state The Scotland’s of juniper - Plantlife

The state of Scotland’s juniper in 2015

ForewordJuniper is one of Scotland’s most iconic species. With its distinctive greenish blue needles and green to black berries, it is found in our pinewoods and up on our mountain sides. Used not only by birds as cover and food, juniper is a key native plant for human use too. As the flavour of gin, a crushed berry evokes ice cold gin and tonic. Berries are dried and used to flavour game stews and pies. In the past it was even more widely used: in the Highlands, it was seen as a ‘cure-all’, for infection, epilepsy and snake bites, amongst other afflictions. Today, although a key part of our landscape and our lives, juniper is in trouble.

2The state of Scotland’s juniper

The surveys that have been analysed in this report show that juniper is in decline both in terms of the numbers of bushes, the age range of populations and the health of bushes. As juniper bushes age and regeneration is limited, populations are dying of old age. More recently, we have discovered a new disease, first noted in Argentina, that has been confirmed at a number of sites across Scotland and which is having a severe impact.

This report is a call to action for us all to do what we can for juniper and to ensure that future generations get to smell crushed juniper berries and delight in the assorted shape and sizes of juniper in our woodlands and on our mountains. Land managers, visitors, conservationists and politicians can all do something for juniper. Join me to ensure juniper remains a key part of Scotland.

Murdo Fraser, MSP Species Champion for juniper

SummaryJuniper is one of only three conifers native to Britain, together with yew and Scots pine. It is characterised by its greenish blue needles. Juniper is dioecious: male bushes produce clouds of yellow pollen early in the year in April – May. Female bushes produce berries, which are actually small fleshy cones, and which ripen from green to black over a few years. Juniper grows across Britain, particularly in the north and west, in a wide range of habitats including moorland and maritime heaths, woodland and montane environments. Although catholic in its habitat requirements, juniper is a pioneer species which prefers well drained soil. It copes poorly with competition from other plants.


Surveys since 2004 have shown that juniper is declining, both in its range, in the size and age of existing populations and with increasing ill health reflected by browned branches in surveyed plants. The reasons for this are varied. Many populations consist of old plants that are not capable of regenerating, meaning that numbers are likely to decline further in the future. Juniper has also been subject to a new disease from the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedri , first identified in England in 2011 and in Scotland in 2012. This disease is now of major concern.


The factors thought to be contributing to the decline of juniper, either affecting regeneration or threatening established plants, include:

Excessive grazing, preventing seedlings becoming established; Too little grazing producing increased shade, preventing seedlings

establishing or causing loss of mature plants; Excessive burning; Direct clearance of juniper stands; Land use changes including afforestation of open sites; Poor recovery of remnant populations, partly because juniper has

separate male and female plants which may make pollination of isolated bushes difficult;

Low economic and cultural value, compared to the past; Disease and infection from Phytophthora austrocedri.

Surveys – methods and approachesFrom 2003, a number of surveys of juniper across Scotland have been completed. Sullivan (2003) competed a random stratified survey for SNH, Plantlife coordinated a volunteer survey in 2004 – 2005 and another one in 2013 – 2015. Forest Enterprise surveyed all populations of 50 bushes on their estate in 2014. The Native Woodland Survey for Scotland includes juniper and data can be downloaded regularly: http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/supporting/strategy-policy-guidance/native-woodland-survey-of-scotland-nwss Map 1 shows the distribution of juniper across Scotland in 2014. With the identification of Phytophthora austrocedri in the wild, more surveys have been undertaken since 2012 in efforts to identify the extent and spread of the disease.

Juniper is declining


Plantlife volunteer surveys: 2004-5 and 2013-15

Over the last 10 years, Plantlife has run two volunteers surveys. In 2004 - 2005, 453 sites were surveyed covering nearly 44,000 plants. 40% of sites in this survey recorded fewer than 10 plants. Such small populations of a dioecious plant is considered unlikely to be viable in the long term. Large populations in 2004 - 5 were rare, with only 4% of sites recorded having more than 1000 plants.

13% of sites only were recorded with seedlings present. In contrast, 69% of common juniper plants recorded were mature, old or dead. 41% of sites had old plants present. The survey results clearly reflected a lack of regeneration in the past and a limited capacity for regeneration in the present. Only 5% of plants were recorded as seedlings.

The survey attempted to look at population health by recording where browning was occurring. The reasons for die back varied from site to site, although in 2004 - 5, there was a perception amongst land managers and conservationists that increased numbers of juniper bushes were showing browning and die back. The reasons for this were not clear and were thought to reflect local conditions, plus cumulative effects of dry springs and summers. Browned plants were recorded at 52% of sites, and overall 29% of plants were affected by browning. Common juniper was more frequently affected by browning than prostrate juniper. Grazing was noted more often at sites with old and dead plants recorded, perhaps reflecting an association between higher grazing levels and older plants and plant mortality. Rabbits were also recorded more often at sites with old and or dead plants. This association also held with the browning of plants: where grazing and or rabbits were recorded, a greater proportion of plants were recorded with brown patches. Grazing and especially rabbits therefore seemed to be additional stress factors for juniper.

In 2013 - 2014, Plantlife ran another survey with support from SNH and Forestry Commission Scotland and No 3 gin. This simpler survey asked volunteers to assess the age and health of juniper bushes and asked about site conditions. Fewer survey forms were returned for this survey, reflecting a lower engagement level. This may reflect the lack of novelty in surveying juniper again. The support from No3 gin enabled Plantlife to award the first 20 survey returns with a bottle of gin but this did not attract the number of returns hoped for. 64 survey forms were returned covering over 3480 individual plants. Although some sites were revisited for both surveys, different sites were assessed in 2013-4 (see Map 2). 79% of recorded plants were mature, old or dead, compared to 69% in 2004 - 5. On 81% of sites visited, green and vigorous juniper was found/present, although on 50% of sites whole branches of brown juniper were noted. The juniper in 63% of sites showed brown patches, compared to 52% in 2004 - 5. Two sites were recorded as showing brown patches concentrated in single areas. Of these two one was associated with grazing and water-logging and the other was associated with neither. Both sites were reported to Forest Research for further investigation.

The percentage of mature, old or dead plants recorded in 2013 was 10% higher than in 2004 -5 and the percentage of sites with browning also increased by 10% to 63%. Map 3 shows the detail of two sites south of Inverness, where the Plantlife survey was conducted in 2005 and 2014. The categories for plant health were refined for the second survey: in 2005, the number of brown tips was recorded as between 1 – 10 or more than 10. In 2014, these two categories were grouped into scattered brown tips or patches and a new category of brown branches / bushes was added. The map shows that the proportion of brown tips and patches plus brown branches and bushes is greater in 2014 than the counted brown tips recorded in 2005, reflected an increase in browning within the populations.


Map 1: Distribution of juniper across Scotland

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!(

DUNDEE

GLASGOW

ABERDEEN

STIRLING

INVERNESS

EDINBURGH

AYR

WICK

OBAN

ELGIN

PERTH

THURSO

FORFAR

IRVINE

HAWICK

PAISLEY

PEEBLES

MONTROSE

ARBROATH

GREENOCK

DUMFRIES

PETERHEAD

KIRKCALDY

STRANRAER

ST ANDREWS

KILMARNOCKGALASHIELS

FRASERBURGH

CAMPBELTOWN

EAST KILBRIDE

FORT WILLIAM/AN GEARASDAN

Key!( NBN Juniperus communis records (BSBI)*

!( Native Woodland Survey for Scotland juniper records

!( Plantlife Saving Scotland’s juniper survey (2014)

!( SNH juniper scrub records (Report no BAT/AC205/01/96)

!( Plantlife upland juniper survey records (2005)

_̂ City!( Town

± 0 50 km

Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2015

Distribution of juniper across Scotland

*The information used here was sourced through the NBN Gatewaywebsite - http://www.nbn.org.uk/ Accessed 27th Mar 2015

!(

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DUNDEE

GLASGOW

ABERDEEN

STIRLING

INVERNESS

EDINBURGH

AYR

WICK

OBAN

ELGIN

PERTH

THURSO

FORFAR

IRVINE

HAWICK

PAISLEY

PEEBLES

MONTROSE

ARBROATH

GREENOCK

DUMFRIES

PETERHEAD

KIRKCALDY

STRANRAER

ST ANDREWS


FRASERBURGH

CAMPBELTOWN

EAST KILBRIDE


Key

!(

Plantlife Saving Scotland’s juniper survey (2014)records: whole brown branches present

!(Plantlife upland juniper survey records (2005)records: 10+ brown tips / patches present

_̂ City!( Town

± 0 50 km


Incidence of juniper suffering browningin 2005 & 2014 across Scotland

!(

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DUNDEE

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STIRLING

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KIRKCALDY

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ST ANDREWS


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CAMPBELTOWN

EAST KILBRIDE







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± 0 50 km





Map 2: Incidence of juniper suffering browning in 2005 & 2014 across Scotland

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INVERNESS

EDINBURGH

AYR

WICK

OBAN

ELGIN

PERTH

THURSO

FORFAR

IRVINE

HAWICK

PAISLEY

PEEBLES

MONTROSE

ARBROATH

GREENOCK

DUMFRIES

PETERHEAD

KIRKCALDY

STRANRAER

ST ANDREWS


FRASERBURGH

CAMPBELTOWN

EAST KILBRIDE


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Key!( Plantlife upland juniper survey records (2005)!( Plantlife Saving Scotland’s juniper survey (2014)

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Juniper condition between 2005 &2014 across Scotland

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Key!( Plantlife upland juniper survey records (2005)!( Plantlife Saving Scotland’s juniper survey (2014)

A

B

Juniper condition between 2005 &2014 across Scotland

Site A2005 2014

Site B2005 2014

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GreenBrown patches / tipsBrown

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Juniper condition between 2005 & 2014 across Scotland


Forestry Commission helicopter surveys 2013:-4 Forestry Commission Forestry Commission Scotland has included some juniper sites in their helicopter surveys for Phytophthora ramorum infection in larch. In 2013, 147 juniper sites were identified from the air as needing further investigation. These sites were assessed by Forest Research and 118 of them were surveyed by FCS field contractors. Of these, 63 were confirmed with P.austrocedri infection. Most of these positive sites had very low levels of P.austrocedri symptoms and were commonly affected by a number of other factors including old age, livestock, rabbits and snow damage.

Forest Research site checks: 2011 - 2015 Forest Research has a team of plant pathologists who are assessing Phytophthora austrocedri infection in Scottish juniper. The team has 4 staff, who visit and assess sites that have been flagged by Forest Research’s Tree Health Diagnostic and Advisory Service, Forest Enterprise, Forestry Commission, SNH and Plantlife staff and volunteers. Between 2011 – February 2015, they visited and assessed 32 suspected sites and assessed over 220 Juniper bushes, confirming 159 cases of infection by P. austrocedri. Surveys were also carried out between December 2013 and March 2014 by the Forestry Commission Tree Health team where a further 140 sites were visited of which 63 were confirmed as positive for P. austrocedri by Forest Research’s pathology team. This survey assessed 268 juniper bushes producing another 88 lab confirmed cases of individual infections.

Forest Research’s pathology team have demonstrated that of the surveyed sites, juniper dieback occurred predominantly in wet and waterlogged sites. An extended systematic survey is required to test the link between the occurrence of P. austrocedri and high stress brought about by site water conditions and /or stock management systems. The widespread distribution of P. austrocedri across northern Britain and the extensive die back at some sites, including trees that have been dead for a long time in Scotland indicates that P. austrocedri has probably been present in Scotland for some time. The team now have a PhD student conducting further research into P. austrocedri’s epidemiology.

Forest Enterprise survey and monitoring 2013

From 2013, Forest Enterprise have been surveying juniper on the national forestry estate (NFE) to identify sites potentially impacted by browning and possibly Phytopthera infection. Monitoring has now been undertaken for all wild populations with fifty or more bushes. FE will continue a rolling programme across the NFE to assess what management is required in smaller populations.

Figure 1 illustrates the condition of fifty Juniper populations on the NFE with 50 or more bushes. 64% of populations are in a Stable, Improving or Favourable condition. To date, 8% of sites (4 locations) have confirmed Phytophthora austrocedri (P.a) infection, occurring in populations in stable or declining condition. It is likely that populations in ‘favourable’ condition are subject to fewer stresses, including waterlogging and are therefore less likely to suffer and succumb to infection from Phytophthora. Samples of possible outbreaks in a further 3 sites have been sent to Forest Research for analysis.

Condition of Juniper populations with 50+ bushes on the NFE


The State of Scotland’s juniper:Plant age:In 2013 – 2014, the age structure of the majority of surveyed juniper populations in Scotland remains skewed towards mature and old categories. There were more sites with old and mature plants noted in 2013 – 2014, although the proportions between the age classes remains similar. It is clear that age restructuring is not yet visible in the random site surveys conducted to date. Such an age structure leaves juniper populations in Scotland open to decline, as older plants are less resilient to change, including disease, and produce fewer viable seeds. Populations dominated by older plants are also more susceptible to stochastic change. It is a priority therefore to encourage natural regeneration at sites across Scotland to increase the resilience of juniper populations over time and to reverse the current trends towards older populations.

Plant health:Plant health in surveys is assessed through the extent of browning. As an evergreen plant, browning indicates die back, which can be caused by a range of factors. Physical damage caused by snow break and cattle and sheep results in brown tips and brown branches, while the rest of the bush remains green and healthy. Disease and infection from Phytophthora austrocedri affects the entire plant and shows as browning of large areas across the plant, affecting the entire bush in time. Where a number of bushes in the same area are all brown, Phytophthora infection is suspected.

However, plant health is affected by more than one stress variable. Where plants are stressed by waterlogging for example, or by burrowing by rabbits, or grazing and rubbing by stock, these stressed plants are more likely to succumb to diseases like Phytophthora austrocedri. In waterlogged sites, the likelihood of Phytophthora infection increases in

Porportion of sites (% total) with one or more plants in each age class

Porportion of sites (% total) in each health category

old & mature More sites with

plants


particular. In non stressed sites, ie sites that are not waterlogged, where stock levels are low and where rabbits and moles are not present, we would expect to see large numbers of green and vigorous bushes.

On 81% of sites surveyed in 2013 – 14, green and vigorous juniper plants were recorded. On 50% of sites, whole branches of brown juniper were noted. These are likely to relate to physical damage from stock or snow break. However, in 63% of sites, juniper plants with brown patches were recorded, two of which were distinguished by browning being concentrated in a particular part of the site. These two sites were forwarded to Forest Research under suspicion of Phytophthora infection. The percentage of sites with browning increased by 10% from 2004 -5 to 2013 – 14. Although different sites were surveyed, this increase in browning is in line with other surveys and reflects stresses from waterlogging and stock management in particular areas as well as an increased incidence of disease.

Of the stresses measured in the Plantlife volunteer survey, waterlogging appears to be the factor that has most impact on the health of plants. Surveyors found a greater proportion of green and vigorous plants in non waterlogged sites. The impact of cattle/ sheep, rabbits and moles had an impact on the populations of green and vigorous plants but it was less marked. This accords with results from the Forest Research analysis, which demonstrated increased die-back at waterlogged sites.

No. of plants (% total) in each health class at waterlogged sites (5 sites) and non- waterlogged sites (42 sites)

Proportion of green and vigorous plants at sites (% total) in the presennce and absence of four environmental factors

Without (20 sites) the presence of cattle and/or sheep No. plants (% total) in each health class at waterlogged sites (5 sites) and non-waterlogged sites (42 sites)


Surveyors were asked to record the habitat type at each site. Habitat was assessed at between 12 and 18 sites in the Plantlife volunteer survey. There is a growing body of thought that as a pioneer species, juniper adapts best to open conditions. Palaeocological evidence indicates that juniper colonises open environments along with dwarf shrubs such as crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), dwarf birch (Betula nana), dwarf willow (Salix herbacea), grasses and sedges. As a long lived shrub, it can persist in non optimal environments such as grassland. However it is more likely to regenerate and live in age balanced populations in open woodland and open heathland, assuming low grazing levels. This is reflected in results for this survey which showed that seedlings and young plants were more frequently recorded in heathland sites rather than in woodland and grassland.

The trend from heathland to grassland, resulting from grazing management, is resulting in a less suitable environment for juniper, which it can nevertheless tolerate as a mature or old bush, but is less successful at regenerating. The population is less likely to persist over time as regeneration is limited by inappropriate conditions. The limited results from this survey indicate that juniper populations are healthier and cover a wider range of age categories in heathland environments, followed by woodland and finally grasslands. It is this sort of evidence that is behind conservation strategies that now concentrate more on regeneration of juniper in heathland sites rather than trying to alter grassland sites, which in many cases are beyond restoration back into heathland.

Age distribution at woodland sites[n=12]

Age distribution at grassland sites[n=18]

Age distribution at heathland sites[n=12]

More seedlings & young plants in heathlands


Very few survey forms returned recorded the presence of berries. This is an easy and rough way of assessing the balance between female and male bushes, both of which are required for seed production. We would expect to see a ratio of roughly 50% male : female. However, in the 11 surveys that recorded the number of plants with berries, only 62 of the total number of 957 plants assessed (6%) had berries. Juniper is wind pollinated and as long as male bushes survive upwind of female bushes, the possibility for pollination and seed production remains. The chances of successful seed production decline with distance however.

Identifying site susceptibility scores for juniper Results from all the surveys conducted in the last 2 years have indicated that there are a number of factors that could be used to assess the susceptibility of a given juniper site to infection by.

Where sites include high impact susceptibility factors, those sites are likely to be susceptible to infection by Phytophthora austrocedri, resulting in declining population health. Assessing the presence of these factors can help managers identify vulnerable sites and put in place strategies to protect the site. See section 6 for recommendations on how to do this.

Susceptibility factor Impact on juniper Reason

Planting High Planting infected stock into a site would bring Phytophthora austrocedri onto site, which could spread under wet conditions

Site waterlogging High Waterlogging creates ideal conditions for Phytophthora austrocedri to thrive & spread

Human traffic High Mud containing Phytophthora austrocedri zoospores could be transferred from site to site on boots

Presence of stock Medium High stock numbers could increase the level of breakage, which weakens plants

Snow break Low Breakage from snow could weaken plants although infection is unlikely unless other factors are also present

Rabbits / moles Low Undermining from burrows could weaken plants although rabbits & moles are unlikely to be present in wet conditions.


What’s happening on the ground?

Juniper management demo daysBetween 2013 - 2015, Plantlife ran 10 juniper demonstration days, aiming to raise awareness amongst land owners and managers of the best way to approach juniper management, to show them how to assess the health of their juniper and to help them implement effective management, using appropriate SRDP options, while they were available. These days included discussion of Phytopthora and provided training on how to spot symptoms. It also included training on biosecurity measures that should be implemented on site. These measures are all detailed here: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-8rajz3 Plantlife also provides a limited number of site visits, on a ‘first come, first served’ basis. These visits provide site specific management advice for juniper to a range of sites across Scotland.

Plantlife also recruits and trains volunteer Flora Guardians to monitor juniper at sites they visit regularly. Reports from these Flora Guardians are logged, reported through NBN and are given to site managers to help inform management. Of the 30 Flora Guardians trained in 2014, 12 of 38 sites were surveyed. Plantlife continues to look for volunteers to monitor juniper sites.

Strathgarve Forest demonstration days On 14 March 2013, 22 land managers attended a Juniper demonstration day at Strathgarve Forest, above Strathpeffer. Attendees included FES, RSPB Advisory service, Trees for Life, Woodland Trust, Highland Birchwoods, SNH, SGRPID, consultants, private landowners, local naturalists. Demonstration days are short, field-based workshops to raise awareness of Common Juniper (Juniperus communis) and to demonstrate the use and value of Plantlife Juniper self-assessment tool for surveyors and land managers.

The workshop aimed to:• Toassistsurveyorsandlandmanagerstoassessthehealthandconditionofpopulationsof

juniper, including identifying the presence of Phytophthora austrocedri ;• Tomakeapreliminaryassessmentofexistingsiteconditionsandconstraints;• Toassessthepotentialforjuniperregeneration;• Toidentifymanagementoptionsthatmayincreaseopportunitiesforjuniperregeneration,

and how these may be supported by SRDP.

The day was structured to provide access to useful information and an on site visit:1. Context - explanation of Plantlife’s Species Advisory Service; juniper’s ecological status;

and the challenges facing juniper in Scotland.2. Conducting a juniper survey – explanation of the methodology and recording form,

demonstration of how to examine a bush, then the group split into pairs to conduct their own examinations.

3. A site assessment – collecting basic site data, checking seed viability, and discussing aspects of land management.

4. Discussion of management operations to increase juniper populations – for habitat restoration management; assisted regeneration (seed harvesting); and population reinforcement (cuttings).

5. Funding options were discussed, but with the end of the round of Scottish Rural Development Programme funding, this option was more theoretical than practical.


Feedback from the day was positive. Talking about management and propagation was useful, as well as learning about issues related to Juniper management and meeting people involved within sector. The guided demonstration was a useful structure to the day and with excellent site lovely weather, provided the ‘perfect setting to learn a new skill’.

Information on Managing for juniper in the uplands is available here: http://www.plantlife.org.uk/publications/managing_uplands_for_juniper. Forestry Commission have developed guidance on appropriate SRDSP schemes for juniper, which is due for updating in 2015: http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/junipersrdptechnicalnote.pdf Plantlife also supplies site visits, on request, and has developed a tool to enable juniper managers to assess juniper on their land (see appendix).

Using Scotland’s juniper

Scottish gin companies In the past, Scottish juniper was at the heart of the distilling industry, when sacks of Scottish juniper berries were exported through Aberdeen to the Netherlands. Used to create jenever, an ancestor of modern gin, this trade died out about 200 years ago. However, recent interest in gin and the presence of juniper in Scotland has reinvigorated the use of Scottish juniper and is underpinning local initiatives to conserve juniper. Commercial sustainable harvesting, albeit on a small scale, is able to take place again.

Crossbill 100% Highland GinIn 2014, Crossbill Gin, an Argyll distiller, contacted Plantlife Scotland, looking for sufficient juniper to produce a 100% Scottish Juniper gin. The distiller was put in touch with Inshriach Estate near Aviemore, who had a stand of juniper large enough to enable a crop to be taken for a batch of Crossbill Gin. Inschriach, in Speyside, is in the heart of the juniper stronghold in Scotland and is in Forestry Commission Scotland action for juniper zone 1, which is self-sustaining juniper populations, where conservation management is beneficial to promote natural regeneration (http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/fcs-species-juniper.pdf). This means that juniper management in this area needs to focus on maintaining healthy population through natural regeneration.

The distiller is very aware of the problem with Phytophthora austrocedae and is limiting his harvesting to one single area of abundant juniper berries. Plantlife have offered to advise the estate on natural regeneration strategies at this site.

To preserve the flavour profile of the drink, which uses rosehips to flavour the gin, the still to make the gin has been moved to a site on the Inschriach estate so that fresh rosehips can be used. Because the harvesting time is short, an appeal has gone out to gardeners to gather rosehips from their gardens and to get in touch with the distillery with a view to buying their crops of rosehips.

Small scale commercial collection of Scottish juniper is taking place again


Dunnet juniper and RockRose GinCaithness is home to the most northerly populations of juniper in mainland Scotland. Juniper in this area is in zone 3 of the Forestry Commissions action for juniper zones. Zone 3 are impoverished populations where sustained and significant conservation action is required (http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/fcs-species-juniper.pdf).

Dunnet Bay Distillers is the most northerly gin distillery on the mainland, producing Rock Rose Gin. In response to Plantlife’s survey, Dunnet Bay Distillery expressed interest in sourcing local berries for their product, and reintroducing sustainable collection of Caithness juniper berries. Juniper grows in small populations on Dunnet Head, the most northerly point on the Scottish mainland, and had been surveyed by the Caithness Field Club in 2007. But in 2008 an uncontrolled fire swept the muir and burnt out the bushes on the western side of the headland.

The Interest stimulated by the Plantlife juniper project provided a catalyst for the newly established Dunnet Bay Distillery to support a new project, coordinated by the Caithness Biodiversity Group.

The aims of this project are:

• ToresearchfurtherthelocationandhealthofjuniperonDunnetHead.Resurveying some of the hotspots and checking out areas not covered by the previous survey.

• Totakecuttings,sendingsometoexperiencednurseriesforcareand developing the horticultural skills of the project volunteers in propagating juniper cuttings and caring for them locally. The intention is to plant out successful cuttings into the locations where fire has damaged the former populations.

• ToestablishajunipernurseryattheDunnetBayDistillerywhereits role both as a native Caithness shrub and also the history of juniper use in illicit distilling can be interpreted.

• Buildingageodesicdomegreenhouseatthedistillerytogrow the botanicals for flavouring the Rock Rose Gin.

• RaiseawarenessonCaithnessjuniperpopulationsandthe detrimental effect of wildfires on fragile vegetation focusing initially on Dunnet Head.

Plantlife Scotland will provide advice to the Caithness Biodiversity group to ensure the remaining juniper populations are safe, to limit any possible introduction of disease and to promote survey, interest and support in Caithness juniper.

Caithness: home to the most northerly common juniper


Pressures & threatsThere are two key threats to juniper in Scotland: old age and disease. Survey work since 2003 is clearly reflecting ongoing decline in juniper populations through a loss of plants to old age, limited regeneration and the spread of the disease Phytophthora austrocedri .

To mitigate the threats to juniper, in 2009, Forestry Commissions published the action plan for juniper http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/fcs-species-juniper.pdf and Planting guidance for juniper in 2013 http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/juniper-planting-guidance.pdf. These provide direction on where juniper should be managed to encourage and enable natural regeneration, where planting should be considered and how planting should be managed to limit the spread of disease. Scotland is divided into 3 action for juniper zones:

In healthy juniper populations, and in areas where planting is not urgently needed or where natural regeneration is feasible (zones 1 and 2), planting should currently be avoided wherever possible. Plantlife provides more information on this approach in its Managing uplands for juniper management guide: http://www.plantlife.org.uk/publications/managing_uplands_for_juniper. In zone 3, juniper populations are characterised by moribund populations with very low capacity for natural regeneration. In these areas, planting may be necessary within the next 50 years to ensure juniper des not die out. Because symptoms are hard to detect and take some time to develop, it is hard to be sure that juniper plants are not infected when they are received from nurseries. Therefore, where practical, consider keeping juniper nursery stock for a whole growing season before planting out, to see if symptoms develop. This will minimise the risk of introducing a problem, and will also help to increase our understanding of the disease.

Juniper conservation zones in Scotland


Although only recently identified in the UK, results so far seem to indicate that the pathogen has probably been present in the UK for a time. It is still unknown where it came from and how it gets from site to site.

The number of sites known to be infected by Phytophthora austrocedri is increasing. Forestry Commission is recommending the following approach:

On infected sites: these should be the foci for research on how the disease spread. These sites are also where resistance to the disease might be found.

At non infected sites downstream of infected sites: where feasible water course management should be used to divert running water from infected across uninfected sites.

At all sites: All practitioners should practice effective biosecurity measures whenever they visit juniper sites

Nurseries supplying juniper and cypress must be required to show good plant health management operations and to have containment areas in place where stock can be quarantined if needed.

At ininfected sites: there should be no planting in or around them. All practitioners should practice biosecurity when visiting and notices should be placed at access points to raise awareness of the issues of plant diseases to visitors.

Phytophthora austrocedri is now being found at an increasing number of sites across the UK


Recommendations

Acknowledgements

1. Use Plantlife advice on how to manage juniper on our land through the online advice or through a site visit. Contact Davie Black for more information. [email protected]

2. Follow Forestry Commission advice on restructuring juniper according to the relevant conservation action zone. Use natural regeneration in zones 1 and 2, with appropriate biosecurity measures in place and follow phytosantitary recommendations in zone 3.

3. 3. On site action: P. austrocedri is being treated as a notifiable pathogen. Infected sites are subject to statutory control measures involving the imposition of biosecurity protocols and restrictions on the movement of livestock, plant material and soil. Because of the rugged, wet and remote nature of many of the affected sites, destruction of infected trees is not a feasible option. Where appropriate, disinfectant mats are being used at entry/exit points from sites with high levels of public access, and staff and visitors are asked to use them to kill any spores from the pathogen which they might pick up on footwear. Notices have also been erected at these public sites to inform visitors of the infection and to encourage them to observe sensible biosecurity measures, such as keeping to the footpaths, keeping dogs on leads and cleaning shoes and boots after leaving the sites.

4. Import restrictions on Juniper & cypress: Imports of Juniperus and Chamaecyparis species from ‘third’ countries (non-EU countries) are banned under EU phytosanitary (plant health) legislation. Other host species are not prohibited, but must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate to ensure they are free from harmful organisms.

5. Woodland managers and Nursery owners are asked to report infections using tree alert app: www.forestry.gov.uk/treealert

Paddy Robertson, Tree Health Operations Manager at Forestry Commission Scotland supplied text on the FCS helicopter surveys. April Armstrong supplied text on the Forest Research survey work and Richard Thompson supplied text and figures on the Forestry Enterprise survey. Sue Bowen collated all the juniper surveys and analysed the data received. Crona Hodges of GeoSmart Decisions Ltd drew the maps. 64 volunteers completed the survey form and sent data back to Plantlife. No. 3 gin awarded 20 bottles of gin to the first people to complete the survey. Forestry Commissions and SNH supported the survey and advice work at Plantlife.

Patron: HRH The Prince of Wales

Plantlife Scotland, Balallan House 24 Allan Park, Stirling FK8 2QG Tel: 01786 478509 [email protected]

www.plantlife.org.uk

Plantlife is a charitable company limited by guarantee, Company No. 3166339. Registered in England and Wales, Charity No. 1059559. Registered in Scotland, Charity no. SCO38951.Design: Andrew Evans ISBN: 978-1-910212-15-8

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