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States of Consciousness Students in AP Psychology should be able to describe various states of consciousness and their impact on behavior. our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
States&of&Consciousness&
Students in AP Psychology should be able to describe various states of consciousness and their impact on behavior.
our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
&Levels&of&Consciousness&
We&know&that&various&levels&exists&beyond&the&conscious&level.&
• Mere<exposure&effect&• Priming&• Blind&sight&
Taiwanese&LeDer&Example&
Levels&of&Consciousness&• Conscious&Level&• Nonconscious&Level&• Preconscious&Level&• Subconscious&Level&• Unconscious&Level&
Sleep&• Sleep&is&a&state&of&consciousness.&
• We&are&less&aware&of&our&surroundings.&
• Circadian&Rhythm&
Circadian&Rhythm&• All&species&have&a&Jming&mechanism,&or&'clock,'&
that&controls&periods&of&acJvity&and&inacJvity.&&• The&cycle&of&physiological&and&biological&
processes&that&fluctuate&on&a&roughly&24<hour&Jmetable.&
• As&the&sunlight&decreases,&the&visual&system&sends&signals&to&pineal&gland&(in&hypothalamus)&to&produce&more&melatonin.&&
• Melatonin&is&a&hormone&that&makes&you&feel&sleepy.&
• Individuals&who&are&blind&from&birth&frequently&have&difficulty&with&their&sleep<wake&cycle&&
• How&to&sleep&beDer&&
Sleep&Cycle&&
• Use&an&EEG&machine&to&measure&stages&of&sleep.&
• When&you&are&the&onset&of&sleep&you&experience&alpha&waves.&
• Produces&mild&hallucinaJons,&like&a&feeling&of&falling.&
Click&dude&for&alpha&Waves.&
Click&to&see&an&awake&brain.&&
Stage&1&• Only&lasts&a&few&minutes,&and&you&usually&only&experience&it&once&a&night.&
• Your&brain&produces&Theta&Waves.&• Theta&waveforms&are&in&a&frequency&of&4<8&Hz&occurring&primarily&over&the&temporal&cortex.&&
• If&wakened,&this&person&may&deny&having&slept.&&
• But&if&his&eyes&were&taped&open,&he&wouldn’t&be&able&to&“see”&anything.&& Click&the&couple&to&see&Theta&Waves&
Stage&2&
• More&Theta&Waves&that&get&progressively&slower.&• Begin&to&show&sleep%spindles…short%bursts&of&rapid&brain&waves.&
• The&sleep&spindle&is&an&episodic&burst&of&acJvity&ranging&from&12<&14&Hz,&with&a&duraJon&of&.5<1.5&seconds.&&
Click&image&to&see&Stage&Two&of&sleep.&
Stage&3&• Beginning&of&the&deeper&stages&of&sleep.&
• Delta&waves&must&occur&in&20<50%&of&the&epoch&in&order&to&be&scored&as&Stage&3.&&
• Delta&waves&are&big,&slow&waves&ranging&from&.5&to&2&Hz.&These&waveforms&must&also&be&75&uV&in&litude.&&
• These&delta&waves&indicate&that&large&groups&of&brain&cells&are&starJng&to&fire&in&a&synchronous&paDern.&&
Click&&boys&to&see&deep&sleep.&
Stage&4&• Delta&waves&must&take&up&
50<100%.&&• Deepest&stage&of&sleep.&&• Most&difficult&to&wake&someone&
out&of&this&stage&of&sleep&• If&awoken&you&will&be&very&groggy.&• Vital&for&restoring&body�s&growth&
hormones&and&good&overall&health.&
• People&deprived&of&delta&sleep&complain&of&somaJc&symptoms,&such&as&aches&and&pains.&&
• Growth&hormone&is&maximally&secreted&during&stage&4&of&sleep.&&
stage%4%.>%stage%3%.>%2%.>%????%
REM&Sleep&• Characterized&by&the&Rapid&Eye&Movement,&low&muscle&tones&in&the&chin,&and&the&low&voltage,&fast&acJvity&of&the&EEG.&&
• REM&sleep&is&the&stage&in&which&dreams&are&usually&recalled.&&
• Aka¶doxical&sleep.&• Brain&is&very&acJve.&• Dreams&usually&occur&in&REM.&• Body&is&essenJally¶lyzed.&• REM&Rebound&
Click&boy&dreaming&to&see&REM&sleep.&
90#Minute*Cycles*During*Sleep5With*each*90#minute*cycle,*stage*4*sleep*decreases*
and*the*duration*of*REM*sleep*increases.5
Sleep&Disorders&
Insomnia&
• Persistent&problems&falling&asleep&
• Affects&10%&of&the&populaJon&
• Primary&versus&Secondary&Insomnia&
• How&Behavioral&ModificaJons&Can&Treat&Chronic&Insomnia&
Narcolepsy&
• Suffer&from&sleepiness&and&may&fall&asleep&at&unpredictable&or&inappropriate&Jmes.&
• Directly&into&REM&sleep&• Less&than&.001&%&of&populaJon.&
Click&&above&to&see&Skeeter&the&narcolepJc&dog.&
Sleep&Apnea&• A&person&stops&
breathing&during&their&sleep.&
• Wake&up&momentarily,&gasps&for&air,&then&falls&back&asleep.&
• Very&common,&especially&in&obese&males.&
• Can&be&fatal.&
Night&Terrors&
• Wake&up&screaming&and&have&no&idea&why.&
• Not&a&nightmare.&• Most&common&in&children&(boys)&between&ages&2<8.&
Somnambulism&
• Sleep&Walking&• Most&ogen&occurs&during&the&first&few&hours&of&sleeping&and&in&stage&4&(deep&sleep).&
• If&you&have&had&night&terrors,&you&are&more&likely&to&sleep&walk&when&older.&
Sleep*Deprivation51. FaJgue&and&subsequent&death.&
2. Impaired&concentraJon.&
3. EmoJonal&irritability.&
4. Depressed&immune&system.&
5. Greater&vulnerability.&
6. Growth&in&children&&
Accidents5Frequency*of*accidents*increase*with*loss*of*sleep5
Consequences&of&Missed&Sleep&• driver&faJgue&results&in&100,000&crashes&annually,&leading&
to&1,550&deaths&and&more&than&70,000&injuries.&• sleep<deprived&rats&eventually&died&from&the&collapse&of&
their&thermoregulatory&systems.&
Sleep&Theories&
1. Sleep&Protects:&Sleeping&in&the&darkness&when&predators&loomed&about&kept&our&ancestors&out&of&harm’s&way.&
2. Sleep&Recuperates:&Sleep&helps&restore&and&repair&brain&Jssue.&
3. Sleep&Helps&Remembering:&Sleep&restores&and&rebuilds&our&fading&memories.&
4. Sleep&and&Growth:&During&sleep,&the&pituitary&gland&releases&growth&hormone.&Older&people&release&less&of&this&hormone&and&sleep&less.&
Students in AP Psychology should be able to • Discuss aspects of sleep and dreaming:
• stages and characteristics of the sleep cycle;
• theories of sleep and dreaming; • symptoms and treatments of sleep
disorders. • Identify the major figures in consciousness
research (e.g., William James, Sigmund Freud, Ernest Hilgard).
Dreams&
Freud�s&Theory&of&Dreams&• Wish&Fulfillment&&• Dreams&are&a&roadway&into&our&unconscious.&
• They&express&otherwise&unacceptable&feelings.&
• Manifest&Content&(storyline)&
• Latent&Content&(underlying&meaning)&
• Problem:&no&scienJfic&support,&can&interpret&different&ways&&
AcJvaJon<Synthesis&Theory&
• Our&Cerebral&Cortex&is&trying&to&interpret&random&electrical&acJvity&we&have&while&sleeping.&
• That&is&why&dreams&someJmes&make&no&sense.&
• The&person’s&brain&is&weaving&the&stories,&which&helps&us&understand&that&person.&
InformaJon<Processing&Theory&• Dreams&are&a&way&to&deal&with&the&stresses&of&everyday&life&and&consolidate&our&memories&
• We&tend&to&dream&more&when&we&are&more&stressed.&
• Why&do&we&dream&about&what&we’ve&never&experienced?&&
• People&who&don’t&get&sleep&have&poorer&memories.&&&
Physiological&FuncJoning&&• REM&sleep&sJmulates&the&brain,&developing&and&preserving&neural&pathways&that&cement&memories.&
• Babies&sleep&most&because&their&neural&pathways&are&exploding&with&growth.&&
• During&sleep,&the&brain's&cells&shrink&by&about&60&percent,&allowing&the&cerebral&fluid&to&move&faster&and&more&freely&through&the&brain,&removing&cellular&waste.&&
• Then&why&do&we&experience&meaningful&dreams?&&&&&
CogniJve&Development&Theory&• Dream&content&reflects&dreamers’&cogniJve&development&(their&knowledge&and&understanding)&
• Doesn’t&address&the&purpose&of&dreams&&
Hypnosis&
Hypnosis&• Altered&state&of&consciousness?&
• PosthypnoJc&suggesJon&• PosthypnoJc&amnesia&
Students in AP Psychology should be able to: Describe historic and contemporary uses of hypnosis (e.g., pain control, psychotherapy). Explain hypnotic phenomena (e.g., suggestibility, dissociation). Identify the major figures in consciousness research: Ernest Hilgard).
HypnoJc&Theories&
Role%Theory%• Hypnosis&is&NOT&an&altered&
state&of&consciousness.&• Different&people&have&
various&state&of&hypnoJc&suggesJbility.&
• A&social&phenomenon&where&people&want&to&believe.&
• Work&beDer&on&people&with&richer&fantasy&lives.&
State%Theory%• Hypnosis&is&an&altered&state&
of&consciousness.&• DramaJc&health&benefits&• It&works&for&pain&best.&
DissociaJon&Theory&
• Theory&by&Ernest&Hilgard.&
• We&voluntarily÷&our&consciousness&up.&
• Ice&Water&Experiment.&• We&have&a&hidden&observer,&a&level&of&us&that&is&always&aware.&
• Covert&Pain&in&Hypnotherapy&&
Drugs&
The Original Rachael Leigh Cook Brain on Drugs
Drugs&• Our&brain&is&protected&by&a&layer&of&capillaries&called&the&blood.brain%barrier.&
• The&drugs&that&are&small&enough&to&pass&through&are&called&psychoacJve&drugs.&
MisconcepJons&about&AddicJon&
1. AddicJve&drugs&quickly&corrupt.&2. AddicJon&cannot&be&overcome&
voluntarily.&3. AddicJon&is&no&different&than&repeJJve&
pleasure<seeking&behaviors.&
AddicJon&is&a&craving&for&a&chemical&substance,&despite&its&adverse&consequences&(physical&&&psychological).&
Drug&&Categories&
• Agonists%• Antagonists%• Reuptake%inhibitors%If&a&drug&is&used&ogen&<>&tolerance.&Then&you&need&more&drug&to&feel&same&effect.&If&you&stop&using&a&drug&you&can&develop&
withdrawal%symptoms.&
SJmulants&• Speed&up&body&processes.&
• More&powerful&ones&(like&cocaine)&give&people&feelings&of&invincibility.&
Depressants&
• Slows&down&body&processes.&
• Alcohol&• AnxiolyJcs&(barbiturates&and&tranquilizers)&
Alcohol&(a&depressant)&• More&than&86&billion&dollars&are&spent&annually&on&alcoholic&beverages.&
• Alcohol&is&involved&in&40%&of&violent&crimes.&
• Alcohol&is&involved&in&40%&of&rapes.&
• 36%&of&people&in&prison&were&under&the&influence&of&alcohol&at&the&Jme&of&their&crime.&&&
• Is&it&worth&the&risk?&
Hallucinogens&• Psychedelics&• Causes&changes&in&percepJons&of&reality&
• LSD,&peyote,&&psilocybin&mushrooms&and&marijuana.&
• Reverse&tolerance&or&synergisJc&effect&
&
Opiates&
• Has&depressive&and&hallucinogenic&qualiJes.&
• Agonist&for&endorphins.&&• Derived&from&poppy&plant.&• Morphine,&heroin,&
methadone&and&codeine.&• All&these&drugs&cross&the&
placental&barrier….teratogens.&
Students in AP Psychology should be able to: Identify the major psychoactive drug categories (e.g., depressants, stimulants) and classify specific drugs, including their psychological and physiological effects. Discuss drug dependence, addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal.
