

3.89 (2023)

1.37 (2013)

2.66 (2018)

5.27 (2023)

Recycling

Organic Reusable Waste 1.00 1.00 Use in Pig Farms

Organic and Mixed Waste

7.44 (2013)

15.73 (2018)

32.10 (2023)

23.33 (2013)

46.93 (2018)

93.86 (2023)

Composting

Total 12.43 33.64

Source: Analysis based on primary survey and waste projections

As described in the chapter 5, there is separate collection system proposed for all types of waste described above. These wastes shall be collected separately and processed as per the proposed strategy.

Based on the land availability and logistics DSDA has identified the 18.65 acres site at Ratanpur. It is proposed to develop Integrated Processing and Disposal Facility comprising composting facility, waste coconut processing unit and dry waste recycling facility within the same premises, sharing




common facilities like administrative block, lab, vehicle parking, weighbridge etc. Capacity of each facility has been worked out according to the waste composition and quantity.

Table 35: detail of waste management facilities in DSDA

Details of area required for development of new waste processing facilities are provided in Table below:

Sr.No. Type of Facility Quantity(TPD) Design Capacity

Operation Strategy

1 Waste Coconut Shells Processing Facility

Year 2013

2.97 (Normal Days)

7.94 (Peak Days)

Year 2018

5.90 (Normal Days)

15.98 (Peak Days)

7.5 MT/shift Operate one shift during normal days and two shifts during peak days

2 Dry Waste Baling Unit

Year 2013

1.02 (Normal Days)

1.37 (Peak Days)

Year 2018

1.97 (Normal Days)

2.66 (Peak Days)

1.5MT/shift Operate one shift during normal as well as peak days

3. Compost Plant

Year 2013

7.44 (Normal Days)

23.33 (Peak Days)

Year 2018

15.73 (Normal Days)

46.93 (Peak Days)

15MT/shift

Install two lines of 7.5 TPD. Operate one to two shifts during normal days and two to three shifts during peak days

Source: Analysis based on primary survey and waste projections

Details of area required for development of new waste processing facilities are provided in Table 36 below:

Table 36: Area requirements for new processing facilities

Sr. No. Facility Design Capacity (TPD)

Area, (Acres)

1. Waste Coconut Shells Processing Facility 7.5 2

2. Dry Waste Baling Unit 1.5 2

3. Compost Plant 2 lines of 7.5 4




5.2.2 Common Facilities at the Processing site

At integrated processing & disposal facility apart from the proposed facilities it has been proposed to develop the common facilities including;

Sr No

Civil Structure Services Amenities Plant and Machinery

1 Entrance & Exit Gate

Roads Green Belt Weigh Bridge

2 Security Cabin Storm water drains

Elevated water tank

3 Administrative block with laboratory

Lighting Bore well

4 Stores Water distribution network

Notice Board and General Signage

5 Tool Room basic sewerage facilities

6 Vehicle Repair / Maintenance Area

Fire Fighting System

7 Compound wall Leachate Management System

5.2.3 Proposed Site for Integrated Facility

DSDA has identified 18.65 acres of land at Ratanpur village near Digha. The site is a plain land with a maximum level difference of 3 meters. Presently paddy fields have been observed within the entire site. Historically the villagers are utilizing the site for agriculture purpose. Drawing 6 in the annexure section present the base of the site depicting the topography, feature within the site and location map. As per the requirements of the integrated facility layout has been proposed and presented as drawing 5 which is appended in the annexure section.

5.3 Waste Processing Plant

Composting has been proposed for processing of organic as well as mixed waste generated in Digha area. As presented in the Section Error! Reference source not found. compost plant of capacity 12 TPD has been proposed at Ratanpur site.

All activities associated with composting operations need careful selection of design and control to produce good quality product while minimizing environmental impacts. Activities which should be considered for composting include,

Raw material handling

Windrowing of the waste material




Weekly turning

Screening, Sorting, Grinding, Blending & Mixing

Curing, Storage & Packing

5.3.1 Technology Options for Composting

Table 37 presents the description of various technology options available worldwide in the field of composting and the experience with such technologies in India and other developing countries in the Afro-Asian region. It would be very critical to establish the relevance of various technologies and their application in the Indian context of waste characteristics and climate.

Table 37: Technology Options for Composting

Technology Description Countries using

1. Centralized Aerobic Composting: Windrow system

Agitated Pile Windrow System

Waste is heaped into elongated piles which are turned at set intervals. The process takes 12-16 weeks.

India, Sri Lanka

Static Pile Beltsville aerated rapid composting (BARC) system or Chinese composting piles

Waste is heaped in piles with perforated pipes or bamboo poles running through the heap which provides aeration and no turning is required. Surface is covered to prevent heat loss. The process takes eight weeks. In BARC developed by USDA has air forced through the pipes

USA, China, Italy

2. Centralized Aerobic Composting: In vessel System

a. Vertical Flows

Jersey system Facilities with multiple floor construction. The feedstock is loaded onto the uppermost floor and aeration occurs as the material moves downward. Composting takes 8-21 days and maturing up to 3 weeks. Site area can be relatively small that Windrow or BARC system. In silo system perforated stainless steel tanks up to 30 are used in each floor thus facilitating higher degree of aeration.

Bangkok, Thailand

Silo-cage system

Packed bed silo reactors

Processing of solid and liquid feedstock together in form of slurry. Composting in silo like containers. The resultant digested slurry is filtered, dried and formed into pellets. Require minimal area of 1 acre and a completely automated process.

North

Vancouver, Canada

b. Horizontal Flows

Tumbling solids (rotating drums)

(Bedminster co-

composting process)

Composting of MSW and sewage sludge together. Digesters can handle 60 tons of MSW and 30 tons of sludge per day. Feedstock transferred into digesters with three compartments, enabling continuous batch processing. Aeration through pumping of air into the digesters. Two days for composting, 28 days for maturation.

NSW, Australia

Combined Rotating Drum and Static solid aerated pile

Uses the Bedminster drums to, mix the feedstock (MSW+ sewage) and composting is done in compost bays in aerated conditions.

Edmonton, Canada




Technology Description Countries using

Aerated in vessel

Feedstock is loaded in a reactor to a depth of six feet and waste is moved through the container continuously enabling an uninterrupted process. Composting process takes 21 days.

Bedfordshire, UK

Agitated bins

This is an enclosed system where shredded and blended waste is moistened and loaded into an agitated container with temperature, CO2 and air circulation controls. Air enters through the base of the container into the compost mass and exits through the roof via a filter. The process takes between 7-14 days followed by maturation of 12 weeks.

Germany

Austria

Luxembourg

Belgium

Tunnel shaped static solids

The tunnels are semi open with sloped floor for collection of leachate. The feedstock is fed into the tunnel. A rail runs along the tunnel for with a mounted shredder /turner. Shredding/turning every second day. Process takes 28 days, drying and maturing 3 weeks.

Manchester, UK

Orleans Council, France

5.3.2 Legal Compliances and Regulations – MSW Rules 2000

Composting is a means of processing waste, which is a legal requirement, provided under the Municipal Solid Waste Management (Management & Handling) Rules 2000 for all municipal bodies in the country. The MSW Rules 2000 requires that “biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, Vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for the stabilization of wastes”.

As per the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 composting facilities should meet the following criteria,

The incoming wastes at site shall be maintained prior to further processing. To the extent possible, the waste storage area should be covered. If, such storage is done in an open area, it shall be provided with impermeable base with facility for collection of leachate and surface water run-off into lined drains leading to a leachate treatment and disposal facility;

Necessary precautions shall be taken to minimize nuisance of odor, flies, rodents, bird menace and fire hazard. In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste intake shall be stopped and arrangements be worked out for diversion of wastes to the landfill site;

Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed from the processing facility on regular basis and shall not be allowed to pile at the site. Recyclables

Shall be routed through appropriate vendors. The non-recyclables shall be sent for well-designed landfill site(s).

In case of compost plant, the windrow area shall be provided with impermeable base. Such a base shall be made of concrete or compacted clay, 50 cm thick, having permeability coefficient less than 10

-7 cm/sec. The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 per cent slope and

circled by lined drains for collection of leachate or surface run-off.

Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out particularly for checking odor nuisance at down-wind direction on the boundary of processing plant.

In order to ensure safe application of compost, the specifications for compost quality shall be met in the given Table 38




Table 38: Quality Standards of Compost Produced

Parameters Concentration not to exceed

(mg/kg dry basis, except pH value and C/N ratio)

Arsenic 10.00

Cadmium 5.00

Chromium 50.00

Copper 300.00

Lead 100.00

Mercury 0.15

Nickel 50.00

Zinc 1000.00

C/N ratio 20-40

pH 5.5%8.5

Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits should not be used for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than growing food crops.

5.3.3 Composting Process

Aerobic composting is the process of degradation of biodegradable waste matter into simple organic compounds by certain microorganisms in the presence of air. The process begins at ambient temperature by the activity of mesophilic bacteria which oxidize carbon to CO2, thus liberating large amount of heat. Usually, the temperature of the waste piles reaches 50

0C within two days, and this

represents the limit of temperature tolerance of the mesophilic organisms. At this point the process is taken over by thermophilic bacteria and the temperature continues to rise. Most of the thermophilic phase, which lasts about two weeks, takes place in the temperature range 55

0C – 65

0C, should the

temperature increase beyond 650C, activity temporarily declines. The process is dependent of course,

on the provision of a suitable environment for the bacteria, in addition to the nutrients provided by the wastes. The main requirements are adequate supplies of air and moisture. Compared to anaerobic process, aerobic conversion process is preferable as it is fast, exothermic and free from odor. Aerobic process also helps to eliminate pathogenic bacteria weed seeds, larva etc. as a result of high temperature developed during the process. Main factors affecting the composting through aerobic process are listed in Table below.

Table 39: Factors affecting composting

Factors Affecting Composting

Desirable ranges

Moisture content 50% to 60% optimum

Temperature 50 to 60 OC (for 5 to 7 days, pathogens get killed)

C/N ratio Between 20-40

If C/N ratio is less -straw, saw dust, paper to be added

If C/N ratio is more -sewage sludge, slaughter waste etc. to be added

At the end of composting C/N =20. As per MSW regulations C/N permitted is 20-40




Factors Affecting Composting

Desirable ranges

Aeration Adequate oxygen throughout the mass-normally ensured by turning every 5-7 days

However this should always be kept in consideration that aerobic composting is a natural process and the final product’s quality (Chemical, Physical & Biological) and quantity (end product) both may vary from time to time depending on various factors as

Physical & chemical composition of raw waste input

Seasonal variations

Yard management and monitoring efficiencies

The complete process of MSW Composting can be summarized as follows:

1. Reception of raw MSW

2. Visual Inspection of waste

3. Weighing of Vehicle

4. Manual Sorting of Inert and removal of rejected material to landfill

5. Sorted material moved to Compost pad to form windrows

6. Yard Management activities

a. Periodic Turning of Windrows

b. Process Monitoring & Controlling activities

7. After two turnings, shifting of material to Monsoon Shed

8. After two weeks stabilization in the monsoon shed, feeding of material to coarse segregation section

9. Oversized rejects (+35 mm) to be sent to landfill

10. Oversized rejects (+16 mm) either sent to landfill or for windrow covering

11. Undersized material (-16 mm) stocked in Curing section

12. After two further weeks, cured material to be fed to refinement section

13. Oversized rejection (+ 4 mm.) to be ground and mixed in curing section.

14. Under sized fine compost to be enriched with useful microbes, herbal extracts (optional )

15. Final Product (Compost) to be packed and stacked in finished goods godown.

5.3.4 Compost Plant Planning and Design

As presented earlier, compost plant of capacity 15MT/shift (7.5 to 15 TPD during normal days and 30 to 45 TPD during peak days) has been proposed at Ratanpur. The compost plant is based on the concepts for open covered windrow aerobic composting of organic (biodegradable) component of solid waste. The process diagram for waste processing facility is provided in the following section




Figure 3: Process flow diagram for waste processing

The complete planning and design of compost plant can be divided into number of components, which are explained as below

5.3.4.1 Material Intake

All incoming vehicles containing organic waste will be directed to the compost plant facility. MSW would be visually inspected and weight of the same will be recorded at the weighbridge at the entry gate.

5.3.4.2 Pre-processing

Though segregated waste will be transported to the compost facility, yet it may contain small fraction of unwanted bulk material like tyre, rags, stones/boulders, inert etc. The material accepted for composting will be spread on the windrow area, where the unwanted bulk materials shall be sorted out manually. The sorted waste containing mostly the organic fraction of the fresh garbage is taken for windrow formation.

5.3.4.3 Yard Management

In the yard, the fresh MSW is stacked on the compost pad (a non-permeable concrete platform) in the form of Trapezoidal Heaps called Windrows. Here, the waste is sprayed with inoculums and water to accelerate the digestion process Windrows are periodically turned using front-end loader with backhoe arm to provide proper aeration and temperature control. This waste is then stacked in a form of Windrows. The cross sections of the windrows are so adjusted that it would get optimum surface area to volume ratio. In total, eight spaces are allotted for the Fresh Garbage.

On compost pad, digestion of composting mass is achieved and for further stabilization the material is shifted to monsoon shed using a backhoe unit and dumper. The material is kept in monsoon shed for 15 days for further stabilization.

During windrowing, water is added to windrow using water tanker to maintain requisite moisture level.

Just after windrowing, bacterial activity starts within 2-3 days. Inside, temperature of the windrow may go up to 65

oC.




5.3.4.4 Assessment of Windrow Size

This waste would be placed in the first windrow and left for aerobic decomposition. After one week, the waste would be transferred from windrow one to windrow two and again left for decomposition. Again after one week, the waste from windrow two would be transferred to windrow three of and left for decomposition for one week. Similarly the process has to be repeated for forth week. However, slight modification in the size of windrows is possible during detail design stage. Windrow size along with monsoon shed for the compost plant proposed for Digha is estimated to be 3600m

2. Considering

the location of the site, climatic conditions of the region and surrounding land use covered windrow has been proposed for Digha.

5.3.4.5 Coarse Segregation

Material from Monsoon shed is then fed to the Coarse Segregation Section using a Skid Steer Loader for intermediate screening. This is completely automated section with single point feeding. After processing, material is conveyed to the curing section. The equipment line-up contains a Feeder Conveyor and two Trommel Screens (screen 1= 35 mm perforations, screen 2 = 16 mm perforations) with their associated conveyors. The two stage screening system is adopted to achieve maximum screening efficiency. Cascading action in Trommel ensures better screening of the lumpy and highly heterogeneous material. Equipments in this section are hydraulically driven to ensure greater safety against breakdowns and to reduce power consumption. Hydraulic drive also introduces features like on-load starting, centralized control etc. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based controls allows automatic shutdown in case of any emergency.

Screened material coming out of this section is below 14 mm, uniform in texture and contains semi – stabilized organic compost, which is further transferred to curing section for complete stabilization.

Rejection from Trommel mainly consists of undigested organic matter and inert material. This material can be used as masks on the fresh garbage windrows. This masking prevents bird attraction and also assists in digestion process.

5.3.4.6 Curing

Material coming out of the Coarse Segregation Section is stored in curing section for 15 days for further stabilization and moisture control. The curing section is a completely covered shed with an area of 300m

2.

5.3.4.7 Refinement

A refinement section is incorporated in the machine line to remove impurities such as glass, plastic, leaves, inert etc. and to maintain the size below 4 mm, as per compost quality norms.

In this section, cured material is firstly fed to a drag feeder conveyor which in turn gradually feeds the same to the 4 mm Trommel Screen at a controlled rate. The screened material coming out of the Trommel screen is called as compost which can further sent to add mixer (if required) where quality enhancer in powder or liquid form is added.

5.3.4.8 Packing and Storage

From the refinement section, compost is then passed through the packing section for final packing. At this section, compost is weighed and then packed in bags. Bags are then stitched using a portable sewing machine and finally stacked in the finished goods godown. The godown is a covered area of 150m

2.

5.3.4.9 Leachate, Litter and Odor management

Almost 60% of the waste is the moisture content. This moisture along with the rain water percolates in the MSW forming a toxic liquid called leachate. .To prevent leachate from contaminating ground, proper concreting of the Compost Pad is done and a peripheral drain is provided to collect the Leachate generate during the process. Collected leachate finally ends up in the R.C.C. tank provided in the adjoining the windrow area. The design details are discussed in the following section.




The air borne litter is controlled by providing a dense green belt around the plant. In green belt creepers are provided to act as green curtain.

To control odor the sanitizer is added at the concrete pad. Sanitizer suppresses the odor generating from the waste. This control also helps in creating a workable environment for the people working at the plant.

5.3.4.10 Process Monitoring & Control Systems

1) In Yard Management – Yard management process needs to be monitored in order to achieve proper digestion and obtaining right quality finished product. For Aerobic Composting, proper temperature, moisture and aeration is required in the windrows. Temperature in the core of the windrow may reach up to 75

0C and a moisture level of 35 – 40 % should be maintained in the

windrows. These things will ensure proper growth of the bacteria and, thus, ensuring proper digestion. An inspector will take temperature readings of the Windrows and also check the moisture level of the Windrow. C to N ratio of the waste must also be checked by sampling method, so that corrective measures can be taken at the initial stage if the ratio is found not in line with the requirement. If heavy metals are found in the waste with the values exceeding the stated ones, the waste material should not be processed further.

2) Plant & Machinery – The plant and machinery is centrally controlled by a control panel. Central panel shuts down the plant automatically in case of emergency. An Inspector will check the Control Panel periodically and see if all the readings are within limit.

5.3.4.11 Removal of Oversize Rejects

Oversize rejects (mainly from Trommel – 35 and 16) must be regularly removed from the Rejection Yard. All rejects will be loaded in Tractor Trolleys and will be directed to the sanitary landfill site within the facility.

5.3.5 Process Machinery

The process machinery has been proposed to suit the requirements for various sections like segregation, refinement and packing. Apart from machinery, control panels and accessory equipment also proposed as mentioned in the table below.

Table 40: Details of Machinery required for compost plant

Item Equipment Capacity

Refinement Section

Feed conveyor: 01 No

Dual Trommel (35 & 16 mm): 01 No

Unders Conveyor: 01 No

Overs Conveyor: 01 No

Hydraulic Power Pack: 02 No’s

Electrical Panel: 01 No

1.5 TPH

Finishing Section

Feed Conveyor: 01 No

Rotary Screen (4mm): 01 No

Unders Conveyor: 01 No

Overs Conveyor: 01 No

De-stoner: 01 No

Rejects Conveyor:01 No

Dust Ext. System: 01 No

Hydraulic Power Pack: 01 No

Electrical Panel: 01 No

1.2 TPH




The equipment and machinery required have been estimated based on the Report by Inter ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management, May 2005 (MoUD, GoI).

5.3.6 Estimation of Output (Quantity of Compost Produced)

The quantity of compost produced by processing the biodegradable waste everyday by aerobic windrow composting process has been estimated by undertaking comprehensive material balance assessment. Material balance for different compost facility is presented in Table below.

Table 41: Material Balance for Compost Plant

Particulars 15 TPD 45 TPD Percentage

Moisture + Gaseous Loss 6.0 18.0 40

Rejects to SLF 5.0 18.0 40

Product / Compost 3.0 9.0 20

5.4 Odor Management

Odor control is a primary concern for MSW composting facilities which are located within range of residential areas. When the natural breakdown of organic materials is happening under optimum conditions it produces primarily carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat. When the process is unbalanced in some way, other gases begin to be produced, some of which have objectionable odours. Odour management, then, is one of the primary motivators for optimizing the composting process. The primary factors for cause of odor and process controls required are presented as follows;

Table 42: Factor Affecting Odour and Control Mechanisms

S.No. Process Factor Cause Control Mechanism

1 C/N Ratio

Windrows of C:N ratio less than 25 are likely to lose nitrogen in the form of ammonia, which causes odour.

In addition, high levels of nitrogen can cause the anaerobic conditions (there by odours).

C/N ratio of 25-40 is better, with 30 being considered ideal for most materials

Ensure proper windrow turning to maintain aerobic conditions. If the C/N ratio falls below 20 then add dry coconut fibre / pith to improve the carbon content.

2 Temperature

Temperatures in compost windrows range from 50

0C to 60

0C. At

temperatures higher than 600C,

most aerobic microorganisms die and anaerobic decomposition takes place, which causes odour.

Ensure proper windrow turning to maintain temperature.

If the temperature exceeds 65

0C add

water to windrow as required to bring the temperature down

3 Moisture

The ideal moisture content should be 55-60%. This provides the microorganisms with the moisture they need to survive. Variation in moisture content will impact the survival of bacteria and anaerobic

Regular monitoring of moisture in the windrows and maintain the required moisture by adding water




conditions prevail.

4 Aeration

Aeration is important to allow proper air flow and make oxygen available to the microorganisms. This also helps to maintain the moisture and the temperature in the windrows at the appropriate levels

Lack of supply of air/oxygen will create anaerobic conditions within windrow and causes odour.

Ensure proper windrow turning to supply sufficient air/oxygen

Even after adopting good operating procedures, still there would be some odor issues due to climatic conditions, efficiencies in operations, etc. Thus to ensure the proper odor management in the site the following two strategies have been suggested;

Ensure that the compost plant operations / yard management is taken up to maintain the process factors as indicated in the table above

Spraying of odor control agents/chemical within the facility where ever odor is being generated and in the air space around the odor generating activities

The odor management for integrated facility at Digha has been proposed as follows;

Usage of chemically non-reactive and non-toxic odor control agent (widely used and popular deodorizer is Ecosorb)

The odor control agent shall be mixed with water in the ration of 1:50 to 1: 100 (Ecosorb: Water) based on intensity of odor and sprayed continuously on the odour generation areas and as well as in the air space

For this purpose two people shall be deployed and shall be provided with manual agriculture sprayer used for pesticide spraying.

The de-odoriser shall be sprayed continuously in three shifts irrespective of operations of the plant in any shift.

The capital cost required for odor management is Rs.40,000 (2 no. of manual sprayers X Rs.20,000/sprayer). The sprayers need to be replaced once in a year. The operation cost is towards the odor control chemical which cost Rs.2,25,000/month (Rs.2500/lit X 3 lit/day X 30 days).

5.5 Waste recycling

5.5.1 Introduction

Recycling is a process using materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, eliminate pollution by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy.

For the effective waste management for Digha recycling of following has been proposed;

Dry recyclable waste

Beer bottles

Liquor bottles

PET bottles

Waste coconut shells

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy




5.5.2 Dry Waste Recycling

As presented in the chapter 3 of this report, there are 4 major recycling agents operating in Digha. The consultation with recycling agents it has been informed that, the agents are willing to take up the recycling business more aggressively if space is provided to them. Due to the space constrain and investment involved in godown the recycling agents are not willing to scale up their activities.

Thus to encourage the present recycling agents to scale up their business and take up the recycling more aggressively it is proposed that DSDA shall allot the following to the eligible recycling agents;

Allotment of 0.25 acres each to four recycling dealers within Ratanpur site

Provide 150 m2 covered area within the allotted land

DSDA may charge nominal rental / lease amount to dealers for providing the space and godown. This strategy will not only improves the recycling activities in Digha but also have social, economic and environmental benefits.

5.5.3 Recycling of Waste Coconut Shells

As presented in the chapter 4 of the report, the estimated quantity of waste coconut shells is 2.97TPD during normal days and 7.94TPD during peak days. These waste coconut shells shall be collected separately and put in use as any of the following options.

Option 1: install fiber removal unit within the within the Ratanpur site and send the fiber and shells to nearby coir industries for further processing

Option 2: dry the coconut shells and give the same to villagers to use as firewood

According to the Directorate of Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (DoMSSE), West Bengal, the state holds fifth position in the country in respect of production of coconut. There is potential for development of Coir Industries in the State. The annual production of coconut in West Bengal is about 324.3 million nuts with an area of 24,200 hectors for coconut cultivation.

According to the study conducted by the WEBCON, there are 40 registered and 370 unregistered SSI units in coir industries in the State providing employment to 3184 people. Out of which one registered and 40 unregistered units are in Medinipur (Purba) where Digha is situated.

Also the project is eligible for financial assistance through COIR development scheme of DoMSSE if self-help groups are involved.

For the above mentioned options either recycling of coconut shells or to dry and use as firewood, it is proposed to allocate one acre land within the Ratanpur site.

5.6 Sanitary Landfill Design

5.6.1 Introduction

This chapter presents design and cost estimates for development of secured engineered landfill at Ratanpur. The basic proposals for site engineering encompass,

To improve and upgrade the site progressively to sanitary landfill site

To check the ground water contamination

To ensure the safe disposal of processed rejects of municipal solid waste

5.6.2 MoEF Guidelines for Landfill Design

As per the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), 2000, Part – II – Section 3 – Sub-Section (ii), Rule 6(1), 6(3) and 7 (2) the sanitary landfill shall comply with the following,




The sanitary landfill shall be provided with fence, security gate, approach and internal roads, waste inspection facility, weigh bridge, equipment and machinery, infrastructure like water supply, lighting, etc. and health inspection facilities.

Waste shall be compacted adequately and provided with daily cover of minimum 10cm of soil inert debris.

Prior to commencement of monsoon intermediate cover of thickness 45cm has to be provided with proper compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper drainage berms shall be provided to divert runoff from the active cell of the landfill.

The minimum bottom layer specifications shall be a composite barrier having 1.5mm High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane overlying 90 cm of soil (clay/amended soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 X 10

-7cm/sec. The highest level of water

table shall be 2m below the clay/amended soil layer.

The final cover shall have a barrier layer comprising of 60cm of clay/amended soil with permeability coefficient not greater than 1X10

-7cm/sec., on the top of the barrier soil layer

there shall be a gas collection layer of 45cm and on the top there shall be a vegetative layer of 45cm thick.

In order to prevent the pollution problems storm water diversion drains, leachate collection and treatment system and preventive measures for run – off from landfill area entering any stream, lake, river or pond shall be provided.

Buffer zone around the landfill site and a vegetative cover over the completed site shall be provided.

The post closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen years and long-term monitoring plan shall be prepared.

5.6.3 Foot Print of Sanitary Facility

Sanitary landfill for Digha has been proposed for the rejects from the waste processing facility and other inert. Landfill has been designed for the average reject from the landfill from 2014 to 2023, which is approximately 14.53 TPD. A footprint of the landfill has been arrived by calculating the area requirements as provided in Table below.

Table 43: Sanitary Facility – Area Statement

Sr Input Data Unit Quantities

1 Average Inert Waste Receipt TPD 7.09 (2014)

25.19 (2023)

2 Achievable Density of Waste tons/ m3 0.85

3 Design Period. Years 10

4 Total waste to Landfill during the period ( W )

in tonnes 53,051

5 Height (H ) in m 10

6 Depth ( D ) in m -

7 Slope factor above ground development ( 1:n)

4.00

9 Volume of waste in landfill cum 62,413

10 Addition 10% for Bottom Liner cum 6,241

11 Addition 10 % for Bund formation cum 6,241




Sr Input Data Unit Quantities

12 Addition 10 % for Daily Liner Allowance cum 6,241

13 Total Volume Required cum 81,137

14 Area at the ground level ( A )= sq.mt 16,000

15 Area at the Top of Landfill ( A1 )= sq.mt 1,665

19 Total Landfill Area Acre 4.00

Thus the area required for the development of sanitary landfill shall be 4.00 acres (approx. 16, 000 square meters). The foot print of integrated facility is presented in drawing provided in Annexure.

5.6.4 Sanitary Landfill Design Concepts

Landfill design involves development of concept, adoption of suitable procedure and safety considerations. Landfill is a typical combination of different component and each of these components has to be designed separately. For this process standard design procedure by CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Manual on Solid Waste Management (Subpart – D, Design Criteria) and Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules have been adopted. The landfill design detail is shown in the Drawing 5 provided in annexure section. Design concepts for the following components have been developed,

Assessment of landfill volume and area required

Landfill life

Evaluation of concept development plan – Foot Print of Landfill Site

Design of leachate collection system

Design of liner system

Assessment of landfill gas generation

Design of landfill gas collection system

Design of final cover system

5.6.5 Landfill Volume

The volume of the landfill has been estimated based on the topography of the site and using the AutoCAD software. Before estimating the volume maximum height that can be achieved is estimated as10 meters. The landfill has been designed at the ground level as ground water level of the region is shallow i.e. 4-5 meters. Since the base of the landfill shall be at least 2 meters above the ground water level so landfill below ground level has not been proposed. Thus the basic cross section of the landfill considered is presented as below.

Thus the volume of the landfill has been estimated as 81,200cum (waste including liner, cover and daily cover)

Area = 1665 sq.m

1: 4 Height = 10 m

Volume = 82,100 cu.m

GL Area = 16000 sq.m




5.6.6 Landfill Life

The landfill has been designed for a period of 10 years. Approximately 14.53 tons/day of inert material from each process line shall be disposed in the landfill.

5.6.7 Standard Design Requirements

For design and development of landfill recommendation from MSW Rules, 2000 have been adopted. Apart from that CPHEEO Manual and United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Manual on Solid Waste Management (Subpart – D, Design Criteria) are also been referred to establish the design requirements.

Table 44: Standard Design Requirements for Sanitary Landfill

Landfill Component Requirement Reference

Bottom Liner / Composite Liner

A 90cm thick compacted clay or amended soil (amended with bentonite) of permeability not greater than 1X10-7 cm/sec

A HDPE geo-membrane liner of thickness 1.5mm

A drainage layer of 300mm thick granular material of permeability not greater than 1X10-2 cm/sec.

MSW Rules, 2000

Final Cover

Vegetative layer of 450mm thick with good vegetation supporting soil

Barrier layer of 600mm thick clay/amended soil with permeability 1 X 10-7cm/sec

Gas venting layer of 450mm thick granular material with permeability 1 X 10-2cm/sec

MSW Rules, 2000

Maximum Allowable Leachate Head with in Landfill

30 cm

USEPA’s Manual on Solid Waste Management (Subpart – D, Design Criteria)

Base Slope 2% CPHEEO Manual

Cover Slope Not steeper than 1:4 CPHEEO Manual

Based on the above analysis and standard design consideration the profile of landfill has been finalized as follows;

Vegetative layer 0.45 m

Barrier layer of clay with permeability 1 X 10-7

cm/sec 0.60 m

Gas venting layer of granular material with permeability 1 X 10-2

cm/sec 0.45 m

Municipal Solid Waste 10 m

Drainage layer of permeability not greater than 1X10-2

cm/sec 0.30 m

HDPE Geo-membrane liner (1.5 mm)

Compacted Clay permeability not greater than 1X10-7

cm/sec 0.90 m




5.6.8 Design of Leachate Collection System

The primary function of Leachate Collection System is to collect and convey leachate out of the landfill unit and to control the depth of the leachate above the liner. The leachate collection system should be designed to meet the hydraulic performance standard of maintaining less than 30cm depth of leachate or head above liner, as suggested by USEPA Manual. Flow of leachate through imperfections in the liner system increases with an increase in leachate head above the liner. Maintaining a low leachate level above the liner helps to improve the performance of the composite liners.

The main components of leachate collection system are drainage layer and conveyance system. Leachate conveyance system is a network of pipes by which the leachate is collected through perforated HDPE pipes and collected in a sump. The drainage shall be provided as per the standards recommended by MSW Rules, 2000. The other design parameter which governs the leachate collection is the spacing between the pipes.

The leachate collection system proposed is a network consisting, 100 mm diameter branch pipes at spacing of 7 m connected to 250 mm diameter header pipe. The higher diameter pipes are suggested to maintain the uniformity and to take care of clogging and algae growth. The pipes should be HDPE perforated pipes with sufficient strength (minimum 6 kg) and should be safe from particulate and biological clogging and deflections. The header/ main trunk pipe shall be connected to leachate collection sump. The purpose of leachate collection sump is to collect the leachate from header pipes. The estimated leachate generated will be managed by leachate collection sump of size 75 m

3.

Drawing provided in annexure presents the design details of the sanitary landfill facility at Ratanpur.

5.6.9 Leachate treatment

The waste disposed in the landfill consists of negligible quantum of organic component, so the leachate produced does not contain high BOD and suspended solids. It is estimated that the peak monthly leachate generation during a year is around 150 m

3. The estimation is based on the peak

rainfall of 312mm/month (July month) and considering the total landfill with 95% runoff coefficient. This gives an optimum quantity of leachate generation conditions, since the landfill is designed for 20 years’ time period and is planned to be developed in phased manner.

Leachate Generation is considerably less compared to size and scale of landfill. Since the leachate quantity is less and Digha is having hot climatic conditions, solar evaporation would be more suitable treatment option.

Thus the surface area required for evaporation is 600 m2

with 2.5m depth. The evaporation pond shall be a non-permeable structure, sloped suitably to enable self-cleaning of sludge in the tank. Two sludge collection pits will be provided which will be able to store sludge for 7 days, and time to time pumped back to landfill.

5.6.10 Bottom Liner

Leachate control by liner system within a landfill involves prevention of percolation of leachate from waste in landfill to the subsoil by a suitable protective system (liner system). The liner system is a combination of drainage layer and barrier layers. As per CPHEEO manual a competent liner system should have low permeability, should be robust and durable and should be resistant to chemical attack, puncture and rupture. A liner system comprises of combination of barrier materials such as natural clay, amended soils and flexible geo-membrane.

As suggested by MoEF guidelines a composite liner of two barriers made of different materials, placed in immediate contact with each other provides a beneficial combined effect of both the barriers. The liner system suggested by MOEF is a geo-membrane layer over clay or amended soil barrier. A drainage layer and leachate collection system is placed over the composite liner system.

The effectiveness of barrier layer basically depends on the hydraulic conductivity of the clay/amended soil liner and density of the geo-membrane. The clay/amended soil liner is effective only if it is compacted properly and geo-membrane liner is effective only if it has the density or mass per unit area (minimum thickness is specified) is sufficient enough against punctures.




The liner system for landfill site at Ratanpur is designed based on MoEF recommendations. As per MoEF, construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and wall of waste disposal site area for landfill receiving residues of waste processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having contamination of hazardous material (such as aerosol, bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and pesticides) minimum liner specification shall be a composite barrier having 1.5mm High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane or equivalent overlying 90cm of soil (clay/amended soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1X10

-7cm/sec.”

Therefore for the landfill site composite liner of following specifications has been recommended complying Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000.

A 90cm thick compacted clay or amended soil (amended with bentonite) of permeability not greater than 1X10

-7 cm/sec

A HDPE geo-membrane liner of thickness 1.5 mm

A drainage layer of 300 mm thick granular material of permeability not greater than 10-2

cm/sec.

Main components of composite liner are clay/amended soil layer and geo-membrane liner and performance of landfill largely depends on this liner system. Thus it is incumbent to design the liner system very accurately and perfectly.

Table 45: Typical Values for Geo-membrane Measure in Performance Tests

Property Typical Value

1 Thickness 1.5mm (60mil)

2 Density 0.94gm/cc

3 Roll Width X Length 6.5m X 150m

4 Tensile Strength

a Tensile Strength at Yield 24kN/m

b Tensile Strength at Break 42kN/m

c Elongation at Yield 15%

d Elongation at Break 700%

e Secant Modulus (1%) 500MPa

5 Toughness

a Tear Resistance (initiation) 200N

b Puncture Resistance 480N

c Low Temperature Brittleness -940F

6 Durability

a Carbon Black 2%

b Carbon Black Dispersion A-1

c Accelerated Heat Ageing Negligible Strength Changes after 1 month 1100C

7 Chemical Resistance

a Resistance to Chemical Waste Mixture 10% Strength Change Over 120 days

b Resistance to Chemical Reagents 10% Strength Change Over 7 days

8 Environmental Stress Crack Resistance 1500hrs




Property Typical Value

9 Dimensional Stability 2%

10 Seam Strength 80% or more (of Tensile Strength)

Source CPHEEO Manual

5.6.11 Landfill gas management

Landfill gas is generated as a product of waste biodegradation. In landfill sites organic waste is broken down by enzymes produced by bacteria in a manner comparable to food digestion. Considerable heat is generated by these reactions with methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphite, carbon dioxide and other gases as the byproducts. Methane and carbon dioxide are the principle gases produced with almost 50 – 50 per cent share.

When methane is present in the air in concentrations between 5 to 15 per cent, it is explosive. Landfills generate gases with a pressure sufficient enough to damage the final cover and largely have impact on vegetative cover. Also, because only limited amount of oxygen are present in a landfill, when methane concentration reach this critical level, there is a little danger that the landfill will explode.

As suggested by CPHEEO Manual the gas management strategies should follow the following three plans,

Controlled Passive Venting

Uncontrolled Release

Controlled Collection and Treatment

Since landfill site at Digha is supported by compost plant gas generation is anticipated to be negligible. The principal components of landfill gas are Methane (CH4) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) and USEPA has identified another 47 type of toxicants and carcinogens liberate from the landfill. For landfill site at Ratanpur a passive gas venting system is proposed. To collect landfill gas about 5 gas vent are required.

5.6.12 Design of Final Cover System

A final landfill cover is usually composed of several layers, each with a specific function. The surface cover system must enhance surface drainage, minimize infiltration, support vegetation and control the release of landfill gases. The landfill cover to be adopted will depend on the gas management system.

As recommended by the MoEF and CPHEEO the final cover system must consist of a vegetative layer supported by a barrier layer and gas vent layer.

The final cover system proposed for landfill site at Ratanpur is based on the recommendations of MoEF and CPHEEO Manual. The final cover consists of the following components,

Vegetative layer of 450 mm thick with good vegetation supporting soil

Barrier layer of 600mm thick clay/amended soil with permeability 1 X 10-7

cm/sec

Gas venting layer of 450 mm thick granular material with permeability 1 X 10-2

cm/sec

5.6.13 Summary of Design

This section of the chapter presents the summary of the design as worked out in the earlier sections. The details of design summary are presented in Table 46.

Table 46: Summary of Landfill Design

Landfill Component Design Specifications




Landfill Component Design Specifications

Design Life of Landfill 10 years

Area 4.00 Acres

Maximum Leachate Generation 964 m3 /day

Feeder Pipes

Spacing

Size

5 m

100 mm diameter

Header Pipe Size 250 mm diameter

Feeder and Header Pipe Material HDPE perforated pipes with sufficient strength

Liner System

A 90cm thick compacted clay or amended soil (amended with bentonite) of permeability not greater than 1X10-7

A HDPE geo-membrane liner of thickness 1.5mm and with minimum density of 0.94 gm./cc

A drainage layer of 300 mm thick granular material of permeability not greater than 1X10-2 cm/sec.

Number of Gas Vents Required 5

Final Cover System

Vegetative layer of 450mm thick with good vegetation supporting soil

Gas Venting layer of 4500mm thick granular material with permeability 1 X 10-2 cm/sec

Barrier layer of 600mm thick clay/amended soil with permeability 1 X 10-7 cm/sec

5.6.14 Environmental Management plan

In order to ensure the optimal performance of the landfill site, checking the environmental pollution and complying with the regulatory requirements is essential. The following environmental parameters shall be monitored on a regular basis.

Quality of Leachate after Treatment

Surface Water Quality

Ground Waste Quality

Quantity and Quality of Gas Generated

Ambient Air Quality

The above parameters shall be monitored as per the standards stipulated in MSW Rules 2000. The number of samples and location specifications for monitoring are presented in Table 47.

Table 47: Sampling Specifications for Environmental Monitoring

Description Sampling Specifications

Quality of Leachate after

Treatment One grab Sampling at out let of the treatment plant every month

Surface Water Quality One grab sample at upstream side and one grab sample at downstream side for water bodies near the landfill site every month




Description Sampling Specifications

Ground Waste Quality One sample at upstream side and three samples at downstream side of the landfill site every month

Quantity and Quality of Gas Generated

24 hours continuous stack monitoring at selected vent on every month

Ambient Air Quality 48 hours continuous ambient air quality monitoring at one location in upwind and three locations in downwind directions every month

The leachate quality after treatment should meet the standards recommended by MoEF in Municipal Soil Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 and presented in Table 48.

Table 48: Disposal Standards for Treated Leachate

Sr.No Parameter Standards (Mode of Disposal)

Surface Water Sewers Land

1 Suspended solids, mg/1, Max 100 600 200

2 Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/1 2100 2100 2100

3 pH 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0

4 Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/1 50 50 -

5 Total Kjeldahl nitorgen as N, mg/1 100 - -

6 BOD in mg/1 (3 days @ 27 C) 30 350 100

7 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/1 250 - -

8 Arsenic (as As), mg/1 max 0.2 0.2 0.2

9 Mercury (as Hg) mg/1, max 0.01 0.01

10 Lead (as Pb), mg/1, max 0.1 1.0

11 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/1 max 2.0 1.0

12 Total chromium as Cr, mg/1 2.0 2.0

13 Copper as Cu, mg/1 3.0 3.0

14 Zinc A as Zn, mg/1 5.0 15

15 Nickel as Ni, mg/1 3.0 3.0

16 Cyanide as CN, mg/1 0.2 2.0 0.2

17 Chloride as CI, mg/1 1000 1000 600

18 Fluoride as F, mg/1 2.0 1.5 -




Sr.No Parameter Standards (Mode of Disposal)

Surface Water Sewers Land

19 Phenolic compounds (C6H5OH), mg/1 1.0 5.0 -

Source: MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

The groundwater quality within 50 m of the periphery of landfill site shall be periodically monitored to ensure that the groundwater is not contaminated beyond acceptable limits as decided by the Ground Water Board or the State Board or the Committee. Usage of ground water in and around the landfill site for any purpose (including drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its quality. The monitoring results water quality shall meet the drinking water quality standards as presented in Table 49.

Table 49: Standards for Surface and Ground Water Quality Monitoring

Sr.No. Parameter IS 10500: 1991 Desirable Limit

1 Arsenic, mg/1 0.05

2 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/1 0.01

3 Chromium, mg/l 0.05

4 Copper as Cu, mg/1 0.05

5 Cyanide as CN, mg/1 0.05

6 Lead (as Pb), mg/1, 0.05

7 Mercury (as Hg) mg/1 0.001

8 Nickel as Ni, mg/1 -

9 Nitrate as NO, mg/l 45

10 pH 6.5 – 8.5

11 Iron, mg/l 0.3

12 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 300

13 Chloride as CI, mg/1 250

14 Dissolved solids, mg/1 500

15 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/1 0.001

16 Zinc A as Zn, mg/1 5

17 Sulfate (as SO4), mg/l 200

Source MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be monitored to meet the prescribed standards as presented in Table 50.

Table 50: Ambient Air Quality Standards

S. No Parameters Acceptable Levels

1. Sulfur dioxide 120 g/m 3 (24 hours)

2. Suspended particulate matter 500 g/m 3 (24 hours)




S. No Parameters Acceptable Levels

3. Methane 25 % of the lower explosive limit(650 mg/m3)

4. Ammonia ( 24 hour average) 0.4 mg/m3 (400 g/m 3)

5. Carbon Monoxide 1 hour average: 2 mg/m3

8 hour average: 1 mg/m3

5.7 Vehicle Maintenance Workshop

A fully equipped workshop/Operational Depot has to be established to carryout preventive & breakdown maintenance & repairs of the vehicles, equipment and machinery. These vehicles and equipment have to be thoroughly washed and well lubricated every day to keep them operational at all times besides carrying out the repairs expeditiously as and when required. Moreover worn out spares & accessories need to be replaced at regular intervals besides attending to minor preventive repairs.

Regular Operational Depot Manpower:

Head Mechanic – 1

Foreman / Supervisor – 1

Electrician – 1

Helpers – 4

Vehicle Washing /Greasing Crew – 2

Minimum equipment required for the workshop to maintain the proposed fleet for collection, transportation, processing and disposal;

5 HP Air Compressor

Vehicle Washing Equipment

Welding equipment for fabrication repairs of body

Jib –Crane preferably mechanically operated

Battery charging equipment for charging 6-12 volts batteries, battery testing instruments such as hydrometer, voltmeter, multimeter, etc.,

Working table with vice for repairing aggregates

Tube vulcanizing equipment and tire inflator

Pneumatic grease pump, grease gun, etc.

Spanners, hammers and screw drivers




6. Environmental Assessment

This section details of the possible Environmental impacts to the environmental features due to development of the sanitary landfill site and the solutions to prevent the possible environmental impact.

6.1 Introduction

The proposed Integrated Processing & Disposal Facility is located at Ratanpur, near Digha of East Midinapore District, West Bengal. The site is situated at 21°37'38.41"N Latitude and 87°29'39.73"E Longitude. The project site is at an elevation of 8 m above the mean sea level (MSL).

The proposed site is about 0.5 km from New Digha area.

The proposed site connected by road and rail. State highway (SH – 57) connecting Digha to Jaleswar is about 0.6 km and SH - 4 Kolkata – Digha Main Road is about 3.2 km from the proposed site. Railway line connecting Digha – Tamluk is 1.5 km from the proposed site. Digha Railway station is also 1.5 km from the proposed site. Kolkata Air Port is 150 km from the site.

Bay of Bengal is at 1.35 km from the site and Subarnarekha River is at 15 km from the site. The nearest tourist places from the site are;

Marine Aquarium and Research Centre (MARC)

Lord Shiva temple at Chandaneswar

Junput

Shankarpur

Subarnarekha River

Talsari

Mandarmani

Science Centre

Aarabati Lake

Digha Beach

Dipak Mitra’s Snake Farm

Dadanpura Salt Extraction Centre




Figure 4: Location map of proposed landfill site




Figure 5: Map showing 10 km radius around proposed Landfill site




6.2 Environmental impact of solid waste disposal on land

The probable impacts when solid waste is disposed off on land in open dumps or in improperly designed landfills (e.g. in low lying areas), it causes the following impact on the environment.

Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump.

Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump.

Bad odor, pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and around the waste dump.

Generation of inflammable gas (e.g. methane) within the waste dump.

Bird menace above the waste dump which affects flight of aircraft.

Fires within the waste dump.

Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the waste dump.

Epidemics through stray animals.

Acidity to surrounding soil and

Release of greenhouse gas.

The main features of the study are as under:

To develop an integrated facility concept for the urbanized economies.

To create an environment that could support the culture of good standard of living by co-locating essential facilities required for day-to-day living.

To enhance the surroundings with greenery, landscaping and recommended aesthetics.

To emphasize the policy of afforestation and rain water harvesting to create a better micro climate in the area.

Special lighting effects radiating appropriate lighting intensity, essentially to focus on various highlights.

6.3 Project description

At Ratanpur it is proposed to have integrated facility which comprises of Compost plant, recycling plants and a Sanitary landfill to cater the needs of DSDA area.

6.4 Baseline Environmental Features

6.4.1 Climatic conditions

There are mainly three seasons in Digha, namely summer, Monsoon and winter. Summer starts in April and continues to till June with a maximum temperature of 370C. Although cold wind from sea keeps the weather pleasant in this time. Next comes monsoon in July and lasts till the end of September. Digha generally experiences an average rainfall with high Humidity in the monsoon season. Winter sets in October and lasts till February with a temperature range from 24 to 300C. July to March is considered as the best time to visit Digha as weather stays most pleasant in these times.

India Meteorological Department has been monitoring surface observations at Medinapur. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction are measured twice a day viz., at 0830 and 1730 hr. The wind speed and direction data of IMD, Medinipur station has been obtained for the past available 10 years. The data for the remaining parameters has been collected for the last 10 years and processed. Data on cloud cover is compiled from the climatological tables for the IMD station at Medinipur. The monthly data for all the parameters except wind speed and wind direction is presented in table below.




Table 51: Climatological data at station

Month

Atmospheric Pressure (hPa)

Temperature (0C) Relative Humidity

Rainfall (mm)

8:30 17:30 Mean Max.

Mean Min.

8:30 17:30

January 1012.2 1008.1 26.3 12.8 59 45 12.4

February 1009.8 1005.7 29.7 15.9 56 38 19.7

March 1006.8 1002.4 34.8 20.6 56 34 32.5

April 1003.3 998.7 38.4 24.3 60 43 49.5

May 999.0 995.0 38.4 25.9 66 54 80.9

June 995.3 992.1 35.2 25.9 76 70 219.6

July 995.2 992.6 32.0 25.3 83 81 312.1

August 996.4 993.5 31.8 25.3 84 81 310.1

September 1000.2 997.0 31.9 24.9 83 81 290.4

October 1006.0 1002.6 31.3 22.8 77 73 120.0

November 1010.1 1006.4 29.0 17.3 66 60 13.7

December 1012.3 1008.3 26.4 13.0 59 50 4.1

Total Rainfall 1465

Source: Indian Metrological Department (IMD), Medinapur

6.4.2 Air Environment

Air pollution can cause significant effects on the environment, and subsequently on humans, animals, vegetation and materials. It primarily affects the respiratory (e.g. by fine dust), circulatory (e.g. by carbon monoxide) and olfactory (e.g. by odors) systems in humans. In most cases, air pollution aggravates pre-existing diseases or degrades health status, making people more susceptible to other infections or the development of chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Environmental impacts from air pollution can include acidic deposition and reduction in visibility.

Although not a major contributor to air pollution, the proposed project site often emits pollutants into the air during both construction of the integrated facility like compost plant, power plant and landfill facility and maintenance of these facilities in operational phases. The sources of air pollution during construction and operational phases of the facility are as follows:

Construction Phase: Includes site clearance and preparation, infrastructure development, building construction and other related activities.

Operational phase: Includes emissions from vehicular movement and diesel generators, and negligible emissions from sewage and solid waste handling and disposal.

Activities during these phases will primarily emit suspended particulate matter (SPM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2).

During the construction phase of the project, the following pollutant is anticipated:

SPM from all construction activities.

During the operational phase of the project, the following pollutants are anticipated:

NOx, SPM and CO from vehicle exhaust within the project site

NOx, SPM, CO and SO2 from diesel generator sets due to proposed project.




In both phases, noise is considered as a contaminant within the air environment, and is discussed in following Table 52 provides potential primary sources and effects of air pollutants during the construction and operational phases of the proposed facility.

Table 52: Sources & effects of air pollutants due to proposed project

Pollutant Source Adverse Effects

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Combustion of Sulphur-containing fossil fuels for

Construction equipment

Vehicles

Diesel generators

Reduced visibility

Irritation of eyes

Aggravation of respiratory diseases (asthma, emphysema)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Combustion of fossil fuels for

Construction equipment

Vehicles

Diesel generators

Aggravation of respiratory illness

Reduced visibility

Formation of acid rain

SPM

Construction activities

Combustion of fossil fuels for construction equipment, vehicles and diesel generators

Reduced visibility

Aggravation of the effects of gaseous pollutants

Increased cough and chest discomfort

Reduced lung function

Aggravation of respiratory and cardio-respiratory diseases

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Combustion of fossil fuels for Construction equipment Vehicles

Reduced visibility

Irritation of eyes

Aggravation of respiratory diseases (asthma, emphysema)

Source: South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) 1993. CEQA Air Quality Handbook

Ambient air quality in the area observed from the secondary data is presented in table below.

Table 53: Ambient air quality at proposed site

Parameter Range, µg/m3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard

PM10 20 – 47.5 100 µg/m3

PM2.5 4.6 – 9.7 60 µg/m3

SO2 4.0 – 7.8 80 µg/m3

NOx 5.6 – 12.8 80 µg/m3

CO 160 - 282 2 mg/m3

Source: Primary survey

6.4.3 Noise environment

Noise levels in the study area were mainly due to domestic, commercial activities and vehicular traffic. Noise Levels in the study area observed from the secondary source is given in table below.




Table 54: Noise levels in the study area

S. No. Parameter Range

1. Day Equivalent, dB(A) 42 – 62

2. Night Equivalent, dB(A) 39 – 55

Source: Primary survey

Table 55: CPCB ambient noise standards

Area Code Category of Area/ Zone Limits in dB(A)

Day Time Night Time

(A) Industrial Area 75 70

(B) Commercial Area 65 55

(C) Residential Area 55 45

(D) Silence Zone 50 40

Note:-

3) Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.

4) Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.

5) Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority

6) Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.

6.4.4 Water environment

This section documents the baseline scenario of the water environment in the study area and discusses quality observed. Water samples were collected from 3 locations in the study area and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological parameters. The summary of water quality analysis is given in table below.

Table 56: Summary of water quality

Parameter Results

IS : 10500 Standards Study Area Project Site

pH 6.25 - 6.81 7.04 6.5 – 8.5

Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 105 - 824 782 500 max.

Total Hardness as CaCO3 56 - 280 448 300 max.

Calcium as Ca 12.8 - 73.6 92.8 75 max.

Magnesium as Mg 5.8 - 23.0 51.8 30 max.

Fluorides as F 0.1 - 1.0 1.0 1.0 max.

B.O.D., mg/L Nil Nil Nil

C.O.D., mg/L. Nil 4.0 <5.0

Coliform Bacteria Nil Nil 10 max.




Parameter Results

IS : 10500 Standards Study Area Project Site

Mercury <0.0001 <0.0001 0.001 max.

Source: Primary Survey

6.4.5 Geology

The plateau area is generally devoid of rock exposures, being widely covered by laterite and soil/murrum capping. The western part of study area consists of a hard laterite formation and eastern part has been formed out of the alluvial deposits borne down by the Hoogly River and its tributaries. The generalized geological succession of the area may be summarized as below:

Quaternary Recent to Sub- Recent Soil

Laterite

Bauxite

Lithomarge

Pleistocene Sand, clay, silt, and gravel

Upper Cretaceous to Eocone Weathered Granite Gneiss

------------------------------------Unconformity ------------------------------------

Both the recent and Pleistocene sediments have been deposited successively by the river system and Ganga as flood-plain deposits. In lithological characters both the groups of sediments are remarkably similar. Pleistocene and Recent sediments do not differ in maximum grain size, but an excess of very fine grained material is found in the Pleistocene deposits. Recent sediments are loosely compacted and have water contents and variable and appreciable quantities of organic material. Pleistocene sediments occurring on the surface are reddish brown or motted and have undergone a great degree of oxidation. Occurrence of gravel and calcareous concretions are more common in the sediments, which are believed to represent Pleistocene series.

6.4.6 Soil Quality

Soil quality of the site was analyzed and the results of soil analysis are given in table below:

Table 57: Summary of soil quality

Sr.No. Parameters Units Results

1 Texture

- Sandy

2 Particle size Distributions Sand % 78

Silt % 6

Clay % 16

3 pH (10% Slurry) - 6.96

4 Conductivity μmhos/cm 86

5 Moisture

% 23.6

6 Organic Matter % 0.08

7 Bulk density gram/cc 2.36

8 Porosity

% v/v 52




9 S.A.R

% 1.26

10 Infiltration capacity mm/h 86

11 Calcium as Ca meq/100gr 1.12

12 Magnesium as Mg meq/100gr 0.96

13 Sodium as Na meq/100gr 1.36

14 Nitrogen as N kg/ha 46

15 Potassium as K kg/ha 28

16 Phosphorus as P kg/ha 11.2

17 Zinc as Zn

meq/100gr 1.24

18 Cadmium as Cd meq/100gr 0.08

19 Mercury as Hg meq/100gr 0.02

20 Boron as B meq/100gr <0.01

Source: Primary Survey




7. Integrated SWM facility costing

Based on the recommendations made in the previous section w.r.t the Integrated Solid Waste Management System, this section provides the cost estimates for the components proposed ISWM facility in DSDA area.

7.1 Background

Based on the suggested components under the integrated solid waste management plan for the Digha Shankarpur Development Area (DSDA), detailed cost estimation exercises based on current prices is under taken. Estimated cost of the facility components includes the capital costs and the annual operation and maintenance cost at current prices. Costing for the following components are is considered;

Table 58: Integrated solid waste management cost summary

Sr No ISWM Component Capital Cost

(Rs. Lakhs)

Operation and maintenance cost

(Rs. Lakhs / Annum)

1. Source Segregation 7.20

129.20

2. Primary Collection 73.4

3. Secondary Collection 10.5

4. Secondary Transportation 20

5. Integrated waste processing and disposal facility

1227.99 87.06

TOTAL 1339.09 216.26

7.2 Capital Cost Estimation

7.2.1 Source Segregation

As suggested in the section 5.1.2 of this report, for segregation of the waste at source, placing separate bins are considered for storage of dry and wet waste. Requirement of the bins and costing is estimated in the following Table 59 and Table 60.

Table 59: Twin bins required for source segregation

Sr No Particular Number

1 No. of Households, commercial establishments and stalls in Digha 10,000

2 No. of Bins to be Provided to each Household 2

3 Total No. of Bins Required 20,000




Table 60: Cost of Twin Bins for Households and Establishments and Stalls

Sr No Particular Unit Quantity Amount

1 Cost of dustbin including all taxes

Rs. 36 -

2 total bins required number 20,000

3 Cost of Bin procurement Rs Lakh - 7.20

7.2.2 Primary collection

7.2.2.1 Door-to door collection from households

As presented in section 5.1.3, three Auto Tippers are suggested for the door to door collection of waste from the Households in the DSDA area. The capital cost of these Auto tippers is estimated to be Rs 10.80 Lakhs as presented in Table 61.

Table 61: cost of auto tippers for primary collection of waste

Sr No Particular Unit Amount

1 Cost of Auto Tipper with Hopper and Hydraulic System

Rs. Lakh 3.60

2 Number of tippers required number 3

3 total procurement cost of tippers Rs. lakhs 10.8

7.2.2.2 Tourist areas

The requirement of the SWM equipment infrastructure in the tourist areas is suggested in the section 0. The requirement of the SWM equipment as well as the estimated capital cost based on current prices is presented in Table 62

Table 62: Requirements for waste collection from tourist areas

Item Quantity

Road Length to be Covered 8km

Spacing of dust bins 20m

Number of Dustbins Required 400

Road Length allotted to each Collection Team 500m

Teams Required/shift 16 (32 persons)

No. of shifts 2

Total Teams required 32 (64 persons)

Tools & Equipment Required

Pushcart with four numbers of 40 liter capacity bins

Long handle broom

Metal trays

Gum boots

Gloves

20 (16 + 4 standby)

16

16

64

64




Item Quantity

Shovels

Reflective jackets

Uniforms

16

64

128

Detail drawing and specification of push cart is provided in annexure

To implement the sweeping and waste collection system from tourist areas initial capital cost of Rs.16.47 lakhs is required as estimated in Table 63.

Table 63: Cost Estimation for Waste Collection from Tourist Areas

Sr.No. Equipment No. Rs./Unit Amount, Rs.

1 Dustbins 400 3,000 12,00,000

2 Pushcart with 4 no’s of 40lit bins 20 15,000 3,00,000

3 Long handle broom 16 150 2,400

4 Metal trays 16 250 4,000

5 Gum boots 64 400 25,600

6 Gloves 64 250 16,000

7 Shovels 16 1000 16,000

8 Reflective Jackets 64 300 19,200

9 Uniforms 128 500 64,000

Total 16,47,200

7.2.2.3 Picnic Spots and street sweeping

As per suggested SWM infrastructure and the sweeping plan for cleaning of the picnic spots and the streets in section 0, following SWM infrastructure requirement has been worked out and the capital costs for the same is worked out. The requirement of SWM infrastructure is presented in Table 64 and the estimated cost based on current prices of the same is provided in Table 65.

Table 64: Requirements for Sweeping of Roads and Picnic Spots

Item Quantity

Road Length to be Covered 7km

Road Length allotted to each Sweeping Team 1000m

Teams Required/shift 7 (14 persons)

No. of shifts 1

Total Teams required for Street Sweeping 7 (14 persons)

No. of Picnic Spots 5

No. of Teams per Picnic Spot 1

No. of Shifts 2

Total Teams required for Picnic Spots 10 (20 persons)

Tools & Equipment Required

Pushcart with 4 no’s of 40lit bins

14 (12 + 2 standby)




Item Quantity

Long handle broom

Metal trays

Gum boots

Gloves

Shovels

Reflective jackets

Uniforms

12

12

34

34

12

34

68

To implement the sweeping of streets and picnic spots initial capital cost of Rs.2.93 lakhs is required as estimated in below.

Table 65: Cost Estimation for Sweeping of Streets and Picnic Spots

Sr.No. Tool No. Rs./Unit Amount, Rs.

1 Pushcart with 4 no’s of 40lit bins 14 15,000 2,10,000

2 Long handle broom 12 150 1,800

3 Metal trays 12 250 3,000

4 Gum boots 34 400 13,600

5 Gloves 34 250 8,500

6 Shovels 12 1000 12,000

7 Reflective jackets 34 300 10,200

8 Uniforms 68 500 34,000

Total 2,93,100

7.2.2.4 Direct Bulk waste collection

The section 5.1.3.4 of this report has given the recommendations regarding the collection of the waste directly from the bulk waste generators such as Hotels, restaurants, lodges, and Coconut vendors. As suggested in the 5.1.3.4, the waste collected from these should be directly transported to the integrated waste processing and landfill facility. To collect the waste from these bulk waste generators, following vehicles are suggested and their capital cost based on current prices is presented in Table 66

Table 66: Cost for Procurement of Auto Tippers for bulk waste collection

Sr No Particular Unit Amount 1 Auto Tipper with Hopper and Hydraulic System Rs. Lakh 3.6

2 Total Number of Auto Tippers Required Number 12

3 Total Cost for Procurement of Auto Tippers Rs. Lakh 43.2

7.2.3 Secondary Collection and Transportation

The report has given recommendation of the secondary transportation of the waste in section 5.1.4. It is recommended to provide high capacity bins for storage of collected waste and for transportation of the waste from these high capacity bins, real end loaders and compacters are suggested. The capital cost of these components is presented in Table 67




Table 67: Cost Estimation for Secondary Collection and Transportation

Sr.No. Tool No. Rs./Unit Amount

(Rs. Lakh)

1 240 lit HDPE bins 75 6,000 4.50

2 660 lit HDPE bins 60 10,000 6.00

3 7m3 REL/Compactor Vehicle 1 20,00,000 20.00

Total 30.50

7.2.4 Integrated processing and landfill facility

Capital costs for the all the components of the integrated waste processing facility are worked out. The components of the integrated facility are;

General and Common Infrastructure

Compost plant

dry waste recycling area

scientific landfill and

Vehicles

Apart from the estimation of the capital cost, the annual operation and maintenance cost for operating the facility is also worked out. Detailed cost estimations for all the components of integrated processing & disposal facility are provided in the following section in Table 68.


[85] [Consultancy on Techno-Economic Feasibility and Transaction Advisory Services for

Integrated Solid Waste Management at Digha Town] – [Final Report]

Table 68: Capital Cost for Integrated Facility

Sr.No. Item Specification Unit Quantity Unit Rate, Rs Amount, Rs

General and Common Infrastructure

1 Site Clearance

Ordinary shrub clearance involving removal of grass, shrubs and twinges, including rooting out.

sq. m 75495.20 3.00 226485.60

2 Entrance Gate

Providing and fixing in position M.S. Gate with MS/GI material frames weighing not less than 20 kg/sq. m including providing and fixing MS flat as guide with necessary fixtures, rollers one coat of red oxide primer and two coats of oil painting etc.

sq. m 18.00 8250.00 148500.00

3 Exit Gate

Providing and fixing in position M.S. Gate with MS/GI material frames weighing not less than 20 kg/sq. m including providing and fixing MS flat as guide with necessary fixtures, rollers one coat of red oxide primer and two coats of oil painting etc.

sq. m 18.00 8250.00 148500.00

4 Compound Wall

Construction of boundary wall of 2m height with 0.5m barbed wire fencing on top and 230 mm thick BB masonry including plastering and painting (white wash)

rm 1076.60 3200.00 3445120.00

5 Security Cabin

Construction of security cabin of size 2.5 m X 2 m or the suitable dimensions to have built up area of 5 sq. m sheet roof and 230 mm

sq. m 5.00 7500.00 37500.00




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thick BB masonry walls including flooring, doors & windows, electrification, fittings, lightings, fan, energy meter, etc.

6 Office Complex cum laboratory

Construction of office complex of the suitable dimensions to have built up area of 230 sq. m RCC frame work and 230 mm thick BB masonry walls including flooring, doors, ventilators & windows, electrification, fittings, lightings, fan, energy meter, drainage works, septic tank of adequate capacity, etc.

sq. m 230.00 9000.00 2070000.00

7 Stores

Construction of store of size 4 m X 3 m or the suitable dimensions to have built up area of 12 sq. m sheet roof and 230 mm thick BB masonry walls including flooring, doors & windows, electrification, fittings, lightings, fan, energy meter, etc.

sq. m 12.00 7500.00 90000.00

8 Tool Room

Construction of tool room of size 5 m X 3 m or the suitable dimensions to have built up area of 15 sq. m sheet roof and 230 mm thick BB masonry walls including flooring, doors & windows, electrification, fittings, lightings, fan, energy meter, etc.

sq. m 15.00 7500.00 112500.00

9 Vehicle Repair / Maintenance Area

Construction of cement concrete plat form of size 8 m X 5 m or the suitable dimensions to have built

sq. m 40.00 1800.00 72000.00





up area of 108 sq. M

10 Weigh Bridge

Design, procurement, supply, transportation, fabrication, construction, erection, installation, testing and commissioning of 10 tons trucks electronic weigh bridge including equipment, machinery, piping, mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, civil & structural, insulation, coating and wrapping, painting works as also hook up with computers, performance testing and supply of spare parts for startup and commissioning, including supply of all labor, material, equipment, machinery and tools

no. 1.00 600000.00 600000.00

11 Roads

Supplying and laying of stone aggregate of 90 mm down to 40 mm size of sub-base course and stone aggregate of 63 mm down to 40 mm size for WBM layer base course tough, sound, clean and durable including cost of stone aggregate, all royalties, taxes, handling, transportation to site, stacking with all leads and lifts, spreading and laying to form Water Bound Macadam in one layer to proper grade, ramming and compacting, dressing to required slope, camber and level, binding to surface with murrum,

rm 200.00 9000.00 1800000.00




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including cost of supply of murrum, consolidating with road roller, watering with all leads and lifts including preparation of camber, etc. Providing and laying 50 mm thick bitumen premix carpet including heating bitumen, mixing stone chips, grit, laying to proper grade and camber including preparation of surface, filling pot holes with premix chips, rolling premix carpet with 8 to 10 ton road roller and camber spreading sand over finish shed surfaces including brushing and clearing WBM surfaces, spraying tack coat of bitumen, etc. complete including providing and running road roller etc.

12 Storm water Drains

Providing surface drains of cement concrete 1:4:8 Bottom (150mm thick) and Brick Lined Side Walls with SRC of 225mm size rectangular cross section along the length and width of the concrete pad leading to the detention tanks including cost and conveyance of all materials to site, labor charges, hire charges for tools and plants

rm 250.00 2700.00 675000.00

13 Lighting Providing and erecting street tubular pole of 139.7 X 114.3 X 88.9 mm dia. with 4.5 X 3.65 X

no. 47 27000.00 1269000.00





3.25 mm thickness and 5+2+2 m (total 9m) long as per IS 2713 and with 70 W S.V lamps with required fixtures, bracket, mini pillar, feeder pillar, timer, igniter, pole box, service wire, necessary cables and muffing 60 cm dia. X 70 cm height and obtaining State Electricity Board connection providing cables from point of connection to feeder pillar including erection & fixing pole in C.C. with painting

14 Green Belt Development of green belt with three row of trees with 2-5m interval all around the facility

sq. m 5383 60.00 322980.00

15 ESR (10,000 lit)

Construction of Elevated Service Reservoir to the suitable dimensions to have capacity of 10,000 lit. including footings, pillars, pipes, fittings, lightings, etc.

no. 1.00 120000.00 120000.00

16 Water Distribution Network

Providing water supply network to entire waste reception area. Job 1.00 200000.00 200000.00

17 Basic Sewerage Facilities

Providing basic sewerage facilities to entire waste reception area.

Job 1.00 150000.00 150000.00

18 Bore Well

Boring 150 mm dia. Bore hole as specified through soil and clay to depths below groundwater levels, including PVC casing, providing cap and concreting to above

rm 15.00 3000.00 45000.00




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ground level pipes

19 Water Pump

10 HP water pump to lift ground water to ESR including civil, electrical and mechanical fittings and accessories.

no. 1.00 150000.00 150000.00

20 Notice Board and General Sign

LS 1.00 15000.00 15000.00

21 Telephone and Fax

LS 1.00 10000.00 10000.00

22 Office Furniture & Equipment

LS 1.00 300000.00 300000.00

23 Fire Fighting Equipment

LS 1.00 100000.00 100000.00

24 Laboratory Equipment

LS 1.00 500000.00 500000.00

25 Standard Tool Kit no. 1.00 25000.00 25000.00

26 Equipment for Workers

LS 1.00 50000.00 50000.00

27 Protective Gear LS 1.00 25000.00 25000.00

28 First Aid Kit LS 1.00 5000.00 5000.00

Sub-Total (General and Common Infrastructure) 11847585.60

Compost Plant

1 Tipping and Segregation Area

Construction of covered shed of the suitable dimensions to have built up area of 300 sq. m sheet roof on steel structure (PEB) and 230 mm thick BB masonry walls

sq. m 150.00 4800.00 720000.00





including flooring, doors & ventilators, electrification, fittings, lightings, fan, energy meter, etc.

2 Covered Windrow

Construction of covered shed of the suitable dimensions to have built up area of 300 sq. m sheet roof on steel structure (PEB) and 230 mm thick BB masonry walls including flooring, doors & ventilators, electrification, fittings, lightings, fan, energy meter, etc.

sq. m 3600.00 4800.00 17280000.00

3 Covered Windrow


sq. m 300.00 4800 1440000.00

4 Godown


sq. m 150.00 4800.00 720000.00

5 Rejects Platform

Construction of cement concrete platforms of required size of suitable dimensions to have built up area of 600 sq. M

sq. m 600.00 1500.00 900000.00

6 Process 2 lines of 25TPD Compost Plant No 1.00 6000000.00 6000000.00




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Machinery Process Machinery including electrical, packing, forwarding, Erection and Commissioning.

7 Leachate Collection Sump

Construction of leachate collection sump (inner 5m dia. And 5 m height) including epoxy coating to inner & outer walls, flooring of sump & commissioning, etc.

Cu.m 25.00 6300.00 157500.00

Sub-Total (Compost Plant) 27217500.00

Dry Waste Recycling

1 Sheds for Dry Waste Units

Construction of godown of the suitable dimensions to have built up area of 300 sq. m sheet roof on steel structure (PEB) and 230 mm thick BB masonry walls including flooring, doors & ventilators, electrification, fittings, lightings, fan, energy meter, etc.

sq. m 600.00 6000.00 3600000.00

Scientific Landfill

1 Bund Formation

Construction earthen of bund (embankment) with good quality, murrrum, having CBR not less than 8, sand and clay of height 5 m with inner side slope of 1:3 and outer side slope of 1:2, including laying in layers 20 cm to 30 cm, breaking clots, dressing to required lines, curves and sections, watering to required O.M.C.

Cu.m 10240.00 110.00 1126400.00





2 Geo-membrane Liner

Providing, supplying, laying, welding and testing of minimum 1.5 mm thick HDPE liners at the base and side slopes of the landfill including handling, storage, certifying the subgrade and laying of liners to proper levels, grades and slopes, anchoring the layer suitably as per the directions, developing panel layout, carrying out seaming of the liner, testing of seams throughout the entire length as per the quality assurance and quality control procedures and as per the drawings and specifications.

Sq. 24064.00 325.00 7820800.00

3 Barrier Layer - Composite Bottom Liner

Construction of compacted clay liner at the base of the landfill to proper levels, slopes, grades with approved borrow soil stacked at the site including compacting the exposed natural soil to 90% of maximum laboratory dry density, re-excavating the borrow soil, including breaking clods and spreading in layers not exceeding 25 cm thickness, watering and compacting with sheep foot roller to give at least the compacted thickness of 15 cm and required permeability of 1X10-7 cm/sec including providing and operating charges of necessary sheep foot rollers and other equipment,

Cu.m 21657.60 190.00 4114944.00




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providing testing apparatus and testing the degree of compaction, dressing and leveling, etc.

4 Drainage Layer

Supplying and laying of high permeability drainage layer consisting of graded gravel, the maximum size of which not exceeding 32 mm and permeability not less than 0.01 cm/sec, as directed to proper levels, grades and slopes at the base of the landfill including dressing and leveling complete as per drawings and specifications.

Cu.m 4915.50 1200.00 5898600.00

5 Vegetative Layer

Supplying and laying of vegetative layer consisting of natural soil with good moisture holding capacity and plant growth characteristics and as per specifications

Cu.m 9216.00 90.00 829440.00

6 Drainage Layer-Final Cover / Capping

Supplying and laying of high permeability drainage layer consisting of graded gravel, the maximum size of which not exceeding 32 mm and permeability not less than 0.01 cm/sec, as directed to proper levels, grades and slopes at the top of the landfill including dressing and leveling complete as per drawings and specifications

Cu.m 3072.00 1200.00 3686400.00





7 Barrier Layer - Final Cover / Capping

Construction of compacted clay liner at the top of the landfill to proper levels, slopes, grades with approved borrow soil stacked at the site including compacting the exposed natural soil to 90% of maximum laboratory dry density, re-excavating the borrow soil, including breaking clods and spreading in layers not exceeding 25 cm thickness, watering and compacting with sheep foot roller to give at least the compacted thickness of 15 cm and required permeability of 1X10-7 cm/sec including providing and operating charges of necessary sheep foot rollers and other equipment, providing testing apparatus and testing the degree of compaction, dressing and leveling, etc.

Cu.m 12288.00 190.00 2334720.00

8 Gas Venting Layer

Supplying and laying of high permeability gas venting layer consisting of graded gravel, the maximum size of which not exceeding 32 mm and permeability not less than 0.01 cm/sec, as directed to proper levels, grades and slopes at the top of the landfill including dressing and leveling complete as per drawings and specifications.

Cu.m 4096.00 1200.00 4915200.00

9 Feeder Pipes Providing at the site of work and rm 3000.00 1200.00 3600000.00




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lowering, laying and jointing HDPE pipe of outer diameter 100 mm, 6 kg/sq.cm and confirming IS 4984 to required grade and level including cost of jointing material, chemicals, labor required for handling and making joints etc.

10 Header Pipes

Providing at the site of work and lowering, laying and jointing HDPE pipe of outer diameter 250 mm, 6 kg/sq.cm and confirming IS 4984 to required grade and level including cost of jointing material, chemicals, labor required for handling and making joints etc.

rm 150.00 2700.00 405000.00

11 Leachate Collection Sumps & Pumps

Construction of leachate collection sump (inner 4.5m dia. And 10 m height) and pump house (5 m X 5 m) with 2 no’s of 5 HP suitable pumps of S.S material of approved make including suction, delivery pipes of suitable dia. and length with bends, special valves, etc. all ancillary items, epoxy coating to inner & outer walls, flooring of sump & commissioning, etc.

Cu.m 75.00 6300/cu.m for sump

+ 50000 for pump 522500.00

12 Gas Collection Pipes

Providing at the site of work and lowering, laying and jointing HDPE pipe of outer diameter 160 mm, 6 kg/sq.cm and confirming IS 4984 to required grade and

rm 50.00 1750.00 87500.00





level including cost of jointing material, chemicals, labor required for handling and making joints etc.

13 Gas Vents

Construction of landfill gas collection system with PVC pipe as outlet including sand layer, sand mixer and cement concrete as per the specifications

no. 5.00 15000.00 75000.00

14 Geo-Textile

Providing, supplying, laying, welding and testing of 240 gsm geo-textile liners on the top of the drainage media including handling, storage, certifying the subgrade and laying of liners to proper levels, grades and slopes, developing panel layout, carrying out seaming of the liner, testing of seams throughout the entire length as per the quality assurance and quality control procedures and as per the drawings and specifications.

Sq. m 24064.00 125.00 3008000.00

15 Solar Evaporation Pond

Providing 2.5m depth excavated pond with clay and 1mm HDPE lining to hold and evaporate the leachate.

Sq. m 600.00 1500.00 900000.00

Sub-Total (Scientific Landfill) 39324504.00

Vehicles

JCB – Backhoe front end loader

No. 1 1500000 1500000.00




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Farm track - Backhoe front end loader

No. 2 900000 1800000.00

Tractor Trolleys No. 2 720000 1440000.00

Water Tanker No. 1 750000 750000.00

Sub-Total (Vehicles) 5490000.00

Total (Integrated Facility) 874.81 Lakhs




7.3 Summary of Capital Cost

Total capital cost for proposed Integrated Solid Waste Management system in Digha includes the costs of primary collection, sweeping, secondary collection and transportation and Integrated processing and sanitary landfill site. As presented the total cost for implementation of proposed system is estimated to be around Rs.10 Crore (if 10 Years Landfill is considered).

Table 69: Capital cost estimates for Integrated Solid Waste Management for Digha

Component Cost

(Rs. Lakhs)

Collection and Transportation

Segregation and Storage at source 7.20

Door to Door Collection 10.80

Collection of Waste and Sweeping of Tourist Areas 16.50

Sweeping of Picnic Spots and Streets 2.90

Direct/Bulk Waste Collection - Hotels, Restaurants and Coconut Vendors 43.20

Secondary Collection and Transportation 30.50

Sub-Total (C&T) 111.10

Processing

Common Infrastructure 118.48

Compost Plant 272.18

Dry Waste Baling 36.00

Vehicles 54.90

Sub-Total (Processing) 481. 56

Disposal

Phase I Scientific Landfill (5 Years) 196.63

Phase II Scientific Landfill (5 Years) 196.63


Grand Total 789.29 (5 Year SLF)

985.91 (10 Year SLF)

7.4 O&M Cost

The total operation and maintenance cost per annum for the proposed ISWM system on current price basis as calculated would be around Rs.216.26 lakhs.




7.4.1 Collection and Transportation

Table 70: O&M cost estimates of collection and transportation plan

Component No. of Units Basis Annual O&M

Cost, Rs.

Auto Tippers 15

Maintenance Cost @ 10 % of Vehicle Cost

12.68 Operation Cost - Fuel @ 15 km/ liter, and assumed travel of 40 km/ day

7m3

REL/Compactors 16

Maintenance Cost @ 10 % of Vehicle Cost

3.52 Operation Cost - Fuel @ 6 km/ liter, and assumed travel of 50 km/ day

Pushcarts 35 Rs.1500/Annum/Unit 0.52

660lit Bins 75 Rs.1000/Annum/Unit 0.75

240lit Bins 60 Rs.1000/Annum/Unit 0.60

Total 18.07

The manpower cost towards proposed collection and transportation system is Rs.8.48lakhs/month.

Table 71: Manpower Cost for proposed collection and transportation

Vehicle No.

Drivers Helpers Monthly Salaries, (Rs Lakhs) No.

Salary, Rs./Month

No. Salary, Rs./Month

Push Carts 35 81 6000 4.86

Auto Tippers 15 17 7,500 35 6000 3.37

7m3 REL/Compactors 16 1 10,000 2 7000 0.24

Total Salaries 8.47

Annual Salaries 101.7

The equipment’s used in the storage; collection and transportation are likely to be exposed to wear and tear due to daily use. This wear and tear may lead to discontinuation of usage of such equipment. So the equipments are required to be replenished on regular basis. The recurring expenditure towards replenishment of the proposed collection and transportation system is Rs.9.42 lakhs/annum.

Table 72: Annual recurring expenditure

Sr.No. Component No. Unit Cost, Rs.

Replacement Rate/Annum

Recurring Expenses (Rs. Lakh/Annum)

1 Dust Bins 400 3,000 0.25 3.00

2 Long Handle Brooms 28 150 4 0.17

3 Metal Trays 28 250 4 0.28

4 Gum Boots 98 400 2 0.78

5 Gloves 98 250 2 0.49




Sr.No. Component No. Unit Cost, Rs.

Replacement Rate/Annum

Recurring Expenses (Rs. Lakh/Annum)

6 Shovels 28 1000 1 0.28

7 Reflective Jackets 98 300 1 0.29

8 Uniforms 196 500 1 0.98

9 240lit Bins 75 6,000 0.3 1.35

10 660lit Bins 60 10,000 0.3 1.80

Total 9.42

7.4.2 Integrated processing and disposal

Annual O&M cost for the integrated facility is Rs.67.50 lakhs.

Table 73: Operation and Maintenance cost for integrated processing and disposal facility

Sr.No. Particulars Basis Rs. Lakhs

1 Power / Electricity 100HP connected load with 8 hrs. Operation in one shift. Power tariff of Rs.5.5/Unit

11.00

2 Diesel 200 lit/day diesel consumption with 8 hrs. Operation in one shift. Diesel cost of Rs.46/lit

33.60

3 Repair & Maintenance 10% of the plant, machinery and vehicles cost

5.50

4 Civil Maintenance Rs.20,000/month 2.40

5

Consumables like Chemicals, EM Culture, Disinfectants, safety items and lab consumables

LS charges of Rs.1,00,000/month 12.00

6 Security Charges Rs.25,000/month 3.00

Total 67.50

The manpower cost for operating the integrated facility is Rs.1.63 lakhs/month.

Table 74: Manpower cost for Integrated Facility

Sr.No. Designation No./Shift Salary/Month, Rs. Amount/Month

(Rs. Lakh)

1 Plant In charge 1 18000 0.18

2 Supervisors 1 15000 0.15

3 Drivers 7 10000 0.70

4 Workers 10 6000 0.60

Total (Monthly) 1.63

Total (Annually) 19.56




7.5 Summary of Operation and Maintenance cost

The following Table 75 provides the summary of the operation and maintenance costs for the proposed ISWM facility in DSDA area.

Table 75: Summary of operation and maintenance costs for proposed ISWM

Sr No Particular Unit Value

A Collection and Transportation

1. Auto Tippers Rs lakh 12.68

2. 7m3 REL/Compactors Rs lakh 3.52

3. Pushcarts Rs lakh 0.53

4. 660lit Bins Rs lakh 0.75

5. 240lit Bins Rs lakh 0.60

6. Manpower Rs lakh 101.70

7. Recurring Expenditure (replacement of bins, brooms. etc.)

Rs lakh 9.43

Total Collection and transportation 129.20

B Processing facility and landfill site

1. Power / Electricity Rs Lakh 11.00

2. Diesel Rs Lakh 33.60

3. Repair & Maintenance Rs Lakh 5.50

4. Civil Maintenance Rs Lakh 2.40

5. Consumables like Chemicals, EM Culture, Disinfectants, safety items and lab consumables

Rs Lakh 12.00

6. Security Charges Rs Lakh 3.00

7. Manpower Rs Lakh 19.56

Total Processing facility and landfill site 87.06

GRAND TOTAL [A+B] Rs Lakh 216.26




8. Institutional Structure for DSDA

Digha Shankarpur Development Authority (DSDA) lacks institutional capacity with respect to the management of municipal solid waste in accordance with the governing Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2000 and Pollution Control Board norms. To take up the project of integrated solid waste management for Digha, institutional capacity needs to be established. This chapter lays down guidelines for providing an institutional structure for implementing integrated solid waste management.

8.1 Introduction

Institutional aspects and organisational structure form one of the important aspects of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in area under the Digha Shankarpur Development (DSDA). Since the area is expected to develop rapidly due to an increase in the inflow of tourists, DSDA should have an institutional set-up for MSW management. Thus, it is essential to establish an organisational structure and define roles and responsibilities for DSDA.

8.2 Institutional Arrangement for MSW Management

DSDA is primarily responsible for project development and effective operation and monitoring under the administrative guidance of the Executive Officer (EO). Right now there is no department or institutional arrangement for MSW management. Only one supervisor with a handful of workers is managing the waste generated in Digha. So DSDA should develop a department comprising various staff for the management of municipal solid waste generated in DSDA.

It is suggested that DSDA may create a department under the administrative control of the EO. The department may be headed by a competent and qualified engineer who shall report to the EO and ensure the day-to-day operations of MSW management.

The EO, with the support of a political representative, top management and other members of DSDA, shall clearly establish the objectives of the department responsible for MSW management. The institutional objectives, as suggested by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) manual, are to:

Establish effective institutional arrangements for waste management;

Devolve the responsibility for waste management to the department level and ensure a corresponding decentralisation of power and authority;

Introduce appropriate methods and procedures that enable efficient waste management services which meet the needs of the entire DSDA;

Build the capacities of the department and its staff so that they are able to provide the demanded waste management services;

Introduce competition and increased efficiency into solid waste management through the involvement of private sector (formal and informal) enterprises; and

Lower costs and improve the effectiveness of waste management through the participation of communities and service users in local waste management.

While performing its duties and delivering the services, the department shall consider the technical, economic and financial aspects of and objectives, as presented below.

Aspect Objectives

Technical Technical planning and design of MSW management systems Achieve optimal life-cycle cost-effectiveness of MSW

management equipment and facilities, with due consideration of




operation and maintenance requirements, operation costs and dependability.

Introduce coherent technical systems which are adapted to the requirements and operations of all the concerned stakeholders including service users, informal sector workers and , private enterprises.

Install and operate technical systems for waste collection, transfer recovery, treatment and disposal which reduce local pollution, limit the proliferation of vermin, and protect the urban environment.

Economic Promote the productivity and development of DSDA’s economy

through efficient provision of waste collection, transportation, processing and disposal services for which users are willing and able to pay.

Ensure environmentally sound collection, re-cycling, processing, and disposal of all generated waste.

Ensure the overall economic effectiveness of waste management services through the adequate evaluation of economic costs and benefits.

Promote waste minimisation, materials conservation, waste recovery and reuse – and long-term efficiency of the economy – through practical application of the “polluter (and user) pays” principle.

Job creation and income generation in waste management activities

Financial Establish practical systems of budgeting and cost accounting for

MSW management which yield transparency with regard to the real costs of waste management and provide a basis for planning and improving operational efficiency

Mobilise the required resources for investment in waste management facilities and equipment

Achieve cost-oriented revenues for waste management operations which are based, as far as possible, on user charges, and ensure that the collected revenues are applied to the intended purpose of waste management.

Reduce the costs and improve the efficiency of waste management operations.

8.3 Suggested Organisation Structure

The organisation structure for integrated solid waste management has been kept considering the scale of the project. It is suggested that a solid waste management cell should be created in DSDA with one sanitary supervisor wielding overall responsibility for solid waste management in DSDA. The sanitary officer should be assisted by two sanitary supervisors (one for collection and transportation and one for processing and disposal). These sanitary supervisors should be further assisted by one workshop foreman and one store-keeper.




Figure 6: Proposed organization chart for the SWM cell in DSDA

8.4 Roles and responsibilities of the proposed staff

The following table provides the detailed roles and responsibilities for the staff proposed for the solid waste management cell of the DSDA. The DSDA may decide the term of employment of these staff with prior approval from the government of West Bengal.

Executive Officer (DSDA)

Sanitary Officer

Saniraty Supervisor

(C&T)

Store keeper Workshop Foreman

Saniraty Supervisor

(P&D)


Table 76: Organizational Structure of Proposed MSW Management Department of DSDA

S.No. Designation Qualifications Roles and Responsibilities Reported by Reports to Posts

1 Sanitary Officer (SO)

Diploma Holder in Sanitation

Overall In-charge of sanitation cell for municipal solid waste (MSW) management including planning, implementation of projects, operation and maintenance of collection and transportation, processing and disposal and payment of bills etc.

Sanitary Supervisor(s)

Executive Officer

1

2 Sanitary Supervisor (SS)

(Collection and Transport)

Graduate In- charge of collection and transportation of MSW including street sweeping, tourist spot and beach cleaning. Assisting the SO in planning, preparation of reports, implementation of projects, operation and maintenance of collection and transportation. preparation of bills pertaining to collection and transportation of MSW and submitting to EO and submission of MIS Reports to SO

MSW Crew for Collection

and Transport

Sanitary Officer

1

3 Sanitary Supervisor (SS)

(Processing and Disposal)

Graduate In- charge of processing and disposal of MSW. Assisting the SO in planning, preparation of reports, implementation of projects, operation and maintenance of processing and disposal. preparation of bills pertaining to processing and disposal of MSW and submitting to EO and submission of MIS Reports to SO

MSW Crew for

Processing and Disposal

Sanitary Officer

1

8 Operational Depot/workshop

Foreman

Diploma in Automobile Engineering

In charge of MSW operational depot / workshop. Attending to timely preventive and breakdown maintenance and repairs including regular servicing of all MSW fleet and submission of MIS Reports to SO

Mechanics Sanitary Officer

1

9 Store-Keeper Graduate In charge of MSW Stores including sanitary stores, timely procurement supply of all spares, consumables, tools and implements, disinfectants, dust bins, safety equipment, uniforms, equipment. proper maintenance of Inventory and submission of MIS Reports to SO.

Sanitary Officer

1

Source: Prepared referring to the CPHEEO manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management




9. Finances of DSDA

Digha Shankarpur Development Authority (DSDA) is the agency responsible for implementing this solid waste management project on PPP basis. Since the payments to the private sector entity are going to be made by the DSDA, it is required to assess the finances of the DSDA. This chapter presents an assessment of the finances of DSDA.

9.1 Assessment Framework

Financial data pertaining to FY10 and FY11 have been analysed during the financial assessment. DSDA maintains accounts on cash basis in a single-entry accounting system and under the heads of income and expenditure.

All the expenses towards regular maintenance are treated as revenue expenses, while expenses on new projects are treated as capital expenses. The revenue sources of the authority may be broadly classified as internal or operating income and external receipts. The internal income includes receipts from the operations of the corporation in the form of fees and charges on other services such as rent from tourist lodges and markets.

External fund sources include revenue grants from the state government, and loans and contributions for projects. The expenditure incurred towards establishment cost, and operation and maintenance expenditure for provision of services and repayment of loans is treated as revenue expenditure and the expenditure on asset creation, purchase of equipment, and investments in new projects is treated as capital expenditure.

9.2 Income

Income sources of the Digha Shankarpur Development Authority include grant income from the state government, rent income from the government-owned tourist lodges and markets, and license fees collected by the DSDA for various uses.

Table 77: Income sources of DSDA (Rs. Lakhs)

Sr No Particular 2009-10 % of Total 2010-11 % of Total 1 Sales 4.72 2% 2.14 1%

2 Receipt from Ambarati Park 23.90 8% 27.94 9%

3 Misc. Income 27.99 9% 11.27 4%

4 Receipt from TCAC 20.52 7% 18.39 6%

5 License Fee 41.60 14% 18.67 6%

6 Income from Rent 73.10 25% 77.53 25%

7 Grant Income 103.77 35% 149.78 49%

Total 295.60

305.72

Source: Digha Shankarpur Development Authority

Since the finances of only two years are available, the growth pattern has not been assessed. The total income of DSDA is in the range of Rs. 2.95 crore to Rs. 3.05 crore, of which 60-70% is through grants and rent.




9.3 Expenditure

Major expenditure heads in the DSDA are general administration, repairs and maintenance of the assets of DSDA, and establishment and miscellaneous expenditure towards entertainment tax. It may be noted that the expenditure towards debt repayment has been considered in the general administrative expenditure incurred by the DSDA.

Table 78: Expenditure by DSDA

Sr No Particular 2009-10 % of Total 2010-11 % of Total 1 Repairs and Maintenance 48.78 19% 41.92 17%

2 Payment to Employees 103.75 40% 104.90 40%

3 Taxes and cess 3.39 1% 28.75 6%

4 Administrative expenses 100.71 39% 88.47 36%

Total 256.63

264.04

Source: Digha Shankarpur Development Authority

9.4 Assessment summary

The financial assessment of DSDA has been reviewed for two financial years as mentioned in the previous sub-sections. An assessment of DSDA’s finances is summarised below:

Rent from government-owned guesthouses and markets in the DSDA area, and grant support are the two major income sources for DSDA, forming 60-75% of the total income of DSDA.

DSDA is not utilizing various revenue-generating sources and has to depend on grants (30-50% of the total income) from the state government for office expenses and salaries to be given to the contract labourers.

On the expenditure side, the major avenue of expenditure is interest payment on loans availed of by the DSDA, repairs and maintenance expenses, and establishment expenditure which form 20%, 17%, and 40% of the total expenditure respectively.

Considering the income and expenditure of the DSDA, it is observed that only 13-15% of the total income is available at the closing of the year for any additional expenditure to be incurred by the authority.

DSDA needs to strengthen its revenue sources by levying user charges on commercial entities operating in the DSDA area as well as on tourists visiting Digha.




10. Project Implementation structure and Financial Feasibility

This chapter discusses the framework for analysing the project structure options for solid waste management as well as describes issues with the PPP option being considered for the current SWM project to be taken up by the DSDA.

10.1 Introduction

Providing services with respect to solid waste management (SWM) through private sector participation is widely adopted by urban local bodies as well as the state or local authorities. The section below mentions the scope for involving the private sector player to provide services, either in full or in part of the value chain of the municipal solid waste management. At the end of this section, a framework of factors guiding scoping for the project is presented.

10.2 Project Structure Options in SWM

Sr No Project Structure Applicability in Case of

1 Integrated SWM

Lack of adequate manpower and equipment for collection & transportation

Lack of technical & managerial expertise for sustainable waste management solution

Lack of funds for initial capital investment requirement for processing facility

Lack of market linkages for recyclables & by-products (compost, RDF, power etc.)

Availability of land for setting up of processing facility and sanitary landfill

2 Collection and Transportation

Inadequate manpower and equipment for collection & transportation

Inadequate technical & managerial expertise for sustainable waste management solution

Lack of funds for initial capital investment requirement for equipment, vehicles, etc.

3 Mechanized Refuse Transfer Station (MRTS)

Distance of processing /landfill is more than 20-25 km; thereby need for MRTS to gain efficiency in transportation of waste

Quantity of waste is more than critical mass of 280 TPD

Lack of technical & managerial expertise for development and operations of MRTS

Lack of funds for initial capital investment requirement for equipment, vehicles, MRTS, etc.

4 Setting up Waste Processing

Landfill site more than 30 km away from city requiring decentralized waste processing

5 Waste Processing and Land Fill facilities

Inadequate technical & managerial expertise for sustainable waste processing and disposal facilities

Inadequate funds for initial capital investment required for setting up processing and disposal facilities




Sr No Project Structure Applicability in Case of

Lack of market linkages for recyclables & by-products (compost, RDF, power etc.)

10.3 Framework for project scoping

The scope of a public-private partnership (PPP) project in terms of the components of the value chain w.r.t solid waste management that need to be covered and the nature of service delivery should be decided for Digha. The table below provides a general framework for analysing the possible scoping of a PPP project, given their context in terms of issues and gaps.

Table 79: Assessment framework for PPP in SWM

Lack of adequate human resources for C&T

Lack of technical & managerial expertise

Lack of Funds for capital investment

Lack of market Linkages for sale of processing by-products

Waste generation is more than critical mass of 250 TPD

Distance of Landfill is more than 25-30km from city

Reasonably efficient collection & transportation system

Availability of land for processing & landfill facility


MSW Processing alone

Mechanized refuse transfer station

Integrated processing and disposal

Integrated MSWM (All inclusive)

10.4 Issues in adopting PPP option for Digha

Based on the above framework for selection of the project structure, the following observations have been arrived at; these need to be deliberated to consider the PPP option for development of integrated solid waste management for the Digha area:

Of the total waste generated in the Digha area, a substantial portion of the waste is being collected by the secondary stream of waste management, i.e., the reuse and recycling agencies, which reduces the quantity of the waste available for processing and recycling.

For successful implementation of the PPP, threshold waste quantities are required, to enable the private operator to strengthen the revenue streams. In the case of the Digha area, the quantity of the waste generated is substantially low compared to the conventionally successful PPPs in the solid waste management sector.

Considering the low level of investments and uncertainty of the revenue streams for the private player, it may be difficult to attract a substantial number of private players participating in the development of this integrated solid waste management facility in the Digha area.




10.5 Evaluation of project implementation structures

Based on the above-mentioned issues in conventional PPPs for the implementation of solid waste management projects, the following three options were suggested to be considered for Digha..

Sr No Option Contracting Formalities Risk Sharing

1 EPC and O&M Contract

EPC contract with private entity in case of separate EPC and O&M contracts

O&M contract with private entity in case of separate EPC and O&M contract

Construction, Operation and Maintenance contract in case of single private entity for construction, operation and maintenance

Financial risk to be taken by the Authority

Technology risk to be carried by the Authority

Institutional strengthening of Authority required

2 PPP with Capex and Opex grants

Concession Agreement with minimum grant

Provision of escrow account with minimum three years of grant amount to be maintained at any given point of time

Financial risk taken by the authority

Technical risk taken by the private entity

3

PPP with Capex Grant during Operations and Tipping fee for Opex

Concession Agreement with minimum NPV

Provision of escrow account with minimum three years of grant and tipping fee amount to be maintained at any given point of time

Financial risk transferred to authority

Technology risk with private entity

Financial risk transferred to the Authority

Technology risk with private player

10.5.1 Project Structure for Digha ISWM Project

After assessment of the project structure evaluation parameters, and during the meeting with the state Principal Secretary, the Urban Development Department of the government of West Bengal, it is suggested to undertake the project implementation structure as presented in the subsequent section.

10.6 Contract Structure

The integrated solid waste management, processing and disposal facility is proposed to be developed on PPP basis through the Design Build Finance Operate Transfer (DBFOT) mode. Based on the overall DBFOT structure, a suitable contract structure for the project has been proposed. This proposed structure is described in the following sections:




Figure 7: Contract structure

10.7 Key features of the contract structure

The key distinguishing feature of the contract structure depicted above is that the contract covers the integrated MSW system for the area under the jurisdiction of the Digha Shankarpur Development Authority. Therefore, the proposed project has been structured accordingly.

The key responsibilities of the concessionaire would be:

Entering into a lease with the State Government for the disposal site

Procuring all relevant approvals and permits for the project

Procuring vehicles and implements for the primary and secondary collection

Constructing a processing facility and a landfill facility at its own cost

Undertaking primary collection from all sources as mentioned in this report, and transportation (from secondary storage points, treatment and disposal of MSW)

Maintenance of project facilities

Marketing of MSW products for additional revenue




Ensuring conformance with MSW rules and all applicable environmental legislations and rules

The key responsibilities of the DSDA would be:

Assisting the concessionaire in procuring relevant approvals and permits

Payment of tipping fee and annuity amount to the Concessionaire on a monthly basis

The key responsibilities of the State Government would be:

Entering into a lease agreement for the lease of the project sites

Payment of a certain amount into the Tipping Fee escrow account in case of a default by the concessioning authority and recovering the same from any amount payable to the concessioning authority

10.8 Allocation of Responsibility

The following table presents the allocation of responsibilities between the State Government, concessioning authority, and concessionaire.

Project component

State government

Concessioning authority

Concessionaire Independent engineer

Project Site

The project site will be leased by the state government / Authority to the concessionaire

Shall pay the agreed lease rental to the State Government

Project Design

Shall provide the overall design guidelines in the form of construction requirements.

Shall review the detailed designs prepared by the concessionaire

Shall prepare detailed design of the project facilities in conformance with the construction requirements and specifications.

Shall submit the drawings within the specified time for review by authority

Shall review the project drawings on behalf of the Authority

Project Approvals

Shall facilitate grant of permits and approvals in a timely manner

Shall assist the concessionaire in procuring applicable approvals and permits

Shall procure all applicable approvals and permits

Financing of the project

Shall procure the required finances for the project including from lenders

Appointment of Independe

Jointly appointed with the concessionaire

Jointly appointed with the Authority




Project component

State government



nt Engineer

Cost of Independent Engineer

Jointly borne with the concessionaire

Jointly borne with the Authority

Materials and equipment required for construction

Shall arrange for the required material and equipment at its own cost

Definition of construction milestones

Shall review and approve the construction milestones

Shall define the construction milestones in conformance with the concession agreement and construction requirements.

Shall submit the same for review by the authority

Shall review the construction milestones on behalf of the authority

Construction of Project Facilities

Shall construct the project facilities conforming with the construction requirements, according to the project drawings and at its own cost

Shall report on the progress of the construction activities on a monthly basis

Completion of construction

Shall certify the completion of construction on behalf of the Authority

Operations and Maintenance Plan

Shall approve the O&M plan

Shall prepare the O&M plan in conformance with the O&M requirements

Shall review the O&M plan on behalf of the authority

Operations and Maintenan

Shall carry out the O&M activities at its own cost and in




Project component

State government



ce conformance with the O&M plan

Supply of MSW

Shall install and operate a weighbridge at the integrated facility to measure the collection of MSW

Shall certify the quantity of MSW received at the integrated facility

Processing of MSW

Shall process a minimum quantity of MSW at the processing facility

Sale of MSW products

Shall sell the MSW products and retain the revenue from the same

Disposal of MSW at Landfill

Shall dispose of residual MSW in the specified manner in the landfill, subject to a maximum limit specified

Shall certify the quantity and quality of residual MSW disposed off in the landfill

Escrow Account

Shall maintain balance of 3 months’ tipping fee and annuity in a designated account

Payment of tipping fee

In case of failure of Authority to maintain the balance in the designated account after payment of tipping fee, shall pay money into the designated account. Shall retain the same amount from any money payable to the Authority.

Shall pay the tipping fee for the MSW received at the integrated facility during the previous month out of the designated account

Shall transfer amount into the designated account to maintain its balance

Insurance Shall maintain proper insurance during the concession period




10.9 Financial Model

The proposed project for the development of an integrated waste management facility for the area under the Digha Shankarpur Development Authority is essential to reduce the impacts of open dumping of the solid waste generated in the DSDA area. After due assessment, it has been proposed to develop the project on DBFOT basis. The basic framework for undertaking the financial feasibility assessment would consist of the following elements:

The project shall be developed by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) incorporated for the specific purpose. The structure of the SPV shall be discussed with the stakeholders and finalised in due course.

The costs-capital expenditure as well as expenditure to be incurred on the operations and maintenance of the project would accrue to the SPV.

The capital structure of the project would be finally determined based on market feedback. The costs-capital expenditure and O&M expenditure and repayment of debt shall constitute the only outflow from the project.

Revenues from tipping fees as well as the annuity amount, paid by the concessioning authority to the concessionaire – to recover the capital expenditure incurred to set up the project – and revenues from the sale of MSW products would be the inflows to the project.

The post-tax Project IRR is calculated based on the elements of cash inflow and outflow mentioned above, and the generally accepted method for calculation. The tipping fee and annuity to be paid by the concessioning authority is then adjusted to ensure that the Project IRR reaches a level which shall be attractive for a private sector entity to invest in the project.

Based on the above framework for feasibility assessment, a financial model was prepared for the SPV. The assumptions of the model, the key financial statements, and the final outputs are presented in the subsequent sections.

10.9.1 Project Costs

The following sections present the initial capital expenditure and operation and maintenance costs estimated for the project.

10.9.1.1 Capital Expenditure

The following table presents the capital expenditure to be incurred for the project.

Table 80: Capital Costs for the Project

Component Cost

(Rs. Lakhs)


Segregation and Storage at source 7.20

Door-to-Door Collection 10.80

Collection of Waste and Sweeping of Tourist Areas 16.50

Sweeping of Picnic Spots and Streets 2.90

Direct/Bulk Waste Collection - Hotels, Restaurants and Coconut Vendors 43.20

Secondary Collection and Transportation 30.50

Sub-Total (C&T) 111.10

Processing

Common Infrastructure 118.48




Component Cost

(Rs. Lakhs)

Compost Plant 272.18

Dry Waste Baling 36.00

Vehicles 54.90

Sub-Total (Processing) 481. 56

Disposal

Phase I Scientific Landfill (5 Years) 196.63

Phase II Scientific Landfill (5 Years) 196.63


Grand Total 789.29 (5 Year SLF)

985.91 (10 Year SLF)

10.9.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Expenditure

The operations and maintenance cost has been segregated for each key step in the activity. Simultaneously, the costs have been segregated into manpower, repair and maintenance, and fuel expenses.

The following table presents the operations and maintenance expenditure for the base year. These items of cost are then adjusted for the MSW quantities and inflation, to project them for the operations period.

Table 81: Operation and Maintenance costs for the Project

10.9.2 Key Assumptions

The following sections list the key assumptions adopted for the purpose of preparing the financial model for the project and the financial feasibility assessment.

Table 82: Construction-related assumptions

S. No. Particulars Value

S no Particular Unit Value

A Collection and Transportation Rs. Lakh 129.20

1 Manpower Rs. Lakh 101.70

2 Repair and Maintenance Rs. Lakh 15.52

3 Fuel Rs. Lakh 12.68

B Processing Facility and Landfill Site Rs. Lakh 87.06

1 Manpower Rs. Lakh 22.56

2 Repair and Maintenance Rs. Lakh 19.9

3 Fuel Rs. Lakh 44.60

Total O&M Cost Rs. Lakh 216.26




S. No. Particulars Value 1. Time allowed for satisfaction of conditions precedent 60 days

2. Construction period 12 months

3. Capital expenditure As per

4. Inflation on construction inputs during construction period 6.09% per annum

5. Phasing of capital expenditure

1st qtr.: 0%

2nd

qtr.: 50%

3rd

qtr.: 50%

4th qtr.: 0%

Table 83: Financial assumptions

S. No. Particulars Unit Value 1. Concession Period Years 15 years

2. Debt Equity ratio Ratio 70:30

3. Upfront Capital Grant

Rs. Cr Nil

% of Project Cost

Nil

4. Interest rate % 13.25

5. Moratorium for repayment Months from COD

18months from

6. Tenure of repayment Quarters 32

7. Payment frequency - Quarterly

8. Corporate income tax rate % 32.45

9. MAT rate % 20.01%

10. Depreciation

Based on Companies Act and Income Tax Act rates

Table 84: Revenue-related assumptions

S. No.

Particulars Unit Value

1. Tipping fee

Per tonne of waste received at processing facility

Calculated for adequate project IRR- Rs. 3000/ ton

2. monthly annuity as capex recovery grant Rs. Lakh Calculated for adequate project IRR- Rs. 10. lakh

3. Tipping fee escalation % 8

4. Price of compost Rs. / Tonne 1600




S. No.

Particulars Unit Value

5. Price of recyclables Rs. / Tonne 3000

6. Base year sale as a percentage of production % 100

7. Maximum possible sale as a percentage of production

% 100

10.9.3 Project income and expenditure statement

The following table presents the income-expenditure statement for selected years during the concession period.

Table 85: Projected Income Expenditure Statement

Particular 2015-16 2018-19 2021-22 2024-25 2028-29 Revenues 228.24 356.70 579.44 972.55 1,532.86

Tipping Fees 100.56 191.65 364.03 687.91 1,137.59

Annuity Payments 120.00 151.17 190.42 239.88 326.35

Other Revenues 7.68 13.88 24.99 44.76 68.92

Expenses 229.43 273.93 327.07 390.52 494.66

EBITDA (1.19) 82.77 252.37 582.03 1,038.19

Depreciation 51.10 44.48 38.76 33.81 28.21

PBIT (145.40) (44.45) 172.24 546.50 1,009.98

Interest 93.11 82.73 41.37 1.73 -

PBT (145.40) (44.45) 172.24 546.50 1,009.98

Tax - - 34.47 109.35 336.84

PAT (145.40) (44.45) 137.78 437.14 673.14

10.9.4 Key Financial Indicators

The following table presents the key financial indicators from the financial feasibility assessment exercise carried out.

Table 86: Key Financial Indicators

Indicator Value

Project IRR (Post Tax) 15.81%

Equity IRR 18.20%

Average DSCR 2.51 times




[120]

Annexures

Table 87: Proposed location for placement of secondary collection bins

Sr No Location of the Bin Sr No Location of the Bin

1 Barrister Colony 18 Manas Kannya Hostel

2 Near Hotel Sea Hawk 19 Hotel Gitanjali

3 Ghat No.1 20 Nirala (DSDA Hostel)

4 Ghat No.2 21 Digha Nursing Home

5 Nehru Market 22 Hotel Lahari Guest House

6 Shiv Mandir 23 Science City

7 Amaravati Park 24 SBI Holiday Home

8 N-2 Sector 25 PHE Guest House

9 Mini Holiday Home Sector 26 Hotel Sea Bird

10 Youth Hostel 27 Hotel Larika

11 Police Holiday Home 28 Suman Guest House (N-2 Sector)

12 Permanent Picnic Spot 29 Sai Guest House

13 Bodthola Market 30 Government Cottage

14 Khonika Market 31 Cafteria

15 Knhonika Picnic Spot 32 South Bengal Bus Stand

16 Sagar Priya Hotel 33 Sabuj Haat

17 Hotel Hirak Jayanti




Table 88: Technical specifications of auto tipper

Sr No Particular Specification

1 Vehicle Piaggio – APE Three Wheeler

2 Engine Single cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine, Direct injection

3 Displacement 395 CC

4 Compression ratio 18:01

5 Maximum power 8 HP at 3600 RPM

6 Torque 16.7 Nm at 2200 to 2800 RPM

7 Injection pressure 250 to 258 kg/cm2

8 Sump capacity 1.5 L

9 Cooling system Forced air cooled

10 Clutch Wet, multi disc, 5 plates

11 Transmission 4 Speed, constant mesh Gear box

12 Differential Combined with Gear box

13 Max speed 45 km. / hr.

14 Fuel tank capacity 10.5 L

15 Max GVW 975 Kg.

16 Pay load 535 Kg. (Including Driver)

Table 89: Technical Specifications of Hydraulic Hopper

Sr No Particular Specification

1. Capacity in Volume 0.83 m3




[122]

2. Tipping angle 88°

3. Paint Epoxy antirust paint

4. Pump Capacity 7 L.P.M. Gear Type

5. Pump Operating Drive Engine Driven

6. Oil Tank Capacity 10 Liters

7. Direction Control System Manual DCV

8. Working Pressure 70 to 100 Bar

9. PRV Setting 110 Bar

10. Hydraulic Hoses 318R2

11. Cylinder Finely honed and hard chrome ram Two Single Acting and one double acting for rear stabilizer

12. Sub-Frame Structure Heavy-duty ladder type square tube M.S. frame and angular support




Technical Specifications of 7m3 REL/ Compactor




[124]

Drawing-1 – Base Map of Digha




Drawing-2 – Location of markets and commercial areas




[126]

Drawing-3 – Location covered under street sweeping




Drawing-4 – Location secondary collection points (‘Vat’)




[128]

Drawing-5 – Proposed layout of the Integrated Waste Processing Facility




Drawing-6 – Plan and typical cross section of the sanitary landfill site




[130]

Drawing-6 – Base map of the Integrated Waste Processing Facility




Drawing-7 – Details of the Auto tipper with hydraulic

hopper




[132]

Drawing-8 – Details of the hydraulic hopper




Drawing-8.1 – Details of the hydraulic hopper

Drawing-8.1 – Details of the hydraulic hopper




[134]

C

B

E

330

39

0

300

30

0

175 330660

26

5

660

GENRAL ARRANGEMENT

BUCKET SUPPORT WELDING POSITION

SIDE ELEVATIONBASE FRAMEPLAN

15 18

12

10

1

11

16

11

6

5

15

8

17

7

4

444

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

H

G

F

E

D

C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B

A

Drawing-9 – Design and specifications of push carts for street sweeping

Registered Office – Mumbai

CRISIL House, Central Avenue, Hiranandani Business Park, Powai, Mumbai- 400 076 Phone : 91-22-3342 3000 Fax : 91-22-3342 3810

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Hyderabad

3rd Floor, Uma Chambers Plot No. 9&10, Nagarjuna Hills, Near Punjagutta Cross Road Hyderabad - 500 082 Phone : 91-40-40328200 Fax : 91-40-2335 7507

Bengaluru

W-101, Sunrise Chambers, 22, Ulsoor Road, Bengaluru - 560 042 Phone : 91-80-2558 0899 Fax : 91-80-2559 4801

Ahmedabad

706, Venus Atlantis, Near Reliance Petrol Pump Prahladnagar, Ahmedabad - 380 015 Phone : 91-79-4024 4500 Fax : 91-79-2755 9863 Visit us at: www.crisil.com

About CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory

CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory is a division of CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited, a 100% subsidiary of CRISIL Limited – India’s leading Ratings, Research, Risk and Policy Advisory Company.

CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory is India’s premier advisor focusing on policy issues, as well as commercial and contractual issues in the areas of transport, energy and urban infrastructure. We also provide support to international firms planning investments in India. Over a period of time, CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory has built a unique position for itself in these domains and is considered the preferred consultant by governments, multilateral agencies and private-sector clients. We have extended our operations beyond India and are present in other emerging markets in Africa, Middle East and South Asia.

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