Status of the research activities and market situation in...

Status of buildings energy performance regulation, research activities and market situation in building sector in

NAS countries

Status of buildings energy performance regulation, research activities and market situation in building sector in NAS countries

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Bulgaria Bulgaria Czech Republic Czech Republic HungaryHungaryLatvia Latvia LithuaniaLithuaniaPolandPolandRomaniaRomaniaSlovak RepublicSlovak RepublicSloveniaSlovenia


NAS countries

PREPARED BYTechnical University of Budapest, Hungary

IPA SA, BulgariaBrno University of Technology, Czech RepublicEnEffect Center for Energy Efficiency, Bulgaria

Czech Technical University in PragueIntertermo Concept Ltd, Romania

Warsaw University of Technology, PolandLatvian Academy of Science, Latvia

Lithuanian Energy Institute, LithuaniaSlovak University of Technology, Slovak Republic

Black Sea Regional Energy Centre and Technical University of SofiaInstitute of Heating and Sanitary Technology, Poland

Ecofys, PolandTechnical University pf Cluj-Napoca, Romania

The National Building Research Institute, RomaniaZRMK Technological Building & C.E. Institute, Slovenia

University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

EDITORAss. Prof. Sašo Medved, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

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NAS countries

CONTENTS

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 1.: Buildings energy performance regulation within national regulations in NAS countries ......................................... 5

Chapter 2.: Energy supply in NAS countries ........................................... 54

Chapter 3.: Meteorological data ................................................................ 79

Chapter 4.: An overview of building sector developments, RTD programs, targets for enhance energy performance of the buildings and building sector financing policy ............................... 93

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NAS countries

Introduction

The purpose of the report is to raise awareness of research activities and results of the legislative frameworks in the NAS countries. The report highlight priority areas for further research, regulation and liaison with EU-based research actions. The report is based on two questionnaires distributed between involved institutes and organizations. The covered topics are divided into four chapters. Each chapter include separate data from each participant NAS country.

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NAS countries

Chapter 1Buildings energy performance regulation within national regulationsin NAS countries

Overview of existing energy performance regulations of the building was prepared on the base of the questionnaires divided in several topics: Summary of the most important indicators is presented in Table 1.

Table 1.: Short summary of methodology applied in NAS countries for calculation of energy performance in building within national regulations. Completed questionnaires prepared for NAS countries involved in EnerBuild project is presented bellow.

Transmission heat losses

Regulations based on EN or ISO EN standards are mostly used. Some national standards are still in force (BOL, ROM, H); thermal bridges are included in regulations

Heat loss calculation Heat loss calculation -- methodologymethodology

BOL CZ H LAT LIT POL ROM SLV SLO

ENENEN ISOEN ISO

NationalNational

Heat loss coeficient, ground, thermal bridges, windowsHeat loss coeficient, ground, thermal bridges, windows

Heat transfer coefficient

Maximal value limited to 0.25 to 0.5 W/m2K for outer walls, 0.20 to 0.35 W/m2K for roofs and 1.6 to 2 W/m2K for windows.

5


NAS countries

Heat losses coeficientsHeat losses coeficients


0,20,2

0,40,4

0,80,8

1,21,2

1,61,6

2,02,0

2,42,4

roofsroofs

wallswalls

windowswindows

Overall heat transfer coefficient of the buildings

In several countries maximum value is limited on the base of the building shape factor or degree days (DD).

Overall envelope U valueOverall envelope U value


yesyes

nono

f (A/V)f (A/V)0,61 (A/V=1)0,61 (A/V=1)

f (A/V)f (A/V)0,70 (A/V=1)0,70 (A/V=1)

compared compared reference reference buildingbuilding

f (A/V), DDf (A/V), DD0,55 (A/V=1)0,55 (A/V=1)

ventilation ventilation heat heat losses losses includedincluded

Ventilation heat losses

Minimum fresh air supply state in all countries. In most countries requirements for air tightness of the buildings are included. In most countries heat recovery ventilation system is prescribed if ventilation rate excide limited value.

Ventilation related heat lossesVentilation related heat losses


min air min air requiredrequired m3/hm3/h

m3/perm3/per

building air building air tightnesstightness <0,8 h<0,8 h--11

heat heat recoveryrecovery

m3/hm3/h

m3/perm3/per

<4,5 h<4,5 h--1 1 nat. vent nat. vent

<0,6 low<0,6 low--EE

>2 h>2 h--1 1 > 8h/day > 8h/day 60%60%

m3/perm3/per m3/perm3/per

m3/m2hm3/m2h

m3/perm3/per m3/perm3/per

>10.000 m3>10.000 m3

m3/hm3/h

m3/perm3/perm3/hm3/h

m3/perm3/perm3/hm3/h

m3/perm3/per

<2 h<2 h--11

>0.7 h>0.7 h--1 1 1200 m3/h 1200 m3/h 50%50%

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NAS countries

Energy performance of the building

In most cases based on EN 832 procedure. In some cases active solar systems and PV systems can be included in energy performance calculations. Energy performance requirements are based on shape factor or DD. Typical values are 25 to 45 kWh/m3 of heated space per year or 60 to 85 kWh/m2 of floor area per year

Energy performanceEnergy performance


Calculation Calculation procedureprocedure

LimitationsLimitations46,446,4

kWh/mkWh/m33

(A/V=1)(A/V=1)

64.4 64.4 (A/V=0.5) (A/V=0.5) kWh/mkWh/m22

simple simple method method

EN 832EN 832

EN 832EN 832

0,70,7--0,750,75

W/mW/m33K K

f(A/V)f(A/V) f(A/V)f(A/V) f(A/V)f(A/V)

37.437.4

kWh/mkWh/m33

nation.nation.

f(A/V), f(A/V), no. of no. of storesstores

W/mW/m33K K

EN 832EN 832

f(A/V)f(A/V)

dwellings dwellings 85 85

kWh/mkWh/m22

otherother

27,2 27,2 kWh/mkWh/m33

EN 832EN 832

f(A/V)f(A/V)

Renewable energy sources

In most countries special price for heat and electricity from RE.

Renewable electricity priceRenewable electricity price


0,050,05

0,090,09

0,130,13

0,170,17

0,210,21

0,250,25

0,290,29€/kWh€/kWh

windwindbiomassbiomassbiogasbiogasPVPV

0,480,48>10 kW>10 kW

<36 kW<36 kW

0,420,42--0,790,79f(kW)f(kW)

geother.geother.

0,70,7--1.41.4residentalresidental

0,250,25--0.60.6gridgrid

Daylight In some countries requirements for daylight factors and solar duration are prescribed.

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NAS countries

LightingLighting


daylightingdaylighting

solar solar durationduration

DF > 1.5% DF > 1.5% (buil. type)(buil. type)

uniformityuniformity

glareglare

>90 min >90 min 11stst MarchMarch

>3h >3h March March ––SeptSept

between between 8:008:00--16:00 16:00 hourhour

DFDFmin min window/ window/ floor floor areaarea

>1 h >1 h Dec Dec > 3h > 3h March March > 5 h > 5 h JunJun

window/ window/ floor floor area area > 1:8> 1:8

> 90 min > 90 min 1st March 1st March –– 13th Oct13th Oct

in 1/3 in 1/3 living living areaarea

DFDF

>1 h >1 h Dec Dec > 3h > 3h March March > 5 h > 5 h JunJun

Winter and summer comfort

In all cases the regulation about winter and summer comfort limits exist.

BulgariaBulgaria

1. Transmission heat losses

Questioner no. 1: Transmission heat losses calculation - methodologyTransmission losses New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsTransmissions heat loss coefficient

BG Regulation (BR NDHVAC), NORMS FOR DESIGN OF SPACE HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS, 1986. Endorsed by Order No. RD-02-14-58 of 30 July 1986. State Gazette issue 69 of 1986, amended and addended by Order No. RD-02-14-173 of 12 September 1991, State Gazette issue 89 of 1991; Order No. RD-02-14-423 of 13 December 1993, State Gazette issue 107 of 1993; amended by Order No. RD-02-14-431 of September 1994, State Gazette issue 78 of 1994.

BG Regulation No 1 NORMS FOR DESIGN OF BUILDING THERMAL INSULATION (BR NDTBI), 1999, State Gazette issue 07 of 1999

BDS EN ISO 6946Heat transfer via ground Under preparation BDS* EN 13370Thermal performance of the windows BR NDHVAC , 1986, BDS EN 673Thermal bridges BR NDHVAC, 1986

BR NDTBI , 19918


NAS countriesOther

BDS = Bulgarian State StandardQuestioner no. 2: Level of requirements for U valuesUmax New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsRoofs 0,3 W/m2KOuter walls 0,5 W/m2KGround floor 0,5 W/m2K for floors above unheated

basementWindows 2,65 W/m2K for residential and commercial

buildings3,57 W/m2K for industrial buildings

Other

Questioner no. 3: Level of requirements for overall (building envelopment) U value (yes/no, if yes equation, value, input parameters,...)Overall U value of the building

New buildings Renovated/refurbished buildings

yesUmax = 0,45+0,165. (1/(A/V)) , where A is the area of the outer surfaces of the building envelope, V is the built volume of the building.

2. Ventilation heat losses

Questioner no. 4: Ventilation heat lossVentilation heat loss New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsMinimum fresh air required (l/s person, l/s floor area, ach..)

BDS CR 1752 recognized by endorsementBR NDHVAC, 1986 determines levels of minimum fresh air in m3/h or m3/person depending on the room functionality.It is permissible ambient air penetration through natural ventilation during the heating season to replace the exhaust air if air change rate is not bigger than 2 h-1.Mechanical exhaust ventilation for supporting rooms without openings like WC, washing-machine rooms, etc. is provided by compensation of the exhaust air by clean air from adjacent rooms.When there is fresh air penetration through not-sealed walls in dwellings, dormitories, hotels, etc., the total amount of air exhausted from the supporting rooms should not create air change rate in the living unit (apartment

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NAS countriesfor example, not the whole building) bigger than 0.8 h-1.For rough calculations – residential buildings and hotels 11 m3/h.person

Building air tightness (included yes/no, limitations,..)

Yes , < 0,8 h-1

Heat recovery (included yes/no) noFan power (included yes/no) noDuct air tightness (included yes/no, limitations,..)

For buildings class II (residential, administrative etc.)0,84.10-3 m/s.m2 at air pressure 200 Pa1,32.10-3 m/s.m2 at air pressure 400 Pa2,4.10-3 m/s.m2 at air pressure 1000 Pa

Infiltration – calculation method

BR NDHVAC, 1986 , BDS EN 832 recognized by endorsement

Other

3. Energy performance indicators

Questioner no. 5: Energy flows calculation in energy performance indicator (yes/no, if yes which methodology)Energy Performance regulationEnergy flows covered by energy performance calculation procedures


Transmission losses BDS EN 832 recognized by endorsementVentilation BDS EN 832 recognized by endorsementInternal gains BR NDHVAC 1986, BDS EN 832Solar gains BR NDHVAC 1986, BDS EN 832Heating system noLighting noRenewable energy sources – thermal applications

no

Renewable energy sources – PV applications no

Other

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NAS countriesQuestioner no. 6: RenewablesRenewables in buildings included in EP calculations


Solar thermal, solar collectors noSolar thermal – elements requirements (solar collector, solar heat storage,...)

BDS EN 12975-1 recognized by endorsementBDS EN 12976-1 recognized by endorsementBDS EN 12976-2 recognized by endorsement

PV regulations noRenewables electricity price (biomass, wind, PV (EU/kWh)

no

Solar thermal calculation procedure noSolar electricity calculation procedure noOther

Questioner no. 7: Energy Performance requirements (yes/no, if yes formula, value, input parameters,...)EP, EP max New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildings

no

4. Lighting

Questioner no. 8: Lighting (yes/no, if yes methodology, values,..)Lighting New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsNatural lighting requirements Yes, BDS 1786-84Solar duration requirementsEnergy efficient artificial lighting noLighting (outdoor) pollution noOther

Questioner no. 9: Summer comfort (yes/no, if yes which methodology, shades, windows,..)


Summer Yes, shading devices11


NAS countriesBR NDHVAC 1986

5 HVAC systems

Questioner no. 10: Heating/cooling -Boundary conditions in temperaturesBoundaries New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsIndoor air (winter, summer,..)

Determined by BR NDHVAC 1986Dwellings, winter 18-22 oCCommercial , winter 16-20 oCHospitals , winter 20-22 oC summer 24-26 oC

Water in heating systems Design temperature 90/70 oCWater in hot water systems Yes, 55 oCAir in ventilation channels noOther

Questioner no. 11: Heating systemsHeating systems New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsSizing of the heating systems (limitations,..) Yes, BR NDHVAC 1986Sizing methodology Yes, BR NDHVAC 1986Boiler efficiency noHeat storage noPipe network Yes, BR NDHVAC 1986Pumps noCommissioning Rules for acceptance of HVAC systems, 1986,

amended 1991Maintenance BG Regulation for technical exploitation of

energy systems, Government decree No 101/05.06.2000

Other

Questioner no. 12: Cooling/air conditioning systemsCooling, air conditioning New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsSizing of the cooling systems (limitations,..) Yes, BR NDHVAC 1986Sizing methodology Yes, BR NDHVAC 1986

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NAS countriesCommissioning Rules for acceptance of HVAC systems, 1986,

amended 1991BDS EN 12599 recognized by endorsement

Maintenance BDS EN 12097 recognized by endorsementBG Regulation for technical exploitation of energy systems, Government decree No 101/05.06.2000

Other

Czech RepublicCzech Republic



refurbished buildingsTransmissions heat loss coefficient EN ISO 6946, EN ISO 10211, CSN 730540Heat transfer via ground EN ISO 13370Thermal performance of the windows

EN 673, EN ISO 10077, CSN 730540, EN ISO 12567

Thermal bridges EN ISO 10211, EN ISO 14683

Questioner no. 2: Level of requirements for U valuesUmax New buildings* Renovated/


Roofs 0.30 W.m-2.K-1 (heavy weight),0.24 W.m-2.K-1 (light weight)

same

exception:

Outer walls 0.38 W.m-2.K-1 (heavy weight),0.30 W.m-2.K-1 (light weight)

Ground floor 0.38 W.m-2.K-1 (borders of

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NAS countriesbuilding),0.60 W.m-2.K-1 (rest of floor)

culture heritage

Windows 1.80 W.m-2.K-1 (new),2.00 W.m-2.K-1 (refurbished),including frame with Uf < 2.0 W.m-2.K-1

Other ---

(*) Following requirements are valid for buildings with internal temperature from 18 C to 24 C. Requirements for buildings with different internal

temperature must be calculated according to ČSN 730540-2.



no --- ---




Minimum fresh air required (l/s person, l/s floor area, ach..)

Domestic (flats)ČSN 730540-2rooms with no occupants: n>0.1 h-1

rooms with occupants: n>0.3-0.6 h-1

min. 15-30 m3/h for person depending on the activity in non-smoking areas

Working environment Decree of the government 178/2001 Sb50/70/90 m3 h-1 /person according to activity level and smokingFood - decree No.108/2001 Sb50/70/90 m3 h-1 /personEducational buildings decree No.107/2001 Sb.

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NAS countries20-30 m3 h-1/ pupil (student)Swimming pools, hothouses decree No.464/2000Sb.pool 2 h-1, showers 8 h-1, clothes rooms 5-6 h-

1

hothouse 15-20 m3 h-1 /personHealth3600 m3 h-1 for super-aseptic surgery with laminar flow2400 m3 h-1 for others surgeries


yes, recommendations stated for pressure difference 50 Pa:max. 4.5 h-1 (naturally ventilated buildings),max. 1.5 h-1 (buildings with forced ventilation),max. 1.0 h-1 (buildings with heat recovery),max. 0.6 h-1 (extreme low energy consumption houses)CSN 73 0540 CSN EN ISO 13829

Heat recovery (included yes/no)

yes, in cases with air change rate higher than 2.0 h-1 for at least 8 hours a day,heat exchanger efficiency > 60%

no

Fan power (included yes/no) noDuct air tightness (included yes/no, limitations,..)

no

Infiltration – calculation method EN 832Other ---




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NAS countriesTransmission losses yes

simple calculation: Regulation No. 291/2001 Coll.exact calculation: EN 832, EN ISO 13370, EN ISO 13789CSN 060210

Ventilation yesEN 832 & Regulation No. 291/2001 Coll. (ventilation rate 0.5 h-1)CSN 060210

Internal gains Yessimple calculation: Regulation No. 291/2001 Coll. (max. 3*V, where V is volume of heated space in building calculated using external dimension)exact calculation: EN 832 (recommendation 5 W per m2 heated floor area)

Solar gains Yessimple calculation: Regulation No. 291/2001 Coll. (max. 6*V, where V is volume of heated space in building calculated using external dimension)exact calculation: EN 832

Heating system ČSN EN 832, decree No. 291/2001 Sb., CSN EN 1264 Floor Heating

Lighting noRenewable energy sources – thermal applications

could be included in exact calculation(total energy gain must be known)

Renewable energy sources – PV applications

could be included in exact calculation(total energy gain must be known)

Other--- ----

Questioner no. 6: RenewablesRenewables in buildings included in EP calculations


Solar thermal, solar collectors

ČSN ISO9488: Solar energy-VocabularyCSN EN 12976-1: Thermal solar systems and components general requirementsCSN EN 12976-2: Thermal solar systems and components test methods

Solar thermal – elements requirements (solar collector, solar heat storage,...)

CSN EN 12975-1: Thermal solar systems and components -solar collectors- general requirementsCSN EN 12975-1: Thermal solar systems and components -solar collectors- test methods

16


NAS countriesPV regulations no

Renewables electricity price (biomass, wind, PV (EU/kWh)

small electric hydro and cogeneration power station 0,048 EURO/kWhelectricity from wind 0,095 EURO/kWhelectricity from biomass 0,079 EURO/kWh 5MWelectricity from biogas 0,079 EURO/kWhelectricity from geothermal energy 0,095 EURO/kWhelectricity from PV 0,190 EURO/kWhelectricity from fuel cells 0,095 EURO/kWh

Solar thermal calculation procedure

no

Solar electricity calculation procedure

no

Other


refurbished buildingsyes ev < 20.64 + 26.03 * (A/V) in kWh/m3,

where A is envelope area of heated zones and V is volume of heated zones in building.

Requirement is valid for all heated buildings with some exceptions (temporary buildings, buildings with high internal gains etc.). The value ev is calculated for standard boundary conditions (242 days of heating season, 3.8 C mean outdoor temperature).

4. LightingQuestioner no. 8: Lighting (yes/no, if yes methodology, values,..)Lighting New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsNatural lighting requirements

1. Daylight factor D% - 7 classes according to type of visual activity

for residential buildings min. D 1,5%2. Uniformity of daylight factor distribution: r

= Dmin/Dmax

- for class I – IV: r 0,2- for class V: r 0,15

3. Luminance of lighting openings: L 4 000 cd/m2

Relation of luminances Lobject/Lsky 1/200Solar duration requirements

Min 90 min – 1st March 1)

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NAS countries3 hours – 1st March 2)

Energy efficient artificial lightingLighting (outdoor) pollution

Required regular maintenance and cleaning

Other



Summer yes

simple calculation: ČSN 730540-4requirement for simple calculation: max. increase of internal temperature during day 5 C

exact calculation: EN ISO 13791 & 13792, simulation tools (TRNSYS, ESP-r etc.)requirement for exact calculation: max. internal temperature 27 C

There are also specific requirements for rooms with high internal heat gains and for rooms with cooling devices.

Summer room comfort (without air condition and sun shades and window shading systems) Requirements for thermal stability of indoor temperature 1)

For rooms in residential buildingsFor the others with internal sources of heat up to 25 W/m3

sources of heat over 25 W/m3

For rooms in residential buildingsFor the others with internal

The highest daily increasing of indoor temperatureΔθai,max,N ≤5,0 [°C]

Δθai,max,N ≤7,5 [°C]Δθai,max,N ≤9,5 [°C]

Max. indoor temperatureθai,max,N ≤27,0 [°C]

θai,max,N ≤29,5 [°C]θai,max,N ≤31,5 [°C]

Δθai,max,N ≤12 [°C]18


NAS countriesheat gains up to 25 W/m3

heat gains over 25 W/m3

For buildings with air condition (in the case of falling out of the air condition system) 1)

θai,max,N ≤32 [°C]

Notes: 1) Building with the air condition systems are recommended only in exceptional cases in which we are not able to realize and to follow requirements for thermal stability in building design and with passive components in buildings.

5 HVAC systems



Regulation No. 291/2001 and 178/2001according to work activityActivity; metabolic energy production; operativ temperatureI ; to 80W/m2) ; 20-28 °CII; 106-130 W/m2 ; 12-26 °CIII; 161-200 W/m2 ; 10-26 °C

Standards for HVAC design winter 20°C, summer 26°C

Water in heating systems Supply water to radiators max. 75°C (for systems with circulation pump)or max. 90°C for natural circulation Regulation 151/2001

Water in hot water systems

CSN 060320 –HW source max. 60°Cplace of consumption 50-55°C

CSN 736660 HW source max. 55°C

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NAS countriesRegulation No.152/2001place of consumption 45-55°C

Air in ventilation channels

no

Other


refurbished buildingsSizing of the heating systems (limitations,..)

no

Sizing methodology no

Boiler efficiency Regulation No. 150/2001 Sb.appendix 2.

Heat storage no

Pipe network heat losses Regulation No. 151/2001Sb.

Pumps no

Commissioning no

Maintenance Production standardsTechnical specification

Other


refurbished buildingsSizing of the cooling systems (limitations,..)

no

Sizing methodology old standardCSN 730548

Commissioning no

Maintenance Production standardsTechnical specification

Other

HungaryHungary

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NAS countries1. Transmission heat losses

Questioner no. 1: Transmission heat losses calculation - methodologyTransmission losses New buildings

Transmissions heat loss coefficient

EN ISO 6946EN ISO 10211-1

Heat transfer via ground EN 13370 but simplified methods are in use, too (linear k values, taken from the French regulation).

Thermal performance of the windows

ISO 9972, EN 12207

Thermal bridges EN ISO 13789, EN ISO 14683, EN ISO 10211-1, EN ISO 10211-2 and catalogues (Hauser, Panzhauser),

Questioner no. 2: Level of requirements for U values not specified for the elements, given for the whole envelope in the function of form factor and with equivalent values for windows, taking into account the utilised solar gains.“Not specified” means that no limits from energy point of view, but fabric protection requirements must be met !Umax New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsRoofs not specified not specified

Outer walls not specified

Ground floor not specifiedWindows not specified

Questioner no. 3: Level of requirements for overall (building envelop) U value (yes/no, if yes equation, value, input parameters,...) Overall U value of the building


yes buildings with permanent use:Uoverall=< 0,60 + 0,10 / fofor other buildings:Uoverall=< 0,65 + 0,10 / fo

where the form factor fo = Aenvelop/Vheated

for windows: equivalent U values are used, taking into account the utilised solar gains.


21


NAS countriesQuestioner no. 4: Ventilation heat lossVentilation heat loss New buildings Renovated/



Depending on the number and activity of occupants at least 20m3/person in non-smoking areas and 30m3/person in smoking area


not specified


not specified

Fan power (included yes/no)

not specified

Duct air tightness (included yes/no, limitations,..)

not specified


EN 832




Transmission losses yes (EN 832) same

limitations:culture heritage

Ventilation yes (EN 832)

Internal gains yes Solar gains yes (EN 832)Heating system no

Lighting no

Renewable energy sources – thermal applications

yes - hot water solar system (see no.6)


no

22


NAS countriesSpecific heat requirement in W/ m3K heated volume, incl. transmission heat losses, thermal bridge losses and utilised solar gain

Questioner no. 6: RenewablesRenewables in buildings included in EP calculationsSolar thermal, solar collectors

Eligible, individual evaluation (see above: utilised solar gain included)



PV regulations Eligible, individual evaluation (see above: utilised solar gain included)

Renewables electricity price (biomass, wind, PV (E/kWh)Solar thermal calculation procedure





refurbished buildingsyes buildings with

permanent use:EPmax =< 0,60 * fo +0,10 . (W/m3K) for other buildingsEPmax =< 0,65 * fo +0,10 . (W/m3K)where fo = Aenvelop/Vheated

4. Lighting



Window/Floor area minimum

Solar duration requirements

in practice:1 hour 21th December

23


NAS countries3 hours 21st March, 21st September5 hours 21st June

Energy efficient artificial lighting

no

Lighting (outdoor) pollution

no



Summer Thermal mass/transparent area minima, depending on the orientation and shading devices

5 HVAC systems



temperatures winter offices 22,0 +3oCsummer 24,5+2,5oC

dwellings 20 –26oC RH 30 – 70%

PPD < 15%-0,7 < PMV < 0,7

Water in heating systems no


no; in practiceTmax = 60oC, Tmin =45oC; weekly thermal shock with temperatures over 60oC for 30 min


no


refurbished buildings24


NAS countriesSizing of the heating systems (limitations,..)

no

Sizing methodology MSz-04-140/4:1991

Boiler efficiency not specified

Heat storage not specified

Pipe network not specified

Pumps not specified

Commissioning not specified

Maintenance not specified



minimal thermal insulation of the ducts (> 40mm)

Sizing methodology MSz-04-140/4:1991

Commissioning not specified

Maintenance not specified

LatviaLatvia

Preface. Latvia does not have requirements to energy performance of buildings expressed in terms of kWh/m2 or kWh/m3. The heat loss coefficient of building envelope should not exceed the heat loss coefficient of reference building. So it can be said that building EP in Latvia include only heat losses. The calculation methodology of other heat flows (ventilation, so on) exists, but it is not used in EP, it is used for choice and sizing of heating, ventilation, and electricity systems.




LVS EN ISO 6946:1996 2000

LVS EN ISO 6946:1996 2000

25


NAS countriesHeat transfer via ground LVS EN ISO

13370:1998 2002

LVS EN ISO 13370:1998 2002


LVS EN ISO 10077-1:2000 2002

LVS EN ISO 10077-1:2000 2002

Thermal bridges LVS EN ISO 14683 + AC:1999 2002 LVS EN ISO 10211-1:1995 2000 LVS EN ISO 10211-2:2001 2002

LVS EN ISO 14683 + AC:1999 2002LVS EN ISO 10211-1:1995 2000LVS EN ISO 10211-2:2001 2002

Other LVS EN ISO 13789:1999 2000

LVS EN ISO 13789:1999 2000

Questioner no. 2: Level of requirements for U values

LBN 002-01 “Thermal performance of building envelope” states two levels of U-values: normative and maximal permitted values. The normative values are used in calculation of normative building heat loss coefficient that cannot be exceeded by real building of the same dimensions. In calculation of normative building heat loss coefficient windows area is assumed as 20% of the floor area. In real building some of the U-values may exceed normative U-values but they should not be bigger than the maximal permitted U-values. There is no difference between new and renovated buildings. There are differences in U-values depending on the type of building.

Table 2. Normative and maximal permitted values of heat transfer coefficients, W/m²K

Nr.

Building element Dwelling houses

Public buildings

Industrial buildings

URN URM URN URM URN URM

1 Roofs and slabs that are in contact with outside

air

0,2k 0,25k

0,25k

0,35k 0,35k

0,5k

2 Slab on ground 0,25k 0,35k

0,35k

0,5k 0,45k

0,7k

3.1 Walls with ρ<100kg/m3 0,25k 0,30k

0,35k

0,4k 0,45k

0,5k

3.2 Walls with ρ≥100kg/m3 0,3k 0,40k

0,4k 0,5k 0,5k 0,6k

4 Windows, doors and glassed walls

1,8k 2,7k 2,2k 2,9k 2,4k 2,9k

5. Thermal bridge 0,2k 0,25k

0,25k

0,35k 0,35k

0,5k

Note: k is correction coefficient for inside air temperature

= 19 /( qi qe )26


NAS countrieswhere qi inside air design temperature, C; qe mean outside temperature during the heating season, C

Umax New buildings Renovated/refurbished buildings

Roofs

Outer walls

Ground floorWindows

Other

Questioner no. 3: Level of requirements for overall (building envelopment) U value (yes/no, if yes equation, value, input parameters,...)

Building heat loss coefficient should not exceed building heat loss coefficient of reference building:

HT ≤ HTR

Normative building heat loss coefficient: HTR= , W/K

Building heat loss coefficient: HT= , W/K.

Overall U value of the building





SNiP II-3-75* : depend on the type of building and possibility of natural ventilation. For example, if there is no possibility for natural ventilation in public buildings for each person should be provided 60 m3/h.

same

Building air tightness 3 m3/(m2h) –dwelling

27


NAS countries(included yes/no, limitations,..)

buildings, 4 m3/(m2h) –public buildings, 6m3/(m2h) – industrial buildings.


SNiP II-3-75*


SNiP II-3-75*


no


SNiP II-3-75*

Other The design procedures are given in SNiP II-3-75* ”Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Design regulation ”




Transmission losses HT ≤ HTR same

Ventilation No No

Internal gains No NoSolar gains No NoHeating system No No

Lighting No No


Yes, hot water solar system

same


No No

Other No No

Questioner no. 6: Renewables

28


NAS countriesRenewables in buildings included in EP calculations



400 kWh/m2

6 – 9 m2 per familylimitation: slope of the roof 40 –60 0

same


No

PV regulations No


Electricity from wind 0.097 EURO/kWhElectricity from biomass (CHP) 0.055 EURO/kWh <0.5 MW 0.046 EURO/kWh 0.5 – 4 MW


PolySun programme– in practice


No

Other


refurbished buildingsNo requirements

4. Lighting


refurbished buildingsNatural lighting requirementsSolar duration requirementsEnergy efficient artificial lightingLighting (outdoor) pollutionOther


29


NAS countriesNew buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsSummer No requirements

5 HVAC systems



18/no 18/no

Water in heating systems 95/70 95/70


70 70

Air in ventilation channelsOther



SNiP II-3-75*

Sizing methodology SNiP II-3-75*

Boiler efficiency SNiP II-3-75*

Heat storage no

Pipe network SNiP II-3-75*

Pumps SNiP II-3-75*

Commissioning no

Maintenance no

Other



SNiP II-3-75*

Sizing methodology SNiP II-3-75*

Commissioning no

30


NAS countriesMaintenance no

Other

LithuaniaLithuania




STR 2.05.01:1999 REGULATIONThermal Technique of Envelopes of the Buildings

Heat transfer via ground “


“

Thermal bridges “

Questioner no. 2: Level of requirements for U valuesRequired values for heat transmittance coefficient U, W/(m2 K), and correction factor of linear thermal bridge , W/(m K), in dwelling houses

Type of enclosure

Required normative value URN

Maximum normative

value ULNRoofs 0,18 0,4 Floor on the ground 0,26 0,55Walls 0,26 0,65Windows, doors and gates

1,9 2,7

Linear thermal bridge RN 0,18 LN 0,30

Required values for heat transmittance coefficient U, W/(m2 K), and correction factor of linear thermal bridge , W/(m K), in public buildings and offices

Type of enclosure


Maximum normative

value ULNRoofs 0,20 0,45Floor on the ground 0,30 0,65Walls 0,30 0,75Windows, doors and 1,9 3,0

31


NAS countriesgatesLinear thermal bridge RN 0,20 LN 0,25

Required values for heat transmittance coefficient U, W/(m2 K), and correction factor of linear thermal bridge , W/(m K), in industrial buildings

Type of enclosure


Maximum normative

value ULNRoofs 0,25 0,55Floor on the ground 0,40 0,65Walls 0,40 1,0 Windows, doors and gates

1,9 3,0

Linear thermal bridge RN 0,20 LN 0,35

The U-values of every building enclosure should not exceed the corresponding maximum normative ULN values given in the tables. The values could be corrected by the factor :

= 20/( i -e);

where: i - internal control zone design mean temperature, 0C, usually equal to 200C.

e - mean external temperature during a heating season, 0C, it can be assumed

to be 0 0C for all the country, or design temperature in adjacent space.



no





STR 2.09.02:1998 REGULATION “Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning”

32


NAS countriesat least 14,4m3/person in non-smoking areas and 36m3/person in smoking area


yes


no


no


no


STR 2.05.01:1999




Transmission losses yes is not

Ventilation yes

Internal gains yes Solar gains yes Heating system no

Lighting no


no


no


no

33


NAS countriesSolar thermal – elements requirements (solar collector, solar heat storage,...)

No

PV regulations No

Renewables electricity price (biomass, wind, PV (E/kWh)

electricity from wind - 0.064 EURO/kWh electricity from PV - noelectricity from geothermal energy - noelectricity from biomass - not regulated


No


No


refurbished buildingsno

4. Lighting



no


no


no


no



Summer no

5 HVAC systems



34


NAS countriesIndoor air (winter, summer,..)

temperatures offices 18,0 - 20oC

dwellings 20,0 - 22oC



in practiceTmax = 60oC, Tmin =45oC;


no



no


Boiler efficiency no

Heat storage no,

Pipe network yes - heat losses methodology

Pumps no

Commissioning no

Maintenance no



no


Commissioning no

Maintenance no

35


NAS countriesPolandPoland




According to:PN-EN ISO 6946: 1999PN-EN ISO 13786: 2001

The same

Heat transfer via ground PN-EN ISO 6946 NBPN-EN ISO 13370: 2001


PN-EN ISO 6946 NDPN-EN ISO 100077-1:2002

Thermal bridges PN-EN ISO 6946 NAPN-EN ISO 10211-1:1998PN-EN ISO 10211-2:1998

OtherThermal performance of the doors and jalousiesThermal insulations

PN-EN ISO 100077-1:2002

PN-EN ISO 10454: 1999PN-EN ISO 12241:2001

Questioner no. 2: Level of requirements for U valuesUmax New buildings Renovated/

refurbished buildingsRoofs 0,3 W/m2K The same

Outer walls 0,3 W/m2K

Ground floor 0,6 W/m2K

Windows 2,0 (2,6*) W/m2K

Other

* - for climatic zone I, II, III



no No

36


NAS countries





PN-83/B003430/Az.3 2000Residential BuildingsThe flow of air in a residential building is described by the sum of air flows removed from additional rooms. The flows should look as followsIn a kitchen with an outside window

containing a gas or coal oven -- 70 m3/h

In a kitchen with an outside window with an electric oven - 30 m3/h in a flat up to 3 persons, - 50 m3/h in a flat for more than 3 persons

In a kitchen without an outside window with an electric oven - 50 m3/h

In a bathroom ( with or without a toilet - 50 m3/h

In a separate toilet - 30 m3/hIn an additional room without windows-

15 m3/hIn a kitchen without an outside window

with a gas oven with an obligatory mechanical forced ventilation - 70 m3/h

For a room separate from the kitchen, bathroom and toilet with more than two doors or for a room at a higher level in a multilevel detached house or multilevel flat - 30 m3/h

The flow of air cannot be lower than 20 m3/h for a person according living permanently in the room acc. to a building project.

Buildings for common multiple residentsThe flow of ventilation air for residential rooms should be - 20 m3/h for each resident not less tan one exchange for an hour- for common rooms (lounges, study rooms, canteens) - 20 m3/h for each person in the room- for air-conditioned rooms or ventilated without open windows - 30 m3/h- kitchens, bathrooms or toilets for individual use – standards are similar to those in residential buildings

The same

37


NAS countriesPublic BuildingsThe flow of ventilated air in rooms designed for people staying there permanently or for the time being should be: 20 m3/h per each person30 m3/h per each person if smoking is allowed15 m3/h per each child (nurseries and kindergartens))In air-conditioned and ventilated rooms without opened windows it should be: 30 m3/h per each person, a 50 m3/h if smoking is allowed


Yes.PN-ISO 9972:1999 Insulation

standards.The introduced standard: EN

12114:2000: Building tightness Heating characteristics in buildings Laboratory method of research into these characteristics.


Yes. Heat recovery devices can be used in ventilation systems of mechanical kind or air conditioning systems of capacity of at least 10000 m3/h.


No.

Duct air tightness (included yes/no, limitations,)

Ducts of air-conditioned systems wit the fast air flow or ducts in the over pressure part removing air containing pollutants harmful to people’s health or inflammatory substances if there is a possibility of flow into the rooms with people should have “B” type tightness. All others ventilation ducts of mechanical and air-conditioned systems should be of “A” type as described below:

Class A w m3/(m2.h) Class B w m3/(m2.h)

400 ≤4,78 ≤1,59

1000 ≤2,89


For windows and balcony doors , infiltration coefficient shouldn’t exceed 0,3 m3/(m · h · daPa2/3), in other cases more than 0,5, but not more than 1,0 m3/(m · h · daPa2/3),

38


NAS countriesOther




Transmission lossesPN B 02025 :2001

PN EN ISO 13789:2001

Calculation of seasonal space heating requirements for residential and collective residential buildings. Methodology based on heat energy balance including energy gains: solar energy gains through windows and internal gains (people, electric equipement), energy losses through all external and internal elements (walls, windows etc) ventilation losses.Building is divided into different zones( heated and not heated). The heat balance is formulated and heat demand is calculated for every month separately.

Thermal performance of buildings. Transmission heat losses.Methodology for harmonized internal characteristics of building,

The same

VentilationPN B 02025 :2001

SameThe heat demand for ventilation is calculated for ventilated air flow based on PN-83/B-0343

Internal gainsPN B 02025 :2001 The following gains are included:

People gains Gains from domestic hot water

system Gains from cooking Gains from electric appliances Gains from electric ligting

Solar gainsPN B 02025 :2001

The calculations are performed depending on window location and area;The shading of the building in the vicinity and the building shading elements (wingwalls, overhangs)

Heating systemPN B 02025 :2001

The heat losses through external walls are calculated for given climatic conditions

39


NAS countries(ambient temperature) according to the building location

Lighting PN B 02025 :2001

Included in energy gains


no


No regulations

OtherBuilding construction. Expression of users’ requirements

PN ISO 6242-1:1999




No regulations The same


No regulations

PV regulations No regulations


Limited by Agency of Energy Regulation to 0,08 EU/kWh


No regulations


No regulations

Other



E0 [kWh/m3a] related to A/V1. E0 = 29 when A/V <=0.20 E0= 26.6 + 12 A/V when 0.20 < A/V < 0.90E0= 37.4 when A/V >= 0.90 A – total area of all outer bulkheadsV- net heated volume of the building

The same

40


NAS countries

4. Lighting



Natural lighting requirements

Natural interior daylighting. Code of practise PN-71 B-02380

Ordinance of the Ministry of the Infrastructure on technical requirements for buildings and their location (Dz.U.15.06.2002)

In rooms where people will stay the ration of the window surface to the floor area should be at least 1:8, but in other rooms with natural lighting conditions are required at least 1:12

The same


Ordinance of the Ministry of the Infrastructure on technical requirements for buildings and their location (Dz.U.15.06.2002)

Rooms for nurseries or kindergartens /schools designed for the common use of children apart from chemical physicists and arts should have solar lighting for at least 3 hours in the period between March 21 – September 21)in the hours: 8:00...16:00, as regards residential rooms in the hours: 7:00...17:00.


No


No

OtherElectric lighting of interiors

PN –84 E-02033



Summer No? The same

5 HVAC systems41


NAS countries

Questioner no. 10: Heating/cooling -Boundary conditions in temperaturesBoundaries New buildings Renovated/refurbished

buildingsIndoor air (winter, summer,..)

temperatures winter offices 22,0-+3oCsummer 24,5+2,5oC


PPD < 15%-0,7 < PMV < 0,7

The same


Water in hot water systems no; in practiceTmax = 60oC, Tmin =45oC; weekly thermal shock with temperatures over 60oC for 30 min

Air in ventilation channels no

Other

RomaniaRomania




C107/3-97SR EN 10211-1

NP 048-2000

Heat transfer via ground C107/5-97SR EN 13370

NP 048-2000


C107/3-97 NP 048-2000

Thermal bridges C107/3-97SR EN 10211-1SR EN ISO 14683

NP 048-2000

Other C107/4-97 NP 048-2000

42


NAS countries


refurbished buildingsRoofs 0,33 W/m2K From energy audit

activity (NP 047-2000, NP 048-2000) – Technical and financial analyse (Payback time, economy, Net Present Value, financial sources…)

Outer walls 0,71 W/m2K

Ground floor 0,22 W/m2KWindows 2,0 W/m2K

Other 0,6 W/m2K for floor over an unheated basement0,91 W/m2K for walls adjacent to unheated cavities (joints)



No No




I5-98, NP 008-97, C107/3-97Min. 0.5 h-1 - at least 25 m3/person for residential buildings and 20 m3/person for industrial buildings - for other buildings: 8,5-20 m3/person in non-smoking area

NP 008-97, NP 048-2000

Same

43


NAS countriesand 40 m3/person in smoking area


No No


No No


No No


No No


SR 1907/1-97 – for heating installation dimensioning, SR EN 832

NP 048-2000, GT 032-2001

Other




Transmission losses Yes (GP 039-99, C107/3-97)

Yes (NP 048-2000, NP 047-2000)

Ventilation Yes (GP 039-99, C107/3-97)

Yes (NP 048-2000, NP 047-2000)

Internal gains Yes (GP 039-99) Yes (NP 048-2000, NP 047-2000)

Solar gains Yes (GP 039-99) Yes (NP 048-2000, NP 047-2000)

Heating system Yes (GP 039-99) Yes (NP 048-2000, NP 047-2000)

Lighting No No


GP 026-97 for Solar hot water preparation installationsGP 017-96 for Solar passive heating

No


No No

Other No No

44


NAS countries




Yes 638 kWh/m2/year for vacuum SC

Heliostar, 794 kWh/m2 /year for vacuum tubes Mazdon

up to 4m2 for vacuum SC and up to 3 m2 of vacuum tubes per family are allowed in building EP calculation

Limitations: slope of the roof (30 –60o)Solar thermal – elements requirements (solar collector, solar heat storage,...)

National and adopted European Standards for testing solar collectors;Standards for testing vacuum tubes system, based on Germany standard DIN 18338, DIN 18339, DIN 1988, DIN 4757 Teil 1, DIN 18380, DIN 18381, DIN 18421, DIN 0100, VDE 0185, VDE 0190, DIN 18382;Standard for thermal-solar systems ISO 9002

PV regulations No


electricity from wind : 0.065 EURO/kWh < 1MW

electricity from PV : 0.487 EURO/kWh - 10kW 0.7- 1.4 EURO/kWh -residential 0.25- 0.6 EURO/kWh -grid connected electricity from wind + PV (hybrid system)

: 0.3- 0.7EURO/kWh< 10kW (wind + PV) electricity from small hydro energy: 0.028 EURO/kWh< 500 kWelectricity from biomass: No


No


No

Other

45


NAS countries


refurbished buildingsGlobal Volume Indicator of Envelope Quality [W/m³K] G < GN = f(No. of

stores, Aenvelop/Vheated)

No

Specific Energy Consumption [kWh/m²year]

No Not restricted, comparison to a “Reference Building” and to an “Efficient Building” – Energy Certification System

4. Lighting



No


No


No


No

Other STAS 6221 Number of annual and daily (average) hours with different levels of exterior natural illumination availability4000 lx – 2952h/ 8h5min....10.000 lx – 2169h/5h57min

SR 6221-1Natural lighting maintenance- depreciation factor 1,15 ... 2,00- cleaning windows periodicity 3 – 6 months- measurements of illumination and other parameters periodicity 3 months- uniformity of illumination min/max on working area 0,65; min/med on general area 0,4

SR 6646 – 1 ... 5NP 061-02

46


NAS countriesGeneral recommendations on energy efficiency in interior lighting, without recommended values for specific power levels



Summer STAS 6221Orientation of the long glazing front to N and S.Contrary, shading devices or glasses

5. HVAC systems



STAS 6648, SR 1907Temperature-Summer:(20°C +Tev)/2 (Tev - outdoor temperature)-Winter:18 ... 24°C (space type)Relative humidityless than 70%

Same

Water in heating systems Depending on control system

No


Thw = 45 … 65°C Thw = 45 … 65°C


Air velocity through ductsLess 8 m/s – dwellingsLess 12 m/s - industrial buildings

Other


47


NAS countriesrefurbished buildings

Sizing of the heating systems (limitations,..)

I13-94, SR 1907-97

Sizing methodology I13-94, SR 1907-97

Boiler efficiency Minimal efficiency, maximal emissions

Heat storage No

Pipe network I13-94SR EN 12241

Pumps No

Commissioning I13-94

Maintenance I13/1-96

Other



I5/98

Sizing methodology I5/98STAS 12781

Commissioning No

Maintenance I5/2-98

Other

Slovak RepublicSlovak Republic




STN EN ISO 6946STN EN ISO 13 789

the same

Heat transfer via ground STN EN ISO 13 370


STN EN ISO 10077-1

Thermal bridges STN EN ISO 10211-1 48


NAS countriesand 2STN EN ISO 14 683

Other STN 73 0540


refurbished buildingsRoofs 0,20 W/(m2 K) 0,30 W/(m2 K)

Outer walls 0,32 W/(m2 K) 0,46 W/(m2 K)

Ground floor R = 1,5 m2 K/W R = 1,0 m2 K/WWindows Uw = 1,7 W/(m2 K)

Ug = 1,5 W/(m2 K)Uw = 2,0 W/(m2 K)Ug = 1,5 W/(m2 K)

Other – internal structures

U = f(ΔT) U = f(ΔT)



no no no




n ≥ 0,5 h-1, average, in occupied rooms, if are not specified special hygienic or technological requirementsn ≥ 0,3 h-1, in other rooms, if are not specified special hygienic or technological requirementsat least 15m3/person –STN 73 4301 Dwellings

n ≥ 0,5 h-1,n ≥ 0,3 h-1


yes, STN EN 832 + ACSTN 73 0540

Heat recovery (included yes, STN EN 832 + 49


NAS countriesyes/no) AC

STN 73 0540Fan power (included yes/no)

no


no


STN 73 0540

Other




Transmission losses yes, STN EN 832 + AC

Ventilation yes, STN EN 832 + AC

Internal gains ≤ 6 W/m2 offices≤ 5 W/m2 dwellings≤ 4 W/m2 family houses

Solar gains yes, STN EN 832 + AC

Heating system no

Lighting no


yes


no

Other



Solar thermal, solar no no

50


NAS countriescollectorsSolar thermal – elements requirements (solar collector, solar heat storage,...)

no

PV regulations no


there are not fix prices for renewable electricity in Slovakia, electricity from wind 0.063 – 0.087 EURO/kWh

electricity from PV 0.42 – 0.79 EURO/kWh

electricity from geothermal energy 0.060 EURO/kWhelectricity from biomass 0.043 – 0.068 EURO/kWh (biomass from forest) 0.049 – 0.072 EURO/kWh (biomass from agriculture)small water power stations 0.030 – 0.043 EURO/kWh


No; in practice individual procedures


no

Other


refurbished buildingsyes EPmax – max. value of

heat use for heating depends on form factor (ff) of a building according STN 73 0540.For example for ff = 0.5 for new buildings EPmax = 64,3 kWh/(m2

EPmax – max. value of heat use for heating depends on form factor (ff) of a building according STN 73 0540.For example for ff = 0.5 for renovated/refurbishe

51


NAS countriesyear) d buildings EPmax =

87,1 kWh/(m2 year)

4. Lighting



yes, STN 73 0580-1 and 2daylight factors, strong control by state hygienic organization

yes, STN 73 0580-1 and 2


yes = for dwellings, STN 73 4301min. 1.5 hours between March 1 and October 13 for 1/3 of living area of each flat

ditto


no


no

Other



Summer yes - for all occupied buildings, STN 73 0540criterion is max. increase of indoor temperature, different for two temperature regions of Slovakia

yes, ditto

5 HVAC systems

52


NAS countriesQuestioner no. 10: Heating/cooling -Boundary conditions in temperaturesBoundaries New buildings Renovated/


winter min. 20 ºCsummer max. 25,5 ºC

ditto

Water in heating systems 90 ºC


60 ºC


no normative limits, solution depends on concrete room and ventilation system

Other



yes, STN 06 0210 yes, STN 06 0210

Sizing methodology yes, STN 06 0210pr EN 12 831

yes, STN 06 0210pr EN 12 831

Boiler efficiency minimal efficiency minimal efficiency

Heat storage no no

Pipe network STN EN ISO 12 241 STN EN ISO 12 241

Pumps no no

Commissioning boiler efficiency and emission checking

boiler efficiency and emission checking

Maintenance periodic checking periodic checking

Other



in rooms with internal loads over 25 W/m3 and in other rooms in which max. increase of indoor temperature is over criterion according STN 73 0540

ditto

Sizing methodology STN 73 0548 STN 73 0548

Commissioning no general guide/norm

no general guide/norm

53


NAS countriesMaintenance periodic checking periodic checking

Other

Questioner no. 11: Heating systemsHeating systems New buildings Renovated/refurbished

buildingsSizing of the heating systems (limitations,..)

no The same


Boiler efficiency minimal efficiencymaximal emissionsmaximal temperatures of the flue gas

Heat storage no, *in practice DIN 4753, DIN 44532, *thermal heat losses methodology SIST EN ISO 12241

Pipe network heat losses methodology SIST EN ISO 12241

Pumps no

Commissioning boilers efficiency and emission measuring

Maintenance periodic (yearly) boilers efficiency and emissions measurements

Other

Questioner no. 12: Cooling/air conditioning systemsCooling, air conditioning New buildings Renovated/refurbished

buildingsSizing of the cooling systems (limitations,..)


The same

Sizing methodology SIST ISO 7730SIST CR 1752

Commissioning indoor environment control according to the SIST prEN 12599

Maintenance *bacteria number in air-conditioning central unit*duct cleaning SIST EN 12097

OtherPN EN 814-2: 2000

Air conditioning units and electrically driven heat pumps.

54


NAS countries

SloveniaSlovenia




EN ISO 6946EN ISO 10211-1

Heat transfer via ground EN 13370


ISO 9972, EN 12207

Thermal bridges EN ISO 13789, EN ISO 14683, EN ISO 10211-1, EN ISO 10211-2


refurbished buildingsRoofs 0,25 W/m2K

0,20 W/m2K for buildings with floor area < 50 m2 and without EP calculation

same


Outer walls 0,60 W/m2K0,40 W/m2K for buildings with floor area < 50 m2 and without EP calculation

Ground floor 0,45 W/m2K0,35W/m2K for buildings with floor area < 50 m2 and without EP calculation

Windows Uglass =<1,4 W/m2K

55


NAS countriesand g> 0,55 Uglass =<1.8 W/m2K sound protection glass Uwindow =< 1,6 W/m2K wood frame Uwindow =< 1,8 W/m2K aluminum frame



yes Uoverall=< 0,3 + 0,1*((3300-DD)/2000) + 0,15 / fofor dwellings and for all other heated buildings with windows area less then 30%

Uoverall=< 0,3 + 0,1*((3300-DD)/2000) + 0,24 / fofor non-dwelling buildings with windows area more then 30%

DD - degree-days; fo - buildings shape factor





SIST CR 1752, SIST DIN 1946-6

when rooms are occupied >0.5 h-1 when rooms are not occupied occupancy > 0.2 h-1

at least 15m3/person in non-smoking areas and 45m3/person in smoking area


yes 2 h-1, 50 Pa

Heat recovery (included yes in case n > 0.7 h-1

56


NAS countriesyes/no) and ventilation rate >

1200 m3/hheat exchanger efficiency > 50%


no


no


EN 832




Transmission losses yes (EN 832) same


Ventilation yes (EN 832)

Internal gains yes - maximal 5 W/m2

Solar gains yes (EN 832)Heating system no

Lighting no


yes - hot water solar system (see no.6)


no


Yes 250 kWh/m2 SSE for plate SC, 450

kWh/m2 for vacuum SC up to 8m2 plate and up to 3 m2 of

vacuum SC per family are allowed in building EP calculation

57


NAS countries

limitations: slope of the roof (20 –60o)Solar thermal – elements requirements (solar collector, solar heat storage,...)

National standard for testing solar collectors based on EN 1234

PV regulations No

Renewables electricity price (biomass, wind, PV (E/kWh)

electricity from wind 0.063 EURO/kWh < 1MW 0.067 EURO/kWh > 1MWelectricity from PV 0.279 EURO/kWh < 36kW 0.061 EURO/kWh > 36kWelectricity from geothermal energy 0.061 EURO/kWhelectricity from biomass 0.070 EURO/kWh < 1MW 0.067 EURO/kWh > 1MW


No; in practice mostly f-chart, TRNSYS


No


refurbished buildingsyes dwellings

EPmax =< 45+40 * fo . (kWh/m2) for other buildingsEPmax =< 14,4+12,8 * fo . (kWh/m3)where fo = Aenvelop/Vheated

same


4. Lighting


58


NAS countriesrefurbished buildings

Natural lighting requirements

no


in practice:1 hour 21th December3 hours 21st March, 21st September5 hours 21st June


no


no



Summer shading devices on all windows in NE to NW direction

when shading glass is used:

(Awindow/Awall)*g=<0.25 window and wall area

5.HVAC systems



temperatures winter offices 22,0-+3oCsummer 24,5+2,5oC


PPD < 15%-0,7 < PMV < 0,7


Water in hot water no; in practice59


NAS countriessystems Tmax = 60oC, Tmin

=45oC; weekly thermal shock with temperatures over 60oC for 30 min


no



no


Boiler efficiency minimal efficiencymaximal emissionsmaximal temperatures of the flue gas

Heat storage no, *in practice DIN 4753, DIN 44532, *thermal heat losses methodology SIST EN ISO 12241

Pipe network heat losses methodology SIST EN ISO 12241

Pumps no

Commissioning boilers efficiency and emission measuring

Maintenance periodic (yearly) boilers efficiency and emissions measurements




Sizing methodology SIST ISO 7730SIST CR 1752

Commissioning indoor environment control according to the SIST prEN 12599

Maintenance *bacteria number in 60


NAS countriesair-conditioning central unit*duct cleaning SIST EN 12097

61


NAS countries

Chapter 2Energy supply in NAS countries

Basic facts about energy supply, primary and end use energy consumption and expected trends are presented for each of participant countries.

BulgariaBulgaria

Primary and end use of energy

Overall Energy Balance Sheet, BULGARIAYea

r1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Production of primary energy

000’ toe

9581 9623 10274

10161

11298

11820

10325

10541

9411 10282

Imports 000’ toe

14694

12196

13914

14113

15804

15035

12677

11824

10932

11471

Exports 000’ toe

116 259 691 2035 2247 1844 1893 1643 2005 2599

Marine bunkering

000’ toe

273 264 253 255 265 229 9 70 8 64

Change in stocks

000’ toe

-1 364 97 377 -192 -465 36 -40 329 118

Gross consumption of primary energy (GCPE)=Gross inland consumption

000’ toe

23886

21659

23341

22362

24398

24317

21227

20616

18667

19218

Available for final consumption 11172

10918

9844 9606

Final energy consumption 9936 9607 8656 8436of which: Industry 5194 4320 3487 3451

Transport 1615 1911 1941 1839Households, commerce, public

authorities etc. 3127 3375 3230 3145

of which households only 2233 2468 2249 2189

Structure of fuels62


NAS countries

PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY(Thousand tons of oil equivalent)

1997 1998 1999 2000Total 10395 10541 9411 10282 Coal 5011 5079 4341 4520 Crude oil 28 33 44 46 Natural gas 28 23 22 12 Other solid fuels 251 413 413 550 Nuclear and hydroenergy

5077 4993 4591 5154

GROSS INLAND CONSUMPTION(Thousand tons of oil equivalent)

1997 1998 1999 2000Total 21227 20616 18667 19218Coal 7780 7333 6509 6725Other solid fuels 359 558 528 584Crude oil 6059 5674 5783 5453Oil products -1441 -758 -1262 -1233Natural gas 3699 3129 2686 2932Nuclear and hydro-energy

5077 4993 4591 5154

Electricity -306 -313 -168 -397

FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION(Thousand tons of oil equivalent)

1997 1998 1999 2000Total 9936 9607 8656 8436Hard coal and lignite

389 289 317 278

Fuels from coal and lignite

1046 986 744 707

Natural gas 1710 1326 880 937Oil products 3093 3309 3305 3007Biomass, MSW and other

254 409 407 555

Electricity 2294 2225 2049 2075Heat 1150 1063 954 877

STRUCTURE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION (Per cent)

1997 1998 1999 2000Production of primary energy

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Coal 48,2 48,2 46,1 44,0Crude oil 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,4Natural gas 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1

63


NAS countriesOther solid fuels 2,4 3,9 4,4 5,3Nuclear and hydro energy 48,8 47,4 48,8 50,1Gross consumption of primary energy = Gross inland consumption

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Coal 36,7 35,6 34,7 35,0Other solid fuels 1,7 2,7 2,8 3,0Crude oil 28,5 27,5 30,8 28,4Petroleum products -6,8 -3,7 -6,3 -6,4Natural gas 17,4 15,2 14,3 15,3Nuclear and hydro energy 23,9 24,2 24,5 26,8Electricity -1,4 -1,5 -0,9 -2,1Final energy consumption - total

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Coal 3,9 3,0 3,6 3,3Fuels from coal and lignite 10,5 10,2 8,5 8,4Oil products 31,1 34,9 38,8 35,6Natural gas 17,2 13,7 10,1 11,1Electricity 23,1 23,0 23,4 24,6Heat 11,6 11,0 10,9 10,4Biomass and MSW 2,6 4,2 4,7 6,6Final energy consumption in households

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Coal 6,9 5,1 5,0 3,4Fuels from coal and lignite 18,9 19,2 13,5 10,9Oil products 0,4 0,6 0,9 0,8Natural gas - - - -Electricity 38,1 36,7 38,7 38,7Heat 27,8 23,9 26,0 23,2Biomass and MSW 8,1 14,5 15,9 22,9

SHARES OF FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION(Per cent)

Total 100 100 100 100Industry 52,3 44,97 40,3 40,9Transport 16,3 19,9 22,4 21,8Households, commerce, public authorities, other, etc.

31,5 35,1 37,3 37,3

of which households only 22,5 25,7 26,0 25,9

Percentage of imported energy sources(Energy independence = Production of primary energy / Gross inland consumption)

ENERGY INDEPENDENCE OF THE COUNTRY(Per cent)

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Total 40,1 44,4 44,0 45,6 46,3 48,6 48,7 51,1 50,4 53,5Coal 62,8 71,1 63,7 66,7 70,4 71,1 64,4 69,3 66,7 67,2Crude 0,9 2,52 0,8 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,8 0,8

64


NAS countriesoilNatural gas

0,2 0,7 1,4 1,2 0,9 0,7 0,8 0,7 0,8 0,4

Electricity production and consumption

In 2000, the gross electricity demand in the country was 36 307 mln. kWh. After the considerable decrease of electric power demand during the recent years, a tendency to stagnation is observed.Electricity production and consumption in Bulgaria in GWh

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Production 4200

03889

93962

83930

64375

04451

94358

84227

53991

84188

8Demand in R. Bulgaria= Gross inland electricity consumption

41041

38275

38021

38104

41843

42352

39278

38064

36296

36307

of which Households

10405

9685 10021

9806 10956

11486

9882 10540

10115

9858

Households – ( electricity consumption in thousand tons of oil equivalent)

895 833 862 843 942 988 850 906 870 848

The maximum load reported in the country for the year 2000 was 7 068 MW in January. The electric power for sale in the country was 25 486 GWh,.

Energy efficiency: reduction in energy intensity (source: Energy Strategy of Bulgaria, March 2002, Ministry of Energy and Energy Recourses)

Energy intensity measured as an amount of primary energy sources per GDP unit (a ton of oil equivalent to US $ 1,000) is one of the key measures of energy efficiency and an important component of a nation’s competitiveness. Bulgaria’s place in Europe measured by this indicator can be seen in the following table. The sharp drop in the value of this indicator for Bulgaria in 1999 is accounted for by the change in the methodology of GDP calculation. For 2000 this indicator is 1.84 t.o.e./$ 1,000 of GDP. The contrast is evident. The market economies, as well as the transition economies in Central Europe have a significant edge in terms of energy intensity per production unit. The Bulgarian economy cannot be competitive until it continues to consume 10 times more energy than the economies in Western Europe and two to three times more than the Central European economies. Even more alarming is the fact that while in all other countries a sustainable downward trend can be observed, the Bulgarian economy continues hovering around the highest values reached by it.

Energy intensity, in t.o.e./$1,000 of GDP1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Bulgar 1.96 1.91 1.74 1.72 1.88 1.83 1.91 2.19 2.23 2.03 1.57

65


NAS countriesiaCzech R

0.97 0.91 0.94 0.86 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.75 0.74 0.72 0.74

Hungary

0.59 0.59 0.64 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.55 0.53 0.49

Poland 1.08 1.03 1.06 0.97 0.95 0.90 0.84 0.83 0.76 0.66 0.59Romania

1.55 1.37 1.30 1.37 1.31 1.20 1.20 1.14 1.14 1.09 1.28

Slovakia

1.08 1.04 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.82

EU 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15

In the early years of the transition, the aggregate consumption of primary energy dropped sharply in parallel with the drop in GDP. It has continued to shrink afterwards, but to a significantly lesser degree than the industrial production, the most significant drop having been witnessed in oil consumption. One of the numerous causes for the high specific energy intensity in Bulgaria is the unfavorable energy balance structure of households. While the total energy consumption of a Bulgarian household is below that indicator in a series of other countries in transition, the consumption of electricity by a Bulgarian household is three times higher than that of a household in Romania, Slovakia and Lithuania and is even higher than in Turkey whose GDP per capita is twice as much as in Bulgaria. While major energy savings are expected in industry, as a result of restructuring and modernisation, energy consumption trends in the residential, service and transport sectors suggest that Government intervention will be needed in order to eliminate inefficiencies. In the electricity sector, the former monopoly supplier NEK EAD (National Electricity Company) has been split up in seven state-owned independent distribution companies and several independent electricity producers. NEK still owns the transmission network and a major part of the generation plants, including the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant and the major thermal and hydro plants. The natural gas sector is dominated by Bulgargaz EAD, although an accounting separation between transmission, storage and distribution activities has been completed. Deliveries are mainly to large industrial consumers and district heating plants, distribution networks for small and residential consumers have still to be developed. District heating companies are state or municipality owned and are in the process of being restructured privatized and modernised.Trends in energy consumption,. (source: Country report on investment climate and market structure in the energy sector-Bulgaria, The Energy Charter Secretariat, January 2002 Energy Supply, MtoeYear 2005 2010 2015

Table 5: Energy End-Use Forecast, MtoeEnergy End-Use Forecast, Mtoe

2005 2010 2015Industry 3,889 4,366 4,835

66


NAS countriesTransport 2,362 2,827 3,281Households

2,587 2,937 3,016

Agriculture and Fish

340 395 447

Services and Others

816 914 999

Total 9,995 11,439 12,577

Table 6: Energy End Use, MtoeEnergy End-Use Forecast, Mtoe

2005 2010 2015

Solid Fuels 732 776 831Liquid Fuels

3,868 4,481 5076

Natural Gas 1,332 1,631 1,857Biomass 499 587 664Electricity 2,646 2,994 3,140Steam 919 971 1,010Consumption in non-energy use

1,212 1,362 1,501

Table 7: Energy End Use Structure 2005 2010 2015Industry 38.92% 38.17% 38.44%Transport 23.63% 24.71% 26.08%Households 25.88% 25.67% 23.98%Agriculture and Fish

3.41% 3.46% 3.56%

Services and Others

8.16% 7.99% 7.94%

The data presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7 are in line with the foreseen GDP growth, on the basis of which an agreement between the Republic of Bulgaria and the international financial institutions has been reached.

HungaryHungary

The energy consumption of the different sectors in Hungary and some absolute values are shown in Tables 1.1. ~ 1.3.

Table 1.1.: Energy consumption of different sectors in Hungary Total 1050 PJ 100,0 PJ%Industry 354,7 PJ 33,8 PJ%Building industry 11,5 PJ 1,1 PJ%Agriculture/forestry 67,0 PJ 6,4 PJ%Transport- 50,4 PJ 4,8 PJ%

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NAS countriescommunication

Population 401,1 PJ 38,2 PJ%Communal 165,3 PJ 15,7 PJ%Table 1.2.: Total energy consumption per year in PJ 1980 1990 1991 19921260,5 1244,2 1179,6 1050,0

Table 1.3.: Energy consumption of population in PJ per year and in % of the total1980 1985 1990 1991 1992300,0 - 404,4 420,0 401,1 23,8 28,4 32,5 35,6 38,2

Regrettable the decreasing tendency of the absolute values is the consequence of the social and economic changes as well as the collapse of the Eastern European market in the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.

Population and communal sectorAlthough the actual state of the Hungarian industry is very difficult, it can be supposed that as a result of the re-privatisation and restructuring, the problems of energy efficient production and technologies will be solved quasi automatically, according to the rules of the market-economy. More difficult is the situation as the energy consumption of population and communal sectors is concerned: although the rules of the market economy are going to prevail in these sectors, as well, the lack of the capital would prevent the appropriate reactions unless the necessary changes will be supported by adequate tax system, cheap credit, subventions and well balanced tariff system. Table 1.4. shows the components of the domestic energy consumption of the population. The difference of the 1992 values of Table 1.3. and Table 1.4. is the consumption of the private workshops. The big difference between the absolute values in 1980 and 1990 is due partly the increased number and floor area of the residential building, partly the beginning of the activity in small private or outworker workshops.

Table 1.4.: Domestic energy consumption of population - components in PJ and %Total 317,8 PJ 100,0 PJ %Heating 171,5 PJ 54,0 PJ %Car 82,4 PJ 26,0 PJ %Hot water 35,4 PJ 11,0 PJ %Cooking 19,0 PJ 6,0 PJ %Domestic appliances

6,3 PJ 2,0 PJ %

Lighting 3,2 PJ 1,0 PJ %

Table 1. 6.: Energy carriers of the domestic consumption of population Coal 2228 47,5 14,95WoodOil 2122 90,14 28,38

68


NAS countriesNatural gas (106m3)

2452 90,6 28,52

PB gas 274 12,8 4,03Gas total - 103,4 32,55Electricity (106 kWh)

10514 37,8 11,90

Others - 36,8 11,60Total - 317,6 100,0With regard to the energy carriers of the domestic consumption the data are shown in Table 1.6. If the sources of the electric energy are taken into account, as well, the data of the fossil fuels will change, according to Table 1.7. The 18,4 PJ difference between the totals of Tables 1.6. and 1.7. is the electricity from nuclear and hydro power stations (40 % and 1 % of the total electric power generation, respectively).

Table 1.7.: Fossil energy carriers in the consumption of the populationUnit PJ PJ %Coal 65,6 23,5Oil 98,1 35,1Gas 115,5 41,4Total 279,2 100,0

Building sectorThe statistical data show unambiguously the importance of the building sector. Besides of the energy consumption of the population about 30 PJ in the communal and 10 PJ in the industrial sectors are used for heating and domestic hot water production


Energy policy is closely related with the economic and raw material policies for which the Ministry of Industry and Trade ("MIT") is responsible, and respects the environmental policy of the State, which is the area of responsibility of the Ministry of Environment ("ME"). It is based on the long-term targets of the State in the area of maintaining a sustainable development of the Czech Republic. Sustainable development is significantly conditioned by reliable and well-secured supply of energy, an economically optimum and environment-friendly approach to the respective energy bearers and to energy consumption. The energy demand for the formation of the gross domestic product (GDP) is still relatively high in the Czech Republic, compared with advanced countries. Energy demand expressed as consumption of primary energy sources per unit of gross domestic product (converted on the basis of the purchasing power parity) is 2.3 times higher than that one in the EU countries, but in comparison with the maximum values within the EU (Portugal) the difference is only 4 %. The main reason why energy demand is so high in the Czech Republic, compared with the advanced EU countries, is the much lower level of GDP generation. Another reason is the structure of

69


NAS countriesthe primary energy sources and structure of end consumption with a higher proportion of solid fuels (on the other hand, this structure helps to reduce dependence on imports and curb the growth of the debit balance of the nation's trade). The historical structure of industrial production where the proportion of power-intensive production processes remains high (metallurgy, production of building materials etc.) is still another reason for the high energy demand. Renewable energy sources cannot be considered as any substantial source of energy within the horizon of energy policy; however, the use of such sources will produce significant regional and local benefits. These include, in particular, the use of biomass such as straw, hay, tree loppings and the development of the phytoenergy sector where the transport costs are bearable. In addition, it is also possible to use the fields which currently lie fallow for to cultivate fast-growing crops as energy sources. Attention should continue being paid to small hydro power stations which may be of great local importance. Certain potential can also be seen in the construction of wind power stations in areas where the average wind speed is above 5 m per second. Solar systems will be used on a limited scale because the total time of sunshine is relatively short in our region and general climatic conditions relatively poor. Geothermal energy may also be exploited, using heat pumps.

70


NAS countries

Final consumption of fuels and energy according to type of fuels

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030year

PJ

Gaseous fuels Central heating

Electricity Gasoline

Brown coal Coke

Fuel oils Hard coal

Renewable sources (wood, geothermal, solar)

Final consumption of fuels and energy according to sectors

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

year

PJ

Industry and Building Households Trade and Services Transport Agriculture

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NAS countries

Ministry of Industry and TradeEnergy Statistics Unit

Primary Energy Supply 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 PJ % PJ % PJ % PJ % PJ % PJ %Solid Fuels 1015,8 55,7 976,5 56,0 882,7 53,2 824,6 50,9 906,4 54,7 924,8 53,6Liquid Fuels 341,5 18,7 305,3 17,5 313,1 18,9 325,6 20,1 314,7 19,0 328,9 19,1Gaseous Fuels 318,0 17,4 323,8 18,6 322,3 19,4 326,9 20,2 317,8 19,2 337,3 19,5Primary Heat 140,9 7,7 137,3 7,9 144,6 8,7 149,6 9,2 147,5 8,9 160,9 9,3Prim. Electricity 7,1 0,4 1,8 0,1 -3,8 -0,2 -5,7 -0,4 -30,6 -1,8 -25,5 -1,5Total 1823,3 100,0 1744,7 100,0 1658,9 100,0 1621,0 100,0 1655,8 100,0 1726,4 100,0

Import of Primary Energy Supply and Share Import of Primary Energy Supply on Consumption of Energy 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 PJ % PJ % PJ % PJ % PJ % PJ %Solid Fuels 80,8 8,0 62,4 6,4 45,4 5,1 40,9 5,0 45,0 5,0 30,5 3,3Liquid Fuels 369,8 108,3 360,8 118,2 362,6 115,8 354,9 109,0 333,5 106,0 343,0 104,3Gaseous Fuels 320,3 100,7 323,1 99,8 324,4 100,7 316,1 96,7 318,3 100,2 328,9 97,5

Data Source: Energy Balances of Czech Republic 1996, 1997 (CSO, May 1999)1996 - 2000 Energy Balances of Czech Republic 1997, 1998, 1999 (CSO, January 2001)

Energy Balances of Czech Republic 1998, 1999, 2000 (CSO, February 2002)

Energy Questionnaires MIT - ENG (MPO) 1-12, ENG (MPO) 2-12, data from Central Dispatch Centre,

2001 (estimate) Energy Regulatory Office, Gas Control Centre, custom database

72


NAS countries

73


NAS countries

HungaryHungary

Primary heat consumption of the Hungarian building stock (PJ):

Family house Traditional house

Industrial structure Total

Moulded houses

Block-houses

Panel structures

Room heating 124,63 15,02 1,37 2,14 0,00 141,79Local (flat) heating

50,59 7,40 0,00 0,00 0,00 58,00

Central heating 0,00 3,06 0,22 0,31 0,00 3,41District heating 0,07 1,05 1,31 1,82 10,18 13,35Total 175,29 26,54 2,91 4,27 10,18 216,54

LatviaLatvia

Latvia is not rich in natural energy resources about 64.25 % of the energy resources are imported - gas, oil products and coal (e.g. it was so in 2000), the local energy resources are hydro, wood, peat, wind energy (Table 1). Regarding the electricity, 68% of the total supply (5.944 billion kWh in 2000), is generated by hydro plants and combined heat and power plants, an insignificant part is produced by small hydro power stations and wind generators (0,4 % of the total electricity supply in 2000), the rest is imported from abroad (Table 2).

Table 1. Primary energy resources supply in LatviaEnergy

resources1990 1998 1999 2000

PJ PJ PJ PJGas 106 43.8 46.0 50.7

Oil products 193.2 69.1 65.7 50.5Coal 26 4.3 3.6 2.8

Import ofelectricity

13 1.9 7.0 6.4

Electricity hydro

16.3 15.5 9.9 10.2

Wood 15.5 37.7 38.2 34.3Peat 4.2 3.0 1.5 2.4

Other 4.6 0.2 0.9 1.8Total 378.8 175.5 172.7 159.1

Table 2. Electricity production and net import in Latvia

74


NAS countriesComponents ofelectricity

supply

1997 1998 1999 2000GWh GWh GWh GWh

CHP 1547.7 1348 1350 1312HPP 2952 4302 2758 2828WPP 1.55 1.8 2.1 4.42

Import of electricity

1822.7 530 1955 1778

Total Total consumptionconsumption

6323.95 6181.8 6035.1 5922.42

The electricity that is produced in Latvia is to about 48 % produced at three hydro power plants situated in the Daugava River. The remaining part is mainly produced at two combined electricity and heat production plants in Riga. The fuels used at these plants are oil, gas and peat. The energy consumption tendency is shown in the table 3.

Table 3. Energy consumption by sectors (PJ)1999 2000

Final energy consumption

Of which:

142.555 127.518

IndustryNon energy use

30.7832.062

28814

Transport, of whichAirRoadRailWaterPipeline

29.9981.25325.2732.8100.4250.237

30.0711.12325.5612.910340137

Agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing

4.226 3.957

Construction 3.492 3.105Households 45.679 40.656Other consumers 26.315 20.915

The building sector in Latvia is more energy capacious sector – 43.4.5% of the final total energy consumption have been consumed by buildings in 2000. According to that the energy demand in household as well as energy conservation potential are very important parts of the management and development of energy sector and national economy in total in Latvia.

LithuaniaLithuania

Gross Inland Consumption of Primary Energy in 2001 – 8396 ktoe:

75


NAS countries- Oil products – 2576 ktoe- Natural gas - 2413 “ - Nuclear Hydro – 2648 “ - Solid and oth. Energy Sources 759 “

End energy consumption in country (2001) – 4092 “End energy consumption in building sector (2001): - Households – 1410 ktoe:

- Natural gas - 121 ktoe- Coal - 18 “- Peat - 6 “- Fire wood, Waste – 515 “- Liquefied Gas - 77 “- Heat - 517 “- Electricity - 156 “

- Commercial and Public Services – 484 ktoe- Natural Gas - 37 “- Coal - 40 “- Oil products - 18 “- Fire wood, Waste - 40 “- Heat - 178 “- Electricity - 171 “

Imported primary energy sources - ~94%Gross production of electricity in 2001 – 14737 GWhFinal Consumption – 6447 GWh:

- Industry - 2347 GWh- Transport - 91 “- Agriculture - 197 “- Households - 1817 “- Commercial and Public Services – 1995 “

Potential of energy saving in existing buildings - ~40%.

PolandPoland

The structure of primary energy production and consumption in the years 1990 and 2000 are presented below in a Fig.1A.1 In the year 2000 the primary energy consumption was at level of 91,7 Mtoe and it was made up 61 % by coal, 23.5% by oil, 10,9 % by natural gas, 3.1% by wood, peat and waste fuels and 0.4% by hydro energy. These figures show the outstanding position of coal in the Polish energy market. „Others” shown in the first row in Fig.1A.1 are non-fossil primary energy carriers, which include so called “old” renewables: wood, peat, waste fuels, hydro energy. The “new” renewables, like wind energy and biogas gained a very small share of electricity generation. The use of geothermal and solar is even lower. In reality the share of renewables is even less than 2% of total primary energy consumption.

76


NAS countries

P - energy production C- energy consumption

Fig. 1 A.1 Structure of primary energy production and consumption in Poland in 1990 and 2000

Percentage of imported energy sources in different period of time (in years: 1990, 1995,1998) is presented in Table 1A.1.

Table 1A.1 Structure and share of net import in Total Primary Energy Requirements -TPER [ % ]

Fuels Share of net import in TPER

1990 1995 1998Hard coal x x xBrown coal x x xNatural gas 74.6 63.6 66.8Oil 100.0 96.4 95.9Hydro x x xWood, waste and renewables

x x x

Total 3.9 0.4 9.5Source: ARE (1999a)

Trends in primary energy supply show that after the several years of decrease and later stagnation primary energy supply is expected to rise again over the next two decades, but it will stay below the level of the late 1980s., what is presented in Fig.1A.2.

77


NAS countries

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

[ PJ

]Historic grow th

Progress-plus scenario

Reference scenario

Survival scenario

Source: ARE (1999a), GUS (1999a), RM (2000b)

Figure 1A. 2. Poland primary energy supply historic growth and future expectations

The Polish power generation sector is the largest in Central and Eastern Europe. In last years electricity production was at level of 140 TWh. About 97% of Polish electricity is generated from coal, of which 95% is produced by 22 public power plants and 45 public CHP plants. Further fuel input resources are hydro energy, fuel oil and natural gas. Government plans to diversify fuel sources led to Enron’s construction of the first gas fired co-generation plant Nowa Sarzyna. The total generation capacity of the Polish power industry is at about 31 GW, and together with industry CHP they have near 34 GW of installed capacity. Since 1990 installed capacity changes have taken place only in industry CHPs (decrease of 11%) and public thermal power plants for hard coal (increase of about 11% - from which 8% due to the construction of the new power plant Opole). This has involved the growth of the base-capacity in the system, with the demand for new peak capacities. The basic objectives of energy policy are laid out in the planning document “Poland’s Energy Policy Guidelines by2020”. Specific details are included in the Energy Law, which was passed in December 1997 and entered into force in January 1998. The document “Poland’s Energy Policy Guidelines by 2000” was adopted in February, 2000. It formulates the basis energy policy objectives: Security in energy supplies, by maintaining full coverage of demand for

fuels and energy, in a technically and economically rational manner, while fulfilling environmental protection requirements,

Improvement of the competitive position of domestic entities in the energy business and of products and services offered on the international and internal markets,

Protection of the natural environment.The Energy Law has initiated substantial restructuring and regulation of electricity and heat markets. It has introduced number of progressive energy efficiency policies, which includes labelling, efficiency standards, and demand side management. It has given an access of third parties to the grid. One of the main aims of the new Energy Law was also to establish a competitive

78


NAS countriesmarket and regulatory framework for regulation of monopolies. It has introduced free market energy prices and by-regional rate diversification. Many of the provisions relating to energy efficiency require responsible ministries to introduce detailed secondary legislation to implement the broad provisions of the Energy Law. Under the Law the Ministry of Economy is responsible for energy policy. One of the most important provisions of the Energy Law was to establish the Energy Regulation Authority (URE - Urzad Regulacji Energetyki). This Authority is dealing with general control of the Polish fuel and power economy. Its main task is to reconcile the common good with the idea of free trade.Energy sector is regulated also by three acts that are complementary to the Energy Law: The Law on Mining and Geology that was established in 1994 and regulates

hard coal mining and oil and natural gas extraction. Water Law, dated October 24, 1974 (mine water, power industry, waste

storage), The Act on the State stock reserves and obligatory fuels stock reserves

adopted in 1996, it obligates business entities to maintain fuel reserves at their own expense. The level of reserves is specified and shall be gradually established and targeted at the 90 day level.

Scenarios analysed in the “Poland’s Energy Policy Guidelines by 2020” show, that the significant increase of power demand and generation is expected, starting from about 42% in Survival scenario, up to 6366% in Reference and Progress-Plus scenarios (from 202 to 233236 TWh/a in the year 2020, respectively). The dynamics of power generation is shown in Fig. 1A. 3.

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Year

[TW

h/a]

Historic grow th

Progress-plus scenario

Reference scenario

Survival scenario

Source: ARE (1999a), GUS (1999a), RM (2000b)

Figure 1A. 3. Historic and expected Polish power generation

According to the “Poland’s Energy Policy Guidelines by 2020” the significant changes in fuels structure of final energy demand - FED are expected. Nowadays, the final energy demand -FED in Poland is characterised by the large shares of solid fuels and district heat, and relatively small shares of liquid fuels, natural gas and electricity. The historic and expected changes of FED are shown in Fig.1A. 4

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NAS countries

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

[PJ]

1990 1998 Passive Base Active

renew ables

oil

natural gas

brow n coal

hard coal

Scenarios 2020Historic data

Source: ARE (1999a), RM (2000b)Figure 1A. 4. Historic and expected changes of FED 1990-2020, by fuels type

Poland is still the major energy consumer in Central and Eastern countries. Energy efficiency in building sector is especially important for Poland, where the high energy consumption in residential and tertiary sector causes the high energy intensity of the whole economy. Energy used in the residential and tertiary sector is responsible for 40% of total primary energy consumption. New buildings are constructed in accordance with new energy efficiency standards, however energy consumes by older buildings themselves is very high. High energy consumption is caused by the high heat losses in buildings what is connected with not proper building materials and construction, with poor utilisation of heat supplied to the building and lack of energy efficiency awareness. There is an urgent need of energy conservation in buildings. The average energy consumption for space heating in residential buildings, which were constructed in years 1960 -1990, is equal in average to 280 kWh/m2, and sometimes in extreme cases even to 350 kWh/m2 . Nowadays, new buildings are constructed in accordance to new energy conservation standards. The average annual energy consumption for space heating is about 100 kWh/m2. District heating is a major component of Poland’s energy infrastructure. District heating networks supply more than half of Poland’s residential heating needs, with 75% in urban areas. The largest district heating network in the world is in Warsaw. More than 20% of total Poland’s power capacity is generated in cogeneration with heat in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. 800 Polish cities operate district heating networks with 8263 heating plants. Poland’s district heating system contains 3925 km of mains and 5775 km of distribution network pipelines. Additionally, there are about 1.5 million small coal-fired heating boilers of less than 50 kW thermal power each unit. They supply heat to public buildings, schools, hospitals, etc. Heat is produced and supplied to buildings with high losses. Heat losses exist also in buildings and are mainly results from improper utilization of heat and lack of energy efficiency awareness. Fig. 1 shows the difference in efficiency levels between Polish and EU district heating. When we compare data from Polish and EU district heating, it is evident that Polish system is very ineffective and needs urgent renovation. Total heat losses, connected with heat production in CHP plants, heat transmission in networks and utilization of heat are in average equal to 67%, while in EU countries only to 23%. The present residential energy consumption is as follows:

60% of energy for space heating,

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NAS countries 15% for domestic hot water, 13% for electricity, 12% for cooking (gas supply).

Table 1A.2 presents the history and dynamics of electricity balance in the country including residential sector and Table 1A.3 is on energy balance for construction sector.

Table 1A. 2. Balance of electricitySpecification [GWh] 1990 1995 1999 2000Supply 14674

9143362

145619

148473

From domestic sources-generation 136311

139006

142183

145183

of which public power plantsThermal 12489

9126805

130615

141035

Hydro 3302 3780 4142 4143Imports 10438 4356 3491 3290

Use 146749

143362

145619

148473

Domestic consumption 124711

118134

122621

124143

For pumping water in pumped storage-plants

2614 2761 2965 2789

Direct consumption 122097

115373

119656

121354

of which sales to end users 102509

96119 99376 102903

of whichTo households 20558 18075 20800 21037

To municipal plants for street lightning

1325 1700 1827 1825

Exports 11478 7157 8426 9663Losses and statistical differences 10560 18071 14572 14667

Source: CSO Statistic Yearbook 2000

Table 1A. 3. ENERGY BALANCE OF CONSTRUCTION SECTOR in 1999

No.

Specification Unit ofmeasure

Globalconsumptionor exchange

balance

1. Total energy TJ 23091

2. Primary energy TJ 1937

3. Steam coal TJ 1431

81


NAS countries4. Coking coal TJ 5

5. Brown coal TJ 1

6. High _ methane natural gas

TJ 454

7. Nitrified natural gas TJ 35

8. Peat and wood TJ 6

9. Solid biomass and animal products

TJ 4

10. Hard coal briquettes TJ 3

11. Coke and semi – coke TJ 174

12. Liquefied petroleum gas (lpg)

TJ 43

13. Motor gasoline TJ 649

14. Automotive diesel oil TJ 4652

15. Other diesel oil TJ 358

16. Light fuel oil TJTJ 2179

17. Heavy fuel oil TJ 74

18. Non energy products TJ 10504

19. Electricity GWh, T 563, 2027

20. Heat TJ 493

Electricity demand growth is expected to be between 1.6 and 2.3%/a up to 2020 (Fig. 3). Among others it is due to a tendency of rapid increase of electric appliances penetration in household sector. In the households of employees the growth in several modern electric appliances in 1995-1998 is expected to amount to 150200%, reaching 760% in the case of personal computers, what is presented in Table 1A.4.

Table 1A. 4 Households of employees furnished with selected durable goods, in 1985-1998

Goods 1985 1990 1995 1998 1995/19901/

1998/1995

per 100 households

percent of households %

82


NAS countriesRadio set 82.0 93.6 69.2 56.9 not

relevant82

Television set black and white

90.5 66.1 3.8 6.8 not relevant

179

Television set color 23.1 67.1 95.7 110.6 143 116Compact disc player n.a. n.a. n.a. 12.3 n.a. n.a.Videorecorder 23.1 67.1 76.7 73.9 114 96Personal computer n.a. n.a. 2.1 16.0 n.a. 762Washing machine and spin-dryer

79.9 72.8 23.7 41.3 not relevant

174

Automatic washing machine

38.7 63.5 75.4 81.4 119 108

Vacuum cleaner 94.8 97.6 97.2 97.1 100 100Refrigerator 103.7 99.8 65.7 99.2 not

relevant151

Freezer 23.8 33.5 35.3 141 105Microwave oven n.a. n.a. 6.3 15.1 n.a. 240Dishwasher n.a. n.a. 0.6 1.2 n.a. 2001/ due to the categorisation change between 1990 and 1995, the comparison can be not relevant, especially in cases, when in 1990 the high number of goods occurs (there is a possibility that some households were furnished with two or more specific goods) ; Source: Energsys (2001)

RomaniaRomania

Geographical position: State in the south-eastern part of central Europe, at the northern extremity of the Balkan Peninsula, in the area of maximum development of the Carpathian Mountains, within the interior basin of the Danube River, into the Black Sea, between 43o37'07" and 48o15'06" northern latitude and 20o15'44" and 29o41'24" eastern longitude. Romania is placed at about equal distances (2,700-2,900 km) from the western, eastern, and northern extreme limits of the European continent: the Atlantic shore (western limit of the Iberian Peninsula) to the West, the Urals to the East, the Arctic shore (Northern Cape of the Scandinavian Peninsula) to the North. Some 1,050 kilometres separate Romania from the southern extremity of continental Europe, (Cape Matapan on the Peloponnesus Peninsula of Greece).Borders: 3175.1 km; 2/3 of which are rivers (Danube, Prut, Tisa) and sea (Black Sea) and 1/3 land. Neighbours - E and N: Ukraine (639.4 km) and Republic of Moldova (681.3 km), SE: Black Sea (234 km), SW: Yugoslavia (Serbia 544.3 km), W: Hungary (444.8 km), S: Bulgaria (631.3 km).Area: 238,391 km2 (the 11th ranking country in Europe and the 79th in the world).Population: 22,656,145 inhabitants (1 January 1996).Population density: 95 inhabitants per km2.

83


NAS countriesCapital: Bucharest (2,054,079 inhabitants on 1 July 1995; 2,332,620 if the Ilfov Agricultural Sector population is included). Official language: Romanian.Administrative divisions: 40 counties and the Municipality of Bucharest having a status similar to that of a county, 262 towns (of which, 67 municipalities), and 2,686 communes with about 13,000 villages.

The country's energy sector is in restructuring phase as part of a transition to a market-driven economy, including introducing competition to the energy sector and adjusting energy prices to international prices--two of the major objectives of Romania's energy sector integration into the EU. There is still registered a lack of stimuli for energy saving, a shortage of financial funding for the acquisition of high-efficiency equipment and technology, and a preponderance of energy inefficient use in buildings that leads to high energy consumption and low efficiency. Romania's per capita energy consumption in 1998 was 1.9525 toe. The overall energy consumption balance reveals the following division:- industrial sector accounted for fully 69.5% of total energy used in 1998, - residential consumption making up only 17.8% of the total - transportation sector just 12.7%. -The total energy consumption was assured by the following primary sources:- natural gas: 37% of the total- oil: 33.5% - and coal: 16%.

Over the last years Romania is trying to spur reforms to revitalize and to restructure the energy sector by pushing with oil and gas liberalization, power sector competition, and energy efficiency. Resources of primary energy include:- production of primary energy carriers (net coal, crude oil, natural gas, fire

wood, hydroelectric, nuclear-electric energy and energy from non-conventional sources);

- imports of primary and transformed energy;

Primary energy production

thou tonnes of oil equivalent 1)1996 2) 1997 2) 1998 2) 1999 2) 2000 2)

Production - total 35135 31401 28797 27765 28106of which:Coal 8065 6600 5149 4644 5601Crude oil 6700 6604 6415 6244 6157Natural gas 3) 13764 11908 11196 11192 10968Electric energy 1718 2916 3009 2848 2610Oil equivalent (10000 kcal/kg) 1)

Including energy products obtained and consumed in households 2)

Excluding gasoline and ethane from extraction oil-wells which are included in crude oil 3)

source: Romanian statistical yearbook, 200184


NAS countries

Primary energy resources thou tonnes of oil equivalent 1) Primary energy - total Production Imports1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Resources 55,936 51,275 46,205 39,791 40,360 35,135 31,401 28,797 27,765 28,106 18,806 17,928 15,148 10,186 10,925

Coal 12,109 11,397 9,381 7,511 8,058 8,065 6,600 5,149 4,644 5,601 2,773 3,429 2,495 1,584 1,706of which:Lignite 6,741 5,899 5,083 4,542 4,354 5,944 4,881 3,841 3,524 4,354 1Imported coke 52 119 67 146 211 52 119 67 146 211Natural gas 19,418 15,938 14,969 13,730 13,680 13,764 11,908 11,196 11,192 10,968 5,654 4,030 3,773 2,538 2,712Crude oil 14,557 13,414 12,926 11,086 11,485 6,700 6,604 6,415 6,244 6,157 7,153 6,243 6,000 4,293 4,759Imported petroleum products

2,981 4,018 2,711 1,530 1,470 2,981 4,018 2,711 1,530 1,470

Fuelwood (including biomass)

4,900 3,371 3,029 2,828 2,771 4,881 3,360 3,017 2,820 2,762

Other fuels 2 1 1 1 1 1Hydroelectric and nuclear-electric energy

1,718 2,916 3,099 2,848 2,610 1,718 2,916 3,009 2,848 2,610

Imported electric energy

193 89 102 95 67 193 89 102 95 67

Energy from non-convent. sources

6 13 10 17 7 6 13 10 17 7

Oil equivalent (10000 kcal/kg) 1) source: Romanian statistical yearbook, 2001

Taking as reference the year 1999, the final energy consumption (TFC) in Romania, of 23.741 Mtoe, was distributed as follows among sectors: Industrial: 9.456 Mtoe (39.8%) Residential: 8.746 Mtoe (36.8%) Services: 0.735 Mtoe (3.1%) Transport: 3.229 Mtoe (13.6%) Agriculture: 0.469 Mtoe (2.0%) Non-specified: 0.421 Mtoe (1.8%)

The electricity balance for 1993-1997 is presented in the following table. During the reported period the peak of electricity production was in 1996 (61.37 TWh) being decreased in 1997 (57,.14 TWh) and then increased again to 61.37 TWh in 1996. The electricity consumption in overall remains constant during the period around values of 45 million kWh.

Electricity Balance for 1993-1997 (million kWh)Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997Production 55,476 55,136 59,267 61,370 57,149Thermal energy 42,708 42,090 42,573 44,209 34,239Hydro power 12,768 13,046 16,694 15,765 17,510Nuclear-electricity - - - 1,396 5,400

85


NAS countriesConsumptionout of which:

45,610 44,840 46,460 46,150 45,070

Industry 29,190 27,860 29,340 30,290 30,930Construction 0,590 0,770 0,760 0,650 0,550Agriculture 1,960 1,830 1,760 1,330 1,790Transportation 2,210 1,900 2,170 2,330 2,230Services 4,640 5,830 5,310 3,430 1,620Households 7,020 6,650 7,120 8,120 7,950Import 2,991 ,7900 0,755 2,242 1,038Export 1,118 1,065 0,456 1,435 0,817

The forecast shows the growth of import dependence in the primary energy resources. The energy forecasts for primary energy resources demand until 2020 is presented in the following table.

Forecast of the Primary Energy Resources Demand ToeDemand 2005 2010 2015 2020Coal 7,500 7,500 4,350 3,300Hydro power 1,359 1,359 1,359 1,376Natural gas 18,595 18,918 23,345 23,345Nuclear 2,815 2,815 2,815 2,815Oil and petroleum products

13,558 17,210 19,963 24,072

Other (included renewable)

3,150 3,150 3,150 3,150

TOTALout of which:

46,977 50,952 54,982 58,058

- imported 22,533 27,755 34,477 38,886

The forecast shows considerable growth of oil and petroleum products demand by 2020. The strategy of oil sector development foresees upgrading of refinery facilities as well as construction of product pipelines from Romanian refineries to neighbouring countries. The forecast of primary internal energy resources production is presented in the following table.

Forecast of Primary Energy Resources Production Toe2005 2010 2015 2020

Total Internal Productionout of which:

25,550 24,210 20,250 20,260

of which:Natural Gas 11,000 9,660 7,560 7,560Oil and Petroleum Products

4,760 4,760 4,760 4,760

Coal 3,900 3,900 2,040 2,040Hard Coal 1,730 1,730 1,730 1,730Hydro 1,360 1,360 1,360 1,370Nuclear 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800

86


NAS countries

The electricity demand is expected to increase on the basis of the industry grow and improvement of its efficiency. In the long-term the electricity consumption is going to increase to 54,200 million kWh in 2010 and to 69.0 million kWh in 2020 conform to the estimations presented in the following table. Forecast of Electricity Consumption

(Million kWh)2005 2010 2015 2020

Electricity Consumption 48,30 59,30 71,10 83,40

The forecast of Electricity consumption by sectors is presented in the following table . Forecast of electricity consumption, by sectors

(million kWh)2005 2010 2015 2020

Electricity consumptionout of which:

46,800 54,200 61,200 69,000

Industry 28,400 29,900 33,800 38,000Construction 1,300 1,800 2,400 3,300Agriculture 2,200 2,600 3,200 4,000Transportation 2,900 3,400 3,900 4,700Services 3,000 5,300 5,500 5,700Households 9,000 11,200 12,400 13,300


Population 5 356 200 (year 1995) and 5 399 000 (2001)

Primary use of energy – 17.61 Mtons (1995) and 17.99 Mtons (1999)End use of energy - 12.76 Mtons (1995) and 12.92 Mtons (1999)

Electricity 27.3 TWh (1995) 28.3 TWh (2001)import 3.9 TWh import 6.0 TWhexport 2.5 TWh export 9.7 TWh

Gas 6.5 Mldm3 (1995)7.6 Mldm3 (2001)Crude oil 5223 Thousands tons (1995) 5341 Thousands tons (2001)Brown coal 3759 Thousands tons (1995) 3424 Thousands tons (2001)Heat use industry 147.9 PJ (1995) 153.1 PJ (2000)

building sector 104.3 PJ (1995) 103.0 PJ (2000)district heating 42.3 PJ (1995) 43.0 PJ (2000)individ. heating 62.0 PJ (1995) 60.0 PJ (2000)

87


NAS countries

In end use of fuel dominates gas. Almost all dwelling houses have district heating (49 % from all dwellings). For heat production is used 39 % from primary energy sources. Trends in energy politics:

sustainable, secure and reliable energy for state,new structure and privatization of energy production,liberalization of energy market, legislative harmonization,new tariffs for electricity and gas,new taxes for use of energy,new concept for energy supply in Slovakia,higher energy efficiency and broader use of renewable

energy,establishing of energy regulate institution and central

foundation for energy savings.

SloveniaSloveniaPrimary and end use energy in country and in the building sector

Year 1995 Year 2000 TrendPopulation 1.990.266 1.990.094 =

Primary use of energy (PJ) (toe = 45 .109 J)

238 (1990)273 (1997)

286

+

Coal 61,2 Liquid fuels (crude+petroleum)

103,0

Gas 28,5 37,1 Nuclear 55,8 Renewable HE . ... biomass+waste total

14,9 19,3

34,2

Electricity export -5,3Sources of primary energy (PJ)Domestic 140,5 Import 178

Export 32,588


NAS countriesPrimary use of energy per capita per year (GJ/cap/a) (MWh/cap/a)Primary use of energy per gross domestic product per year (MJ/EURO) (kWh/EURO)

14439,9

15,84,4

End use of energy (PJ)(toe = 45 . 109 J)

165 (1990)187 (1997)

205

Coal 3,5 Liquid fuels 102 Gas 31,2 Electricity 41 Heat 8,1 8,8 Renewable biomass+waste

18,5

Transportation (PJ) 59,4

Households (PJ) 51

Coal 0,2 Liquid fuels 17,4 Gas 1,1 2,7 Electricity 9,0 10,1 Heat 3,9 4,2 Renewables 16,3

* the export of petrolium is included

89

Primary energy supply (2000)- fuels share %

35,4

21

19,2

12,7

6,6 5,1

liquid fuels

coal

nuclear energy

natural gas

RE

hydro

Final consumption (2000) - fuels share (%)

20,1

15,1

9,1 4,3 1,849,9

petroleum products

electricity

natural gas

RE

heat

coal

Final consumption (2000) - sectors share (%)

30

25

16

29

Manufacturing andconstructionTransport

Households

Other

Electricity production (2000) - technology share (%)

35,5

35

29,5

Nuclear PP

Thermal PP

Hydro PP


NAS countries

90


NAS countries

Chapter 3

Meteorological data

In this chapter the basic meteorological data – solar radiation, average temperatures, degree-days etc are presented. The national institutions which provides meteorological data are listed. In addition data about test reference years are included. The data are in different forms and formats and therefore there are presented for each participant countries separately.

BulgariaBulgaria

Monthly average temperatures, solar radiation and heating degree days for three representative regions in Bulgaria

Parameter

Month of the yearJan

Feb

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Oct Nov

Dec

Sofia, latitude 42,7o

Average ambienttemperature, oC

-2 0.1 4.9 10.4 15.3 18.

721.1 20.7 16.

5 11.2 5.2 0.4

Average total solar radiation, MJ/m2.day

4.9

7.7

11.02

14.96

17.81

20.3

21.2

20.19

15.1

12.12

5.45 3.71

Heating degree-days

651

530 411 252 39 - - - 32 171 37

9 578

Parameter

Month of the yearJan Fe

bMar Apr May Jun Jul Au

gSep Oc

tNov

Dec

Plovdiv, latitude 42,2o


-0.4 1.3 6.2 12.4 17.4 21.3 23.7 23 18.7 12.

8 7.6 1.9

Average total solar radiation,

5.55

8.88

11.37

15.78

20.52

21.82

23.85

23.1

17.32

12 7.05

5.25

91


NAS countriesMJ/m2.dayHeating degree-days

604

484 376 143 28 - - - 14 13

3309 535

Parameter

Month of the yearJan Fe

bMar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se

pOct No

vDec

Varna, latitude 43,2o


0.9 1.8 5.1 10.2 15.6 20.2 23.7 22.3 19 13.8 9 3.4

Average total solar radiation, MJ/m2.day

5.03

7.49

11.35

15.71

19.31

21.29

21.56

19.72 16 10.2

15.61

3.56

Heating degree-days

545

474 412 211 45 - - - 10 95 25

0461

Design temperatures and relative humidity

Location

Altit

ude,

m

Bar

omet

ric

pres

sure

, hPa

Hours uncertainty within the year non providing thermal comfort

win

d sp

eedWinter Summer

0 20 400

400

200 20 0

t, oC

t, oC

t, oC

t, oC

t, oC

RH, %

t, oC

RH, %

t, oC

RH, %

w, m/s

Bourgas 2 100

0-

22-

10 -1 27 28 57 34 44 39 33 3.9

Varna 3 1000

-23

-11 -2 27 29 54 34 44 39 33 3.1

Russe 41 995 -28

-17 -6 29 30 40 37 25 42 26 2.9

Pleven 163 981 -

28-

17 -6 28 29 43 38 23 42 26 2.9Tarnov

o208 976 -

28-

17 -6 28 30 40 37 25 41 27 2.5

Vidin 35 996 -32

-18 -6 28 30 39 37 26 41 27 3.4

Sofia 550 936 -

27-

16 -5 26 27 45 33 32 37 24 3.7

Plovdiv 160 981 -

31-

15 -4 29 31 42 37 28 11 30 5.9

Sandan 19 978 - - -2 29 31 36 38 23 42 26 4.692


NAS countriesski 0 21 10

Haskovo

192 977 -

25-

14 -3 29 31 36 37 25 42 26 2.1

Test reference year of hourly climate data has been developed in 1983 for the region of Sofia by the Technical University of Sofia. In 1996 the TRY has been updated based on the last 17 year climate data. Cooling degree days are not available as reference data base.


It is possible to buy hourly meteorological data fir many reigns from Meteorological institute

Winter weather analysis (including averages, degree days) are published each ear in technical magazine VVI

Solar radiation for air conditionig design -Czech standard 730548, For solar collectors book J. Cihelka: Solar technic

Design conditions for 100 Czech cities book J. Chyský: Vlhky vzduch, 1977 TRY for Prague available, another 5 cities in processHeating season - standard Prague 226 days t average 4.3 °C Degree-days (19) 3308- 2000-2001 Prague 211 days t average 5,3 °C Degree-days (19) 2897- standard towns in the Czech republic 215-253 days t average 2.8 - 4.1 °C

HungaryHungary

Monthly average temperatures:

Budape

stKékeste

tő Pécsjan -1 -4 -0,7feb 0,9 -3,3 1

march 6 0,2 6,4apr 11,1 4,7 11,4may 16,4 10,4 16,4jun 19,5 13,2 19,8jul 21,5 15,7 22aug 20,8 15,1 21,5sept 16,7 11,9 17,4oct 11 6,1 11,5nov 5,1 0,7 5,7dec 1,1 -2,2 1,6

average 10,7 5,7 11,1

Heating degree days (ti = 20 oC, to = 12 oC):

93


NAS countries

degree-days

[houroC]heated days

Magyaróvár 3364 208

Keszthely 3110 197Pécs 2969 198

Budapest 3070 193Kecskemét 3251 198

Szeged 2978 188Nyíregyhá

za 3477 204Kékestető 4598 262

Cooling degree-days, Budapest [houroC]: ti = 20 oC ti = 20 oC ti = 24 oC to = 24 oC to = 20 oC to = 24 oC

March - 2,74 -April 94,2 209 27May 500,7 751 192June 960 1303 417July 2019 1421 996

August 2072 2449 1075Sept 601 829 255Oct 10,5 30 2,5Nov - 0,24 -

Solar radiation:Solar radiation intensity - global North [Wh/m2]

h/month I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 28 0 55 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 28 86 155 152 55 0 0 0 07 0 0 0 55 109 173 172 102 51 0 0 08 0 0 46 83 126 180 177 122 74 46 0 09 0 36 83 111 140 166 172 142 111 74 46 28

10 40 55 97 119 142 165 165 147 124 94 61 4411 61 83 105 127 147 183 163 148 130 105 69 5812 64 85 108 129 150 197 162 148 130 106 72 6613 61 83 103 127 148 208 160 90 125 98 66 6114 48 64 96 119 144 213 154 141 116 83 55 4415 28 44 83 105 136 211 144 125 83 55 28 016 0 0 47 83 120 199 132 97 60 0 0 017 0 0 0 55 114 188 125 72 28 0 0 018 0 0 0 0 89 154 114 28 0 0 0 019 0 0 0 0 0 71 36 0 0 0 0 020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

94


NAS countries21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 302 451 768 1142 1678 2463 2082 1417 1030 661 398 301

Solar radiation intensity - global East [Wh/m2]h/month I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 28 28 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 0 28 83 139 161 83 0 0 0 06 0 0 28 119 222 277 319 244 97 0 0 07 0 28 139 299 416 438 526 416 277 91 28 08 39 139 277 355 465 488 609 504 357 172 61 479 105 199 319 374 460 457 568 496 382 208 94 83

10 116 230 291 335 416 416 460 429 338 186 111 9411 125 219 241 277 332 332 341 302 255 139 89 8912 100 163 188 224 258 266 252 227 163 111 72 6913 75 111 130 166 205 208 188 163 122 83 55 4714 53 72 100 127 158 158 139 125 100 61 36 2815 28 47 75 100 119 122 114 100 72 36 0 016 0 28 50 75 91 97 89 69 39 0 0 017 0 0 28 47 66 69 61 39 0 0 0 018 0 0 0 0 39 42 30 0 0 0 0 019 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 021 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 640 1235 1864 2526 3330 3535 3884 3197 2202 1086 546 457

Solar radiation intensity - global South [Wh/m2]h/month I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 0 0 11 28 0 0 0 0 07 0 0 0 0 42 64 66 61 28 0 0 08 0 0 0 61 105 102 108 116 75 28 0 09 14 30 72 144 191 150 161 194 139 102 47 0

95


NAS countries10 78 97 147 338 277 211 235 299 299 208 152 6911 139 172 335 452 363 277 330 416 418 319 219 13912 211 277 446 521 429 346 427 499 504 399 291 19913 294 319 463 579 435 366 446 551 529 463 346 27714 277 305 399 499 421 371 416 526 507 449 357 30515 175 213 324 407 368 327 349 432 416 368 277 20516 89 111 208 319 299 263 274 316 321 277 139 10817 28 47 97 180 197 191 205 213 177 114 75 5318 0 0 28 80 108 122 127 119 83 44 0 019 0 0 0 0 53 78 80 58 28 0 0 020 0 0 0 0 0 28 28 0 0 0 0 021 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 1302 1571 2518 3579 3288 2906 3280 3800 3523 2770 1903 1355

Solar radiation intensity - global West [Wh/m2]h/month I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 0 0 36 47 42 0 0 0 0 06 0 0 0 44 66 83 78 53 28 0 0 07 0 0 42 75 100 122 105 83 55 0 0 08 14 36 72 100 122 150 133 108 86 50 0 09 39 64 94 119 152 186 172 133 105 75 47 36

10 89 89 116 139 191 219 211 163 125 100 69 5811 83 122 139 183 230 255 249 208 158 125 91 7812 111 158 191 238 269 299 299 249 213 161 119 9713 122 188 252 296 330 343 360 288 260 197 130 10214 119 197 302 355 407 440 429 349 307 208 111 9115 89 169 288 388 493 526 499 393 277 139 64 4416 28 69 191 307 438 479 416 233 97 28 0 017 0 0 55 194 291 341 230 97 0 0 0 018 0 0 0 50 139 139 94 0 0 0 0 019 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 021 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

96


NAS countries22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 693 1091 1742 2487 3263 3673 3316 2357 1712 1080 632 507

Solar radiation intensity - global average [Wh/m2]h/hó I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 0 0 0 14 39 55 55 14 0 0 0 06 0 0 14 55 108 141 139 86 33 0 0 07 0 0 47 111 222 241 227 186 97 30 0 08 14 44 111 247 291 332 402 327 222 111 33 149 55 94 222 302 368 548 554 463 332 191 91 47

10 97 188 296 377 471 573 629 554 443 269 141 8611 139 238 357 457 521 620 645 601 482 313 175 11912 163 244 379 490 584 648 648 612 485 319 199 13913 150 230 363 479 573 609 609 587 438 285 172 12714 116 188 313 427 515 529 554 512 352 238 127 8315 66 116 249 332 443 474 463 416 266 161 55 3916 25 64 152 258 349 377 332 310 175 72 19 017 0 0 55 158 222 255 255 172 83 14 0 018 0 0 0 55 111 139 111 78 14 0 0 019 0 0 0 0 39 55 55 14 0 0 0 020 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 021 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Össz 825 1407 2559 3762 4856 5612 5679 4931 3421 2003 1014 654

LatviaLatvia

The area of Latvia is approximately 63,700 km2. The data are given in Latvian Building Code LBN 003 “Construction Climatology”. The main data used in calculations are average monthly temperatures, mean temperature of heating season. There are no data on standard degree-days in Latvia. The degree-days may be calculated from the average monthly temperatures and is about 4000. The basic meteorological data is presented in Table 4.

97


NAS countriesTable 4.: PRINCIPAL CLIMATIC DATA BY SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS(long-term observation)

Riga Daugavpils Liepaja RujienaMean air temperature, 0C:annualJanuaryJuly

6.0-4.916.9

5.5-6.417.1

6.6-2.616.7

5.0-6.516.6

Absolute maximum temperature, 0C

34 36 34 34

Absolute minimum temperature, 0C

-35 -43 -33 -42

Annual average precipitation, mm

633 633 701 713

Average relative humidity, percent

80 80 82 81

Number of days with precipitation

184 178 174 202

Number of days with sunshine:by total amount of cloudsby amount of low-level clouds

1558

1444

2160

2168

Number of foggy days

47 40 60 57

Wind speed (annual average) m/s

4.3 3.4 5.5 3.6

LithuaniaLithuania

Average temperatures (year average) - 6,1 – 6,5 0CAverage temperatures of the heating season - 0,1 – 0,6 0CTemperature of the 5 coldest days - -21 0C

PolandPolandPresentation of meteorological data base – average temperatures, solar radiation, heating degree-days, cooling degree-days, test reference years, Poland is situated on the huge Northern European Plain, with the Baltic Sea in the north and Carpathian Mountains in the south. It lies open to the east and west. Poland is located between 49 - 54,5o N latitudes in a moderate climate zone with influence of Atlantic and Continental climate. Poland’s location causes it to be affected by different atmospheric fronts that result in frequent heavy cloud formation and in consequence the high share of diffuse radiation

98


NAS countriesof global solar radiation. The averaged mean yearly temperature is equal to 7,9 oC, average annual global solar radiation is in range 950 - 1150 kWh/m2. In the north part of Poland the solar energy availability is the best and the annual insolation level is the highest. The distribution of solar energy during a whole year is very irregular, the period from October to April accounts for only about 20% of annual global radiation. The summer peak hourly values are several times higher than the winter ones. The maximum irradiation occurs in June and e.g. in Warsaw the monthly sum of solar radiation is equal to 160 kWh/m2. The minimum irradiation occurs in December and e.g. in Warsaw it is equal to about 11 kWh/m2. The Institute of Meteorology and Water Management is entrusted with monitoring of solar radiation in the territory of Poland. There are twenty-five professional actinometric stations. The global solar radiation on horizontal surfaces is measured at all stations. The diffuse radiation is measured at 17 stations. The temporal distribution of global solar radiation over Poland shows its complexity. High cloudiness and low transparency of the atmosphere in the country are mainly responsible for the large dispersion of the diurnal and hourly values of solar radiation (global and diffuse). The structure of solar radiation is characterised by a very high share of a diffuse radiation. The average annual percentage of direct radiation amounts only for 46%. In summer the share of direct radiation amounts to 56%. However, from November to the end of February the percentage of diffuse radiation varies from 65 to 71%. In December it reaches the level of 78%. The typical distribution of solar radiation during a year, for a case of Warsaw, is shown in Fig.1B. 1. Figure 1B.1 illustrates very well the irregularity of the distribution. The summer peak monthly values are several times higher than winter monthly sum of solar radiation.

I II II IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

I KWh/m2

I II II IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

IId

Fig.1B.1 Distribution of global monthly averaged solar radiation,with share of diffuse radiation, in Warsaw

The solar hours are on average equal to 1600, that is about 18% of the total annual period of time. The annual duration of solar operation can vary for different Polish regions. For a case of Warsaw the distribution of mean monthly solar hours and total amount of monthly day hours (from sunrise to sunset) are shown in Fig.1B. 2.

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NAS countries

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

day hourssolar hours

Fig.1B. 2 Distribution of mean monthly solar hours and total amount of monthly day hours

Figure 1B.3 presents a map of Poland that shows different regions in the country according to solar energy availability. The map was elaborated in 1993 year during the first national solar energy expertise directed by W. Gogół (Gogół, W. Konwersja termiczna energii promieniowania słonecznego w warunkach krajowych” Ekspertyza Komitetu Termodynamiki i Spalania, Wydz. IV PAN. (XII 1993). The map shows that the best solar energy availability conditions are in the north, at the Baltic sea-side (region I), next at the east (region VII - Podlasko – Lubelski) and in the central - south part (region VIII - Śląsko – Mazowiecki), the worst conditions are in the industrial – mining region (region X - Górnośląski Okręg Przemysłowy). The worst solar energy availability conditions in the industrial – mining region are connected with low clearness of the sky, caused by dust and pollution.

I Nadmorski II Pomorski

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NAS countriesVII Podlasko - Lubelski XI PodgórskiVIII Śląsko - Mazowiecki IV SuwalskiIX Świętokrzysko - Sandomierski VI WarszawskiIII Mazursko - Siedlecki X Górnośląski Okręg

PrzemysłowyV WielkopolskiFigure 1B. 3 Different regions in Poland according to solar energy availability

Table 1B.1. Measured and calculated temperature and solar radiation data in Warsaw

Tam [C]* H g [kWh/m2]* H 30 [kWh/m2]**

Jan. 91-95Feb. 91-95Mar. 91-95Apr. 91-95May. 91-95Jun. 91-95Jul. 91-95Aug. 91-95Sep. 91-95Oct. 91-95Nov. 91-95Dec. 91-95

-0.21-0.872.958.19

13.1816.5019.6218.6213.34

7.521.65

-0.96

20.133.871.9

109.8164.1171.2187.5147.7

85.953.823.715.1

32.747.489.0

119.4169.1168.7187.9159.3103,9

75.935.025.9

Tam – ambient temperature, Hg – Global Irradiation, H 30 – Total Irradiation on a plane tilted 30 degree

Table 1B.1. presents measured and calculated temperature and solar radiation data, including irradiation on plane tilted 30o. Table 1B. 2. shows some climatic parameters measured by different meteorological stations in Poland.

Table 1B. 2. Meteorological stations in Poland

METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS

Station elevation above sea level in m

Temperatures in oCAverage a extreme

Amplitudes of extreme temperatures

Averagewindvelocityin m/s

Solar hoursin h

Averagecloudiness in octants1951

--1980

1981--1990

1991--1995

1999

Max. Min.

1981-1999 1999Hel 1 7,7 81 8,4 8,9 33,7 -

18,251,9 4,1 1566 4,9

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NAS countriesSuwałki 184 6,0 6,4 6,8 7,5 35,2 -

30,665,8 3,1 1676 5,1

Szczecin 1 8,3 8,9 9,2 9,6 37,8 -30,0

67,8 3,6 1816 4,9

Poznań 83 8,0 8,5 8,8 9,4 37,0 -28,5

65,5 3,1 1875 5,1

Warszawa

106 7,7 8,2 8,4 9,1 36,4 -30,7

67,1 3,8 1693 5,1

Lublin 238 7,4 7,4 7,7 8,4 35,3 -33,7

69,0 3,0 1929 5,1

Wrocław 120 8,2 8,7 9,2 9,7 37,4 -30,0

67,4 3,2 1785 5,4

Rzeszów 200 7,6 8,1 8,5 9,1 36,7 -29,9

66,6 3,0 1581 5,2

Kraków 237 8,0 8,1 8,5 9,1 36,7 -29,9

66,6 2,7 1581 5,2

Zakopane

857 5,0 5,4 5,7 9,4 31,3 -27,2

58,5 1,4 1458 5,6

RomaniaRomania

Romania lies in the Northern hemisphere, in a temperate area. Due to the remarkable variety of its relief, the climate is characterized by a great diversity: plain climate, hills climate; sub alpine climate; alpine climate; mediterranean climate; depression climate. All these elements of diversity determine a great variation of the climate during the year: The average yearly temperature is around +100C, with significant differences depending on the altitude and the season. The average monthly temperature in January (the coldest month) is of +10C in the South (on the seashore, at Mangalia) and of -100C in the mountain area. Lasting temperatures (2 – 3 weeks) of -200C and even below -300C (-38.50C) were registered. The average monthly temperature in summertime is of +220C (in the plain area). Maximum temperatures of over +400C (44.50C at Braila) were registered in the Romanian Plain. The maximal thermal amplitude can reach 830C (-38. 0C and +44.50C) in the country. In Romania there is a good solar radiation potential, which could be favourably used within solar applications, as an alternative electric energy source. According to the statistical data for Romania, the annual solar radiation on a horizontal surface varies from 1,500 kWh/m2 (in Dobrogea – south-eastern Romania) to 1,300 kWh/m2 (Transilvania Plateau). The average sunshine time varies from 2,800 hours/year ( in south and south –eastern Romania , including the Black Sea coast) to 2100 hours/year ( in hills and depressions). The winds, with variable speed depending on the forms of relief, have two main directions: the South – West wind; the North wind.

The Carpathian chain divides Romania in two distinct regions as regards the wind potential. The velocity of the prevailing wind is higher than the average

102


NAS countriesvelocity of local winds. The yearly number of windy days is greater than that of the windless days. The winds with greater velocities (over 11 m/s) occur for about 70 – 80 days/year in the plain areas and for 25 – 45 days/year in Transilvania Plateau. The average yearly rainfall is of 640 mm (640 l/m2 of land). Rainfall distribution is not uniform either in time or geographically. The duration of the period in a year when heating of buildings is needed varies from 160 days/year (Giurgiu – south Romania) to 222 – 223 days/year (Gheorghieni - Vatra Dornei – depression area) which means, on the average, from 43.8% to 63.5% in a year. Practically, it could be considered that the need for heating the dwellings, depending on the geo-climatic conditions, exceeds by far 50% of the year and could reach sometimes 70% of the year. The lowest average yearly number of frost days is in the region of Arad (115 days). In the mountains, this number exceeds 200 days, and in the region of the Danube Plain is of 145 days (Turnu-Severin and Turnu-Magurele). In North Moldova there are 180 – 190 frost days and in Transilvania Plateau 205 – 210 days (Cluj, Sibiu).

The technical regulation dealing with meteorological data for energy calculation are:- SR 1907-97 – outdoor temperature for heating system dimensioning,- SR 4839-97 – average degree-days calculation procedure,- GP 039-99, NP 048-00 – average solar radiation for annual energy consumption calculation.


Air average temperatures 9.7 ºC Bratislava (year) 16.2 ºC (April – September)

4.2 ºC Švermovo (year) 10.8 ºC (April – September)

-1.2 ºC Chopok (year) 3.6 ºC (April – September)

Global solar radiation 1051 kWh/(m2 year) Trstená1333 kWh/(m2 year) Gabčíkovo

Average heating degree-days (Base temperature 20 ºC) 3313 (year 1994)4082 (year 1996)

Cooling degree-days are not commonly used.Test reference years for 4 locations (Bratislava, Sliač, Štrbské Pleso, Trebišov)

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NAS countriesSloveniaSlovenia

Average annual external temperatures: 8,1 – 13,6 oCAnnual horizontal solar radiation 1050 - 1255 kWh/m2dayTest reference years for 4 locations (Ljubljana, Maribor, Koper, Novo mesto)

Meteorological data for energy performance calculations are organized for each of 2696 cadastral communities. Data base include project temperatures, heating degree days, number of heating days and solar radiation (zones) as shown on the figures.

Number of heating days (days)

Project external temperature (oC)

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NAS countries

Heating degree days (Kday)

Solar radiation zones (calculated for heating season)

For all locations (urban) trends in external temperature rising are noticed. Figure presents average yearly temperatures for 4 cities in Slovenia for 50

years.

105


NAS countries

106


NAS countries

Chapter 4

An overview of building sector developments, RTD programs, targets for enhance energy performance of the buildings and building sector financing policyThe chapter is divided in several subchapters as follows:

o History of major developments in building sector in the pasto Description of building stock and energy use in building sectoro Technical and economic description of the domestic construction

sectoro Overview of regional, national and international RTD

programmerso Description of initiatives, support measurements and strategies in

filed of energy use in buildings (buildings and installations)o Targets for enhance energy and environmental performance of

the buildingso Building sector financing policy

The chapter is organized in such a way, that subchapters are presented together for each of participant NAS country. Because of the importance of this chapter some of the most interesting subchapters are presented as an overview. This gives the reader the opportunity to compare most important figures between each NAS country.

Technical and economic description of the domestic construction sectorBOL The building stock in the country has been increasing, the

increase being higher in the towns, compared to the villages. Most of the dwellings in are privately owned - 96.6%. The construction materials industry has suffered from a steep decline in the post-communist years, but is expected to experience a strong revival as the economy starts its recovery. The cement industry consists of six plants, all of which have already either been sold to foreign strategic investors, or are in the process of being sold. The country has a well-developed construction industry dominated by six companies. In recent years it has developed into an export industry with Bulgarian companies carrying out capital investment projects in the countries of the Middle East, Germany, Eastern Europe and the Former Yugoslavia. The production of the construction enterprises and establishments has increased significantly between 1997 and 2000.

CZ After 1990 the real output of the Czech Construction 107


NAS countriessector was falling down till 1993. Since 1994 to 1996 it grew up by approx. 20 per cent, since 1997 it has declined by 4, respective 7 or 6.5 per cent. In 1999 the decrease was milder when compared with 1998. It was turning milder step by step during 1999 as well, only -3.2 percent in the 4th quarter in comparison with the same period of the previous year. In 2000 grew of the real output drew near 10 per cent and more than 13 per cent in 2001. Firms with 20 or more employees produced the greater part of the output, more then 83 %. The percentage of smallest firms was rather low, particularly when compared with other European countries.

HUN The number of households In Hungary is round four million. The existing building stock is overaged. During the last decade the number of new flats ranged around 20 000/a only which did not facilitate to change an acceptable number of obsolete buildings, approaching the end of physical life time. The number of flats in blocks, build with industrialised technologies is considerable, approx. 20 % of the total, the remaining expected physical life time of these flats (with regard to the load bearing constructions and the main building elements) is still 50 - 70 years, the thermal performance of these buildings does not meet the recent requirements.

LAT Since 1995 construction is one of the most dynamic sectors of Latvian economy. Construction output between 1995 and 2000 annually went up in the average by 9.3%. Russian financial crisis influenced construction output of Latvia to a smaller extent than other sectors of national economy, slowing down only growth rates of the sector. Construction output also in 2000 was by 56.2% higher than in 1995. The share of construction in GDP in 2000 was 6.8%. Privatization of construction has been completed and private companies dominate in the sector for already several years. On January 1, 2000 the share of central and local governments and other public organizations in the sector was 8.9%, the share of private enterprises - 91.1%. Construction output steadily went up also in 2000 (by 8.4%). In comparison with the same period of the preceding year the amount of new construction has considerable gone up - by 34%, repairs and reconstruction works, in turn, decreased by almost 5%. New construction and repairs of residential houses have gone up most dynamically during the period increasing 1.8 times, while construction of administrative buildings, bridges and tunnels decreased.

LIT Massive housing privatization in Lithuania started in the early 1990s and within a few years most of the individual dwellings became private. Currently, 97% of the Lithuanian dwelling stock is owner-occupied and all common areas and construction of multifamily buildings

108


NAS countriesbelong to apartment owners as shared property. Since 1995, new legislation allowed apartment owners from associations and by majority vote take legitimate decisions regarding investments, building maintenance and other issues of common interest. Due to a number of legal, cultural and economic reasons the association formation process was rather slow in the country and only about 4500 multi-apartment buildings were managed by homeowner’s associations in 1999. Responsibility for maintenance of multifamily buildings without associations was vaguely shared between homeowners and municipalities, therefore little action was taken in these buildings during the 1990s. Municipal companies appointed to administer and maintain neighbouring buildings were charging below-market fees and performing only the most urgent repairs. The monopolistic arrangement of this market segment inhibited development of private businesses, so that homeowners in many locations were not able to choose best quality services on a competitive basis.

POL Poland, characterised by coefficient of 300 households per 1000 inhabitants is almost at the end of Europe (average standard: 400 households per 1000 inh.). In rough estimation Poland lacks about 1,5 million of flats. Moreover, due to technical problems and age of the buildings some 1 million residential buildings will have to be demolished. In spite of that, the number of new construction permits issued in 2000 amounts to 20% less than in previous years. In consequence, the decrease of number of completed buildings has been expected. The symptoms of stagnation or even collapse are also visible in building production/construction sector. The basic barriers blocking the development of Polish construction sector are as follows: lack of possibilities of financing the purchase of the new houses by private customers, administrative barriers, state budget participation in building sector, lack of proper law regulations aiming to encourage different actors .

ROM From the ownership type of capital of construction companies active in the construction industry the following structure is specified: state majority ownership, comprising state integral capital, national and local interest public capital or mixed in which state holds 50% or more of shares, private majority ownership, comprising private integral capital, mixed in which private sector holds 50% or more of shares, including foreign capital, co-operative and community capital. Construction works account for all the activities materialised in new buildings and civil engineering, as well intended to restoration, repair and maintenance of the existing ones. New construction works are defined as the construction works

109


NAS countrieswhich directly determine the creation of new housing spaces or other useful spaces, as well as the creation of new structures for the existing civil engineering. Capital repairs are all works performed at the end of operating cycles which are aiming at ensuring the maintenance of technical and economic features of buildings during the whole normalised operating life of buildings. Current maintenance and repair works represent the whole operations performed on an existing building to ensure its further utilisation, to prevent its quick wear and tear and to prolong its duration being represented by works of paintings, masonry, heating and ventilation, plumbing, etc.

SLK In this time is ending privatization of dwellings and houses. Building industry is complete in private hands. Building industry stagnate in Slovakia long time. In enterprises, which employ more than 20 people, is working 40% of all employers in domestic construction sector. They produced 50% receipts. About 43% of all people in building sector are tradesmen; they produced only 28% of performances.

SLO Residential buildings in Slovenia built before 1980 exhibit 60% of technical energy saving potential and 29% of economically viable energy saving potential. Over 95% of apartments have been privatised in 90-ties. Following the construction period of the buildings from the random sample in the pole one can observe, that poorly insulated buildings ratio is not considerably reduced until 1980, when implementation of building insulation regulations should intensively reduce proportion of buildings with U > 1.0 W/m2K and increase the number of buildings with lower outer wall U value.

Overview of regional, national and international RTD programmersBOL The RTD programmes are based mostly on the renewable

energy and improving the energy efficiency of buildings. A major program targeted at improving the energy efficiency of public buildings is based on the ENSI Key Numbers and has been funded by UNDP. The programme provided training to municipal staff throughout the country and implemented several demonstration projects. It can be easily transferred to the private sector. The project “Study on the possibilities for an implementation of a widespread energy saving programme in Bulgaria” has been implemented under the SAVE II Programme of the European Union. It has been worked out by SEEA in consortium with the Austrian Energy Agency and the International Consulting on Energy, France. The LEEE promotes the purchasing of electrical power generated by renewable sources. The Law on Foreign Investments

110


NAS countries(LFI) and LEEE provide that an institution, similar to the one in the EU, will be developed that will support these activities at all levels: ministries, organizations, municipalities, industrial and private sectors.

CZ Research and Developement Council and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (R&D) provide up-to-date state adminstration information on research and development in the Czech Republic. Internal grants of, universities and companies- small projects support usually just for equipment and travel no personal costs. Ministry of education grants - development of universities including research ability. Ministry of environment grants limited number of research projects and some support for conferences and seminars. Grant agency of Czech republic - limited number of grants (thematic programs Quality of live, Information's society, Sustainable development, Energy for economy and society, Modern society), personal costs are very limited.

HUN The energy saving in the building sector was and is subject of different projects. Not mentioning the research itself auditing have been carried out with PHARE support. A smaller demonstration project has been realised in Szeged with similar support where 11 building or heating systems have been retrofitted. Several individual owner applied for, and received financial support from the “German Coal Fund”, however the number of applicants and retrofitted buildings did not meet the expectation because only a given percent of the cost could be covered and the majority of the owners was not able to provide own contribution. Nowadays the Resolution 1107/1999. (X.8.) of the Hungarian Government regulates the available financial contribution. With regard to the building sector the followings should be mentioned. The main RTD activities are focused on auditing and retrofit of public buildings, thermal retrofit of building. , the use of renewables, and the modernisation of district heating systems. For more complex project financial support is available within the framework of the so called "Széchenyi project" - 1/3 of the total cost can be applied for.

LAT The complex and system researches in energetics are concentrated mainly at the Institute of Physical Energetics (IPE), and the workers of this institute from the nucleus of energetic researchers at the Latvian Academy of Sciences.

LIT The main national programme is National Energy Efficiency Programme. Adopted by Resolution No. 319 of 26th October, 2001 of the Minister of Economy following the Resolution No. 1121 of 19th September, 2001 of Government of the Republic of Lithuania.

POL In 80-thies and in the beginning of 90-thies there were 111


NAS countriesnational governmental RTD programmes on energy conservation in buildings. No projects like that exist any more. However, it is possible to apply to the State Scientific Committee to get financial support in a form of grants to develop any RTD project. There is Building and Construction Department, where the projects in consideration can be applied. However, the procedure is rigid and it is difficult to get support. It is also possible to apply to EU projects(VI Framework, Altener, Save) and some projects on energy conservation and application on renewables have been developed.

ROM The Research and Development Programme “Orizont 2000” of the Ministry of Education and Research, established in 1996 and finalized in 2002, incorporates 20 R&D directions oriented by thematic fields. It aims at supporting and developing the existing research-development potential of general interest and of strategic importance to economy and society. Rational use of energy resources and renewable energy are among the directions of the programme. In the field of energy efficiency, ROL 14 billion have been allocated so far to 25 projects, involving 12 R&D institutions. Since 2000 the R&D activity at the national level is carried out on the RTD National Plan, founded by the Ministry of Education and Research, on specific Programmes as MENER (Energy, Environment, Resources) and AMTRANS (Construction, Territorial Planning and Transports). One of the main objective of Government for the building sector is to set up national programmes for energy efficiency, programmes that are not existing in the present. It can be expected that these programmes will be operational in 2003 – 2004.

SLK Slovakia has quite good research capacity, mainly for basic research at the Slovak Academy of Sciences and many technical universities. Unfortunately, the research is under-financed. Slovakia gives for research smallest amount of finance compare to OECD countries. The main finance source for research comes from state budget. Financial support from EU is growing. Special in agriculture and food-industry are prepared demonstration projects – energy optimization of food production, BioGas, BioOil …Overall goal is re-structure of industry, its higher energy efficiency and modernization.

Description of initiatives, support measurements and strategies in filed of energy use in buildings (buildings and installations)BOL Presently, the energy sector is regulated by several laws,

such as the Energy and Energy Efficiency Act, the Law on Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy, the Law on Concessions, the Environmental Act etc. The energy sector is

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NAS countriesinfluenced also by a number of international acts and contracts, to which Bulgaria is a party, such as the European Association Agreement between the European Communities and their members and the Republic of Bulgaria, the Law on Ratification of the Contract to the European Energy Charter and the Protocol on Energy Efficiency and the related nature protection aspects of these, the Vienna Convention on Civil Responsibility in Case of Nuclear Damage, the Convention on Nuclear Safety and others.A new law on energy was drafted in the beginning of 2003 and submitted to the Council of Ministers. In 2002, ordinances adopted by the Council of Ministers for setting and implementing the prices for electricity, heat and natural gas were enforced. Differentiated tariffs for natural gas will be introduced for different categories of consumers, thus laying the foundation for the development of the gasification in the household sector. The Council of Ministers is to adopt the ordinances drafted by SERC on direct access to electric and gas transmission networks, which will provide opportunities for direct contracting between eligible customers and electricity and gas suppliers. In compliance with the already approved schedule of increases in heat and electricity prices, during the period of transitional pricing the existing forms of subsidies for the electricity and heat prices will be phased out and prices will be set in such a way that they will reflect the costs.

CZ Decrees on Energy management of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic include Decree no. 150 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining minimal effectiveness of energy application in electricity generation and heat energy production, Decree no. 151 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining details regarding effectiveness of energy application in heat energy distribution and its inner distribution, Decree no. 152 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining rules with respect to heating and service warm water delivery, specific indexes of heat consumption for heating and service warm water preparation, and requirements regarding inner heat equipment outfit of buildings with instruments enabling heat energy regulation for final cunsumers, Decree no. 213 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade introducing details with respect to energy audit requirements, Decree no. 214 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade fixing the limitation of those energy sources which will be appreciated as renewable ones, Decree no. 215 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining details of energy consumers designation by means of energy labels and elaboration of technical documentation as well as minimal energy effectiveness

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NAS countriesfor electrical appliances introduced to market, Decree no. 291 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining the details of the effectiveness of energy application during heat consumption in buildings.

HUN The motivations of retrofit can be different. Although this paper encompass the energy conscious retrofit, it should be stated that -regrettable- the improvement of the energy balance alone rarely represent sufficient motivation of an all-out reconstruction. The improvement of the windows and that of the heating systems can be considered as measures of only energy motivation. In general either the energy saving measures are combined with other ones or the retrofit becomes actual from other but energy point of view and the necessary measures are completed with energy saving ones.

LAT Normative requirements to the heat losses of building envelopes reflect the state policy in energy consumption and correspond more to the society demand regarding the insulation level of buildings. New Latvian Building Code LBN 002-01 ‘’Thermal performance of building envelope’’, which is working in Latvia from 2003, had radically changed approach to the limiting of building heat losses, instead of limiting thermal transmittance for the particular building elements it uses the concept of reference building. This document established the minimum thermal resistance values for buildings that are under construction or will be reconstructed. Latvia heat supply is based on municipal heat utilities. Municipalities shall organise heat supply within their administrative territories in the course of performing the permanent functions as defined in legislation. Latvian Standard “Building energy audit and commissioning” is in the stage of development with active participation of Institute of Heat, Gas and Water Technology, RTU. In the Institute of Physical Energetics, Latvian Academy of sciences it is worked out a program ‘’Energy Audit’’. This Program based on the thermal energy balance of building and permitted to calculate technical and economical characteristics of measures for thermal modernization of buildings envelope components.

LIT In an attempt to boost energy efficiency of residential and public buildings the Lithuanian government signed a loan agreement with the World Bank and started the Energy Efficiency Housing Pilot Project in 1996. The project objectives were to: (a) support private initiatives to improve residential energy efficiency; (b) support public initiatives in improving energy efficiency in schools; (c) support the privatization of housing, enabling increased private initiatives in housing maintenance. The project objectives should have been achieved through: (a) provision of loans for technically and economically

114


NAS countriesattractive packages of energy efficiency measures; (b) introduction of the concept of long-term lending for housing improvement to the commercial banking sector; (c) development of energy consulting services and (d) support for municipalities in the energy efficiency rehabilitation of schools.

POL The basic objectives of energy efficiency, energy conservation are given by “Poland’s Energy policy and outline of the programme by 2010”. Details are specified by the Energy Law. The Energy Law contains a few provisions which may assist the future development of renewable energy and rational use of energy in buildings. The Energy Law has provided the necessary legal framework for a new mode of power engineering operation. The new Law becomes effective when the accompanying execution regulations are brought into force. There are two regulations connected directly to renewable energy sources. The executive regulation following the Energy Law put the obligation on energy enterprises and utilities to buy electricity and heat from renewable energy sources and specified the scope of the obligation. Another planning document “Poland 2025. Long-term strategy of sustainable development” (introduced in 2002) confirmed the long-term target for renewables (in the year 2020) predicted by The national strategy for the development of renewable energy, with remark that at least 1% of renewable energy should be man-made renewable, i.e. energy from wastes (in the year 2020). The Thermal Modernisation Act on subsidies to interest rates to credits granted for renovation of residential houses has been mainly addressed to multi-family buildings landlords (housing communities, housing co-operatives), in the case of which the problem of renovations is particularly pressing

ROM For the Government, the major objectives of energy policy are: reducing the energy losses on all chain: production,

transport, distribution and consumption reducing energy consumption through efficient

utilization reducing energy bills of the final consumer increasing the thermal comfortThe Ministry of Industry and Resources prepared "The Strategy of Romanian Energy Sector until 2020", document which was presented for approval to the Government. The Government prepared a set of energy legislation that is expected to encourage de-monopolisation and privatisation of the energy sector. The energy efficiency law and the electric energy law are now in force. After unnecessary delays, the process is now under way. The Law for Environment Protection is

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NAS countriesalso in force. This law includes several elements relevant for energy efficiency improvement.

SLK Since October 2002 is applied new building Slovak technical code for thermo-technical properties of buildings. In this code are the main energetic criteria for energy efficiency of buildings. Many EU codes were translated in this field and are introduced in the praxis. In this time are prepared/innovated regulations for many labeling procedures, inspection procedures, energy audits. Price politics is considered as the best measure for rationalization of energy use. In this time prices of all energy sources are growing (for example gas for dwellings about 40% since January 2003).

SLO In order to stimulate energy rehabilitation of existing buildings and building of energy efficient new buildings many governmental programmes have been launched since 1990, including: awareness programmes, energy advisory network for housing, state programme of grant subsidies for implementation of various energy efficient measures in housing (drought-proofing, oil burners adjustment, loft insulation, energy efficient windows and glazing, solar collectors for hot water preparation, greenhouses), soft loans for investment in switch to clean fuels, and for investments in energy efficiency and demo projects in biomass use, supporting programmes for energy auditing of large energy users (municipal public buildings, bigger residential buildings), revolving found for energy efficiency investments. According to the SAVE Directive (93/76/EEC) for reduction of CO2 emissions by increased energy efficiency in building sector Slovenia supports implementation of energy auditing scheme, heat metering and billing in apartment buildings, performance contracting, and also preparation of more severe regulation on energy use in buildings as well as energy certification of new buildings. In the approach of accession to the EU Slovenia has to harmonise its legislation with the European one. The new Construction Products Law has already been accepted, The Building Law has just been changed and promulgated in Jan. 2003. The new technical regulation on thermal insulation and energy efficiency of buildings based on EN 832 calculation method was promulgated in May 2002. The new Slovenian regulation complies with the suggested idea of the European Commission about the harmonisation of national energy regulations by the structure and the performance based requirements. Additional schemes of labelling for energy efficiency in buildings like have been introduced. “National quality mark in Civil Engineering” developed for building products and services, and used for voluntary quality certification of energy efficient windows since 1997 and

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NAS countriesenergy certification of buildings (just started in 2002, based on SAVE Directive (93/76/EEC)) support the regulation and some recent and newly planned incentives programmes.

Targets for enhance energy and environmental performance of the buildingsBOL One of the main documents, setting targets for improving

the energy efficiency in buildings is the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan developed by the Bulgarian State Energy Efficiency Agency. In the Plan the targets in the building sector are: Rehabilitation of the existing building stock - the energy consumption in panel buildings, which is more than 200 kWh/m2 per year can be reduced with common measures (improving of the thermal insulation of the building envelope) at least to 150 kWh/m2 per year (which is a reduction of 25%) and with special rehabilitation programmes (including the use of passive solar energy, the improvement of the heating system, etc.) to about 100 kWh/m2 per year or reduction of 50% at least is possible. Improvement of the new building stock (through improving of the thermal insulation of the building envelope). New buildings can have energy consumption from less than 100 kWh/m2 per year, which is a reduction of about 40% of the actual energy consumption.

CZ Achievement of energy savings and use of renewable energy sources - implementation of the State Energy Savings Programme based on Government Resolution 480/1998 (after the adoption of the act on energy management as per relevant national programmes). Basic strategy of the pricing and taxation policy for the energy sector. Adjustment of the prices of electricity and gas and a modification of the depreciation bases with a rise in the depreciation bases for equipment used in the energy sector. Launching the independent regulator for the energy sectors.

HUN Amoung others targets are: in field of thermal retrofit of building 10 PJ energy saving per year; in field of use of renewables 20 PJ per year and in field of modernisation of district heating systems - the expected result is 10 PJ/year energy saving. The figures can be compared with the gross energy consumption of the building sector, its estimated value is approx. 350 PJ/year.

LAT Short term targets are development of Energy Performance regulation in Latvia, development of Latvian Building Code “Heating and Ventilation” in 2004aand the long term targets are development of building sustainability evaluation procedures in Latvia.

LIT Short and long term targets – improving of energy 117


NAS countriesefficiency: till 2005 the heat demand for heating to decrease for 25%, for hot water preparation – for 25% and till 2010 the heat demand for heating to decrease for 35% of the all consumption in 2000.

POL A refurbishment strategy should combine low energy architecture and advanced renewable energy components, such as roof integrated solar collectors, roof integrated PV modules or photovoltaic facades. This “renewable” strategy should be implemented in conjunction with energy conservation measures. The result of such a combined refurbishment strategy can give:

improved indoors environmental quality, individual health benefits, individual economic benefits, reduced pollution in local and global environment.

The retrofitting of structure of panel-type buildings is mainly accomplished by increasing the level of insulation, replacement of old windows;, improvements to the roofs.

ROM The residential sector in Romania offers very significant potentials for energy conservation, which could be realized on a cost-effective basis. The Government has formulated specific policies and strategies regarding the rehabilitation and modernisation of buildings and regarding the modernisation of district heating services. As a matter of fact, energy use in centrally heated buildings (in particular apartment blocks) and of district heating systems themselves are areas of major inefficiencies, which are complementary to each other. The Government’s policy and programme regarding energy efficiency rehabilitation of buildings has as a legal basis Law 325/2002 for approval of G.O. no. 29/2000 concerning the thermal rehabilitation of existing buildings and stimulation of economisation of thermal energy. According to the Ordinance, the Government has to adopt annual national programmes for the thermal rehabilitation of buildings and pertaining installations, including studies, the actualisation of technical regulations and the elaboration of demonstration projects. The Law also stipulates the development of energy certificates for existing buildings (planned to be introduced in 2005), defines the duties of heat supply companies to control heat flows and thermal losses, establishes the procedures to be followed by building owners/administrators in carrying out the rehabilitation and assigns responsibilities at Government level.

SLK The main task are: rationalization of energy use and sustainability, refurbishing of buildings, mainly residential (including diagnostic), energy savings in all building in state ownership, enforcement of passive solar energy in buildings, enforcement of renewable energy

118


NAS countriesapplications – to reach 4% of renewable energy from primary energy consumption in 2005.The priority from renewable energies has biomass and low energy techniques. Technical normalization and harmonization with EU is in progress, practically in all directions.

SLO It is planned on the national level to stimulate –15% energy use compared to new regulation at new buildings and to stimulate investments in restoration of existing buildings on the level of current regulation on thermal insulation and energy efficiency of buildings. These goals are in accordance with the National energy programme (under preparation) and with the strategy of implementation of measures for CO2 reduction in building sector to fulfil Kyoto targets. There are some financial sources allocated on the governmental level to support this program in compliance with the goals of EU Directive on energy performance of buildings (COM(2992) 192 final).

Building sector financing policyBOL The limited investment capacity of the state (direct

financing, revenues from privatization of energy assets or loan guarantees) will be used in the next several years for projects and areas of activity where economic benefits are significant. The main sources of funding of the individual programmes outside the budget are the EU programmes PHARE and SAVE II, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank, the Global Environmental Facility, commercial banks, equity funds of enterprises, municipalities, households etc. It is envisaged that financing may be obtained also from the Nuclear Facilities Decommissioning Fund. The Energy Efficiency Center EnEffect was established in 1992 to supports the efforts of the Government and the municipalities for sustainable development of the country. It works on projects financed by GEF/UNDP, USAID, EU and other foreign agencies. The Energy Efficiency Center in Industry was established in 1995 in cooperation of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency - JICA. Its activities, performed by a team of Bulgarian and Japanese experts are based on the latest Japanese technologies and modern measuring equipment provided by JICA. Black Sea Regional Energy Center was established in Sofia. It combines the efforts of 12 countries of the region in coordination of energy legislation and energy systems, as well as of energy efficiency improvement. The JI/AIJ activities are currently coordinated by a unit at the Ministry of Environment and Waters. Since the beginning of 1998, two FEMOPETs (Fellow Member of the Network

119


NAS countriesof Organizations for Promotion of Energy Technologies) have been active in Bulgaria: FEMOPET Bulgaria, incl. Sofia Energy Center as a Coordinator and FEMOPET Black Sea Region – implemented by the Black Sea Regional Energy Center.

CZ The financing of the building sector are supported by Building Savings Bank with the state support for housing, Building Mortgage with state subsidies for housing and public buildings, State bearing no interest loans for housing – new buildings and renovation, State Fund of Environment – State programme for subsidy of energy savings and renewable energy use in building sector, Programme of the state subsidies for cutting down of consumption of fuel and energy in the Czech Republic for new and existing building stock (housing, public and industry), Programme of the State subsidies for low energy housing stock and social housing.

LAT Several obstacles hinder faster building of housing. Firstly, unclear institutional system of housing-renting of a house is not identified as a type of business activity, rent payment set by local governments is not high enough to maintain the house. Secondly, financial issues of construction of houses - unfavourable taxation policy for the development of housing, underdeveloped system of crediting. Involvement of the state in the development of housing fund is necessary. In 1999 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the Program of Crediting Housing Development. To improve the situation in construction and living conditions the state should provide opportunity for people to obtain timely credit resources with the assistance of the program of crediting housing development. Its ultimate objective is to satisfy needs of people for quality housing, activate construction sector and promote flexibility of the housing market. It is not planned to restart massive building of apartment houses funded by the central and local governments. These resources will be mainly used to create the social living fund with small, cheap apartments for urgent necessities and especially adapted flats for senior and poor citizens and the disabled persons. Private financing, except for governmental and municipal buildings that have state financing.

LIT Lithuanian banks were not able or willing to offer tailored and affordable financial products for upgrades of multifamily buildings. In addition almost 90% of Lithuanian households did not have any experience dealing with bank loans therefore limited monthly incomes and cash savings were the main financial sources for housing retrofits. Restructuring of economic activities led to the differentiation of household incomes in the country. The presence of a gray sector in the

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NAS countriesLithuanian economy and different techniques used by separate research teams resulted in significant differences among various estimates of household and expenditures. Therefore, it is difficult to assess the actual financial capacity of Lithuanian homeowners to upgrade the energy efficiency of their housing. According to a Lithuanian Free Market Institute study average net household monthly income in 1999 amounted to US$ 554 in major cities, $386 in small towns and only $197 in rural areas. Household monthly investments (purchase or lease of consumer durables, securities, etc.) amounted to US$ 83 major cities, $48 in small towns and only $22 in rural areas.

POL Act of 16 December 1999 on amendment of the act on state support of repayment of selected housing credits, refunding to banks of guarantee premiums paid and amendment of selected acts introduced a number of important changes to the existing regulations, where the most important includes change of the rules of calculation of the repayments of credits which are obligatory for borrowers, i.e. standard repayment for 1m2 of the usable area of dwellings, causing a significant reduction of the amounts of those repayments for all the borrowers, extension of the suspension of credit repayment by 4 quarters, i.e. up to 12 quarters, extension of the dates of repayment of credit and indebtedness for the transitionally bought out interests on preferential terms by further 3 years, i.e. till the end of 2002, unification — for all the borrowers — of the preferential conditions of transformation of the co-operative tenant's right to a dwelling into the ownership right.

ROM In 2001, the Ministry of Finance and the World Bank launched the GEF Energy Efficiency Financing Facility Project. FREE is orientated at leveraging GEF seed money (US$ 10 million, of which US$ 8 million for investment and US$ 2 million for technical assistance) by co-financing with Romanian and foreign sources and aims at providing loans for commercially viable energy efficiency projects. FREE will initially operates as a revolving investment fund. According to Emergency Ordinance 124/2001, the Fund is established as an institution of public interest with its own legal personality, independent and financially autonomous. It administers the money received by Romania from GEF through IBRD under an implementation agreement concluded between IBRD and Romania. FREE aims at operating as a commercial financing facility, focusing on “targeted investments”, i.e. projects with an high return on investment of which at least 50% of the benefits are due to energy saving. There are no sector preferences; instead the emphasis is on the financial soundness and

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NAS countriescreditworthiness of the client. Corporate financing of energy service companies could be part of the Fund’s portfolio. Financing may be up to 80% of the capital cost of approved energy efficiency projects.

SLK Financing of new and existing building stock can be by State Found for Development of Residents - 90.26 Mil. Euro (2000) 64.28 Mil. Euro (2001), State bonus to building save 61.90 Mil. Euro (2000) 53.36 Mil. Euro (2001), Building savings-banks 369.4 Mil. Euro (2000)

335.9 Mil. Euro (2001), Two biggest (VÚB Wüstenrot, a.s. and Prvá stavebná sporiteľňa, a.s.)

BulgariaBulgaria

2.A History of major developments in building sector in the past

The status of the building sector is typical for the countries in transition from Central and Eastern Europe. Between 1992 and 1995 the construction of residential buildings prevailed in Bulgaria. While in the 80's an average of about 60 thousand dwellings (about 7 dwellings per 1000 inhabitants) used to be constructed per annum, in 1995 housing construction dropped below its critical minimum of 1 dwelling per 1000 inhabitants and amounted to hardly 6,815 dwellings per year. The situation in the field of public buildings construction is similar. The drop in construction of public buildings may be explained to a certain extent with the over-saturation of the services sphere with buildings as a result of the extensive construction of such buildings in the 70's and 80's. An additional push to the drop in housing construction was given by the discrediting of industrialized large-panel housing construction in Bulgaria, characterized by its quite high costs and energy-intensity Fig. 2.A.1.). A significant barrier to the application of the assembly construction technology was the absence of large free flat building plots in the cities.

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NAS countries

73.3 72.6 66.9

6.9

64.0

45.2

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1976-1980 1981-1985 1986-1990 1993 1994 1995

Traditional brick block constructionIndustrialized construction

Fig. 2.A.1. Ratio between industrialized and traditional brick block construction

residential dwellings in Bulgaria

The drop in the buildings construction has been overcome during the last 3-4 years. Now it is one of the most dynamically developing businesses. The expected revival in the economy provides grounds to assume that the share of industrial and public construction will be increasing. Figures 2.A.2. and 2.A.3. show the trend in dwellings construction between 1996 and 2000 (Statistical Yearbook 2001):

Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000T O T A L

Dwellings – number 8099 7452 4942 9824 8795Useful floor space – sq.m.

667388

646797

421241

831084

758954

of which: living floor space

499478

489003

314968

614323

573116

IN TOWNSDwellings – number 6639 6560 4245 9519 8556Useful floor space – sq.m.

565789

573371

363337

808752

738774


423757

433457

271453

597372

557849

IN VILLAGESDwellings – number 1460 892 697 305 239Useful floor space – sq.m.

101559

73426 57904 22332 20180


75721 55546 43515 16951 15267

Fig. 2.A.2. Dwellings completed123


NAS countries

Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000T O T A L

Dwellings – number 8099 7452 4942 9824 8795Useful floor space – sq.m.

667388

646797

421241

831084

758954


499478

489003

314968

614323

573116

PUBLICDwellings – number 2548 1974 1071 1634 846Useful floor space – sq.m.

206518

162357

86070 129758

72595


152371

125480

67333 96192 52574

PRIVATEDwellings – number 5551 5478 3871 8190 7949Useful floor space – sq.m.

460870

484440

335171

701326

686359


347107

363523

247635

518131

520542

Fig. 2.A.2. Dwellings completed by type of investor

Considering the building techniques, the predominant types of buildings in the country are the monolithic reinforced structures and the reinforced concrete structures (industrial construction engineering). The monolithic reinforced construction dwellings (buildings) predominate in the countryside, in the small and medium-size towns. In their case there is on the average 1.5 dwellings per building, these are low-rise buildings of about 80m2 floor area per dwelling.The reinforced concrete dwellings are built be means of industrial construction engineering systems: large panel construction, large-scale framework and lift-slab construction. The dwellings of this type are typical for Sofia and the big cities. The number of dwellings in the large panel buildings is about 40 on the

average per building (block), and the number of storeys is 6 to 8 on the average.

The number of dwellings in buildings constructed by the method of large scale shuttering is about 60 per building (block) and the number of storeys is the highest - 9 to 15 floors.

The number of dwellings in buildings constructed by the lift-slab method is about 30 per building and the number of storeys is 4 to 9.

Until 2000 Bulgarian statistics identifies four types of buildings: panel, reinforced concrete, solid structure (all bearing walls from bricks/stone), and ramshakle (load-bearing frame from wood and other materials). Since 2001 the National Statistics Institute has identified three main types of buildings: from reinforced concrete, from bricks, and others. Description of brief history of the building sector; major developments in building sector; major building techniques through time scale;

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NAS countries2.B Description of building stock and energy use in building sector

The trend in the total number of dwellings during the last five years is shown on Table 2.B.1. (Statistical Yearbook 2001):

Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000T O T A L

Dwellings - thousand numbers 3427 3434 3438 3447 3455Useful floor space - thousand sq.m.

218338

218943

219285

220084

220799

Living floor space 142323

142715

142931

143442

143916

Service floor space(incl. kitchens area)

76015 76228 76354 76642 76883

IN TOWNSDwellings - thousand numbers 2154 2162 2166 2175 2183Useful floor space - thousand sq.m.

135719

136376

136694

137473

138174

Living floor space 84141 84568 84768 85267 85733Service floor space(incl. kitchens area)

51578 51808 51926 52205 52441

IN VILLAGESDwellings - thousand numbers 1273 1272 1272 1272 1272Useful floor space - thousand sq.m.

82619 82567 82591 82611 82625

Living floor space 58182 58147 58163 58175 58183Service floor space(incl. kitchens area)

24437 24420 24428 24437 24442

Table 2.B.1. Dwelling stock

The age profile of the buildings is comparable to the most European countries in transition. The oldest buildings constructed before 1919 (more than 80 years old) are 2.35% of the building stock. 49.7% of the buildings are less than 30 years old. By 31 December 1995 the percentage of the dwellings in solid brick buildings is the highest one (52.6%). The share of the ramshackle buildings is 8.5% and is decreasing every year while the share of the reinforced concrete buildings is 38.9%. Concrete buildings prevail in cities while solid brick buildings and ramshackle – in villages. 59.3% of the buildings in the cities are in reinforced concrete buildings while in the villages – 78%. By the end of 2000 (according to the new classification) 31.4% of all dwellings are constructed from reinforced concrete, 56.3% - of bricks, and the others comprise 12.3%. The living area per person is 15.29 m2 in the towns and 22.26 m2 in the villages. The dwellings with area between 30 and 59 m2 comprise 57.2% of all dwellings. 25.3% of the dwellings have living area less than 30 m2, and 14.5% have living area between 60 and 89 m2.

Table 2.B.2. shows the household energy and electricity consumption for 1998 and 1999 (IEA):

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NAS countries

1998 1999Population, million 8100 8050No. of Hoseholds (‘000) 2850 2850GDP (US$) 12256 12378GDP/HH (US$) 4300 4343HH Energy Consumption (ktoe) 2570 2710Energy Consumption/HH (toe) 0.9 0.95Electricity Consumption (toe) 878333 842917Electricity Consumption/HH (toe) 0.32 0.31Electricity Consumption per capita (kWh)

0.111 0.108

Table 2.B.2. Household energy and electricity consumption for 1998 and 1999

Table 2.B.3. shows the final energy consumption by sector for 1998 and 2000 and gives the expected trend till 2015 (Energoproekt):

Sectors 1998 2000 2005 2010 2015Transport

2314

2421 2941 3523 4139

Agriculture 333 340 355 378 405Households 2613 2295 2146 2107 1992Services 238 251 298 336 356Industry 5651 5563 5883 6356 6847Table 2.B.3. Final energy consumption in ktoe by sector 1998 - 2015

Only the trend of the households energy consumption is towards decrease which is due mostly to the envisaged use of more energy efficient materials and techniques. The next Table 2.B.4. and Figure 2.B.1. show the sectoral shares in the total final energy consumption for 1998 and 2000 and gives forecasts till 2015 (Energoproekt):

Sectors 1998 2000 2005 2010 2015Transport 20.8 22.3 25.3 27.7 30.1Agriculture 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9Households 23.4 21.1 18.5 16.6 14.5Services 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.6Industry 50.7 51.2 50.6 50.1 49.8

Table 2.B.4. Sectoral shares in total final energy consumption (%) 1998-2015

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NAS countries

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

1998 2000 2005 2010 2015Years

%

Transport

Agriculture

Households

Services

Industry

Figure 2.B.1. Sectoral shares in total final energy consumption (%) 1998-2015

Table 2.B.5. shows the energy consumption by households by fuels for 1998 and 2000, and the trend till 2015 (Energoproekt):

1998 2000 2005 2010 2015Solid fuels ktoe 1007 691 609 538 470

% 38.5 30.1 28.4 25.5 23.6Gaseous fuels ktoe 70 59 62 73 75

% 2.7 2.6 2.9 3.5 3.8Electricity ktoe 935 948 934 1009 1008

% 35.8 41.3 43.5 47.9 50.6Heat ktoe 601 598 541 486 438

% 23.0 26.0 25.2 23.1 22.0Total ktoe 2613 2296 2146 2106 1991

Table 2.B.5. Energy consumption by households and fuels

The trend is towards increasing the shares of electricity and gaseous fuels and significantly decreasing the share of the solid fuels. Description how type and number of buildings have changed in the past, age of the buildings, expected trends in the future, energy use in building sector

2.C Technical and economic description of the domestic construction sector

The building stock in the country has been increasing, the increase being higher in the towns, compared to the villages. The usage of the dwellings has changed during the last years. Part of the inhabitet dwellings have become

127


NAS countriesuninhabited due to diffrent reasons (decrease in the number of the popullation, migration, etc.), while another part of the inhabitet dwellings have become temporary inhabited (e.g. the country houses). (National Statistics Institute. 2001 Census). Most of the dwellings in Bulgaria are privately owned - 96.6%. 3% of the dwellings are state or municipal property, and 0.4% are owned by companies, public organizations or cooperatives. In Bulgaria, the construction materials industry has suffered from a steep decline in the post-communist years, but is expected to experience a strong revival as the economy starts its recovery. The cement industry consists of six plants, all of which have already either been sold to foreign strategic investors, or are in the process of being sold. The country has a well-developed construction industry dominated by six companies. In recent years it has developed into an export industry with Bulgarian companies carrying out capital investment projects in the countries of the Middle East, Germany, Eastern Europe and the Former Yugoslavia. The production of the construction enterprises and establishments has increased significantly between 1997 and 2000 (Statistical Yearbook 2001). Although 1997 was specific for the Bulgarian economy with the colapse of the economy, the trend is still indicative for the construction industry. The increase is due mostly to the boom in the private sector, the public sector being at the same time in decline (Table 2.C.1.).

1997 1998 1999(In Levs

BGN after denomination since

1999)

2000

MILLION LEVSTotal 1550919 2108410 2507 2811Public sector 683154 577473 619 427Private sector 867765 1530937 1888 2384

STRUCTURE - %Total 100 100 100 100Public sector 44 27.4 24.7 15.2Private sector 56 72.6 75.3 84.8Table 2.C.1. Production of construction enterprises and establishments by kind of ownership

Table 2.C.2. shows the receipts of the construction enterprises by kind of activities (Statistical Yearbook 2001).

Total New constructio

n and improveme

nts

Maintenance and

repairs

MILLION LEVSConstruction and mounting

2486 1919 567

Dwelling construction 549 441 108

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NAS countriesNon-dwelling construction

1937 1478 459

STRUCTURE - %Construction and mounting

100 100 100

Dwelling construction 22.1 23 19Non-dwelling construction

77.9 77 81

Table 2.C.2. Realized receipts from activity of construction enterprises and establishments by kind of construction in 2000

Table 2.C.3. shows the receipts of the construction enterprises and establishments by kind of construction work and ownership(Statistical Yearbook 2001). The share of the private sector is much higher that the public sector one.

Total Public sector

Private sector

MILLION LEVSConstruction and mounting

2486 345 2141

Dwelling construction 549 85 464Non-dwelling construction

1937 260 1677

STRUCTURE - %Construction and mounting

100 100 100

Dwelling construction 22.1 24.6 21.7Non-dwelling construction

77.9 75.4 78.3

Table 2.C.3. Realized receipts from activity of construction enterprises and establishments by kind of building and ownership in 2000

Figure 2.C.1. shows the production account for the construction sector between 1997 and 2000 (Statistical Yearbook 2001).

Figure 2.C.1. Production account for construction sector - volume indices (preceding year = 100)

As mentioned above, the increase in the construction volume between 1997 and 2000 is due mostly to the increase in private sector volume, regardless of the decrease in the public sector volume (Figure 2.C.2., Statistical Yearbook 2001).

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0,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

1997 1998 1999 2000Years

Public

Private

Figure 2.C.2. Production account for construction sector, public and private - volume indices (preceding year = 100) Description of organization and ownership of domestic construction sector, economic value of construction sector on national level

2.D Overview of regional, national and international RTD programmers

The RTD programmes are based mostly on the renewable energy and improving the energy efficiency of buildings. The renewable energy sources (RES) are waterpower, wind power, geothermal power, solar power, biomass - wood and other waste products, and biogas. Among these energy sources, currently only water energy has a significant share in covering the country’s energy needs. The perspective to develop wind energy exists only in limited, projected coastal areas. The economic potential of biomass is able to satisfy about 2.2% of the primary energy needs. The solar and geothermal power as potential RES impact mostly the housing sector. There are about 50,000 square meters of installed solar collectors, mainly for the hot water needs of hotels. The use of geothermal sources will continue to be developed. Several modern heating installations for buildings and greenhouses have been built. Many specific designs have been developed for which financing is sought, based on proven economic efficiency. A major program targeted at improving the energy efficiency of public buildings is based on the ENSI Key Numbers and has been funded by UNDP. The programme provided training to municipal staff throughout the country and implemented several demonstration projects. It can be easily transferred to the private sector. Two programmes: “Energy-Saving Operation” and “Efficient Appliance Selection” have been proposed for the “electric appliance” process in the household subsector for the purpose of increasing its energy efficiency. The “Energy-Saving Operation” programme has 27180 toe technological conservation potential, or 10% of the electricity consumption in the “electric motor purposes” process. The “Efficient Appliance Selection” program has 22690 toe aggregate technological conservation potential. The economic potential is 11341 toe with 50% market penetration. The program “Energy Efficient Electric Motors” can reduce the consumption rate of electric motors by 3%, or 5090 toe total for the subsector. In 1999 the Government and the World Bank

130


NAS countriesagreed that more needs to be done to integrate energy and environment strategies and the World Bank, working with the SAEER and MOEW initiated an Energy-Environment Review for Bulgaria. The Energy Management Assistance Programme provided the crucial funding and support for the Review. The project “Study on the possibilities for an implementation of a widespread energy saving programme in Bulgaria” has been implemented under the SAVE II Programme of the European Union. It has been worked out by SEEA in consortium with the Austrian Energy Agency (E.V.A.) and the International Consulting on Energy (IEC), France. The LEEE promotes the purchasing of electrical power generated by renewable sources. The Law on Foreign Investments (LFI) and LEEE provide that an institution, similar to the one in the EU, will be developed that will support these activities at all levels: ministries, organizations, municipalities, industrial and private sectors. An overview of current RTD programmers; description of research potentials; main financing sources; expected outcomes, demonstration actions

2.E Description of initiatives, support measurements and strategies in filed of energy use in buildings (buildings and installations)

Presently, the energy sector is regulated by several laws, such as the Energy and Energy Efficiency Act, the Law on Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy, the Law on Concessions, the Environmental Act etc. The energy sector is influenced also by a number of international acts and contracts, to which Bulgaria is a party, such as the European Association Agreement between the European Communities and their members and the Republic of Bulgaria, the Law on Ratification of the Contract to the European Energy Charter and the Protocol on Energy Efficiency and the related nature protection aspects of these, the Vienna Convention on Civil Responsibility in Case of Nuclear Damage, the Convention on Nuclear Safety and others. A new law on energy was drafted in the beginning of 2003 and submitted to the Council of Ministers thus making it possible to:

Introduce the selected model of the electricity market Develop an internal energy market under an approved schedule Introduce a authorization regime for construction of new

capacities Enhance the SERC role.

In 2002, ordinances adopted by the Council of Ministers for setting and implementing the prices for electricity, heat and natural gas were enforced. Differentiated tariffs for natural gas will be introduced for different categories of consumers, thus laying the foundation for the development of the gasification in the household sector. The Council of Ministers is to adopt the ordinances drafted by SERC on direct access to electric and gas transmission networks, which will provide opportunities for direct contracting between eligible customers and electricity and gas suppliers. In compliance with the already approved schedule of increases in heat and electricity prices, during the period of transitional pricing the existing forms of subsidies for the

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NAS countrieselectricity and heat prices will be phased out and prices will be set in such a way that they will reflect the costs.

At the International seminar for presentation of the National Action Plan for Energy Saving in Bulgaria, hold in 2001, the following measure for improving the energy efficiency of buildings have been identified:

Technical measuresProgramme for energy conservation in large-panel buildings;Programme for energy conservation in commercial and public

buildings;Programme for energy conservation in solid-frame (brickwork)

buildings.Non-technical measures

Programme for education and training on energy conservation;Energy labeling of buildings.

Regarding the Centralized district heating, the following measures were identified:

Technical measures:Programme for improvement of the efficiency of district heating according to the demand:Rehabilitation of substations;

Introduction of a variable flow method of heat supply (in the pumping stations) by the district heating plants.

Programme for introduction of heat accounting for buildings, connected to the district heating system.Programme for rehabilitation of the heat transportation and distribution network of district heating companies.Programme for recuperation of the exhaust heat of flame-tubular water heating boilers, fired by natural gas, in the district heating plants.Programme for increase of heat production by increasing the share of combined electricity and heat generation (co-generation) in the district heating companies.

The major measures envisaged to be implemented for improving the energy efficiency of the buildings are:

Weatherproofing of entrance doors and fitting of self-shutting devices. This measure is indispensable because of the fact that in many cases the entrance doors of the buildings are left open for long periods of time. The frequently-operated sections of the doors do not fit well to the frame and the resultant slots often reach several centimeters. All materials and products needed for the application of this measure are freely available on the local market. This measure should be implemented together with weatherstrips of elevator penthouse, stairway and basement openings.

Installation of revolving or double entrance doors in buildings. This measure envisages obtruding of undesirable and uncontrolled air circulation in the entrance hall and stairway in the building. Its application will reduce the frequency of air circulation and prevent the chimney effect in the stairway.

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NAS countriesThere is a large variety of joinery of local or foreign manufacture on offer on the Bulgarian market.

Retrofit and weatherstripping of facade openings (windows and doors retrofit and weatherization)This measure involves weatherstripping of the joinery with a view to minimizing thermal losses due to infiltration. This is one of the simplest methods to reduce the influx of outdoor air into the inhabited space, thus helping reduce energy demand for pre-heating of the incoming air in the heated spaced and limit thermal losses. Currently, good quality weatherstrips for doors and windows are imported or purchased from local dealers of foreign manufacturers. There are certain samples made in Bulgaria as well. The promotion of the market may considerably expand local manufacture of weatherstrips.

Replacement of the existing wooden joinery with a new one with glass package with selective (summer/winter) coating or high performance glass. This measure is indispensable because the existing windows in buildings of mass construction use predominantly wooden joinery (twin or double) of relatively poor quality, although the service life of the majority is not yet over. This applies above all to the residential and public buildings constructed in the recent 30 years. Good-quality window joinery of local make, or manufactured under license, or imported, is available on the local market. The selective coating with summer- winter foil or high performance glass fulfills the function of keeping the heat gains from the premises in winter and to hinder the penetration of sun radiation into the premises in summer. The estimated effect under summer regime has not been taken into account in the economic analysis.

Insulation of external walls. This measure is indispensable because of the unsatisfactory thermal performance characteristics of the external walls of the building envelope of a considerable portion of the building stock of relatively new construction (residential and public buildings constructed in the recent 30 - 40 years). This measure may contribute to the improvement of both the design (construction properties) and appearance of the existing buildings. Insulation materials and systems for outdoor insulation are readily available on the local market.

Insulation of "cold" (unheated attics) roofs. This measure is topical because the attics above the top floors of the majority of buildings are not properly insulated. This causes significant heat losses and inadmissible low temperatures in the spaces above the top heated floor. Materials for insulation of roofs and attic spaces are readily available on the Bulgarian market.

Insulation of floor slabs above unheated basements. The insulation of the floors is necessary because of both the presence of thermal losses through the floor slabs and the uncomfortable sense of cold, emitted by them. The market in Bulgaria offers a significant diversity of materials of local make or from import for proper application of this measure.

133


NAS countriesReplacement of shower heads with low-flow ones in bathrooms, fitting of flow restrictors on faucets and tuning of the fixtures to operate under higher pressure. The installations costs for fitting restrictors and low-flow shower heads and nozzles are negligible, the fitting operation is simple and may be performed by the occupants themselves in the framework of the current repair on the in-house systems. The proposed low-flow shower heads may reduce water consumption by 50% - 60% without detriment to consumer comfort. In addition to heat and energy savings, this measure produces also cold water savings whose value has not been taken into account in the economic analysis of the implementation. Flow restrictors for the water taps and low flow shower heads and nozzles are offered on the local market by local dealers for foreign manufacturers.

Fitting of reflector screens behind the radiators. This measure is not popular in this country, although its application is simple and cheap. In many cases this is a low-cost measure of the type "do it yourself". The required materials may be purchased from local dealers of foreign manufacturers or specially imported. Under certain conditions the screens may be produced using available materials.

Fitting of thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs), heat allocates and common heat meters. This measure involves fitting of thermostatic valves and heat allocators on selected heating bodies for the purposes of reading heat consumption through a common heat meter. Neither of the three components of this measure may independently guarantee satisfactory economic effect and interest in energy saving among end consumers. For this reason the three components are dealt with jointly. TRVs and heat allocators are available on the local market of local make or from import. High-quality heat meters are offered by local dealers of foreign manufacturers.

Introduction of automatic control systems (central regulation valve – central-RV) in substations, with reset by a representative room and the outdoor temperature. This measure is applicable for buildings with permanent occupancy such as dwellings, hospitals etc. The equipment needed is available on the local market, mainly offered by local dealers of foreign companies and less of local make.

Introduction of automatic control systems (central-RV) in substations with reset by a representative room and the outdoor temperature for hourly (24-hours, weekly) adjustment scheduleThis system is applicable to buildings with interrupted occupancy schedule that is typical for office buildings. Savings are realized from lowering of the room temperatures at night and during weekends. It may be also applied for residential buildings to lower room temperatures during the night. The equipment needed is available on the local market, mainly offered by local dealers of foreign companies and less of local make.

Overall replacement of the incandescent lights with new compact fluorescent luminaries. The overall replacement of the current luminaries with compact fluorescent lamps is included into the measures subject to evaluation, although there are certain doubts concerning its cost-effectiveness. This type

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NAS countriesof luminaries is still relatively expensive and the correct application approach will be to begin by replacement of those lights that are used by the occupants for the longest number of hours a day.

Partial replacement of the incandescent lights with new compact fluorescent luminaries. This measure is a version of the previous one and envisages replacement of 60 W incandescent bulbs only in the sitting rooms with energy-saving bulbs of 11 W each. The new luminaries are offered on the local market by a local manufacturer and from import.

Replacement of fluorescent lights in situ with new more efficient ones of the same type. This measure is applicable above all in public buildings equipped with tubular fluorescent lamps. The 38 mm diameter lamps of the older models, featuring different lengths and power output, are replaced by a new generation of 24 mm diameter lamps that emit the same amount of light output, however consume about 10% less electricity. The new luminaries are available on the market from local manufacture.

Introduction of systems for automatic zone switching on and off depending on the presence of occupants. The system guarantees that lighting will not be "forgotten" ON in the absence of occupants in the room. This measure is applicable above all to public buildings, to buildings with intermittent occupancy cycle and in case of spaces devoid of natural lighting and occasionally occupied. The equipment needed is available on the local market through local dealers of foreign manufacturers.

There are a number of measures whose introduction may affect the behavior and steady habits of building owners and occupants. The majority of these measures cannot be imposed and have more or less the nature of recommendations.

Improvement of the air circulation around the radiators. The measure can be applied by the occupants themselves without external help.

Use of cold water for clothes washing. Currently the application of this measure is limited because of the poor supply of appropriate washing powders. It may be realized in case of replacement of obsolete clothes washers with new units using cold water only.

Taking a shower instead of a bath. The application of this measure may be encouraged in a natural way by means of fitting efficient sprinkling shower heads.

Improved location of refrigerators and freezers. The measure can be applied by the occupants themselves without external help.

Plaster insulation of one-family houses facades. This measure may be encouraged through financial and taxation incentives and through the legislation.

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NAS countriesIntroduction of new lighting units. The application of this measure may be encouraged by means of financial incentives and through appropriate accessible information and promotion highlighting the advantages and benefits of the new luminaries.

Some of these measures have already been implemented (Fitting of thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs), heat allocates and common heat meters) and others are in process of implementation.

It is further envisaged certain legislative and organizational measures to be implement, such as: Abolition of the legal and administrative barriers to third-party financing (Performance contracting) in the public sector. Solution will be sought of the currently existing restriction on "budgetary" organizations to pay off capital investments from saved costs. A mechanism will be worked out that will allow "budgetary" and "sponsoring" organizations to spend the saved amounts for other purposes once their capital investments have been fully paid out.

Programme for subsidizing mass public transport. Part of the price of public transport services will be subsidized.

Proposals for legislative amendments: imposing an excise duty on energy products; alleviation of the Income Tax for energy efficiency and treatment installations.

2.F Targets for enhance energy and environmental performance of the buildings

One of the main documents, setting targets for improving the energy efficiency in buildings is the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan developed by the Bulgarian State Energy Efficiency Agency. In the Plan the targets in the building sector are:

Rehabilitation of the existing building stock. The enrgy consumption in panel buildings, which is more than 200 kWh/m2 per year can be reduced with common measures (improving of the thermal insulation of the building envelope) at least to 150 kWh/m2 per year (which is a reduction of 25%) and with special rehabilitation programmes (including the use of passive solar energy, the improvement of the heating system, etc.) to about 100 kWh/m2 per year or reduction of 50% at least is possible.

Improvement of the new building stock (through improving of the thermal insulation of the building envelope). New buildings can have energy consumption from less than 100 kWh/m2 per year, which is a reduction of about 40% of the actual energy consumption.

Table 2.F.1. gives the targets for the average annual electricity demand of household appliances till 2020.

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NAS countriesTable 2.F.1. Forecasted intensity of households supply with electrical

appliances and their average annual electricity demandAppliances 2000 2010 2020

Supply intensi

ty,%

AVERAGE

ANNUAL

ELECTRICITY DEMA

ND,kWh

Supply intensi

ty,%

AVERAGE

ANNUAL

ELECTRICITY DEMA

ND,kWh

Supply intensi

ty,%

AVERAGE

ANNUAL

ELECTRICITY DEMA

ND,kWh

Refrigerators 75.9 550 76.8 530 77.3 520Freezers 25 700 33 675 45 650TV sets 98.9 266 98.1 269 100 272Washing machines

87.2 90 90.2 100 95 110

Other 100.0 694 100.0 901 100.0 1305

2.G Building sector financing policy

The limited investment capacity of the state (direct financing, revenues from privatization of energy assets or loan guarantees) will be used in the next several years for projects and areas of activity where economic benefits are significant, but the existing legal, regulatory or other barriers are still making such projects less attractive for foreign investors at this transition stage. This applies to energy efficiency projects where changes in the tax law are needed to create an environment favorable for companies providing energy efficiency services. The main sources of funding of the individual programmes outside the budget are the EU programmes PHARE and SAVE II, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank, the Global Environmental Facility, commercial banks, equity funds of enterprises, municipalities, households etc. It is envisaged that financing may be obtained also from the Nuclear Facilities Decommissioning Fund. A number of non-profit NGOs active in the field of climate change and energy efficiency were created over the last several years. In June 1992 the EC Energy Center Sofia was established by the EC (DG XVII) and financed through the THERMIE programme. Most of the projects of the Center have clear orientation towards promotion, dissemination and demonstration of efficient and environmental friendly technologies in all sectors and promotion of RES. The Energy Efficiency Center EnEffect was established in 1992 to supports the efforts of the Government and the municipalities for sustainable development of the country. It works on projects financed by GEF/UNDP, USAID, EU and other foreign agencies. The Energy Efficiency Center in Industry was established in 1995 in cooperation of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency - JICA. Its activities, performed by a team of Bulgarian and Japanese experts are based on the latest Japanese technologies and modern measuring equipment provided by JICA. Black Sea Regional Energy Center was established in Sofia. It combines the efforts of 12 countries of the region in coordination of energy

137


NAS countrieslegislation and energy systems, as well as of energy efficiency improvement. The JI/AIJ activities are currently coordinated by a unit at the Ministry of Environment and Waters. Since the beginning of 1998, two FEMOPETs (Fellow Member of the Network of Organizations for Promotion of Energy Technologies) have been active in Bulgaria: FEMOPET Bulgaria, incl. Sofia Energy Center as a Coordinator and FEMOPET Black Sea Region – implemented by the Black Sea Regional Energy Center.



Many historical buildings city centers, castles. 1879 on Czech Technical University branch Civil engineering 1900 a book J.E.Purkyne: Central heating and ventilation Before II. world war domestic multi flat houses build mostly from brick in

industrial regions. Two first air-conditioned office buildings in central Europe.

After II.W.W. multi flat houses from cca. 1960 prefabricated concrete panel, standard central heating and district heating. Energy source mostly cool. Office buildings often with central air-conditioning system.Industry- prefabricated, concrete panels and elements.

After revolution 1989 many new family houses, reconstruction's of existing houses of residences (thermal insulation, thick windows, facades and roofs, individual heating control).Office buildings standard - air conditioning usually fan-coil or split, VRV systems. Same standard as in western Europe (international teams, and design

companies).

2.B Description of building stock and energy use in building sector

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NAS countries

mil. m3

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Natural Gas Consumption 6552 6974 6386 6890 6819 7921 9155 9237 9253 9362 9094 9813

Electricity

GWh 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Net Production 55 370 54 976 54 853 56 880 59 899 59 956 60 264 59 475 67 740 68 780Net Consumption 48 148 47 765 49 312 52 155 54 146 53 163 52 196 50 855 52 291 53 779


After 1990 the real output of the Czech Construction sector was falling down till 1993. Since 1994 to 1996 it grew up by approx. 20 per cent, since 1997 it has declined by 4, respective 7 or 6.5 per cent. In 1999 the decrease was milder when compared with 1998. It was turning milder step by step during 1999 as well, only -3.2 percent in the 4th quarter in comparison with the same period of the previous year. In 2000 grew of the real output drew near 10 per cent and more than 13 per cent in 2001. Firms with 20 or more employees produced the greater part of the output, more then 83 %. The percentage of smallest firms was rather low, particularly when compared with other European countries. In 2001 the number of employees (in firms with 20 or more employees) fell down by 3,8 percent, the productivity of labour at constant prices grew up more then 10 per cent. The percentage of manual workers on site reached 68,4 percent of all employees, its more than previous years. Output of the Czech Construction sector in 1994 was 142,7 bill CZK, in 2001 264,0 bill. CZK. Number of employees in firms with 20 and more employees was in 1994 225 300 workers and in 2001 was 158 700 workers but total number of 428 900 workers incl. self-employed. In 2001 was 98,4% private firms, 1,0% cooperative, 0,1 state and 0,5% others. Contracts of

139


NAS countriesdomestic investors were dominant (97,3 as percentage of the contract stock, annual growth approx. by bill. CZK 15, i.e. more than +11,6 per cent). Contracts for new work, incl. reconstruction's and modernization reached 93,2 per cent (annual growth approx. bill. CZK 15, i.e. more than +11,6 per cent. Public bodies were leading domestic investors, reaching almost 70 per cent of domestic contracts, particularly contracts for civil engineering and water work. They are important investors of non-residential non-industrial and of residential buildings as well. In 2001 the total number of completed new dwellings was 24 759, modernized dwellings 13 435 and 1 799 dwellings by conversion of non-residential spaces. The number of completed dwellings grew up by 1,8 per cent in 2001, particularly the growth was noted only in the number of dwellings in family houses (by +2,2 per cent), in non-residential multifunctional buildings (by +10,6 per cent) and in new homes for disabled people, seniors (by +3,1) but in house extensions fell down (by –8,2 per cent). The dominant part of completed dwellings in family houses was for owner's use. The number of dwellings in multi-dwelling houses fell down by 0,2 per cent in 2001, it is not so much like in 2000. The big part on this is due to the number of dwellings in co-operative houses which growed by 66 per cent. The 44% of completed dwellings in multi-dwelling houses were designed for sale. The raising number of completed dwellings in house extensions, in non-residential buildings and in conversed non-residential spaces, i.e. rather cheaper dwellings, reflected the actual purchase power. The average habitable floor space reached 96,9 sq.m (96,5 sq.m in 1999) in family houses or 56,9 sq.m (51 sq.m in 1999) in multi-dwelling houses in 1999. When compared with 1999 the total average habitable floor space grew up by 5,3 per cent in 2000. The average useful floor space decreased on 155,4 sq.m. (158,5 sq.m in 1999) in family houses or 67,7 sq.m (70,2 sq.m in 1999) in multi-dwelling houses.

Residential output is shown in thousand numbers of started, under construction and completed dwellings in the Czech Republic.


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NAS countries

Research and Developement Council and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (R&D) provide you with lucid up-to-date state adminstration information on research and development in the Czech Republic.

Internal grants of, universities and companies- small projects support usually just for equipment and travel no personal costs.

Ministry of education grants - development of universities including research abilityMinistry of environment grants - limited number of research projects and some support for conferences and seminars.

Grant agency of Czech republic - limited number of grants (thematic programs Quality of live, Information's society, Sustainable development, Energy for economy and society, Modern society), personal costs are very limited.


406 ACT. on Energy management (of 25th October 2000). Decrees of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic

o Decree no. 150 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining minimal effectiveness of energy application in electricity generation and heat energy production

o Decree no. 151 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining details regarding effectiveness of energy application in heat energy distribution and its inner distribution

o Decree no. 152 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining rules with respect to heating and service warm water delivery, specific indexes of heat consumption for heating and service warm water preparation, and requirements regarding inner heat equipment outfit of buildings with instruments enabling heat energy regulation for final cunsumers

o Decree no. 153 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining details with respect to determination of energy application effectiveness during transfer, distribution and inner electric power distribution

o Decree no. 212 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining details concerning preparation of the combined electricity generation and heat production and their realization

o Decree no. 213 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade introducing details with respect to energy audit requirements

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NAS countrieso Decree no. 214 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade fixing the

limitation of those energy sources which will be appreciated as renewable ones

o Decree no. 215 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining details of energy consumers designation by means of energy labels and elaboration of technical documentation as well as minimal energy effectiveness for electrical appliances introduced to market

o Decree no. 291 of the Ministry of Industry and Trade determining the details of the effectiveness of energy application during heat consumption in buildings

Regulations of the Government of the Czech Republic o Government Regulation no. 195 determining details contents

territorial energy conception


The specification of energy policy targets and the schedule of their performance are summarised in the table below:The key targets of the energy policyTarget Deadline

Achievement of energy savings and use of renewable energy sources - implementation of the State Energy Savings Programme based on Government Resolution 480/1998 (after the adoption of the act on energy management as per relevant national programmes)

Standing task

Programme of privatisation in the energy sector - general principles of privatisation of the interests of the State and the implementation programme (except the transmission networks) in co-operation with the Ministry of Finance and the National Property Fund (responsibility of the Ministry of Finance)

2000

Completion of the changes in energy legislation as per the Plan of Legislative Work of the Government (approved through a government resolution) in order to achieve compatibility with EU legislationThe legislative framework will be prepared in the following sequence:a) new Energy Act - expected date of entry into effectb) the Energy Management Act - expected date of entry into effect

2002

1/200110/2000

Basic strategy of the pricing and taxation policy for the energy sectorAdjustment of the prices of electricity and gas and a modification of the depreciation bases with a rise in the depreciation bases for equipment used in the energy sector

2001

2002

Time-scale of the successive opening of the electricity and natural gas market, decisions on the individual steps 2002-2008Time-scale and implementation of changes in accounting and in the

142


NAS countrieseconomic and energy statistics, including the needed amendments to the Accounting Act and Statistics Act according to the requirements of the European Union (Statistical Office of European Communities - EUROSTAT) and OECD (International Energy Agency - IEA)

2000

Launching the independent regulator for the energy sectors 2001

Electricity - Short- and medium-term targets:Target Deadline

Develop a new tariff system based on the principle of marginal costs (limit costs) of the production, transmission and distribution of electricity (including payments for system services and for the use of the networks), including: - draft new price list, including the tariff conditions for the large industrial users taking electricity from the high and medium voltage levels,- draft new price list, including the "price licence" and tariff conditions for small users (households, small businesses), fed from the low-voltage level term of entry into effect (gradually during 2000)

1/2000

Gradually apply European Parliament and Council Directive 96/92/EC on the general rules for the internal electricity market, the recommended electricity market model being the model of regulated third party access to the networks (reg. TPA)During the transient period, focus on conclusively securing the supply of electricity from sources with an output of 50 MW or higher, upon the basis of minimum variable costs; import electricity only in cases of indicated lack of power balance in the electricity system of the Czech Republic

2000-2003

Through representatives of the State in the Boards of ÈEZ, a.s., secure effective control of the progress of the finishing of the construction of the Temelín nuclear power plant with emphasis on meeting the dates for the charging of the reactors with nuclear fuel 1st unit2nd unit and not exceeding the aggregate budget of CZK 98.6 billion

9/200012/2001

Secure refurbishment and security enhancement of the Dukovany nuclear power plant (JEDU - 4 x 440 MW), including:- improvement of nuclear safety - reconstruction- obtaining licence to operate the power plant until 2025- secure economic competitiveness of the power plant in the deregulated market

2000- 2009

Propose and implement measures for being able to sell the excess electricity generated in the Czech Republic in 2000 to 2006 - achieve a higher level of electricity exports over that period 2000Prepare a new conception of radioactive waste handling in the Czech Republic and secure its assessment in accordance with § 14 of Act 244/1992 Col. (responsibility of the Radioactive Waste Storage Sites Administration Board)

2000

Prepare and adopt the principles of privatisation of distribution companies (in co-operation with the Ministry of Finance and the National Property Fund - responsibility of the Ministry of Finance) 2/2000Prepare and adopt the programme of privatisation of ÈEZ, a.s., with

143


NAS countriesreduced effect on electricity prices for the end users (in co-operation with the Ministry of Finance and the National Property Fund - responsibility of the Ministry of Finance) 2/2000Long-term targets:Target DeadlineSupport the rise of competition everywhere technically possible, economically feasible and strategically advantageous Standing

taskSecure reliable supply of electricity for prices which will be as low as possible, while covering the costs of generation, transmission and distribution

Standing task

Improve the effectiveness of energy utilisation within the national economy and support the use of renewable energy sources in order to be able to continuously reduce the adverse impacts of electricity generation and consumption on the environment and, thereby, simultaneously contribute to a reduction of the country's dependence on the imports of energy sources.

Standing task

Gas industry Short- and medium-term targets:Deadline

Submit a draft document on a new conception of gas tariffs with a much wider categorisation of customers and with inclusion of mechanisms in which the impact of import prices is reflected in the prices paid by end users; term of entry into effect

1/2000

In order to secure continuous and reliable supply of natural gas to the customers during the whole year, create an integrated system of technical facilities and economic tools (tariff price system) enabling to influence and effectively cover the consumption schedule

2000

Assess the expected future growth of the need for natural gas in the Czech Republic - the contribution of natural gas in the over-all primary energy sources should not exceed 25% - thus reduce excessive dependence on import

2000

Prepare and adopt the principles of privatisation of the distribution companies and Transgas s.p. with minimum social impact on the end users (in co-operation with the Ministry of Finance and the National Property Fund - responsibility of the Ministry of Finance) 2/2000

Long-term targets:Target DeadlinePrefer energy-saving and efficiency-improving measures on the consumption side, rather than providing new imports of natural gas. Create legislative and economic conditions for that

Standing task

Where natural gas is used in electricity generation, prefer its use in local facilities of the co-generation type (combined with heat generation) with optimum utilisation of the primary resources

Standing task

As for the organisation of the internal gas market: provide technical conditions and competition levels compatible with the requirements of European Parliament and Council Directive 98/30/EC, the target

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NAS countriesbeing to create a model of negotiated third party access to networks for Transgas s.p. and regulated TPA for distribution companies

2008

Coal mining Short- and medium-term targets:Target DeadlineSecure progressive scaling-down and liquidation of coal mines within the meaning of Czech government resolution 912/1999 since 2000

2000

Prepare successor organisations which will specifically focus on removing the consequences of mining operations, and which will be authorised, by the government, to solve the social and environmental needs ensuing from the claims which arose form the operations of the already closed mines

2000

Prepare further privatisation of the coal mining companies, taking into account the State's involvement in the scaling-down and reclamation efforts and to the State's permanent obligations in respect of the claims of the people working in the industry.Within the preparation for privatisation of the stake of the National Property Fund in the coal mining companies, define the interests to be preferred by the State during the privatisation of the mining companies. When preparing the privatisation, take into account problems in those companies where the state does not have, or has lost, its controlling influence. In the OKD, a.s., possible options of the organisation scheme (which may involve splitting) will be sought during the process. A general document will be prepared in which this aim will be considered and assessed from different aspects

2000

The issue of restructuring the coal mining sector will be finally settled by procedures used in the EU, also taking into account the opportunities ensuing for the EU states from European Union Decision 3632 dated 28 December 1993, laying down the rules for State support to the mining industry for the period of up to 23 July 2002

2002

During the period of the final stage of restructuring and privatisation, support the local hard coal market and maintain its fair conditions by using the opportunities offered by the anti-dumping law and by using licence tools for regulation of the import of hard coal to the Czech Republic.

Standing task

Long-term targets:Target DeadlineSecure the protection of important resources of brown and hard coal for possible future use.

Standing task

The government will create conditions for long-continued use of local coal in electricity and heat generation and will support local competitive extraction while respecting the environmental restrictions and while considering the prospects of environmentally safe utilisation of the coal by new clean methods technologies

After 2000

Uranium ore mining Short- and medium-term targets:

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NAS countriesTarget Deadli

neRealise deep mining of uranium in the last locality Dolní Rožínka in accordance with the government resolution 750/1999 2001On the basis of the decision to continue developing the nuclear energy sector in the Czech Republic, develop periodically the basic strategy of providing fuel to the nuclear power plants. 2000Adopt the time scale of drawing the uranium concentrate from the State Reserves and release the product for the market. 2001

Long-term targets:Target Deadli

neSecure the protection of important resources of uranium ore for possible future use

2004

Change the Diamo State Corporation into an engineering organisation focused mainly on reclamation and on removing the consequences of uranium mining when the mines are closed

2004

Continue in removing the consequences of chemical mining at Stráž pod Ralskem with the removal of contaminants from the mines and its subsequent processing (the uranium and other contaminants so produced will only be part of the reclamation products, realised for non-market prices, - as a form of revenue from the liquidation)

By the year2030

Supply of oil and oil products Short- and medium-term targets:Target Deadli

neAssess the opportunities of a wider use of oil products in the energy area and create legislative and taxation conditions for that purpose, aiming at extending the supply to the market of competitive and environmentally safe energy sources, with special emphasis on heating oils

2002

Prepare privatisation of the refinery companies, including: Èepro, a.s. - retain a 100 % ownership interest of the State MERO ÈR, a.s. - retain a 100 % ownership interest of the State Unipetrol, a.s. - submit a proposal for privatisation of the Holding's companies, namely - completion of the privatisation of the Holding's subsidiaries - completion of the privatisation of Unipetrol

20002000

Long-term targets:Target Deadli

neCreate conditions for continuous maintenance and replacement of a 90day reserve of oil and oil products, including the method of financing this reserve

Standing

task

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NAS countriesSupport the involvement of the Czech Republic, on a long-term basis, in the international structures striving for minimisation of the risks relating to oil supply

Standing

task

Supply of heat and the co-generation of electricity and heat Short- and medium-term targets:Target Deadlin

eSupport economically effective development (using pricing and taxation tools) of co-generating units for combined production of heat and electricity in order to achieve the best possible utilisation of the primary energy sources

Standing task

Create a legislative environment for the co-operation of heat and electricity producers with the regional distributors responsible for the supply electricity and natural gas

2000

Initiate, in a successive manner, an effective way of regulation of the systems of centralised heat supply on the regional basis 2000

Long-term targets:Target Deadlin

eCreate conditions, on the regional basis, for the utilisation of all the existing competitive energy sources to generate heat, including renewable sources, in order to achieve the maximum possible local self-sufficiency in heat sources in the given region

Standing task

Support the rise of regional energy systems in accordance with land planning documentation, particularly in the area of heat supply

Standing task


- Building Savings Bank with the state support for housing- Building Mortgage with state subsidies for housing and public buildings- State bearing no interest loans for housing – new buildings and

renovation- State Fund of Environment – State programme for subsidy of energy

savings and renewable energy use in building sector - Programme of the state subsidies for cutting down of consumption of

fuel and energy in the Czech Republic for new and existing building stock (housing, public and industry)

- Programme of the State subsidies for low energy housing stock and social housing

HungaryHungary


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NAS countriesThe new Building Regulation, being in force from 1992. promotes and motivates, and the present market conditions facilitate, the energy conscious design and the wide spreading of the passive solar systems. The problem of the Building Regulation and the harmonisation with the CEN are solved. Between 1980. and 1992. the Building Regulation determined only the maxima of the wall, roof, window and facade average U values as 0.7, 0.4 , 3.0 and 1.5 W/sq.m., respectively. Before 1980. only the prevention of the surface condensation (U< 1.5 W/sq.m.) was required. In Hungary there is good back-ground industry capable to produce high quality thermal insulation material, masonry blocks and windows; but due to the social and economic changes today only a small fraction of their capacity is utilised. In the 70's and 80's about 80000 flats per year have been built, in 1993 only 10000. The regulation applies only to the new buildings. The building activity depends on the overall conditions of the national economy and the number of new buildings being not more than 1,52 % of the existing building stock, it takes a long time to achieve considerable energy saving on regional or national level. These facts underline the importance of the retrofit of the existing buildings. Special attention is to be paid to the retrofit of the prefabricated blocks of flats built in the 60's and 70's. Among others new external surface finishing with added thermal insulation and new heating and automatic control systems are needed. The necessary industrial capacity and man-power are given, the problem is the liquidity of the habitants who just became or are being become owners, buying their flats which were previously the properties of the state. The number of these flats is about 800 000. Main statistical data of the existing Hungarian building stock are shown in Tables 1. to 3.

Table 1.

Walls

Year Wood

Adobe Brick,Stone,

Concretescelet

Mediumblock

Cast Panel Other

subtotal

distributionin %

cumulativedistribution in %

-1899

407 255446

131477

901

- 594

388825

9,87

9,87

1900-1919

417 179063

111650

692

- 418

292242

7,42

17,29

1920-1949

564 330596

257261

4538

- 523

593482

15,07

32,36

1950-1959

220 181215

218979

3505

- 310

404229

10,26

42,62

1960-1969

- 40000

440000

3700

27889

4130

27246

11304

587569

14,92

57,54

1970-1979

- 42019

443379

31886

66055

29900

248279

20546

882064

22,40

79,94

1980-1984

- 785

228484

4504

13421

25427

132492

7343

412456

10,47

90,41

1985-1989

- 524

152324

3003

8948

16951

88328

4896

274974

6,98

97,39

- 1990

- 119

32431

743

536

2275

6533

1135

43772

1,11

98,50

- - 1 261 60 4 16 34 331 0,8 99,34

148


NAS countries1991 19 91 0 22 35 76 721 64 4 - 1992

79 175

22348

763

206

534

1513

189

25807

0,65

100,00

total 1687 1030363

2064524

84221

120690

81553

507867

47979

3938584

100,0

Table 2.

Erected Budapest Other cities

Villages Total Distribution

Cumulative

-1899 10 773 85 629 117 850 214 252 8,75 8,751900-1919 17 508 70 310 121 960 209 778 8,57 17,321920-1944 54 373 134 412 243 545 432 330 17,67 35,001945-1959 20 236 97 994 238 351 356 581 14,58 49,571960-1969 23 223 137 377 211 014 371 314 15,20 64,771970-1979 21 473 164 710 247 736 433 919 17,74 82,511980-1989 22 355 146 958 203 357 372 770 15,24 97,751990 1 379 9 055 12 548 22 982 0,94 98,691991 1 041 6 838 9 476 17 355 0,71 99,401992 855 5 618 7 785 14 258 0,58 100,00TOTAL : 173 216 858 901 1 413 722 2 445 839 100,00 100,00

Table 3.

1992 Detached and

Terrace houses

Traditional

Blocks with TOTAL

semidetached

and small urban industrialised

houses blocks blocks technologiesNumber of flats

2 365 000 577 700 201 600 794 300 3 938 600

U value of

k > 1,3 W/m2K itt töröltem !!

57 800 157 300

÷ 2 080 100

exposed walls

k = 0,8 -1,3W/m2K

350 000 433 300 40 300 635 400 1 459 000

k < 0,8 W/m2K 150 000 86 600 4 000 158 900 399 000

Expected < 10 373 000 ÷ ÷ ÷ 373 000

lifetime 10.- 30 275 000 ÷ 25 000 ÷ 300 000

years > 30 1 717 000 577 700 176 600 794 300 3 265 600


About 60 % of the flats are in detached and semidetached houses. The expected physical life-time of these houses is shown in Table 1,9. As it can be seen, about 15~20 % of this statistical population are obsolete, no rational retrofit can be realised. About 1500000 houses are built with traditional brick walls, pitched roofs and cellars. Their physical state is acceptable and due to

149


NAS countriesthe lack of any thermal insulation, the energy conscious retrofit promises to be efficient. However, small units are spoken of, thus the high surface to volume ratio requires high investment costs. Am other problem is that the heat loss coefficient of the walls and roofs are of the same order, thus both should be insulated. About 350000 flats are built with the first generation of thermal bricks. Disregarding the slightly better insulation level, energy conscious retrofit would be justified and efficient. Only 150000 flats in this group have acceptable thermal characteristics, which though could be improved bat no retrofit can be expected in the near future due to the good physical state of the houses

The total number of Terrace houses and small blocks is 577700. The number of the flats in a block is between 4~18. About 10 % of this statistical population are excluded of retrofit due to the bad physical state. The majority of the units is built with traditional bricks. Their retrofit is promising. About 15 % percent of this group have acceptable thermal performance.

The total number of traditional blocks of flats is about 200000. Most of them are in the central districts of cities, and are in obsolete conditions but with reliable load bearing constructions. Only a few percent of this group have acceptable thermal performance, practically the complete group needs general retrofit.

Blocks built with industrialised technology. Industrialised technology in this case means first of all prefabricated sandwich panels, a limited number prefabricated monolith panels and cast concrete buildings. These block of flats are usually in satellite districts. The thermal insulation of these buildings is of a mean level, however the joints and thermal bridges represent problem. The average age is 25 years, practically without any kind of retrofit or regular, effective maintenance.

According to the available statistical data the energy consumption in Hungary ranged between 1000 - 1050 PJ/a. About 35 % of this value is the consumption of the population which is used mainly for the operation of residential buildings. To this value the operation of public, industrial and agricultural buildings and the energy consumption of building industry should be added. As a result, the estimated energy consumption of the building sector is about 35 - 40 % of the total of that of the country. Although the actual state of the Hungarian industry is very difficult, it can be supposed that as a result of the re-privatisation and restructuring, the problems of energy efficient production and technologies will be solved quasi automatically, according to the rules of the market-economy. More difficult is the situation as the energy consumption of population and communal sectors are concerned: although the rules of the market economy are going to prevail in these sectors, as well, the lack of the capital would prevent the appropriate reactions unless the necessary changes will be supported by adequate tax system, cheap credit, subventions and well balanced tariff system. The number of households In Hungary is round four million. The existing building stock is overaged. During the last decade the number of new flats ranged around 20 000/a only which did not facilitate to change an acceptable number of obsolete buildings, approaching the end of

150


NAS countriesphysical life time. Some important characteristics of the existing building stock are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Detached and

Terrace houses

Traditional

Blocks with

semidetached

and small urban industrialised

TOTAL

houses blocks blocks technologies

Number of

flats 2 365 000 577 700 201 600 794 300

3 938 600

U value of

k > 1,3 W/m2K

1 865 000 57 800 157 300

÷ 2 080 100

exposed k = 0,8 -1,3W/m2K

350 000

433 300 40 300 635 400 1 459 000

walls k < 0,8 W/m2K

150 000

86 600 4 000 158 900 399 000

Expected < 10 373 000

÷ ÷ ÷ 373 000

lifetime 10.- 30 275 000

÷ 25 000 ÷ 300 000

years > 30 1 717 000

577 700 176 600 794 300 3 265 600

From the above data the following conclusions are to be emphasised: the number of flats in blocks, build with industrialised technologies is

considerable, approx. 20 % of the total, the remaining expected physical life time of these flats (with regard to

the load bearing constructions and the main building elements) is still 50 - 70 years,

the thermal performance of these buildings does not meet the recent requirements,

in addition to the data in the Table it must be mentioned that the energy wasting building service systems of these buildings are at the end of their physical life time,

thus these flats , on one hand, must be used still for several decades, on the other hand, their retrofit is inevitable.

Industrialised technology in this case means first of all prefabricated sandwich panels, plus a limited number of prefabricated monolith panels and cast concrete buildings. These block of flats are usually in satellite districts. The average age is 30 years, practically without any kind of retrofit or regular, effective maintenance. The thermal insulation of these buildings is of a mean level, however the joints and thermal bridges represent problem. Implementing industrialised technologies in Hungary the first systems were based on slag concrete which facilitates relatively light weight constructions of appropriate load bearing characteristics without reinforcement at acceptable cost. The typical thickness of exposed and/or load bearing walls is 29 cm, the minimum being 19 cm. This material have been used in cast concrete buildings in situ, as well, however the most typical way of application was the prefabrication of medium size panels. The height of the panels equals with that of the room (excepting the parapet elements), the widths are

151


NAS countriestypically 0,6, 0,9, 1,2 m. There was no additional thermal insulation on these exposed walls, thus the U value ranged between 1,3-1,7 W/m2K, depending on the density of the material and on the quality of the prefabrication. On each storey a reinforced concrete crowning had to be applied, which was „insulated” with a few centimetres of slag concrete only - these joints of exposed walls and floor slabs represent serious thermal bridges. Typical problem of these buildings are the cracks along the joints of panels - the width of these cracks achieve 5 mm. The consequences are obvious: poor weather proofness, higher heat loss, lower internal surface temperature in the case of infiltration, surface condensation in the joint itself in the case of exfiltration, moistening due to driving rain, higher air change rate and the presence of insects. These cracks may be the consequences of the bad quality fundaments, improper size and positioning of the panels. The most typical problem is that the hole two panels are not filled well with plaster and an air gap remains between them. Even if there would be no cracks along the joints, in these air gaps a natural circulation develops within the air gap, due to the temperature difference and the resulting convective heat transfer intensify the thermal bridge effect. The next step was the implementation of sandwich panels. Their typical cross section is: reinforced concrete - thermal insulation - reinforced concrete. In the system, imported from the Soviet Union, exposed walls are load bearing ones, in the Larsen-Nielsen system they are not. At the very beginning of the application of the „Soviet” system light weight concrete has been used as thermal insulation. No wonder: the U value is about 1,7 W/m2K. Later mineral wool was used - the problem was the sinking of this material due to its loose structure and vibrations. Majority of these panels are insulated with 8 cm expanded polystyrene. In the sandwich panels the two reinforced concrete layers must be joined. In the early period a continuous reinforced concrete stripe with a width of 15-30 cm along the perimeter and along the window perimeter provided the joint. Self intended, the lack of the continuous thermal insulation in the panel resulted in a serious thermal bridge effect. Later the two layers were joined with steel armament only, which represented "point-like" thermal bridges. The thermal insulation was continuous, although thinner along the perimeter. It is not a simple question to interpret the U value of these panels. If theoretical cross section is taken into account (reinforced concrete - expanded polystyrene - reinforced concrete) one can have the illusion that the U value is as low as about 0,5 W/m2K. Due to the effects of the prefabrication technology, when the polystyrene is exposed to water, to the weight of the concrete layer, vibration and thermal treatment, real conductivity, higher by 50 % than the declared value is to be taken into account - this fact was proven by measurements, carried out by the Laboratory of Building Physics, Technical University Budapest in the 80’s. Even if the concrete layers are joined with steel, these „point-like” thermal bridges increase the heat loss. Although the projected area of steel represents only 0,5 - 1 % of that of the facade it should not be forgotten that the ratio of the conductivity values of steel and polystyrene (taking the corrected value of the last) is 80/0,05 = 1600, counterbalancing the ratio of the areas. And last but not least the strip along the perimeter with thinner thermal insulation should not be forgotten.Considering some of all of the above effects the average U value of the panels (without the thermal bridge effects of the joints between them ranges from 0,8 up to 1,1. The joints of sandwich panels are filled in in situ with concrete and

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NAS countriesthere are overlapping steel armaments, welded in some points. Due to the lack of continuous thermal insulation the thermal bridge effect is serious, and is intensified by the armament. In several cases the relative thin edges of the panels are damaged during the transport or building. Critical problem is the weather proofness of the joints. Both so called „open” joints (where a C form rubber profile and a decompressing hole) or „closed” ones (sealed with some mastic) are unreliable solutions. Floor slabs of panel buildings are prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 14 - 18 cm with different types of acceptable thermal insulation, but many times low quality hydroinsulation on the flat roofs. In the basements there are unheated store rooms, heat centres, garages. During the last decade some of these premises have been converted into small shops, workshops, with additional heating. Staircases were heated originally, however, due to the increasing energy prices, on one hand, and the privatisation of the flats, on the other hand, in several building the emitters in the staircases are switched off. Most of these buildings are connected to district heating.

PPPicture showes the thermal performance of the existing Hungarian buildings. On the vertical axis the number of households.

The distribution of the Hungarian building stock according to the type of heating and level of insulation:

Type of the building TotalFamily house

TraditionalBuilding

Industrial structure

Moulded houses

Block-houses

Panel structures

Number of flats 2365000

779300 80390 145385 508385 3878460

U >1,3 W/m2K 1865000

215100 0 2080100

U = 0,8-1,3 W/m2K

350000 473600 635400 1459000

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NAS countriesU < 0,8 W/m2K 150000 89600 99760 339360Room heating 168140

0441100 106760 0 222926

0Local (flat) heating

682600 217400 0 0 900000

Central heating 0 90000 17200 0 107200District heating 1000 30800 101815 508385 642000

2.D Overview of regional, national and international RTD programmersThe energy saving in the building sector was and is subject of different projects. Not mentioning the research itself auditing have been carried out with PHARE support. A smaller demonstration project has been realised in Szeged with similar support where 11 building or heating systems have been retrofitted. Several individual owner applied for, and received financial support from the “German Coal Fund”, however the number of applicants and retrofitted buildings did not meet the expectation because only a given percent of the cost could be covered and the majority of the owners was not able to provide own contribution. Nowadays the Resolution 1107/1999. (X.8.) of the Hungarian Government regulates the available financial contribution. With regard to the building sector the followings should be mentioned. The main RTD activities are focused on:

Auditing and retrofit of public buildings, owned by the local authorities (mainly school and hospital buildings). A modest sum - approx. 500000 Euro/year is detached for this item.

Thermal retrofit of building. The financial support can be 1/3 of the total cost, and the absolute value per house or flat is limited, too, the budget is about 500 00 Euro/year which is equivalent with the cost of added insulation for about 35 000 sq. m facade only (if 2/3 of the cost is provided by the owners).

The use of renewables in general is supported with about 1 000 000 Euro/year. Within this special emphasis is given to the biomass and geothermal energy. In ten years 20 000 active solar system will be supported (domestic hot water. The available support is 20 - 30 % of the total cost..

For the modernisation of district heating systems (mainly cogeneration, metering, automatization) 1 500 000 Euro/year is foreseen.

For more complex project financial support is available within the framework of the so called "Széchenyi project" - 1/3 of the total cost can be applied for.


The motivations of retrofit can be different. Although this paper encompass the energy conscious retrofit, it should be stated that -regrettable- the improvement of the energy balance alone rarely represent sufficient motivation of an all-out reconstruction. The improvement of the windows and

154


NAS countriesthat of the heating systems can be considered as measures of only energy motivation. In general either the energy saving measures are combined with other ones or the retrofit becomes actual from other but energy point of view and the necessary measures are completed with energy saving ones.

The typical motivations and their combinations are the followings:

Fabric damages (corrosion, cracks, crumbling, moistening) are to be repaired, this repair is completed with energy saving measures and many times the aesthetic quality of the building is parallel improved. Typical case is the renovation of the facades and flat roofs.

The aesthetic improvement of the facade can be the primary motivation as well. In this case two options are possible: to keep or to change the appearance of the building. The first option represents many restrictions, because no visible change is allowed on the facades. However, "hidden" solutions are possible, although require more carefully design. The second option facilitates the application of a wide selection of materials and systems in accordance with the acceptable or desired change of the building's character.

Extension of the living area is possible by putting to use the attic. Thermal comfort aspects prevail if the living area of an existing building is to be extended by building up the attics - in this case thermal insulation of the pitched roof and garrets becomes necessary. Also thermal comfort requirements motivate the application of movable shading/night insulation devices.

Temporary extension can be created by building attached sunspace to the existing house or creating sunspaces from the existing loggias. In this case a well balanced compromise is to be found between the aesthetic quality of the facades, the habitability of the sunspace, and its energy saving effect.

The analysis of the different motivations from architectural and fabric protection points of view is of importance because inevitable fabric repairs or architectural changes can be combined with energy saving measures such that considerable part of the costs should not be taken into account as energy saving investment (e.g. if outside surface finishing is to be repaired, only the cost of the thermal insulation is to be taken into account, the cost of the surface finishing and the scaffold being invested for the inevitable fabric repair); even if the primary aim is the energy saving, it is possible to argue that parallel fabric protection, thermal comfort condition and aesthetic value will be improved.

In general no separated and sterile energy saving retrofit should be encompassed. The building is a very complex organism. Any intervention has different consequences. The "automatic" consequences of the energy saving measures on the fabric protection, thermal comfort, architectural quality must be taken into account whilst arguing for this measures and calculating the benefits of the retrofit. Moreover, energy saving measures should be combined with other, parallel ones in order to further improve the quality of the building and vice versa: in the case of fabric repairs or architectural changes the plausible energy saving measure should be attempted.

155


NAS countries

Social background

If the owner's intention is to extend the living area (by putting to use the attic, or by building attached sunspace), to change the character or to improve the architectural quality (the first is not equivalent by all means with the second), it is likely that the costs of the combined energy saving measures represent less problem. The same applies if simple measures (e.g. sealing the windows) are to be taken or comfort aspects are prevailing (e.g. movable shading/night insulation devices). The situation can be quite different if the motivation of the retrofit is the repair of fabric damages. Among the owners of older houses or flats there can be many for whom the costs of energy saving measures are beyond their financial possibilities. With regard to the complexity of most retrofit measures, the cost of energy saving measures can be separated from the total investment cost or at least same items can be shared between energy saving and other measures. E.g. if fabric repairs are inevitable, the cost of the scaffold and new surface finishing can be excluded from, or - as a maximum - shared with, the costs of added external thermal insulation. In other terms: not the fabric repair is to be considered as a by-product of the added insulation, but inversely, if the condition of the fabric makes inevitable the repair. It is obvious, that the payback time of the energy saving measure will be only a fraction of that calculated on the basis of the total investment. In the case of external insulation of a multi-storey facade only 10 -20 % of the costs is the thermal insulation itself, the rest being the costs of surface finishing and scaffold. Even the single user pays a considerable yearly sum as a part of taxes and social insurance, which is or should be spent for environmental protection and to eliminate or moderate the consequences of the pollution. There are statistical data on the COx, NOx and SOx emission of different sectors as well as on the losses, due to this emission (e.g. in forestry), on the costs of the necessary recultivation and prevention. Proportionally to the energy consumption, a specific value of "environmental cost" can be determined and added to the running cost saving. According to the recent practice the consequences of 1 PJ energy consumption in Hungary are the followings:

SO2 424 tNOx 73 tCO 247 tCO2 69000 tDust 180 t

With regard to the specific costs per PJ:

fuel itself 900 000 000 HUFadditional import

cost: 75 000 000 HUF

public health: 15 000 000 HUF recultivation, waste treatment:

no available data

156


NAS countriesWith regard to the health protection the relationship between the environmental pollution and the frequency of illnesses can only be estimated, e.g. by comparing statistical data of regions of different pollution level. A specific value of sick pay and other social costs savings should be added as well to the running cost saving. In some cases there is a more direct relationship between the health protection and building retrofit. A large-scale auditing in Hungary (tens of thousands of flats were visited) proved the correlation between the frequency of asthma and the fabric damages (mould growth). In similar cases, when improvement of indoor hygienic conditions accompanies the energy saving measures, statistical data of this limited population of buildings and habitants can be taken into account and expected specific value of social cost saving, directly related to the given building type and health problem, can be added to the running cost saving. Obviously, the above listed different social costs do not appear directly and equally in the budget of the single user. The social cost savings should be accounted on state or regional level. It is self intended that the prevention of pollution and health problems is much better than the subsequent curing, thus it is much better to contribute to energy saving measures at least with the equivalent of expected social cost savings. Although the above idea seems to be simple and self intended, it is not easy to have it accepted. The background of the problem is that social cost saving effects of energy saving measures in the building sector become perceptible on regional or national level only if these measures are realised in considerable number of buildings. Until sporadic actions are carried out in a few percent of the existing building stock, no qualitative change can be expected. It takes years till the "critical number" of retrofitted houses will be achieved and positive effects on regional or national level develop. However, the energy saving retrofit must be moved from this dead point: no qualitative change on national level can be expected unless appropriate financial means will be provided.


Targets in energy savings in above mentioned programs are: Thermal retrofit of building. Each year 10 PJ energy saving is

expected The use of renewables. It is expected that the yearly increment

will be 20 PJ. For the modernisation of district heating systems - the expected

result is 10 PJ/year energy saving.

The figures can be compared with the gross energy consumption of the building sector, its estimated value is approx. 350 PJ/year.

LatviaLatvia

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NAS countriesToday the majority of the 2,4 million in Latvia lives in towns. Most of them live in multi–family houses, but there are also a lot of small houses. In the Latvia houses three generations sometimes live together. This is the main reason why some of the Latvian houses are rather big, compared to normal standard in European countries. The total floor area of the housing stock in Latvia is about 53 million m2

Breakdown of the Latvia housing stock by the year of construction. (Per cent)

Year of construction

Latvia

total

Urban Rural

TOTAL 100 100 100Before 1947

26,7 22,0 38,1

1947 – 1973

37,0 38,6 33,2

1974 – 1980

16,3 18,2 11,7

After 1980 20,0 21,2 17,0Small

houses100 100 100

Before 1947

49,7 32,6 57,7

1947 – 1973

35,3 52,9 27,0

1974 – 1980

5,4 7,8 4,3

After 1980 9,6 6,7 11,0Multi-family houses

100 100 100

158

5,2

33,1

11,38,4

19,7

39,2

13,7

52,8

27,90

Multi-famaly houses (million m2) Small houses (million m2) Total (million m2)

URBAN

RURAL

TOTAL

Multy-family houses (million m2) Small houses (million m2) Total houses (million m2)


NAS countriesBefore 1947

19,8 20,8 15,2

1947 – 1973

37,5 36,9 40,3

1974 – 1980

19,6 19,5 20,3

After 1980 23,1 22,8 24,2

A great part of the Latvian housing stock in rather old. Approximately 14% of the Latvian people live in houses that were built before 1918, and 11% live in houses built between 1918 and 1940.


The National Building Register for Latvia is under development and is planned to be ready for use in 2003. It will contain information about building characteristics (type, heated area, year of construction, etc.). By means of this register it would be possible to develop a heat demand model, which can be used for estimation and validation of heating consumption in building sector. Increase in the prices of energy commodities and the extension of metering supplies of networked energy to household have changed consumption patterns and fuel choices. As much as 68% of the population lives in urban areas in Latvia in 2002. Riga, the capital city, tends to be the home of 32% of the total population and up to 47% of the urban population. A great part of the heat energy that is used in the Riga area is produced at the two combined electricity and heat production plants mentioned above and distributed through district heating networks. The energy planning in Latvia has to a large extent been concentrated on heating the housing sector by district heating networks. One benefit of this strategy is that one sometimes can produce both heat and electricity at the same plant, and therefore use the fuel more efficient. District heating systems are today established in several towns, and almost 60% of the houses in the towns are heated through district heating networks. The total length of the district heating networks in Latvia is about 1000 km. The main heat distribution networks are 2-pipe systems with a maximum supply temperature of 90oC while the maximum return temperature is about 70oC. Besides the combined power and heat production plants mentioned above, there are several other big heat production plants in Latvia. Heat is also produced at some industries, and some houses are provided with hot water supply from local boiler houses. There are about 3000 boilers in Latvia of which 1000 are rather small. Small houses are mostly provided with local boiler houses, and in these houses the most common fuels are firewood, oil and gas, but sometimes also coal. Around 60% of the heat demand in Latvia are supplied by district heating which is natural part of the urban infrastructure in most of the municipalities in Latvia. This gives an opportunity to shift fuels at short notice and save energy in environmentally friendly way. In particular, large district heating systems in the cities represent a potential for very energy efficient combined heat and power

159


NAS countriesproduction. The energy consumption of the existing buildings is high. It is due to the low insulation factor and very poor window construction. If measures of re-insulation of a total area of living space in the cities of 52.994.900 m2, and in countryside - 17.840.000 m2 are carried out then it will result into a reduction of 24% in the total consumption of energy for district heating. At first it is necessary to build awareness of Latvia's energy problems in the population in general. The situation is that more than two thirds of the 900,000 (app.) households in Latvia are apartments where people traditionally have had no influence on their heating consumption. The Latvian housing stock can be split into five groups with regard to used external wall material. The five groups of wall types are the following:

Brick and stone walls;Concrete and reinforced concrete walls;Wooden walls;Combined materials walls;Others.

Housing stocks by outside walling material (%)Outside walling material

Latvia

Urban

Rural

TOTAL 100 100 100Brick, stone 42,6 45,3 36,0Concrete, reinforced concrete

32,4 38,2 18,1

Wood 17,2 10,3 34,2Combined material

7,3 5,9 10,9

Other 0,5 0,3 0,8Small houses

100 100 100

Brick, stone 28,9 38,0 24,7Concrete, reinforced concrete

4,8 7,4 3,5


12,9 11,1 13,7

Other 1,6 2,3 1,3Multi-family

houses100 100 100

Brick, stone 46,7 46,2 49,2Concrete, reinforced concrete

40,6 41,8 35,0


5,7 5,2 7,7

Other 0,1 0,1 0,3

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NAS countries60% of 52,3 mil.m2 of dwelling buildings were built after 1950. The building stock has rather high U-values, about 5 times bigger than asked by current Building Code (in force since 2003). Latvia did not feel the influence of energy crisis of 70-ies so energy consumption of buildings stayed the same until separation from Soviet Union in 1991. In that time Building Code asked for 3 times smaller U-values but until the end of 90-ies the number of newly built buildings was very small due to difficult economic situation. The results of the research made by Riga Technical University, Institute of Heat, Gas and Water Technology in 2000 had shown that annual specific heat consumption for space heating of multistory apartment buildings is 120-150 kWh/m2, annual specific heat consumption for space heating and domestic hot water of the same buildings is 200-220 kWh/m2. There no data on total building energy consumption that would include also electricity and gas consumption of buildings. Accordingly to the new Building Code LBN 002-01 annual specific heat consumption will be twice smaller.


Since 1995 construction is one ofthe most dynamic sectors ofLatvian economy. Construction output between 1995 and 2000 annually went up in the average by 9.3%. Russian financial crisis influenced construction output of Latvia to a smaller extent than other sectors of national economy, slowing down only growth rates of the sector. Construction output also in 2000 was by 56.2% higher than in 1995 (see Figure 1). The share of construction in GDP in 2000 was 6.8%. Privatization of construction has been completed and private companies dominate in the sector for already several years. On January 1, 2000 the share of central and local governments and other public organizations in the sector was 8.9%, the share of private enterprises - 91.1%. Construction output steadily went up also in 2000 (by 8.4%). Growth of output of the sector in 9 months of 2001 is more modest - by 5.7%. In comparison with the same period of the preceding year the amount of new construction has considerable gone up - by 34%, repairs and reconstruction works, in turn,

161


NAS countriesdecreased by almost 5%. New construction and repairs of residential houses have gone up most dynamically during the period increasing 1.8 times, while construction of administrative buildings, bridges and tunnels decreased. Still the majority of construction (according to the location of offices of the construction organisation) is concentrated in Riga, Ventspils and Riga region - 73%. At the same time in some regions and, especially in Latgale, the accomplished construction work is very small. Internationalization of the construction market becomes bigger with every year, Construction works accomplished outside Latvia in 3 quarters of 2001 equaled to 6.1 million LVL exceeding by 5% the level reached in the same time of the preceding year. The majority of construction work was implemented in CIS countries. At the same time, foreign construction companies in Latvia have accomplished construction works for 9.2 million LVL. Construction of housing in Latvia, although growing, is still rather small. At the end of 2000 total area of living fund in Latvia was 53.4 million square meters exceeding the total area of 1990 only by 1%. In 2001 the number of construction permits to build a one-apartment house (or to reconstruct an existing house) slightly went up. 1230 permits were issued in 9 months of 2001 in comparison with 1159 permits issued in the same period in 2000. Construction companies operating on the domestic market are mostly local. Any construction company should be licensed by the Construction department of the Ministry of Environment and Regional Development. The company license can be received only if in the company employs specialists certified by Latvian Building Engineer Associations, Latvian HVAC Engineers Association and so on. The same applies to foreign companies wishing to work on Latvian market.


The complex and system researches in energetics are concentrated mainly at the Institute of Physical Energetics (IPE), and the workers of this institute from the nucleus of energetic researchers at the Latvian Academy of Sciences.

Scientific projects in the field of energetics of Institute of Physical Energetics Latvian Academy of Sciences

Projects1. Scientific foundation for dynamic analysis of the efficiency of

electric power systems2. Investigations into electric energy saving, based on a new

approach to the development of power conversion theory and design of appropriate converting equipment

3. Fuel/energy pricing methodologies for the development of the energy supply and consumption sectors in Latvia

4. Energy-environmental modelling in scenarios of development of fuel and energy supply systems in Latvia

5. Theoretical and methodological research for increasing the efficiency of utilisation of energy resources, their saving and secondary use

6. Prospective energy supply systems with renewable energy

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NAS countriesresources: methodological, economical and environmental problems

7. The systematic and indeterminable fluctuations off the fuel consumption, their compensation and methodological basis for the formation of state fuel stock

8. The possibilities of waste treatment and energy recovery by the use of industrial and special incineration technologies

Cooperationing researcher of Institute of Physical Energetics with EU scientific projects

Projects1. EURIO – KIT project (ICOP – DISS – 2099 – 96) in the frame of

COPERNICICUS – INCO programme, 1997-1998.2. EU projects CD FAIR CT 98-3826. Biomass Energy Strategies

for Central Eastern European Countries. Development of a Bio energy Market Development Plan for Central Eastern Europe, 1998-2000.

3. PHARE Multi-Country Programme “Assistance to the Baltic Council of Ministers’ Committee of Energy”, 1998-2000.

4. PHARE project Nr.LE 96010102 “Quality systems of testing institutions in gas storage, distribution supply”, 1999-2000.

Structure of joint research projectResearch project and subprojects CoordinatorProject: INTEGRATION OF THE TECHNOLOGIES FOR RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY TO ENSURE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY SECTOR IN LATVIA

Institute of Physical Energetics

1. Subproject: Implementation of mathematical models in estimation of economic and environmental profitability of efficient and rational energy use


2. Subproject: Energy efficiency in the industrial and residential sectors and innovative technologies for its improvement


3. Subproject: Energy efficiency and energy saving in the residential building sector


4. Subproject: Investigation into the physical processes and their simulation aimed and improving the energy efficiency

Latvian University

5. Subproject: the role of renewable and local energy resources in the sustainable development


6. Subproject: Economic and institutional methods and tools of managing the energy efficiency and energy saving programmes


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NAS countriesThe projects in which Riga Technical University, Institute of Heat, Gas and Water Technology is participating at the moment:1) Commissioning of Heating and Hot Water Supply Systems in Buildings. Latvian Council of Science (2001-2004); 2) EC project “Energy Labeling of Apartment Buildings (ENERLAB)” LIFE 01 ENV/LV/000478 (2002-2004); 3) Integration of the Technologies for Rational Use of Energy to Ensure Sustainable Development of the Energy Sector in Latvia. Part 3. “Energy performance and energy conservation in housing sector” Latvian Council of Science (2002-2005)


Normative requirements to the heat losses of building envelopes reflect the state policy in energy consumption and correspond more to the society demand regarding the insulation level of buildings. From 1991 the main Directive in energy saving in buildings in Latvia was Regulations N 68 ‘’On improvement of thermal resistance values of building constructions’’ which was issued by Latvian Republic Ministry of Architecture and Construction. New Latvian Building Code LBN 002-01 ‘’Thermal performance of building envelope’’, which is working in Latvia from 01.01.2003, had radically changed approach to the limiting of building heat losses, instead of limiting thermal transmittance for the particular building elements it uses the concept of reference building. This document established the minimum thermal resistance values for buildings that are under construction or will be reconstructed. Latvia heat supply is based on municipal heat utilities. Municipalities shall organise heat supply within their administrative territories in the course of performing the permanent functions as defined in legislation. In accordance with the above mentioned some demonstrative Companies and Projects were organized in Latvia (in Riga and in different regions) with the goal to demonstrate the possibilities for energy conservation and energy efficiency in buildings. Latvian Standard “Building energy audit and commissioning” is in the stage of development with active participation of Institute of Heat, Gas and Water Technology, RTU. In the Institute of Physical Energetics, Latvian Academy of sciences it is worked out a program ‘’Energy Audit’’. This Program based on the thermal energy balance of building and permitted to calculate technical and economical characteristics of measures for thermal modernization of buildings envelope components.


Short term targets: Development of Energy Performance regulation in Latvia, development of Latvian Building Code “Heating and Ventilation” in 2004. Long term targets: development of building sustainability evaluation procedures in Latvia.

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NAS countries2.G Building sector financing policy

Denationalization of housing property, privatization of state and municipal living houses have changed the property structure of he housing fund. At the end of 1990 the share of private sector in the housing fund was 31% and at the end of 2000 it had gone up to 76% of total living fund. Several obstacles hinder faster building of housing. Firstly, unclear institutional system of housing-renting of a house is not identified as a type of business activity, rent payment set by local governments is not high enough to maintain the house. Secondly, financial issues of construction of houses - unfavorable taxation policy for the development of housing, underdeveloped system of crediting. Involvement of the state m the development of housing fund is necessary. On October 5, 1999 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the Program of Crediting Housing Development. To improve the situation in construction and living conditions the state should provide opportunity for people to obtain timely credit resources with the assistance of the program of crediting housing development. Its ultimate objective is to satisfy needs of people for quality housing, activate construction sector and promote flexibility of the housing market. It is not planned to restart massive building of apartment houses funded by the central and local governments. These resources will be mainly used to create the social living fund with small, cheap apartments for urgent necessities and especially adapted flats for senior and poor citizens and the disabled persons. Private financing, except for governmental and municipal buildings that have state financing. Mortgage is available for private builders.

LithuaniaLithuania

After the break-up of the Soviet Union, Lithuania inherited housing with space heating intensity significantly higher than of the Western European countries. Lithuania is largely dependent on imported fuel and rapidly increasing energy prices made the wasteful energy consumption an unaffordable burden for income-constrained consumers. The energy saving potential and efficiency of energy consumption in buildings at first time was evaluated in the first National Energy Efficiency Programme at 1992. The National Energy Efficiency Programme was revised in 1996 and 2001. Aim of the revisions was to analyze and estimate the sequence of the programme implementation from 1996 to 2000, to evaluate changes of energy resources and energy consumption in the national economy, saving possibilities in the household and main economy branches (of manufacturing, transport and agriculture). Also to analyze and estimate the adoption and application of the requirements of the EU directives and other international documents concerning the enhancement of energy efficiency and local, renewable and waste energy consumption in our country; to determine the opportunities of greater consumption of local, renewable and waste energy in Lithuania. In 1994 was started arrangement of building codes directed to decrease energy

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NAS countriesconsumption in buildings. The group of new Lithuanian Building Codes is been prepared with accordance to ISO and EN standards requirements of energy consumption decrease in buildings. Weather conditions, building materials used, construction traditions are taken into consideration. Main document in this group - new edition of Building Code with requirements on building envelope is based on principle of required limited heat losses for whole building. General requirements are laid down as thermal requirements for a new designed buildings, requirements for buildings on overhaul are based on economical prerequisites mainly. Calculation methods for determination of building element design heat transmittance are included into edition. A new Building Code with requirements for the quality control system of building materials and products, estimation of declared and design values of thermal properties for building materials and products is prepared in parallel. As the following step at the development of Building Codes the estimation of environment pollution impact is foreseen.


Basing on the data of the National Energy Efficiency Programme in the beginning of 1995 in Lithuania the living area of residential buildings was 73,3 mill. m2. During the last 5 years this factor increased by more than 2,5 mill. m2. Area of buildings of the trade and service sector in Lithuania (public buildings) is about 13 mill. m2. Heat consumption depends on building design, construction quality and materials, indoor installations, energy management (or absence of that), indoor comfort level and householder’s response to a set of incentives. Therefore, the same type of buildings can consume different quantities of energy. The Dutch Ministry of Economics supported technical and social monitoring of 18 homeowner’s associations. Space heating intensity of the monitored buildings varied from 107 to 275 kJ/m2/degree-day (180C base) and did not demonstrate clear dependence on building age, height, or construction materials. The average value of 176 kJ/degree-day is well above the space heating intensities of most of the OECD countries. Although these 18 buildings are by no means a representative sample of the Lithuanian multifamily building stock, their excessive space heating intensity indicated a significant potential for energy efficiency improvements.


Massive housing privatization in Lithuania started in the early 1990s and within a few years most of the individual dwellings became private. Currently, 97% of the Lithuanian dwelling stock is owner-occupied and all common areas and construction of multifamily buildings belong to apartment owners as shared property (United Nations, 2000). Since 1995, new legislation allowed apartment owners to from associations and by majority vote take legitimate decisions regarding investments, building maintenance and other issues of common interest. Due to a number of legal, cultural and economic reasons the association formation process was rather slow in the country and only about

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NAS countries4500 multi-apartment buildings were managed by homeowner’s associations in 1999 (United Nations, 2000). Responsibility for maintenance of multifamily buildings without associations was vaguely shared between homeowners and municipalities, therefore little action was taken in these buildings during the 1990s. Municipal companies appointed to administer and maintain neighboring buildings were charging below-market fees and performing only the most urgent repairs. The monopolistic arrangement of this market segment inhibited development of private businesses, so that homeowners in many locations were not able to choose best quality services on a competitive basis.2.D Overview of regional, national and international RTD programmers

Regional programmes in period 1990-2003 was not started. The main national programme is National Energy Efficiency Programme. Adopted by Resolution No. 319 of 26th October, 2001 of the Minister of Economy following the Resolution No. 1121 of 19th September, 2001 of Government of the Republic of Lithuania.


In an attempt to boost energy efficiency of residential and public buildings the Lithuanian government signed a loan agreement with the World Bank and started the Energy Efficiency Housing Pilot Project (EEHPP) in 1996. The project objectives were to: (a) support private initiatives to improve residential energy efficiency; (b) support public initiatives in improving energy efficiency in schools; (c) support the privatization of housing, enabling increased private initiatives in housing maintenance. The project objectives should have been achieved through: (a) provision of loans for technically and economically attractive packages of energy efficiency measures; (b) introduction of the concept of long-term lending for housing improvement to the commercial banking sector; (c) development of energy consulting services and (d) support for municipalities in the energy efficiency rehabilitation of schools. Out of the US$ 10 million World Bank loan, USS 5.3 million was allocated for implementation of energy efficiency measures in residential buildings and US$ 4.7 million was allocated for municipalities to invest in public schools. The project was designed to advance formation of homeowner’s associations in the country therefore only associations or owners of individual houses were eligible for the residential loans. The Lithuanian government agreed to provide 30% matching funds for the project.


Short and long term targets – improving of energy efficiency:

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NAS countries till 2005 the heat demand for heating to decrease on 25%, for hot

water preparation – on 25% till 2010 the heat demand for heating to decrease on 35% of the

all consumption in 2000.


Financial resources for building renovation include not only family cash savings or monthly incomes but also availability of various long-term financing possibilities on the market. Lithuanian banks were not able or willing to offer tailored and affordable financial products for upgrades of multifamily buildings. In addition almost 90% of Lithuanian households did not have any experience dealing with bank loans therefore limited monthly incomes and cash savings were the main financial sources for housing retrofits (Ramboll, 1998). Restructuring of economic activities led to the differentiation of household incomes in the country. The presence of a gray sector in the Lithuanian economy and different techniques used by separate research teams resulted in significant differences among various estimates of household and expenditures. Therefore, it is difficult to assess the actual financial capacity of Lithuanian homeowners to upgrade the energy efficiency of their housing. According to a Lithuanian Free Market Institute study (Lithuanian Free Market Institute, 2000) average net household monthly income in 1999 amounted to US$ 554 in major cities, $386 in small towns and only $197 in rural areas. Household monthly investments (purchase or lease of consumer durables, securities, etc.) amounted to US$ 83 major cities, $48 in small towns and only $22 in rural areas.

PolandPoland


The most of existing residential buildings was built just after the Second World War, in cheap way, according to minimum investment cost principle. This resulted in low energy efficiency of energy use, especially to heat houses. According to various studies, the average annual consumption of final energy for heating residential buildings in 90-thies was about:

236 kWh/m2a - 1993, Eurostat (1999), 210 kWh/m2a - 1998, EnergSys (2000)

In the typical multi-family houses heated from the central heating network the analysed coefficients are estimated in the following range (Energsys 2001):

rural areas, the year of construction 1945-1992 - heat transfer coefficient for outer walls in the range 0.8÷2.0 W/(m2·K), energy unit consumption for space heating about 230 kWh/(m2·a),

urban areas, the year of construction 1945-1970 - heat transfer coefficient for outer walls in the range 0.57÷1.2 W/(m2·K), energy unit consumption for space heating about 260 kWh/(m2·a),

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NAS countries urban areas, the year of construction 1970-1992 - heat transfer

coefficient for outer walls ca. 1.3 W/(m2·K), energy unit consumption for space heating about 237 kWh/(m2·a).

In September 1997, the ordinance of Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration was issued to define technical conditions which should be met by buildings. The document, entered into force in 1998 and introduced significant changes to the previous standards, regulated by the ordinance of the Ministry of Physical Planning and Construction of 14.XII.1994. Requirements to values of coefficients of heat losses of building external walls, according to the kind of building and the wall function, were established at level between 0.3 - 0.9 W/(m2K). The ordinance defined the more stringent limit value of the space heat requirement coefficient. (Table 2F.1). The document left to a designer more freedom in choosing construction solutions if they kept adequate thermal parameters. The development of new housing, according to the new thermal efficiency standards, creates market opportunities for building materials, windows, space and water heating equipment, complete house construction and indirectly for appliances. Until 1988 most of housing was provided by the State. Housing construction had a crisis from 1989 to 1995. Since 1996 it has started to grow. In 1995 for the first time the private sector built the majority of houses (51%). The significant drop in housing construction was in the state funded sector. Private sector financing started only few years ago and recently has begun to be widely available. The situation in the construction market with profile of house builders is shown in Table 2A 1.

Table 2A. 1. Housing construction market - type of owners.Type of

housingConstructed in 1993 Constructed in 1996

Private 33 400 40 000

Cooperatives 50 000 25 000

Employers 8 200 0Municipalities 3 600 5 000

Technologies of residential buildings construction – percentage calculated on the base of the volume of completed residential buildings are presented in the next Table 2A.2

Table 2A.2. Buildings by type1985 1990 1993 1995 1998 1999

Large panel 70,3 65,9 34 20,2 5,8 5,0Large block of flats

15,4 12,3 14,9 11,2 7,8 5,4

conventional 8,8 14,8 40,3 53,5 61,2 60,3others 5,5 7,0 10,8 15,1 25,2 29,3Source: Central Statistical Office

* Data include construction within housing cooperatives, municipal and company construction, construction for sale or rent and public building society construction were included from 1995 and from 1999 respectively

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NAS countriesTable 2A.3 presents numbers of buildings completed in different period of time according to type of the buildings and their location.

Table 2A.3 . Buildings completed (total)

Specification 1995 1999 2000Buildings 61233 46801 50205of which one-dwelling as well as two-and more dwelling residential buildings

33956 30422 28429

Urban areas 27187 25911 28429Rural areas 34046 20890 21776

Of which private buildings

54227 41064 42844

Urban areas 21604 21278 22275Rural areas 32623 19786 20569

One-dwelling as well as two and more dwelling residential buildings

31670 27607 29105

Non-residential 22557 13450 13725Of which farm buildings 9814 3332 2896Source: Central Statistic Office Statistic yearbook 2000

Table 2A.4 presents the sold production of buildings in accordance to the type of sector and ownership, in different period of time.

Table 2A.4.. Sold production of construction (current prices) Source SOHUD Information Bulletin, No 8E/2001

Specification

1995 1998 1999a 1995 1998 1999total of which construction and

assembly b

in million PLN in perce

nt

in million PLN zł in percent

Total 37817,1

83770,6

90092,5

100,0 27504,0 57577,0

68427,6

100,0

Public Sector

of whichstate ownership

4681,0

4292,7

5478,3

4404,9

5375,4

3960,0

6,0

4,4

3335,7

3133,0

3252,1

2674,7

3406,6

2382,0

5,0

3,5

Private sector

of which:

Private

33136,1

30194,9

78292,3

65147,8

84717,1

70224,9

94,0

77,9

0,4

24168,3

22746,4

150,7

54324,9

48112,7

65021,0

58,129,1

95,0

84,9

0,3

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NAS countriesdomesticownership

of which co-operativesForeignownership

271,9

720,5

293,4

4108,9

337,0

4751,3

5,3 331,5

201,6

1170,3

189,7

1521,0

2,2

a Preliminary data.b realized on the basis of the contract system by construction entities


The total housing stock in Poland in 1999 was more than 11.7 million dwellings. In years 1980-90 the average rate of the housing assets increase was about 1.25% a year. In 90-thies during the transformation period the rate dropped to about 0.8%. The average usable floor area of a dwelling in 1999 was 61.3 m2 and was consequently growing over past years due a significant increase of the average usable floor area of completed dwellings. The oldest stock - i.e. buildings constructed before 1919 - accounts only for 13% of the total stock and more than 40% are dwellings were constructed after 1970. Due to technology used and severe backlogs in repairs and maintenance the condition of residential buildings is often very poor. Nowadays, about 7.5 million of about 12 million dwellings require repairs of which 1.3 million should be general repairs. According to the estimations of the Housing Rese-arch Institute in 1999 as much as 5% of 2 million municipal buildings required general repair and this level has not changed for 4 years. Almost 2% of such buildings should be demolished. The worst condition of buildings is observed in towns of 50,000 -100,000 inhabitants where general repairs are needed in almost 9% of municipal buildings. The current needs for dwellings in Poland are estimated at 1.5 million dwellings but if the projected scale of future demolitions and repairs is taken into account the figure may reach 2 mil-lion new dwellings. Same data are presenting in a figure and a table below. Figure 2B1 presents age of housing assets in the total number of dwellings in different period of time, according to Data of the Central Statistical Office (census of population and dwellings by a representation method).

Figure 2B1 Age of housing assets (percentage of dwellings constructed during relevant periods in the total number of dwellings)

1991-(4.4%) -1919 (12.9%) (15.2%) 1981-90 (15.2%) 1920-45 (15.2%)

1971-80 (22.7%)171


NAS countries

1946-60 (13%) 1961-70 (16,6%)

The table 2B.1 below illustrates the evolution of substantial effects in the construction of housing in Poland in the decade of 1990-1999.

Table 2B.1 Construction of housing in years 1990-991990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Number of newly built dwellings 134215 136790 132969 94449 76080 67072 62130 73706 80594 81979 in this: co-operative 68382 83554 84260 50002 31741 26800 24641 28131 28039 27490 communal 2987 2560 3656 4577 3577 3299 2992 3745 3410 2670 company owned 15434 10718 8190 5922 3842 2531 1612 1380 1438 964 individual 47412 39958 36863 33463 35516 31675 30135 35074 37322 33304 destined for sale or lease - - - 485 1404 2767 2691 5099 8963 14195 social tenement - - - - - - 59 277 1422 3356 Total area (thousand sq.m.) 10360 10252 9967 7656 6735 6012 5722 6815 7024 6924 Dwellings in construction (thousand) 513.0 464.9 453.8 467.3 509.8 538.1 576.5 606.1 618.8 676.7 Construction - results of activity in 1999, The Main Office of Statistics, Warsaw, 2000

Energy used in the housing and construction sector is responsible for 40% of total primary energy consumption. The main reasons of high energy consumption in Poland by end-users are as follows:

not proper building technology, not proper building structure (materials, insulation and windows), poor thermal properties of external walls and building envelopes, ventilation (high losses, no heat recovery systems), inefficient heat distribution system inside buildings, lack of equipment to control heat and hot water use, lack of DSM methods and energy efficiency awareness, billing is mostly not consumption based.

For nearly 60% of all householders billing is usually based not on the real energy consumption, but on the size of apartments. Residents do not have any incentives to save energy because they cannot receive any benefits. They are not aware of energy efficiency and new methods of energy conservation. Housing cooperatives own blocks of flats and are responsible for collecting rent and utility payments from residents. Cooperatives pay various suppliers, including the district heating company. The amount charged by the heating company is up to now higher than the amount paid by residents to cooperatives. The difference is made up from the government subsidies. This will be changing soon, according to the new energy policy with no subsidies to energy prices and introduction of free energy market. Nowadays, cooperatives own the heating equipment within their buildings and are responsible for their maintenance. However, with governmental subsidies to energy prices, and without clear mechanisms for cooperatives to develop energy efficiency

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NAS countriesactivity, not much has been done in the field of energy conservation and rational use of energy by the end-users.


Poland, characterised by coefficient of 300 households per 1000 inhabitants is almost at the end of Europe (average standard: 400 households per 1000 inh.). In rough estimation Poland lacks about 1,5 million of flats. Moreover, due to technical problems and age of the buildings some 1 million residential buildings will have to be demolished. In spite of that, the number of new construction permits issued in 2000 amounts to 20% less than in previous years. In consequence, the decrease of number of completed buildings has been expected. The symptoms of stagnation or even collapse are also visible in building production/construction sector. In last year and half 101 thousand employees had lost their jobs in construction companies and about 7,4 thousand in building components’ production factories. The percentage of unemployment in building sector grows much faster than in other Polish economy sector. Turnover of construction companies are still decreasing. The main reason for such situation is the payment blockages. Due to mentioned blockages, the pathologic phenomenon of non-payment in requested dates is increasing. As an outcome, the number of bankrupted companies dramatically grows. The basic barriers blocking the development of Polish construction sector are as follows:

Lack of possibilities of financing the purchase of the new houses by private customers. The commercial loans are too expensive and, at the same time, Polish society is not enough rich. It is clearly visible in example of 2001: even if there is a great lack of new flats for inhabitants, the houses built in 2001 still do not have owners, just because of the price.

Administrative barriers - the period necessary to obtain the “construction permit” form authorities is extended to enormous time.

State budget participation in building sector development is not enough (also for cheap “social buildings”)..

Lack of proper law regulations aiming to encourage different actors (developers, housing associations, private investors) to invest in construction sector.

Basic goals are: Reverting the current trends in construction market and increasing the

number of newly built houses/flats. Radical increase of number of rent houses built by Social housing

Associations and housing associations. Decreasing the unemployment rate in construction sector and

construction-related sectors by creating sufficient conditions for its development.

Actions undertaken in order to realise above goals will be done by three main steps:

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NAS countries Starting the national program of building new flats based on the fixed

loan percentage, Removing the barriers in crediting systems for rented social houses. Development of construction and other related processes.

Source: The Department of Housing and Cities Development

The act of 4 November 1999 on amendment of the act on selected form of support of construction of housing introduced a number of privileges for investors realizing construction of housing on the principles defined in the act (social tenement housing). The privileges include:

lifting of the restrictive requirements in the field of securing of credits from the National Housing Fund,

creation of a possibility for Social Housing Associations (SHA) to apply to the gmina council for permission to increase the rent rates to the level required from the point of view of a healthy financial economy of SHA,

extending of the possibility to allocate various types of income achieved by SHA to repayment of credits,

making it possible to rent a dwelling from SHA to a person who has an ownership title to a dwelling in a different place, if that person applies for such a dwelling in connection with the change of the place of employment.

The "Assumptions of the housing policy for years 1999-2003" has recognised this form of construction as a target model of satisfying the housing needs by households which cannot aspire for ownership of a dwelling. The National Housing Fund is based on finances from the budgetary means. Source: INFORMATION OF ACTIONS TAKEN AND PLANNED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN SPHERE OF THE STATE HOUSING POLICY SOHUD Information Bulletin, No 8E/2001


In 80-thies and in the beginning of 90-thies there were national governmental RTD programmes on energy conservation in buildings. No projects like that exist any more. However, it is possible to apply to the State Scientific Committee (KBN) to get financial support in a form of grants to develop any RTD project. There is Building and Construction Department, where the projects in consideration can be applied. However, the procedure is rigid and it is difficult to get support. It is also possible to apply to EU projects(VI Framework, Altener, Save) and some projects on energy conservation and application on renewables have been developed.

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NAS countriesInternational RTD programme IEA: "Energy Conservation in Building and Community System (ECBCS)" Participants of ECBCS : Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Holland, Israel, Japan, Canada, Germany, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, Sweden, Turkey, USA, UE Commission, Great Britain, Italy. Poland is represented by Silesian Technical University Politechnika Śląska, with a Steering Committee member Prof. Stanisław Mierzwiński.


Energy LawThe basic objectives of energy efficiency, energy conservation are given by “Poland’s Energy policy and outline of the programme by 2010”. Details are specified by the Energy Law [Ustawa z dnia 10 kwietnia 1997 Prawo energetyczne (Dz. U. z 1997 r. Nr 54, poz. 348, with changes Dz. U. z 1997 r. Nr 158, poz.1042; Dz. U. z 1998 r. Nr 94, poz. 594, Nr 106, poz. 668)] which came into force at the beginning of 1998. The Energy Law contains a few provisions which may assist the future development of renewable energy and rational use of energy in buildings. These provisions are specified below:

Article 3, point 20) and 21): gives definition of non-conventional energy sources and renewable energy sources.

Article 9, paragraph 4: the Ministry of Economy may impose an obligation, by way of an ordinance, on energy enterprises dealing with trade in electric energy and heat to purchase electric energy and heat from non-conventional energy sources, including renewable energy sources, and determine the specific scope of this obligation.

Article 15: guidelines for energy policy should assure sustainable development of the country taking into account: point 7): development of non-conventional energy sources, including renewable energy sources, point 8): national policy of rational energy and fuels use with stress on energy promotion of energy savings in buildings.

Article 16: energy utilities prepare plans to meet the present and future demand in each region. Plans of modernization and development of energy sources and networks can take into account involvement of non-conventional energy sources, including renewables.

Article 18: municipalities are responsible for introduction of own plans for supplying electricity, heat and gas to the region. (It means that use of renewables can depend on the decision of local authorities.)

Article 19: guidelines for plans of supplying energy require municipalities to determine measures to use energy in a rational way (renewable energy technologies may be one of the options).

Article 32, paragraph 1, point 1): no licence is required for the production of solid fuels, electrical energy, gas fuels from liquid gas and heat from sources below 1 MW (which would make the situation easier for small manufacturers in the solar energy sector. However, due to the later regulation, it does not apply to renewable energy sources).

Article 45 - 47: tariffs for electricity, gas, and heat can take into account investments made by energy enterprises (in DSM, new non-conventional

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NAS countriessolution, including renewables) to reduce demand as an alternative to extending supply capacity.

Articles 51 – 55 specify requirements for equipment and installations connected to the energy system.

Article 51: specifies a general obligation to ensure that planning, design, production, import, building, use of equipment and grid makes rational and economical use of energy.

Article 52, paragraph 1: requires producers and importers of equipment and appliances to have energy efficiency labelling. Detailed information on energy efficiency must be included in the technical documentation.

Article 52, paragraph 4: requires the Ministry of Economy to define energy efficiency requirements and require producers and importers to provide documentation to show that their products comply.

The executive regulations to the Energy Law with regard to renewable energy. The Energy Law has provided the necessary legal framework for a new mode of power engineering operation. The new Law becomes effective when the accompanying execution regulations are brought into force. There are two regulations connected directly to renewable energy sources. The executive regulation following the Energy Law put the obligation on energy enterprises and utilities to buy electricity and heat from renewable energy sources and specified the scope of the obligation. The modified version of the ordinance (previous version dated March, 1999) of the Minister of the Economy “The obligation to purchase electric energy from unconventional and renewable sources, and electric energy generated in a combined cycle with heat, as well as heat from unconventional and renewable sources and the scope of such obligation” (dated December 15, 2000) entered into force in January 2001. According to the ordinance energy enterprise dealing with the trade in electric energy or heat are obliged to purchase (respectively to the scope of conducted business activity) electric energy or heat from unconventional and renewable sources interconnected with a common grid (irrespective of the size of the installed capacity of the source). The unconventional and renewable sources and systems contain: hydro-power plants; wind power plants; biogas obtained in particular from animal waste processing installations, waste water treatment plants and municipal waste dumping sites; biomass; biofuels; PV systems; solar thermal collectors; geothermal plants. The ordinance states that the obligation is fulfilled if the share of electric energy in the entire annual sales of electricity by a given enterprise is not lower than: 2.4% in 2001; 2.5% in 2002; 2.65% in 2003; 2.85% in 2004; 3.1% in 2005; 3.6% in 2006; 4.2% in 2007; 5% in 2008; 6% in 2009; and 7.5% in 2010. The heat must be purchased in full, or in a quantity equal to the total sales of heat transmitted to the grid to customers purchasing heat from a given energy enterprise, when the grid is interconnected to this (renewable) source. The obligation among others can not be applied to electric energy or heat generated outside Poland and to electric energy from pumped-storage hydro power stations. In July 1999 the Polish Parliament issued the Resolution on renewables, which imposed an obligation on the Polish government to undertake activities to achieve the determined level of renewable energy share in the total energy consumption in the country in the middle and long term and to prepare a national strategy for development of renewable energy. In this document the Polish Parliament

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NAS countriesdeclared its willingness to participate in process of formulating and establishing the law of renewable energy utilisation. As a result of the Resolution, the Ministry of Environment prepared The national strategy for the development of renewable energy, which was approved by the government in September 2000 and the Parliament in June 2001 It has been indicated that the share of renewables should grow to 7,5% of primary energy production by the year 2010 and to 14% by the year 2020 in the country. A governmental document “Poland’s II Environment Policy by 2020” (introduced in 2001) stresses among others the role of renewables in achieving pollution reduction caused by the energy sector. The increase in utilisation of renewable energy is necessary to achieve environmental goals, particularly to reduce emission of gases which are responsible for climate change and acid rain. This document underlines that development of the national energy sector should be coherent with EU policy, therefore the actions for implementation of renewables are to be fostered. The environment policy underlines the role of renewable energy in the sustainable development of the country. The utilisation of renewable energy sources helps to save fossil fuel resources and improves the living standards of inhabitants and development of many economic sectors linking energy savings with long-term economic savings. The most important results of the implementation of renewable energy are as follows:

the increase of energy security, due to decentralisation and diversification of energy production and use that is based on local sources;

stimulation of development of local markets that gives a positive influence on local employment,

stimulation of the regional and local development of enterprises and energy infrastructure; in consequence an increase in the standard of living;

reduction in the degradation of the environment, caused by the fossil fuel producers and users; in consequence environmental goals can be achieved.

Another planning document “Poland 2025. Long-term strategy of sustainable development” (introduced in 2002) confirmed the long-term target for renewables (in the year 2020) predicted by The national strategy for the development of renewable energy, with remark that at least 1% of renewable energy should be man-made renewable, i.e. energy from wastes (in the year 2020). The bad condition of the existing housing stock is caused by long outstanding renovations and a low ability of most of the landlords to accumulate funds necessary for such investments. The legislative basis for upgrading the existing housing stock was created in a form of Thermal Modernisation Act in 1998, giving support of thermal modernisation projects and subsidies to interest rates of credits for renovations of residential buildings.

The Thermal Modernisation Act on subsidies to interest rates to credits granted for renovation of residential houses has been mainly addressed to multi-family buildings landlords (housing communities, gminas, housing co-operatives), in the case of which the problem of renovations is particularly pressing. The Thermal Modernization Fund, a pursuant to the act, was established in Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego, of which resources are destined for financial support for investors carrying out thermal modernisation projects financed with credits

177


NAS countriesdrawn from commercial banks. Assistance in the form of a thermal insulation bonus is granted by BGK as 25% of the amount of the credit used for realization of the project and is destined for repayment of part of the credit drawn by the investor. The basis for granting of the credit and the bonus is a verified energy audit. It indicates optimal solutions from the point of view of the costs of realization of the project and energy savings made as a result thereof. The detailed scope and form of the audit, and detailed rules and mode of its review, have been defined in the executive rules to the act. The Thermal Modernisation Law was modified in June 2001 ( Dz.U. Nr 76, poz . 808) to create better conditions for financial procedures and energy efficiency of the renevation projects (not only from economic efficiency side).


Construction standards New buildings regulations came into force in 1996. They introduced thermal efficiency requirements for new building up to the West European standards. New building energy standards also apply to the rehabilitation of existing buildings. Current housing starts are running at 70,000 per year and have started to increase slightly in recent time after prolonged decline at the beginning of 1990’s. The housing stock is 11,3 million. It is estimated that the shortfall is about 2,3 million flats. The construction industry is worth about US $ 9 billion per year. With a population of 38 million, rapid economic growth, and relatively small construction sector, Poland is expected to become one of Europe’s fastest growing construction markets. Building regulations were changed several times in the last period of time. The definition of a building's energy consumption index E is given in the Regulation of the Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning on technical requirements for buildings and their location (described in chapter 3.2.2). Using the numeric value of the index E we know if it is possible to say whether building has a low energy consumption level or it has an average or high energy consumption level. Nowadays, residential buildings in Poland meet the requirements set by the Polish Standards with the overall heat transfer coefficient for external walls, U up to 0.55 W/(m2K), which corresponds to the average annual heat consumption index, E in range of 120-160 kWh/(m2K). However, according to the new regulations that came into force in 1998 the required energy consumption level is 90-120 kWh/(m2K). Referring to these values, it can be suggested that at present in Poland buildings with the E index below the value of 90 kWh/(m2a) can be classified as energy efficient building. However, it is expected that in a few years this limit should be lowered to 70 kWh/(m2a). Therefore nowadays, according to Polish standards, regulations and laws buildings with seasonal energy consumption (for space heating) lower than 70 kWh/(m2a) can be introduced as low-energy buildings. Table 2F.1 shows the changes in regulations with regard to thermal efficiency standards. Existing buildings had to comply with the thermal efficiency standards of 140 kWh/m2/a if they had been refurbished before year 2000 and to 100 kWh/m2/a if it has been done after. However, the second value can be changed due to the delay of the implementation of the new Law and lack of some specific regulations for thermal refurbishment of buildings at present.

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NAS countries

Table 2F.1 . Changes in regulations with regard to thermal efficiency standards for space heating and requirements for heat protection of buildings for residential buildings in Poland.

Time of building construction

Basic regulations

Required overall heat transfer coefficient U for external walls

Average annual consumption by end users for space -heating thermal efficiency standards

years W /(m2 K) kWh/(m2,a) kWh/(m3,a)up to 1966 1.16-1.40 240-350 95-1401967-1985 PN-64/B-

02020PN-74/B-

03404

1.16 240-280 95-110

1986-1992 PN-82/B-02020

0.75 160-200 65-80

1993-1997 PN-91/B-20020

0.55 120-160 50-65

since 1998 Dz.U. z 1997 r.

Nr 132 poz. 878

0.30-0.45 90-120 29-37

Other Polish Standards now applied in design and construction are as follows:PN -82/B- 02402 - Indoor temperature of heating buildingsPN -82/B- 02403 - Calculated ambient temperaturePN -83/B- 03430 - Ventilation in residential and public buildingsPN -B- 02025 - Calculation of seasonal heating requirements for residential buildingsPN-EN ISO 6946 - Thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient (calculation)PN-EN ISO 10211-1 - Thermal bridges in buildings (calculation)Other standards see Chapter Comparison of the methodology applied in NAS countries for calculation of energy performance in buildings within national regulations.

Unfortunately, there are no statements connected with renewables in the construction regulations. Of course, renewable energy technologies can be integrated in buildings if they comply with these regulations. The most important regulations which can be useful for the development of solar systems and their components are listed below:

Article 5: underlines that buildings should be designed, constructed and utilised so as to ensure environmental protection and rational use of energy;

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NAS countries Article 10: requires materials, products, components used for buildings

to have:o a safety certificate that assures accordance with the technical

criteria formulated by the Polish Standards, technical approvals, adequate regulations and technical documentation;

o compatibility certificate or declaration of correspondence to the Polish Standards or technical approval, in case of products that are not included in the Polish Standards, and if they do not have safety certification (point 1).

The Construction Law gives general quality restriction for products used in buildings. However, rules for control and permit of use are given by separate regulations. These separate quality regulations are in commitment with international standard requirements, i.e. ISO, CEN. The quality regulations are introduced by the Polish Centre for Research and Certification and Polish Committee of Standards (PKN - Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny). According to the changes made in 1996 and 1997 all responsibilities in regulations and restrictions in building sector belong to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration (MSWiA).

TargetsA refurbishment strategy should combine low energy architecture and advanced renewable energy components, such as roof integrated solar collectors, roof integrated PV modules or photovoltaic facades. This “renewable” strategy should be implemented in conjunction with energy conservation measures. The result of such a combined refurbishment strategy can give:

improved indoors environmental quality, individual health benefits, individual economic benefits, reduced pollution in local and global environment.

The retrofitting of old buildings is mainly connected with panel-type building. There are four principally different types of these buildings, that were changing with nearly every decade, started from the 1950’s up to 1980’s:

walls made of heavy - weight solid concrete blocks with all elements as load carrying parts, no insulation;

wall-size solid concrete elements, doors and windows installed in advance in concrete plant, no insulation;

wall-size solid concrete elements with insulation in the corners to reduce thermal bridges, bigger size of windows, different type of concrete is used;

walls with layer of insulation (mainly polystyrene) between two layers of light-weight concrete.

The retrofitting of structure of panel-type buildings is mainly accomplished by:

increasing the level of insulation, by: applying external (very rarely internal) insulation (in 90% Styrofoam is used); applying a “second” skin to protect building against climate, very often in a form of completely new cladding;

replacement of old windows;180


NAS countries improvements to the roofs by: applying additional insulation;

completely modernization, apart new insulation, changes in a shape and inclination - tilted surfaces.

It is very important to underline that traditional old Polish houses had tilted roofs. However, the panel type buildings were built only with flat roofs. That was of course the reason of higher heat losses in winter and too much solar gains in summer. The overheating of the last floor was typical. These flat roofs also are not convenient for solar system installation. Therefore when thermal modernization of the building is performed and integration of renewables is considered, usually the new shape of the roof is needed. Many analyses have been already done to determine the economic thickness of insulation. With development of thermal modernisation measures, energy audits become one of the most important tools to estimate the best solution for refurbishment of buildings. Energy auditors are equipped with computer software simulation tools to determine the economical thickness of insulation (usually it is in range 8 -12 cm) and to calculate the heat balance of the building to determine the proper ventilation and heating system.


Act of 16 December 1999 on amendment of the act on state support of repayment of selected housing credits, refunding to banks of guarantee premiums paid and amendment of selected acts (Dz. U. Of 2000 No.3, pos.27) introduced a number of important changes to the existing regulations, where the most important include:

change of the rules of calculation of the repayments of credits which are obligatory for borrowers, i.e. standard repayment for 1m2 of the usable area of dwellings, causing a significant reduction of the amounts of those repayments for all the borrowers, extension of the suspension of credit repayment by 4 quarters, i.e. up to 12 quarters,

extension of the dates of repayment of credit and indebtedness for the transitionally bought out interests on preferential terms by further 3 years, i.e. till the end of 2002,

unification — for all the borrowers — of the preferential conditions of transformation of the co-operative tenant's right to a dwelling into the ownership right.

The problem of the old credits portfolio, i.e. restructuring of that portfolio, is to be solved by the act on coverage of selected housing credits with State Treasury guaranties, adopted on 29 November 2000. The coverage of housing credits repayment with State Treasury guarantees will neutralize the exposure of banks, including, first of all, PKO BP S.A., connected with the unpayability of those credits, whereas the amendment by the a/m act of the act on state support of selected housing credits will contribute to neutralization of the risk of uncertainty of the law — through definition in the act itself rather than in an executory regulation of the formula of interests on credits covered with the transitional buy-out of interests

181


NAS countriesSource: INFORMATION OF ACTIONS TAKEN AND PLANNED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN SPHERE OF THE STATE HOUSING POLICY SOHUD

Information Bulletin, No 8E/2001

Poland’s energy conservation policy guidelines for communal and household sector was approved in September 1995 by the Ministry of Physical Planning and Construction. The document provided conditions to lowering energy intensity of existing residential buildings. However, the legal framework for efficient energy consumption in buildings was created later through the Act on Thermal Renovation, issued in December, 1998. The act introduces an economic instrument, the subsidy in a form of the thermal-modernisation bonus. The thermal-modernisation bonus is 25% refund of the credit used up to realise thermal-modernisation measure by an investor. The bonus can be get if the investor:o undertakes the improvement which brings:

o lowering of annual energy demand of residential buildings and public use buildings of local autonomies, the energy for heating and sanitary hot water use: by at least 10% - when modernisation concerns the heating system only, and by at least 25% - in all other cases;

o lowering of annual loss of primary energy in a local heating source and local heating network - by at least 25%;

o decides to connect to other source of heat because of local heating source liquidation to diminish heating purchase costs by at least 20%/a.

o decides to shift from conventional sources of energy to non-conventional ones

The thermal-modernisation bonus can be given if the following conditions are fulfilled: The thermomodernisation enterprise has a verified energy audit, which

meets the requirements of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration ordinance. The audit should particularly include the description of thermal-modernisation possible variants and should point to the enterprise optimal variant;

The enterprise has positive Net Present Value, The credit which had been given to realise the thermal-modernisation

enterprise does not exceed 80% of the costs and the repayment time is not longer than 7 years,

The enterprise has been realised in accordance with building project and completed within the time appointed in the credit contract, and 75% of the credit has been repaid.

The Thermal Modernisation Fund received from a state budget 5 million PLN in the 1999 and 30 million PLN in 2000. The experiences show the significant energy efficiency improvement results what is presented in Table 2G.1..Table 2G.1. The effects of the Thermal Modernisation Fund (till March 2000)

182


NAS countriesSpecification Unit Total Detach

ed houses

Multifam.

buildings

Local heat plans

Connection to

district heating

Number of received applications

unit 190 140 45 4 1

Number of approved applications

unit 103 73 27 2 1

Yearly reduction in energy consumption

% 36 65 37 38 32

Yearly benefits due to energy conservation

thous. PLN

2367 502 735 790 340

Amounts of premiums

thous. PLN

1596 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Source: UMiRM (2000)The construction sector in 2001 has been financed by State budget in 3956,0 million PLN, which makes about 53% more than budget subsidies in 2000. Two main factors created such situation: increased buy-out of building loan interests and significant increase of means for reimbursement / refunding of warranty premium The capital expenditures allocated to investments in housing sector have been extended by 24% (23,8 billion PLN) in comparison to year 2000. The net (real) growth of mentioned expenditures equals to 17%. In 2001 the also the interest loans were bigger source for financing the investments in housing sector (21, 4% in comparison to 16% in 2000). The municipal expenditures have been grown to 8%, but only in large cities. Their share of covering “housing expenditures” have been grown to 67% (62% in 2000) At the same time the municipalities slightly decreased financing the communal housing or Social Housing Associations (about 04%). The costs of construction of new houses amount to 2,561 PLN per 1 m2. The costs of new Social Housing Association houses were lower (2,155 PLN per 1 m2) . But in large cities such costs (as always) have been bigger about 20%. Table 2G.2 shows the state of the housing sector in2001 and the share of expenditure is presented. Table 2G.3. presents the state of loans in housing sector in 2001 in some cities with more than 100 thousands inhabitants

Table 2G.2. Housing sector in 2001 (cities and rural areas) Specification Houses built [thousands] 2000 = 100

2000 2001 Total numberOf which:

- multifamily- single family

87,852,335,570,1

106,165,340,886,1

120,8124,8114,9122,8

183


NAS countriesTotal in the cities:

- multifamily- single family

Total in rural areas:- multifamily

- single family

50,229,917,72,115,6

63,222,920,02,117,9

125,9115,1113,0100,0114,7

The share of expenditures: a) private resources - 57,8%b) commercial loans - 21,4%c) public resources - 17,0%d) other - 3,8%.

Table 2G.3. Loans in housing sector in 2001.Cities Loans accepted in 2001

[thousands PLN]Loans given in 2001

[thousands PLN]TOTAL Housin

g associations.

Private investors

other TOTAL Housing

associations.

Private investors

other

Cities with more than 100 thousands inhabitants1. Bytom2. Kalisz3. Kraków4. Poznań5. Rzeszów6. Toruń7. Warszawa8. Zielona Góra

10.000428

10.00937.8592.2612.776

194.614

1.013

-84

78430.512

226842

53.32592

-8

4.6853.9951.133

3066.365

557

10.000336

4.5403.352

9021.904

74.924364

17.036428

10.00727.3339.7662.837

164.843

1.013

1.00584

78414.410

226853

50.09492

-8

7.6838.1141.133

3048.180

557

16.031336

1.5404.8098.4071.954

66.569364

TOTAL 258.960

85.865 76.773 96.322 233.263

67.548 65.705 100.010

184


NAS countriesRomaniaRomania


At a population of 22,7 millions (at the end of year 1997) there are 7.836.830 dwellings in Romania. With an indicator of 345 dwellings at 1000 inhabitants. The existing data at National level show the following classification of the dwellings, on building type :

o individual buildings with one apartment;o individual buildings with two or more apartments;o apartments with 1, 2, 3 or 4 rooms in blocks of flats.

The building envelope of dwellings consists in general on the following construction elements: exterior walls (masonry), glazing surfaces (windows), roof, floor (at the bottom of the building) Most of the buildings are connected to the district heating network of the city where they are located. Some other buildings are heated using their own heating plants. The heating market in Romania is characterized by a variety of heat delivery systems where the district heating represents about 31%, the overall market for heating in cities being about 57%. The main energy company Termoelectrica, provides district heating for 29 major cities in Romania, amounted to up to 40% from the thermal energy at country scale and delivers heat and hot water in major cities, as well as industrial steam for industry. A part of the power plants operate in combined heat and power, providing district heating for the large cities, in large power plants (units of 50 MW and 125 MW), used in co-generation mainly for electricity production. Thus, in 2000 the electricity produced in cogeneration units was 9.165 GWh (28 % of the global energy production). The thermal energy produced in large co-generation units amounted to 109 PJ (63% of the global energy production). The public buildings represent another large potential for energy efficiency improvement, since they are large buildings, in a large numbers, requiring a lagre amount of energy for different purposes: heating, lightning, office equipment, etc. The main buildings categories reffers to Schools, Administration buildings, Theaters, Stations and air-stations, Hotels and turistic buildings, Social services, Public libraries, Cinemas, Health building, whose number quantified are presented in the following table.

Public Buildings Number

Schools 29404Administration buildings 3220Theatres 144Stations and air-stations 2942Hotels and touristy buildings

2984

Social services 6521Public libraries 2915

185


NAS countriesCinemas 313Health building 10263

The global energy performance of buildings is shown by the thermal energy necessary for heating. This is a high percentage from the annual energy consumption of the building.Therefore the rational and efficient use of the thermal energy, leads directly to the energy performances of the building.

To determine the energy performance should be quantified the following items:

o Q (kW) - the heat requirement, calculated conform to National norm SR 1907/1,2.

o Qan (kWh/an) – the annual heat requirement, assessed corresponding to norms GP 039-99 and NP 048-00.

The climate conditions in the cold season are different on the territory of Romania. There are 4 different climatic zones in Romania, and norm SR 4839 gives the exterior average temperature and the reference degree-days of the heating period for each zone. Thus, for the same type of building, the calculation of the heat requirement Q, and of the annual heat requirement Qan, vary according to the location of building.Principal indicators of energy performance of a building are:

o q - specific annual heat requiremento Um - global U-value of the building shello a - the shape index of the building

For buildings constructed in Romania before 1990, there was no correlation between the climatic zone and the global U – values for the elements of the buildings. The provisions for thermal resistance R’

values, i.e. U – value, for building construction elements were adopted just in 1997, being established minimum admissible values conform to the norm C107/1-1997, taking into account the severe climatic conditions of different zones of Romania While the q indicator, i.e. the specific annual heat requirement varies directly with the variation of the indicators a and Um, in order to reach a minimal q there should be reached a minimal a value, from a more compact building, and a minimal Um that leads to a thermal resistance of the building shell as high as possible.

The lately modernisation of the construction sector methods have led to the implementation within building designs of appropriate energy efficiency measures chosen for the housing sector.The technical solutions of thermal rehabilitation of existing buildings should increase the efficiency of the thermal energy used. The principal priorities of the measures and of the technical solutions to be applied to increase radically the energy performances are directed to the following directions:

- obtaining energy savings over the whole building parts and installations;- secure better thermal conditions of comfort;- conforming to the solutions indicated by the energy audit;

186


NAS countries


At the end of 1997, the housing stock was of 7836.9 thousand flats, registering an increase of 26.2 thousand flats (0.3%) compared to the end of 1996. This increase was due primarily to the inputs into the existing stock through the construction of 29.9 thousand new flats as well as to the conversion of spaces with other destinations (1.8 thousand flats). The number of outputs registered in this period was of 5.3 thousand flats, as a consequence of demolitions (3.5 thousand flats) and of changes of destination (1.8 thousand flats). From the existing housing stock, 94.0% is private property, 5.6% is public property and 0.4% other forms of property:

Housing stock by forms of property, on 31.12.1997Form of property

Number of flats- thou -

Number of rooms- thou -

Dwelling space- thou sq.m -

Public 442.8 855.2 11105.6Private 7363.5 18496.6 256153.1Other 30.6 68.6 1083.5Total 7854 19433 268353

In 1997, 70306 flats were sold to the population, of which 1337 were finished and taken possession of during the year. More than half of the existing flats (53.1%) are in urban areas; 43.2% of the total have three or more rooms, most of them being situated in the rural area (56.8% of the existing flats of this type). As compared to 1991, the housing stock increased with 177.9 thousand flats (+2.3%). Thus, the number of rooms rose by 3.0% by the end of 1997 compared with the end of 1991, both through the construction of new houses and through the extension of the existing ones, the dwelling space registering a rise of 3.8%.

Housing stock in 1991 and 1997

Housing stock 1991 19971997as against1991- % -

Number of flats (thou) 7659.0 7836.9 102.3Number of rooms (thou) 18847.5 19420.4 103.3Dwelling space (thou sq.m) 258.5 268.3 103.8Average number of rooms per home

2.5 2.5 100.0

Average number of persons per home

2.9 2.9 100.0

Dwelling space (sq.m) by:- one home 33.8 34.2 101.2- one room 13.7 13.8 100.7

Including property of joint ventures, cooperative organizations and associations (of production, consumption and credit), of non-profit associations (professional associations, of writers, composers, political parties, trade unions, etc.) as well as of religious cults. End of year.

187


NAS countries- one person 11.3 11.9 105.3

Housing stock by number of rooms, average values, in 1991 and 1997Flats

-number-

of coll. 1, homes with:

1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms5 rooms and above

A 1 2 3 4 5 6Existent on 31.12.1991TOTAL 765900

31019127

3372509

2301468 746862 219037

URBAN 4076335

567886 1894832

1228483 323984 61150

RURAL 3582668

451241 1477677

1072985 422878 157887

Existent on 31.12.1997TOTAL 783686

01033944

3418875

2367410 778373 238258

URBAN 4163491

579063 1918995

1260071 335854 69508

RURAL 3673369

454881 1499880

1107339 442519 168750

Housing stock, by regions, on 31.12.1997

Region Homes-number-

Rooms-number-

Dwelling space-sq.m-

TOTAL7836860 19420390 268342205

North-Eastern 1226877 2891461 39169478South-Eastern 983561 2684307 34240960Southern 1220497 3298674 40473227South-Western 869672 2287485 28398716Western 749814 1785881 27583648North-Western 991466 2257239 35110621Centre 924126 2071573 32654492Bucharest 870847 2143770 30711063

As regards the dwelling space by person, the leading position is held by Bucharest region, with 13.4 sq.m/person, and the last by the North-Eastern region, with 10.3 sq.m/person, a situation determined both by the number of people by statistical regions and by the existing housing stock.

Main indicators of the housing stock, on 31.12.1997Region Population

on Dwelling space per

Number of rooms per

Dwelling space per

188


NAS countries

31.12.1997- % -

person- sq.m/person- home

home- sq.m/person-

North-Eastern 16.8 10.3 2.4 31.9South-Eastern 13.1 11.6 2.7 34.8Southern 15.5 11.6 2.7 33.2South-Western 10.7 11.7 2.6 32.7Western 9.2 13.4 2.4 36.8North-Western 12.7 12.3 2.3 35.4Centre 11.8 12.3 2.2 35.3Bucharest 10.2 13.4 2.5 35.3

At the level of the year 1994, the statistical data in percentages regarding various systems used for heating dwellings in Romania are shown in the table below:

TYPES OF HEATING SYSTEMS IN ROMANIA

Heating system Total in the country

Remarks

Centralised heating systems (CHP)

31% Usually in big towns with a population of more than 50000 inhabitants

Local thermal power plants using fuel oil or natural gas (DH)

8% Heating of blocks of flats in residential areas, hotels in tourist areas, hospitals, etc.

Stoves for coal, wood, liquid fuel or gas

60.7% Prevailing in all rural areas, partially in urban areas

Other systems 0.3%

As indicated in the table, local heating in stoves (various fuels) accounts for more than half of the heating systems existing in Romania (60.7%), which proves that the problem of rural heating and of heating small towns with less than 20000 inhabitants is as important as the problem of heating medium, large and very large towns.

As regards the heating of dwellings in Romania in general, considering a conventional flat of approx. 3 rooms, it could be represented as shown in the following diagram (approximate data):

189


NAS countries

The structure of primary energy consumption in Romania for heat supply in 1994 in percentages is as follows: coal: 10.4%, fuel oil: 24.3% , natural gas: 54.6% , other fuels (including fire wood): 10.7%

The above figures show that the problem of local heating (rural area and small towns with less than 20000 inhabitants, spa towns and villages) has the same

190

Rural areaRural area3619 thou. flats

No. of flats in Romania, total

7836.9 thou. flats

Urban areaUrban area4118 thou. flats

Centralised heating system (~ 40%),

about 3320 thou. flats, of which:

1850 thou. flats – CHP 390 thou. flats – DH, in

industrial area 1080 thou. flats – DH, in

Local heating system (~ 60%),

about 4900 thou. flats,of which:

~1000 thou. flats – in urban area

Amount of fuel necessary for Amount of fuel necessary for buildings heating buildings heating

11.1 – 12.1 mil. t conventional fuel/year (100%), of which

7 – 8 mil. tcf/yearin urban area

(63.06% - 66.1%)

4.1 mil. tcf/yearin rural area

(36.9%)

Centralised heating system

~40%

Local heating system~60%


NAS countriesweight as in the case of centralized heating, the primary energy under the form of coal, wood, fuel oil and natural gas being the main primary energy sources both in the urban and in the rural area.

191

Status of buildings energy performance regulation, research activities and market situation in building sector inNAS countries

2B.3 Present solutions for heating of buildings in Romania. Prospects for there development

SOLUTIONS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT FOR HEATING PEOPLE’S BUILDINGS IN ROMANIAHEATING SYSTEMS

* Local CT = only-heat boiler stations

for blocks and residential areas**Centralised CHP or CT = centralised heat power plant

or only-heat boiler station

192

Mainly in the RURAL AREA:

2726 communes including 13150 villages

More than 10 million inhabitants In the URBAN AREA:

181 small and very small townsMore than 2 million inhabitants

Climate = temperate (all temperate types) General existing solution = STOVES

Prospective solution = STOVES or other local systemsUsing, depending on the primary energy cost:

- gases- electric power from hydro

SOLUTIONS FOR GENERAL DEVELOPMENT IMMEDIATE

- Energy saving- Rehabilitation of present installations- Elimination of energy losses in buildings by improving thermal insulation.- Use of local primary energy sources (including wastes in the urban area).- Development and encouraging of the use of renewable energy sources, mainly hydro from the micro hydro-power plants in the rural area.- Use of secondary energy sources from the industrial sector.

PROSPECTIVE

- Insurance of imports of fuel gases to provide primary energy, especially in the rural

Mainly in the URBAN AREA:

Medium towns 30More than 1 million inhabitantsFlats 409

Co-existing with local heating. Hill, mountain temperate climate. General existing solution:

only-heat boiler stations for blocks Prospective solution:

small only-heat boiler stations or CHP

Depending on the primary energy cost: 5%

Mainly in the URBAN AREA: (coexisting with all heating systems)

big towns 23very big towns 25

Flats: 3217 Distribution: hill and plain Climate: temperate (all temperate types) Existing solutions: centralised CHP or CT Prospective solutions: high performance CHP, usually: - CHP with mixed cycle gases - steam

- CHP with cogeneration 39%

LOCALHEATINGSTOVES

CENTRALISEDCHP or CT**

LOCALCT*

DISTRICTHEATING

(DH)


193


NAS countriesThere are four types of buildings for the population in Romania:

o Buildings erected in the period 1930 – 1950 (before World War II) o Buildings erected in the period 1950 – 1970o Buildings erected in the period 1970 – 1990 (the most numerous

of the existing buildings, with weak points regarding insulation, thermal comfort, modern lighting)

o Buildings erected in the period 1990 – 2002.

194


RURAL AREA

PERIOD STRUCTUREENCLOSURES FUEL HEATING

walls windows wood coal gasesbrick stoves

terra-cotta stoves

1930 1950

total wood

unburnt brickand

burnt brick28 cm thick

double of wood.

of the floor area

dominan

t

dominant

1950 1970

woodand

masonryidem

25 cm thick idem

dominant

TRANSILVANI

A

dominant

1970 1990

idem1950 1970

and reinforced concrete

idem idem

dominant

1990 2000

idem 1970 1990

idem idem dominan

t

REMARKS: 1930 1950 passive solar heating by closing the porches (pergola) with vitreous panels. Traditional

practice introduced in the 19th century.

Regional differences:roof (example: shingle or weatherboard in the mountain or sub Carpathian areas; clay tiles - in Dobrogea)enclosures (in general wood in the mountain or sub Carpathian areas; unburned brick - in plain areas)

195


196

Status of buildings energy performance regulation, research activities and market situation in building sector inNAS countriesURBAN AREA

PERIOD STRUCTUREENCLOSURES FUEL HEATING SYSTEMS

walls windows wood coal fuel oil gasesterra-cotta stoves

Local heating systems

district heating

1930 1950

masonry+

reinforced concretepoles and floors

burnt brick,28 cm and 42 thick.

double of wood.

of the floor area

dominan

t

dominan

t

1950 1970

idem

burnt brick, 24 cm and 37.5 cm thick blocks of autoclaved aerated concrete

idem

dominant

dominan

t

1970 1990

idemand

prefabricated reinforced concrete

idem1950 1970

and thermal insulating reinforced concrete panels

30 cm. thick.

idem1950 1970

andsimple

windows with heat

insulated glass

dominan

t

dominant

1990 2000

idem 1970 1990

idem1970 1990

idem1970 1990

andsimple P.V.C. windows with

heat

dominant

197


insulated glass

REMARKS: 1970 1990 passive solar energy by improvised closing of balconies 1990 2000 with vitreous panel

198


The construction works are performed on the following manners:o under contract by construction companieso under own management, performed by other companies or by the

population by their own means.

Construction works account for all the activities materialised in new buildings and civil engineering, as well intended to restoration, repair and maintenance of the existing ones. New construction works are defined as the construction works which directly determine the creation of new housing spaces or other useful spaces, as well as the creation of new structures for the existing civil engineering. Capital repairs are all works performed at the end of operating cycles which are aiming at ensuring the maintenance of technical and economic features of buildings during the whole normalised operating life of buildings. Current maintenance and repair works represent the whole operations performed on an existing building to ensure its further utilisation, to prevent its quick wear and tear and to prolong its duration being represented by works of paintings, masonry, heating and ventilation, plumbing a.s.o.

From the ownership type of capital of construction companies active in the construction industry the following structure is specified:

o state majority ownership, comprising state integral capital, national and local interest public capital or mixed in which state holds 50% or more of shares

o private majority ownership, comprising private integral capital, mixed in which private sector holds 50% or more of shares, including foreign capital, co-operative and community capital.

Values of construction works performed in the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 at country scale, representing the whole construction works, by manner and by type of ownership are presented in the following table.

Construction Works by manner of performing and by type of ownership (in thou. Euro)

Total State majority

Private majority

thou. Euro thou. Euro thou. Euro1998

Total 2,969,002.8 529,916.0 2,439,086.8New construction and capital repairs

2,435,838.9 336,136.1 2,099,702.8

Contract 2,319,853.5 301,072.6 2,018,781.0Own management 115,985.4 35,063.5 80,921.8Maintenance and current repairs

533,163.9 193,779.9 339,384.0

1999Total 2,764,659.2 397,492.5 2,367,166.7


NAS countriesTotal State

majorityPrivate majority

New construction and capital repairs

2,341,258.9 309,162.7 2,032,096.2


423,400.3 88,329.8 335,070.5

2000Total 3,423,811.7 367,729.5 3,056,082.2New construction and capital repairs

2,565,336.9 150,221.9 2,415,115.1


858,474.8 217,507.7 640,967.1

source: Romanian statistical yearbook, 2001Values of construction works performed in the year 2000 at country scale, representing the whole works included in execution projects performed, entirely or partly, paid by beneficiaries and included into accounting system of companies, are presented in the following table.

Construction works on contract, by category of objects and type of works in 2000 (in thou. Euro)

Total Preparing works to start

construction

New construction and capital repairs

Installations,

isolations and

equipment

mounting

Finishings

(indoors and

outdoors)

Rents of constru

ction outfits

thou. Euro

thou. Euro

thou. Euro

thou. Euro

thou. Euro

thou. Euro

Total 2,056,934.7

64,528.3 1,546,374.5

289,445.6

116,786.6

39,799.7

Residential buildings - Residential buildings - totaltotal

225,329.5

6,804.1 140,844.7

49,645.9 24,836.0

3,198.8

Individual buildings 96,423.8 2,876.6 64,975.3 14,862.1 11,828.7

1,881.0

Collective buildings (bloc type)

113,854.9

3,767.8 66,304.8 31,120.5 11,344.0

1,317.9

Residential buildings for communities

15,050.8 159.7 9,564.6 3,663.3 1,663.3 0.0

Non residential buildings - total

791,889.7

13,140.8 548,589.3

126,603.8

91,950.7

11,605.2

Hotels and similar buildings

73,628.4 566.0 64,325.1 2,682.1 5,825.8 229.3

Administrative buildings 217,018.9

3,526.9 147,811.3

33,117.6 30,124.8

2,438.3

200


NAS countriesRetail and wholesale buildings

35,245.3 1,492.0 19,834.5 6,525.4 7,027.6 365.7

Traffic and communication buildings (station, terminals, garages)

13,860.7 226.4 5,724.2 3,294.6 4,467.3 148.0

Industrial buildings and warehouses

214,830.2

3,654.6 152,873.7

39,570.4 15,303.3

3,428.2

Recreation, education buildings, hospitals and clinics

65,982.6 957.9 44,940.5 9,840.3 9,750.4 493.5

Other non residential buildings

171,323.7

2,717.0 113,079.8

31,573.3 19,451.4

4,502.2

source: Romanian statistical yearbook, 2001


The Research and Development Programme “Orizont 2000” of the Ministry of Education and Research, established in 1996 and finalized in 2002, incorporates 20 R&D directions oriented by thematic fields. It aims at supporting and developing the existing research-development potential of general interest and of strategic importance to economy and society. Rational use of energy resources and renewable energy are among the directions of the programme. In the field of energy efficiency, ROL 14 billion have been allocated so far to 25 projects, involving 12 R&D institutions. Projects have been carried out in the fields of:(i) energy efficiency increase and risk evaluation in the energy supply system,(ii) energy efficient utilization in industry, transport and services,(iii) improvement of the institutional frame-work of the energy management financing mechanisms and(iv) implementation of the European and international requirements relating to efficient energy use.

Other projects include a database for industrial technologies, low energy consumption dwellings, multi criteria analysis methodology for energy efficiency projects, national energy efficiency indicators harmonised with European standards and research on the opportunity to implement voluntary agreements. Since 2000 the R&D activity at the national level is carried out on the RTD National Plan, founded by the Ministry of Education and Research, on specific Programmes as MENER (Energy, Environment, Resources) and AMTRANS (Construction, Territorial Planning and Transports). One of the main objective of Government for the building sector is to set up national programmes for energy efficiency, programmes that are not existing in the present. It can be expected that these programmes will be operational in 2003 – 2004. The general society reform process included also the energy sector, setting the basis of a national policy for energy efficiency. Overall policy and the prominence of energy efficiency

achieving lower cost and securing energy supplies for the residential sector and for economic activities whilst decreasing the environmental impact of the energy sector;

201


NAS countries interconnecting the electricity and gas networks with European

distribution networks towards the further integration into EU; lowering in general the energy intensity.

The strategy for achieving these objectives includes: increasing energy saving and conservation through implementation of

energy efficiency legislation, price increases and other measures; rehabilitation of power generation capacity, and least cost electricity

and heat production; increase in renewable energy production and decrease in emissions and

pollution from energy consumers, thermal power generation and primary energy production;

co-operation with international financing institutions.

Based on existing low thermal insulation of the actual building stock, that has led to high energy consumption for heating and living housing costs, often unbearable, for the thermal energy bills, there is actually under development a National programme of buildings rehabilitation. The Romanian Government Ordinance nr.29/2000 (approved by Law 325/2002) foresees that the accomplishment of annual programmes for thermal rehabilitation of the buildings is a must; these programmes are coordinated by the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Housing, that forwards them to the Government. On this basis there has been raised a National programme proposal for the thermal rehabilitation of the existing building stock starting with the followings:

o selection of representative building typeso identification of best solutions for thermal rehabilitationo establishing of the application areas on different zones in the

countryo implementing of the appropriate scenarios for thermal

rehabilitationo identification of viable financing sources.

It is considered for the thermal rehabilitation measures an area of application representing 20 % of the total number of buildings. The investments costs and the energy saving outcomes were established on the basis of standard thermal insulation. The total investment costs estimated amounted to 3,508 mil. Euro. The cost estimation provides the followings highest percentage of the investments:

o individual buildings of up to 73%o block of flats of up to 22%o individual buildings with more than two apartments of up to 5%.

The demonstration actions will be focussed on the following directions:o dissemination of information related to the estimated results, o publishing specific studies and articles in different magazines, o papers presentation at conferences and workshops, o meetings with decision makers from ministries and agencies, with

representatives of the central and local administration in order to promote the programme at the country scale.

202


NAS countriesWithin international programmes co-operations were established both at national, regional and international levels. Romania has been sector co-ordinator for the Phare Multi-country Energy Programme. Below a list of programmes is given.

EC PHARE 1992 - Energy Cities Network organised a network between municipalities in the energy field, with the following objectives: to promote direct exchanges among officials and people in charge of local and regional energy policies; to set up joint projects on energy planning and energy efficiency programmes; to facilitate local and international co-operation.

EC PHARE Energy 1993 – Urban Energy Efficiency Networks aimed at facilitation of the co-operation between local communities of the PHARE countries and local communities from the EU in the field of energy efficiency, by co-financing co-operation agreements together with the EU programmes ECOS/OUVERTURE (DG XVI).

EC PHARE Energy 1995 – Energy Efficiency – Town Twinning Programme for Local Communities aimed at developing a co-operation framework for CEEC local/regional authorities, at providing financial resources in order to implement local energy management strategies and at developing capability in the field of international co-operation.

EBRD 1997 – 2003 - The Thermal Energy Conservation Project (total amount of loan: € 82.9 million), which focuses both on the rehabilitation of heat production and distribution as on the “thermostatisation” of apartment buildings in various Romanian cities. The EBRD Thermal Conservation Project is implemented in the cities of Buzău, Făgăraş, Olteniţa, Paşcani and Ploieşti. Technical assistance and project management is provided by the German Agency for Technical Co-operation (GTZ) in co-operation with a German municipal energy company (MVV).

Joint ECOS-OUVERTURE, 1999 Urban & Regional Energy Efficiency – Energy Conservation in Municipal and Public Buildings and in Public Lighting aimed at collaboration between EU and CEE countries in the field of energy efficiency in public and municipal buildings.

USAID - SECI (South Eastern Co-operative Initiative) Energy Efficiency Programme, refers at development of private energy efficiency projects in municipalities. The first project is for Constanta city: partial rehabilitation of the district heating system and heating improvement in some schools. City of Oradea is next and it will be followed by other municipalities.

Energy sector has been one of the priorities of the EU assistance in Romania. Up to now, the Commission has spent more than EUR 30 million on assistance dedicated to the energy sector, supporting Romania in fulfilling the Copenhagen criteria for accession. The European Commission provided constant support in all this transformation effort, channelling the assistance in the latest years on the two main directions: Institution Building and Investment.The European Commission has been and is the most important and efficient aid donor for the Romanian electricity and heat sector (Phare, SYNERGY, Thermie, ISPA, Bangkok Facility, LSIF, FP5, SAVE etc). The World Bank has a resident mission in Romania which supports the Romania economical reform, involved in investments & infrastructure also in the energy sector. Romania is a founding member of EBRD and ranks second in terms of signed projects,

203


NAS countriesafter the Russian Federation. The Romanian portfolio is made up of the following sectors: transport, telecommunications, banking, tourism, private corporations, municipal utilities and energy.

The EBRD financing projects are focus on:o large scale privatisation with strategic investors;o private financing of infrastructure development: concession

operations in sectors such as telecommunications and motorways, power and energy;

o municipal infrastructure financing, including energy efficiency (district heating) and non-recourse project finance for local and national utilities.


For the Government, the major objectives of energy policy are: reducing the energy losses on all chain: production, transport,

distribution and consumption reducing energy consumption through efficient utilization reducing energy bills of the final consumer increasing the thermal comfort

The Ministry of Industry and Resources prepared "The Strategy of Romanian Energy Sector until 2020", document which was presented for approval to the Government. The Government prepared a set of energy legislation that is expected to encourage de-monopolisation and privatisation of the energy sector. The energy efficiency law and the electric energy law are now in force. Drafts were prepared from 1994, with support from the European Union. After unnecessary delays, the process is now under way. The Law for Environment Protection is also in force. This law includes several elements of which the following are relevant for energy efficiency improvement:

a procedure of authorisation for economic and social activities having impact on the environment for new plants;

certificates for the new plants and also authorisation to the existing ones concerning emissions limits and conformity charts;

conformity shows for buyers surveillance and testing equipment; air and other emission taxes and authorisation taxes; and projects for medium term for quality standards of important fuels.

The central organisations having attributions and responsibilities in the energy field are the followings:

- Ministry of Industries and Resources (MIR - Ministerul Industriei si Resurselor) set up in 2001 – for the primary energy resources and production, transport and energy distribution technologies (it was to elaborate the strategy and specific development regulations for industries and ensures and co-ordinates the strategy’s implementation and has to implement the policies in the field of energy and production & research efficiency raise).

204


NAS countries- Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Housing (MLPTL - Ministerul Lucrarilor Publice Transportului si Locuintei) set up in 2001 (from the joint of former ministries of Public Works, and Territorial Planning and of Transports), organises the implementation of the national strategy and governmental decisions for the field of public works (including rational end efficient use of energy in buildings and thermal rehabilitation of existing building stock). It supports and guides the local public administration in activities related to strategy, monitoring of investment programmes in local urban and rural substructure, specific regulations and sector policies of communal management services. MLPTL’s resources consist of public investments financed from the state and local budgets, as well as of foreign investments (EBRD, EBI). The main target groups for MLPTL are the Local Councils for counties, towns and villages, in co-operation with other ministries and state owned companies. In the field of energy efficiency, MLPTL takes part in the elaboration of norms and technical regulations for constructions and related installations and equipment, wherein the compulsion of observing energy efficiency is stipulated.

- Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation (ARCE). This is a governmental body, under the Ministry of Trade and Industry with responsibilities in the implementation of the national policy for rational use of energy, energy efficiency programmes and actions co-ordination proposals for regulations regarding the efficient use of energy, information and awareness raising.So far, the responsibilities of ARCE include: Co-ordination and implementation of energy conservation actions and

programmes at national and regional levels; Initiation of regulatory acts concerning the rational use of energy; International co-operation concerning energy conservation and

administration of financial support granted to Romania through international technical assistance programmes.

According to the Energy Efficiency Law 199/2000 and its latest revision (Law 120/2000), and the proposed secondary legislation, ARCE would become the specialized body on energy efficiency at national level, being a legal body with financial and administrative autonomy, subordinated to the Ministry of Industry and Resources. ARCE would have the following attributes and responsibilities: To elaborate the national energy efficiency policy as part of national

energy strategy; To implement and monitor the energy efficiency policy and national

energy efficiency programmes; To cooperate with domestic and international institutions with regard to

energy efficiency and environmental protection; To participate in the elaboration of energy efficiency regulation; To certify energy using and metering equipment in conformity with the

planned technical regulations; To authorize energy auditors and managers; To coordinate the energy efficiency projects financed from internal or

international sources; To evaluate the energy efficiency projects co-financed from the Special

Fund for the Development of the Energy System;205


NAS countries To elaborate the synthesis of the energy efficiency programmes at the

national level; To cooperate with competent institutions in the drawing up of energy

balances; To provide free consultancy for local authorities, companies and

building administrators for energy efficiency projects; To elaborate and coordinate training programmes for energy managers; To advice other ministries with regard to their own energy efficiency

programmes from other ministries; To assure the application of energy efficiency regulation; To promote renewable energies.

- The National Energy Regulation Authority (ANRE – Autoritatea Nationala de Reglementare in domeniul Energiei) was set up in 1998 as an autonomous public institution of national interest, whose mission is to create and enforce the system of regulations required for the proper operation of the sector and of the energy market.

- The Ministry of Finance recommends pricing and taxation policies for most of energy products.

Thee legal framework in the energy sector is currently under development. Over the past years several important laws for the raising of energy efficiency in the building sector were established, operating in the energy efficiency field as they are the followings:- The Government Emergency Ordinance 63/1998 regarding electrical and thermal

energy.- Energy Efficiency Law No. 199/2000.- Law 325/2002 for approval of Ordinance 29/2000 regarding thermal rehabilitation

of the existing buildings and stimulation of thermal energy savings.- Law 99/2000 for the approval of the Government Emergency Ordinance 29/98 on

the setting up, organisation and operation of the National Electricity & Heat Regulatory Authority - ANRE

In the field of energy efficiency standards for domestic appliances, Romania has transposed relevant European Directives, including the framework directive on energy efficiency labelling (92/75/EEC), the directives concerning energy labelling and minimum energy efficiency requirements for refrigerators and freezers (94/2/EC and 96/57/EC respectively), as well as the directives concerning energy labelling of household washing machines (95/12/EC), household combined washer dryers (96/60/EC), household lamps (98/11/EC), household electric tumble dryers (95/13/EC), household dishwashers (97/17/EC) and hot water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels (92/42/EC).


The residential sector in Romania offers very significant potentials for energy conservation, which could be realized on a cost-effective basis. The Government has formulated specific policies and strategies regarding the

206


NAS countriesrehabilitation and modernisation of buildings and regarding the modernisation of district heating services. As a matter of fact, energy use in centrally heated buildings (in particular apartment blocks) and of district heating systems themselves are areas of major inefficiencies, which are complementary to each other. The Government’s policy and programme regarding energy efficiency rehabilitation of buildings has as a legal basis Law 325/2002 for approval of G.O. no. 29/2000 concerning the thermal rehabilitation of existing buildings and stimulation of economisation of thermal energy. According to the Ordinance, the Government has to adopt annual national programmes for the thermal rehabilitation of buildings and pertaining installations, including studies, the actualisation of technical regulations and the elaboration of demonstration projects. The Law also stipulates the development of energy certificates for existing buildings (planned to be introduced in 2005), defines the duties of heat supply companies to control heat flows and thermal losses, establishes the procedures to be followed by building owners/administrators in carrying out the rehabilitation and assigns responsibilities at Government level. While the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Housing (MLPTL) is mainly responsible for the elaboration of the annual programmes and for the development and enforcement of the legal and normative basis, the Ministry of Industry and Resources, via ARCE, assumes responsibility for studying priorities, monitoring and public education and promotion. Counties and the Bucharest municipality are responsible for issuing energy certificates. According to the Ordinance, the thermal rehabilitation programme shall be financed from allocations from local and county budgets, own funds of building owners, as well as funds from ESCOs and heat suppliers. Owners are exempted from taxes for the elaboration of energy certificates and construction permits for the thermal rehabilitation. As stipulated by the Ordinance, the MLPTL has developed a series of legislative documents, including annual framework plans, technical “framework solutions” for the rehabilitation of buildings, as well as standards for energy auditing, the award of energy certificates, certification of auditors, etc. The actual Framework Plan of the National Programme for the Thermal Rehabilitation of Building (MP-013-2001) foresees in the realisation of four sub-programmes: Sub-programme 1: Thermal rehabilitation and modernisation of buildings

and building installations Sub-programme 2: Promotion of the utilisation of non-conventional energy

sources, cogeneration and centralized energy supply systems Sub-programme 3: Financial sources and fiscal facilities Sub-programme 4: Education, information, incentives and motivation

The energy certificate compares actual heat requirements (space heating at the left and hot water at the right) to a minimum reference value, and assigns efficiency classes to space heating, hot water supply and the overall performance of the dwelling.

Figure 2F.1: Specific annual heat requirement variation of residential buildings before and after thermal rehabilitation

2070.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.26080

100120140160180200220240260280300320340360

E

A-Detached Bungalow - type 2B-Detached House - type 1C-Semi-Detached Bungalow - type 4D-Semi-Detached House (2 apartaments) - type 3E-Mid-Terraced Bungalow (3 apartaments) - type 6F-Mid-Terraced House (3 apartaments) - type 5G-Block P+4 (30 apartaments)H-Block P+8 (36 apartaments) - type 7

AE

H

H

AH

G

FD

BE

A

C

Thermal insulation for existing buildings Optimal thermal insulation Rational thermal insulation

q an [k

Wh/

an*m

2 ]

a=A/V [m2/m3]


NAS countries

Source: IPCT, 2002

There has developed alternative scenarios to implement the National Programme for Thermal Rehabilitation of Buildings, among them a “minimal variant” of rehabilitation of 1% of the existing building stock, a “medium variant” of rehabilitating 5% and a “maximum” variant of rehabilitating 20 – 50% of the existing stock. Table 2F.1 shows the projected results of these variants, which also refer to short-, medium and long-term investment planning strategies. As figure 2F.1 shows, the potential gains from thermal rehabilitation are very substantial. Measures proposed to achieve these improvements include insulation of walls, floors and roofs, double glazing of windows and tightening of window frames and shutters.

Table 2F.1: Synthesis of the national programme results for the housing sector thermal rehabilitation in Romania

As table 2F.1 shows, the payback periods for the investments in thermal rehabilitation are between 7.9 and 8.6 years. While this is a clear indication of the economic benefits of these measures, the problem may still be the large amounts of investment needed and the lack of a viable plan for financing these investments.

Environmental protection is the main responsibility of the Ministry of Waters and Environmental Protection (MAPPM). MAPPM has been responsible for the National Strategy for Environment Protection (first developed in 1992 and updated in 1996) and the National Action Plan for the Environment, which has been upgraded in line with the National Programme for Accession of Romania

208


NAS countriesto the European Union and with the National Plan for the adoption of the Acquis communitaire. The objectives for environmental protection in the energy sector are: Reduction of gas emissions into the atmosphere; The use of “clean fuels”; Reflection of environmental cost throughout the energy cycle; To promote and stimulate the production of energy from renewable

sources; To consider electricity and heat production by waste incineration.

Proposed actions in the energy sector for sustainable development promotion: Promoting the use of efficient technologies in the production of power that

will have less negative effects on the environment; Increasing energy efficiency at consumers; Promoting regulations and standards; To use incentives and adequate fiscal policy; To establish mechanisms for taking into consideration of environmental

externalities throughout energy field; Intensification of research-development activities; Introducing and stimulating competition on the domestic markets on

energy.

In has prepared the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. The energy chapter of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development (elaborated in 1999, by a Working Group under the coordination of MAPPM), which makes explicit reference to the Energy Charter Treaty and PEEREA, advocates increased efficiency and environmental protection in the energy sector, the need for a governmental nuclear strategy and the creation of a fund for the protection and development of the nuclear industry and the need to diversify energy supplies, including the promotion of renewable energies. Recommendations in the Strategy to achieve sustainable development in the energy sector focus on measures like the promotion of efficient technologies, improving regulations and standards and the promoting research and development, both on the supply and demand side. Environmental criteria also play an important role in the restructuring and rehabilitation of the national energy system. The National Commission on Climate Change has been established in 1996 by Government Decision no. 1275/1996. Coordinated by the Ministry of Waters and Environmental Protection, its purpose is to promote the necessary measures and actions for the application so the objectives and the provisions in the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol in Romania. Romania ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, as an Annex I country. Romania’s has committed itself under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce CO2 emissions by 8% until 2008-2012, compared to 1989.


The Energy Efficiency Law provides some financial and fiscal incentives, like the access to the Special Fund for the Development of the Energy System, the exemption of profit tax related to investments in energy efficiency, subsidies

209


NAS countrieson interest rates for bank loans for energy efficiency investments, exemption from custom taxes for imported energy efficiency equipment and partial exemption of profit tax for energy management and services companies. Co-financing from the Special Fund is provided for some categories of projects including those for improving energy efficiency at end-users. The National Energy Strategy foresees a minimum 10% from the Special Fund for energy efficiency actions in the period 2000-2004, and it co-funded various energy efficiency projects, notably in industry and municipalities; it appears that the end-use energy efficiency projects could have a more important place in the Fund’s portfolio. In 2001, the Ministry of Finance and the World Bank launched the GEF Energy Efficiency Financing Facility Project (Fondul Roman pentru Eficienta Energiei – FREE). FREE is orientated at leveraging GEF seed money (US$ 10 million, of which US$ 8 million for investment and US$ 2 million for technical assistance) by co-financing with Romanian and foreign sources and aims at providing loans for commercially viable energy efficiency projects. FREE will initially operates as a revolving investment fund. According to Emergency Ordinance 124/2001, the Fund is established as an institution of public interest with its own legal personality, independent and financially autonomous. It administers the money received by Romania from GEF through IBRD under an implementation agreement concluded between IBRD and Romania. Co-financing is provided under a subsidiary grant agreement through the Ministry of Finance and from private sources, in particular Romanian and foreign banks. FREE aims at operating as a commercial financing facility, focusing on “targeted investments”, i.e. projects with an high return on investment of which at least 50% of the benefits are due to energy saving. There are no sector preferences; instead the emphasis is on the financial soundness and creditworthiness of the client. Corporate financing of energy service companies could be part of the Fund’s portfolio. Financing may be up to 80% of the capital cost of approved energy efficiency projects. The Emergency Ordinance 174/2002 indicate some financial facilities for thermal rehabilitation of certain multi-storey buildings (type-project, built in 1950-1985 period, included in the annual programme for rehabilitation of existing building stock). According to the Ordinance, the funds for financing the activities of energy audit and for the design of the modernisation measures will be provided from the state budget in the approved limit for this destination in the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Housing’s (MLPTL) annual budget. According to GEO 174/2002 the necessary funds for financing the construction works for the thermal rehabilitation of the multi-storey buildings will be:a) from credits and/or allocations from the budget, who will cover 85% of the expenses, from which 30% is subvention by the state, in limit of the annual funds approved by MLPTL, and from the reparation funds of owners’ association , who will cover 15% of the expenses,b) from local budget - for the dwellings with another destination than the habitation, existing in owner or administration of the territorial units,c) from the state budget, from local budget or own incomes, in the limit of annual funds established for this destination - for the dwellings and spaces with another destination than the habitation, existing in other institutions administration,d) from the commercial agents’ funds - for the dwellings and spaces with another destination than the habitation.

210


NAS countries

The owners of the dwellings, from multi-storey buildings included in annual programmes benefit by the expenses finance for the execution of thermal rehabilitation works, in condition the following conditions:a) Approval in general assembly of the owners’ association, of the

intervention decision and signing of the frame-convention with local council for the development of the thermal rehabilitation actions,

b) introduction, in state favour of the dwelling legal mortgage,c) returning the funds from state budget of the end of building thermal

rehabilitation, less the subvention, in equal monthly rate, with an interest of 5 % per year and a reimbursed period of 10 years from the end of the works.

The registration and radiation of the mortgage are exempt from stamp tax.



The great part of the building sector in Slovakia was erected after World War II. Major building technique was complete prefabrication. About 90% of dwelling houses were prefabricated in this time. The same situation was in buildings for industry. In dwelling houses are 49.43% of all dwellings in Slovakia (year 1990), in family houses (allmost all are brick-built) are 50.57% of dwellings.


Dwelling housesYears Number of dwellings Dwelling houses Family houses Other

1900-1919 57 542 5 681 51 546 3151946-1960 277 599 88 530 187 749 1 3201971-1980 411 789 282 934 127 568 1 287sum to 1989 1 593 123 785 357 801 075 6 691sum to 1997 1 695 356 838 940 848 986 7 430

Area of average flat is about 65 m2. Less than 10 000 new dwellings were built yearly during several last years. Prefabricated techniques are used very seldom in this time. Most of old buildings have poor thermo-technical properties. Heating energy consumption of prefabricated dwelling houses is 115 – 197 kWh/(m2 year). Actual standard for new houses is 50 – 100 kWh/(m2

year), so they need additional thermal insulation and many of them need reconstruction.

211


NAS countries


In this time is ending privatization of dwellings and houses. Building industry is complete in private hands. Building industry stagnate in Slovakia long time. In enterprises, which employ more than 20 people, is working 40% of all employers in domestic construction sector. They produced 50% receipts. About 43% of all people in building sector are tradesmen; they produced only 28% of performances. Construction sector (as a whole) is in debt. The top 50 enterprises produced in year 2002 profit about 19 500 000 Euro, but in year 2001 only 5 676 000 Euro.


Slovakia has quite good research capacity, mainly for basic research at the Slovak Academy of Sciences and many technical universities. Unfortunately, the research is under-financed. Slovakia gives for research at least finance from all OECD countries. The main finance source for research comes from state budget. Financial support from EU is growing. Research activities are broad. The priority of RTD programs are modern and effective technologies, mainly for conventional energetics (70% of installed appliances). Strategic goals of RTD programs are new technologies. It is planned to concentrate demonstration action to one region. Special in agriculture and food-industry are prepared demonstration projects – energy optimization of food production, BioGas, BioOil. Overall goal is re-structure of industry, its higher energy efficiency and modernization.


Since October 1, 2002 is applied new building Slovak technical code (STN 73 0540) for thermo-technical properties of buildings. In this code are the main energetic criteria for energy efficiency of buildings. Many EU codes were translated in this field and are (or in near future will be) introduced in the praxis. In this time are prepared/innovated regulations for many labeling procedures, inspection procedures, energy audits. Price politics is considered as the best measure for rationalization of energy use. In this time prices of all energy sources are growing (for example gas for dwellings about 40% since January 2003).

212


NAS countries2.F Targets for enhance energy and environmental performance of the buildings

- rationalization of energy use and sustainability,- refurbishing of buildings, mainly residential (including diagnostic),- energy savings in all building in state ownership,- enforcement of passive solar energy in buildings,- enforcement of renewable energy applications – to reach 4% of renewable energy from primary energy consumption in 2005

The priority from renewable energies has biomass and low energy techniques.Technical normalization and harmonization with EU is in progress, practically in all directions.


The numbers and the structure of finished dwellings in SlovakiaOwnership 1993 1997 2001communal 2 217 1 858 1 079co-operative 3 474 953 52private 8 182 4 012 8 940other 151 349 250

Financing of new and existing building stockState Found for Development of Residents - 90.26 Mil. Euro (2000) 64.28 Mil. Euro (2001)State bonus to building save 61.90 Mil. Euro (2000) 53.36 Mil. Euro (2001)Building savings-banks 369.4 Mil. Euro (2000) 335.9 Mil. Euro (2001)Two biggest (VÚB Wüstenrot, a.s. and Prvá stavebná sporiteľňa, a.s.)Mortgages 141.6 Mil. Euro (2001)

SloveniaSlovenia


Approximately 25% of all energy in Slovenia are used in the buildings’ sector. Slovenia has a central European climate with an average of 3200 degree days. The existing building stock in Slovenia offers a significant energy saving potential. The technically feasible energy saving potential was estimated to

213


NAS countries60%, the economically viable energy savings in buildings reach 29% (according to a public opinion analysis the measures with pay back period bellow 10 years are feasible), but socially acceptable potential is much lower most often due to financial constraints. The major savings can be reached with envelope restoration measures, less saving can be realised by the measures focused on installations, which are on the other hand much cheaper and therefore carried out more often. Slovenia has 2 mio of inhabitants, 700.000 households and since 90’ approx. 2 mio m2 of new heated areas built per year. A lot of effort is put also in refurbishment of existing buildings since the sustainable use of land is one of the key strategic factors. Slovenia has approximately 307.800 residential buildings. These contain 706.068 apartments (end of 1999) with a significant proportion of single-family houses. In general the residential building stock is old, with almost 50% of residential buildings (constructed before 1945 (see more detailed classification of the residential floor area in a table below). The majority of residential buildings (70%) are of classic construction of either bricks or other material with no or very poor thermal insulation. Single-family houses and small blocks are also dominated by classic brick construction, while the apartment buildings primarily are predominated of cast concrete construction.

Tab.2.1 Building groups according to the year of construction and thermal insulation level, respectively

Building groups according to the year of construction and thermal insulation level, respectively

Total energy consumption(kWh/m2a)

Total floor area 1997 (m2)

Increment in residential floor area in 1998, 1999 (m2)

Switch between cathegories due to energy restoration in years letih 1998, 1999

Residential sector cathegories(m2)Source: (Statistical yearbook 2001, 31.12.99 and ZRMK analyses)

Single family houseSF before 1970 Standard JUS

185 13.141.121

- 131.411

13.009.710

SF before 1970, refurbished

111 1.529.040

+ 131.411

1.660.451

SF 1971 – 1980 Standards

151 6.404.846

- 32.024

6.272.822

SF 1971 – 1980 refurbished

111 44.752 + 32.024

76.776

SF since 1981,

210 1.401.359

1.401.359

214


NAS countriesunfinished in useSF 1981 standard ins.

111 4.930.595

+ 328.944

5.259.539

SF 1981 recommended ins. Level

90 408.493

+ 657.888

1.066.381

SF 2002 new regulation 2002

90

SF 2002 better then 2002 regulations

77 + 109.648

109.648

Apartment buildingAP before 1970 Standard JUS

125 11.669.647

- 116.696

11.552.951

AP before 1979, refurbished

98 1.351.513

+ 116.696

1.468.209

AP 1971 – 1980 standards

90 4.565.820

4.565.820

AP since 1981, unfinished, in use

84 3.353.148

+ 44.856

3.398.004

AP 1981 standard

75 293.666

+ 67.188

360.854

AP 2002 new regulation 2002

75

AP 2002 beter then 2002 regulation

64 + 7.476

7.476

Total 49.094.000

1.246.000

50.340.000

Only in 1998 666.000

Only in 1999 580.000

A study of energy use in schools is taken to indicate that there is a large energy saving potential to be realised within the educational sector (building envelope with no or low thermal insulation, use of materials of poor quality,

215


NAS countrieslack of proper maintenance etc.). There was a pick in the construction of medical and administration buildings from the mid 1970's to the early 1980'. As this period of construction is traditionally associated with prefabricated concrete construction of low quality, it is assumed that there is a considerable saving potential to be realised in the buildings from this period. In general commercial buildings appear to be in relatively good condition. However, as there are no available statistics on the energy use and commercial buildings stock. Industrial buildings are typically constructed with lower energy transmission standards then other types of buildings.

Statistical data - Division of total Slovenian building stock into sub-sectors (Residential buildings, Public buildings, Industrial premises, ...)

In the enclosed table (Tab. 2.1.1) the number, floor area and volume of buildings built in particular year (since 1952 to 1991) in Republic of Slovenia are given. Please see the remarks at the end of the table.The sub-sectors are determined according to the methodology of the Institute of Statistics:

R residential buildingsA administrative buildingsC cultural / educational buildingsM medical buildingsPC buildings related to physical cultureO other public buildingsI industrial buildingsE other buildings in economy sector

Tab. 2.1.1. Number, floor area (m2) and volume (m3)of buildings built in particular year (from 1952 to 1989) in Republic of Slovenia (the stressed lines in the table remark the change in the thermal regulations)

YEAR UNIT R A C M PC O I Enr 1.047 13 6 5 - 35 43 57

1952 m2 262.344 4.851 6.874 11.414 - 36.271 34.660 39.818

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 1.489 29 20 16 4 42 33 131953 m2 333.398 37.528 8.975 29.105 819 142.158 38.342 9.739

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 1.127 23 21 13 2 13 43 121954 m2 360.820 11.249 12.848 20.856 539 18.291 44.589 5.248

m3 1.354.048 44.160 65.503 73.410 3.995 62.085 488.849 22.838

nr 1.048 30 22 15 3 10 64 91955 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 1.622 12 19 7 3 9 44 121956 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 1.594 8 19 7 - 62 32 181957 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

216


NAS countriesnr 1.829 18 20 13 3 79 30 20

1958 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 1.909 12 48 23 4 90 36 531959 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 2.398 24 39 15 5 83 45 401960 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 2.786 37 40 16 3 101 83 501961 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

YEAR UNIT R A C M PC O I Enr 2.693 19 41 23 6 87 61 44

1962 m2 919.000 22.000 101.000 24.000 2.000 32.000 - -

m3 2.767.000 76.000 384.000 80.000 7.000 91.000 - -

nr 2.657 28 43 26 4 82 75 931963 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 2.611 13 39 15 6 95 89 411964 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 3.255 18 37 16 5 125 91 471965 m2 - - - - - - - -

m3 - - - - - - - -

nr 3.840 14 40 19 8 248 51 931966 m2 1.038.000 4.000 91.000 24.000 4.000 20.000 71.000 53.000

m3 3.086.000 22.000 400.000 87.000 21.000 73.000 452.000 224.000

nr 3.866 7 27 9 5 312 87 1781967 m2 1.011.000 5.000 44.000 55.000 1.000 54.000 150.000 82.000

m3 2.959.000 15.000 168.000 199.000 7.000 131.000 940.000 335.000

nr 3.849 11 26 8 7 352 78 1421968 m2 958.000 7.000 44.000 14.000 3.000 26.000 83.000 141.000

m3 2.727.000 18.000 179.000 54.000 19.000 72.000 462.000 678.000

nr 4.485 12 40 13 22 171 141 1651969 m2 1.076.000 3.000 53.000 8.000 5.000 15.000 230.000 111.000

m3 3.154.000 9.000 103.000 25.000 15.000 41.000 1.440.000 413.000

nr 4.926 7 35 5 18 91 182 1861970 m2 1.167.000 15.000 51.000 3.000 4.000 30.000 269.000 172.000

m3 3.260.000 53.000 196.000 32.000 6.000 96.000 1.649.000 594.000

nr 4.825 8 36 7 32 93 220 1741971 m2 1.332.000 19.000 110.000 11.000 11.000 17.000 416.000 245.000

m3 3.950.000 346.000 370.000 72.000 39.000 42.000 2.634.000 935.000

nr 4.537 16 36 7 23 238 292 1281972 m2 1.281.000 16.000 86.000 7.000 6.000 44.000 333.000 147.000

m3 4.423.000 60.000 372.000 66.000 22.000 134.000 2.122.000 659.000

nr 4.885 16 34 7 16 121 181 1161973 m2 1.364.000 22.000 70.000 23.000 13.000 30.000 350.000 124.000

m3 4.017.000 82.000 300.000 108.000 84.000 92.000 2.148.000 589.000

nr 5.029 26 43 21 12 50 268 1891974 m2 1.586.000 35.000 63.000 23.000 7.000 13.000 556.000 69.000

m3 4.017.000 67.000 254.000 57.000 50.000 48.000 3.250.000 296.000

217


NAS countriesnr 5036 26 43 15 28 46 238 83

1975 m2 1.786.000 39.000 52.000 59.000 26.000 36.000 550.000 74.000

m3 5.578.000 186.000 215.000 241.000 126.000 208.000 3.377.000 445.000

nr 4.904 16 31 17 13 19 235 1051976 m2 2.049.000 17.000 48.000 51.000 30.000 14.000 528.000 953.000

m3 5.820.000 61.000 207.000 211.000 166.000 33.000 4.907.000 9.310.000

nr 5.625 25 39 15 12 52 199 901977 m2 1.787.000 29.000 130.000 11.000 16.000 33.000 366.000 152.000

m3 5.609.000 82.000 542.000 40.000 101.000 125.000 2.712.000 567.000

nr 4.962 24 36 12 15 63 165 861978 m2 1.570.000 39.000 78.000 65.000 22.000 112.000 354.000 56.000

m3 5.046.000 141.000 391.000 166.000 172.000 416.000 2.368.000 646.000

nr 5680 33 38 25 9 75 182 881979 m2 1.790.000 40.000 90.000 79.000 5.000 127.000 462.000 122.000

m3 5.219.000 134.000 375.000 355.000 21.000 487.000 2.790.000 663.000

nr 5.709 28 63 25 14 93 182 791980 m2 1.904.000 56.000 129.000 75.000 50.000 89.000 488.000 113.000

m3 5.281.000 170.000 501.000 299.000 327.000 347.000 3.030.000 565.000

YEAR UNIT R A C M PC O I Enr 5356 26 57 25 6 88 157 75

1981 m2 1.933.000 33.000 152.000 31.000 12.000 620.000 338.000 293.000

m3 5.388.000 134.000 664.000 147.000 95.000 2.765.000

2.094.000 2.532.000

nr 5324 18 43 13 2 74 141 561982 m2 1.773.000 11.000 127.000 32.000 1.000 94.000 333.000 189.000

m3 4.945.000 51.000 771.000 186.000 3.000 323.000 1.969.000 629.000

nr 5779 17 38 7 7 40 137 631983 m2 1.984.000 8.000 87.000 16.000 9.000 53.000 284.000 54.000

m3 5.678.000 28.000 464.000 64.000 85.000 215.000 1.703.000 275.000

nr 5669 7 60 15 13 64 111 651984 m2 1.593.000 36.000 42.000 47.000 12.000 69.000 233.000 67.000

m3 4.421.000 87.000 166.000 185.000 74.000 221.000 1.638.000 119.000

nr 5.203 12 46 9 12 78 171 461985 m2 1.495.000 7.000 150.000 20.000 13.000 81.000 359.000 48.000

m3 4.212.000 40.000 361.000 83.000 82.000 278.000 3.987.000 259.000

nr 6.401 13 31 10 8 50 175 671986 m2 1.831.000 17.000 68.000 47.000 9.000 37.000 322.000 45.000

m3 5.162.000 127.000 275.000 160.000 58.000 135.000 3.351.000 204.000

nr 5382 4 20 8 9 33 133 841987 m2 1.439.000 287 23.000 35.000 15.000 22.000 317.000 67.000

m3 3.982.000 1.000 99.000 203.000 116.000 94.000 3.116.000 407.000

nr 5.255 10 30 23 6 803 137 571988 m2 1.462.000 12.000 51.000 30.000 7.000 55.000 220.000 93.000

m3 3.982.000 51.000 198.000 98.000 42.000 163.000 1.487.000 558.000

nr 5.025 7 28 21 14 565 105 891989 m2 1.281.000 15.000 43.000 54.000 17.000 52.000 159.000 52.000

m3 3.601.000 57.000 139.000 193.000 118.000 157.000 927.000 181.000

nr 4.247 7 19 11 8 11 40 471990 m2 1.117.000 12.000 18.000 15.000 8.000 21.000 90.000 93.000

m3 3.137.000 50.000 62.000 59.000 42.000 27.000 470.000 323.000

nr 3.568 45 129 44 31 58 163 2131991 m2 887.000 24.000 26.000 15.000 15.000 8.000 42.000 77.000

m3 2.498.000 89.000 90.000 56.000 105.000 24.000 253.000 259.000source: SL 52-93 (2)

218


NAS countriesLegend : R residential buildings

A administrative buildings (buildings used by State authorities, government, jurisdiction, political, professional and mass-organisations, banks, etc.)

C cultural / educational buildings (schools, theatres, museums, etc.)

M medical buildings (hospitals, dispensaries, clinics, health resorts, etc.)

PC buildings related to the physical culture (gymnasiums, etc.)O other buildings related to the social service (infants homes,

halls of ... residence for students, homes for the older people, etc.)

I industrial buildingsE other buildings in economy sector

Note: As a source Statistical Annuals (2) were used. Mark “-” means that there are no available data. In the table (Tab. 3.6) also several periods are indicated, defined by different thermal insulation regulations (see also Tab. 4.3). The number of the apartments (not the floor area) in Slovenia in general and in the particular municipality is given in Statistical Annual 1993 (Tab. 33-44) (1), broken down to the period of the construction. The data about floor area of apartments in particular period of construction are not published, but they have been obtained later from source (see Tab. 2.3).

Tab 2.3 Number and floor area of apartments in Slovenia according to the year of construction

total until 1900

1901-1918

1919- 1930

1931- 1945

1946- 1960

continued

Number of apartments

652422 92013 16446 21051 28293 77602

floor area (m2)

44661327

5522475 1060249 1364060 1874909 4971555

source: (1),(2)

1961- 1970

1971- 1975

1976- 1980

1981- 1985

1986- 1990

after 1991

Number of apartments

116012 77553 86734 69099 55047 2070

floor area (m2)

7499088 5543563 6349656

5280608 4355113 176905

source: (1),(2)

Since 1992 there have been more studies done by ZRMK concerning energy efficiency in residential sector for the needs of the Ministry of economic affairs. In the framework of these studies the energy saving potential in residential buildings in Slovenia has been assessed, and energy efficiency measures were proposed and possible ways towards implementation of measures were suggested. In order to determine technical energy saving potential in residential buildings the survey of existing residential stock has been done. In the studies (2), (3) typological groups of buildings were formed based on the architectural criteria and characteristics of construction. For the

219


NAS countriesmost numerous typological groups representative sample buildings were selected for further analysis. On the sample buildings the cost effectiveness of energy efficiency measures on a building envelope was analyzed and the environmental aspect of energy efficiency measures was shown as well. To achieve the best results at implementation of energy efficiency measures based on the study some target groups of buildings and owners were formed, respectively. The following data about buildings in residential sector are extracted out of projects (2), (3). The residential buildings are divided into architectural groups (see Fig. 2.1), the other data are gathered in the following tables: Tab. 2.2, Tab. 2.3, Tab. 2.4.

Fig. 2.1. Residential buildings typology according to architectural criteria

In the following table (Tab. 2.4) The number of residential buildings and the number of apartments in each architectural group is given. The size of particular group is also declared.

Tab. 2.4. Number of residential buildings (apartments) in each architectural group

ARCHITECTURAL GROUP

NUMBER OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

% OF ALL RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

NUMBER OF APARTMENTS

% OF ALL APARTMENTS

1.1. 186750 60,67 199815 29,181.2. 33750 10,96 35437 5,171.3. 4500 1,46 4500 0,662.1. 53300 17,32 54614 7,97

220


NAS countries2.2. 10326 3,36 10326 1,512.3. 967 0,32 985 0,143.1. 851 0,28 3512 0,513.2. 976 0,32 2535 0,373.3. 2473 0,80 9681 1,414.0. 6950 2,26 33268 4,865.0. 1100 0,36 22817 3,336.1. 938 0,30 12359 1,806.2. 388 0,13 11664 1,706.3. 174 0,06 9324 1,367.1. 1601 0,52 61887 9,047.2. 1799 0,58 112767 16,478.1. 311 0,10 20171 2,958.2. 346 0,11 43461 6,358.3. 293 0,09 35718 5,22

TOTAL 307800 100,00 684841 100,00source: (3)

Based on this data it was found that 73% of 307.800 residential buildings (1991 data) in Slovenia represent one-family houses from the first architectural grou, whilst there are 684.841 apartments and 35% of them are in the buildings from the first architectural group and 9.6% of them are in the second architectural group, therefore there is nearly half of apartments in one family houses. Typical construction principles used in Slovenian building practice are given in the table (Tab. 2.5). According to the changes in thermal insulation regulative correspondent thickness of thermal insulation layer is added to the building envelope.

Tab. 2.5. Technological groups of residential buildings

TECHNOLOGICAL GROUP

CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES (TECHNOLOGY)

1 classical brick construction without thermal insulation2 classical construction with other (non-brick) materials3 classical brick construction with thermal insulation4 cast concrete construction in lost panelling5 reinforced concrete frame with infill walls6 cast concrete construction7 light prefabricated construction8 heavy prefabricated construction9 combined system

10 out of any systemsource: (3)

Based on the architectural and technological criteria the typological groups of buildings have been formed. Using the available data the number of buildings and apartments in each group have been assessed.

Tab. 2.6. Number of residential buildings according to architectural and technological groups

ARCH. GROUP TECHNOLOGICAL GROUP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL

1.1. build. 8433 4216 4819 1000 - - 470 - 7205 3374 18675

221


NAS countries9 9 3 0

apart.

92528

44577

50601

1024 - - 482 - 7229 3374 199815

1.2. build. 21685

3614 6626 30 - - 48 - 1325 422 33750

apart.

23010

3855 6745 30 - - 48 - 1325 422 35437

1.3. build. 2289 1054 844 - - - 24 - 48 241 4500apart

.2289 1054 844 - - - 24 - 48 241 4500

2.1. build. 34054

7103 6324 103 - - - - 5716 - 53300

apart.

35275

7103 6417 103 - - - - 5716 - 54614

2.2. build. 7906 608 1581 - - - 85 - 146 - 10326apart

.7906 608 1581 - - - 85 - 146 - 10326

2.3. build. 730 42 146 - - - - - 49 - 967apart

.748 42 146 - - - - - 49 - 985

3.1. build. 497 178 49 65 - - - - 62 - 851apart

.2032 691 186 355 - - - - 248 - 3512

3.2. build. 932 - 44 - - - - - - - 976apart

.2436 - 99 - - - - - - - 2532

3.3. build. 1777 497 112 - - - - - 87 - 2473apart

.7109 1790 447 - - - - - 335 - 9681

4.0. build. 6041 12 193 48 - 542 - 18 96 - 6950apart

.2770

3217 1012 313 - 3252 - 289 482 - 33268

5.0. build. 48 216 144 18 - 589 - - 85 - 1100apart

.757 4448 3126 228 - 1257

5- - 1683 - 22817

6.1. build. 139 104 82 58 17 475 - 17 46 - 938apart

.1946 1274 545 347 625 6649 - 324 649 - 12359

6.2. build. 34 - 22 22 - 259 - 34 17 - 388apart

.1008 - 579 579 - 8108 - 927 463 - 11664

6.3. build. 11 9 38 - - 70 - 11 35 - 174apart

.579 660 2432 - - 3706 - 325 1622 - 9324

7.1. build. 385 217 90 12 - 722 - 127 48 - 1601apart

.1492

48666 3466 457 - 3117

2- 1155 2047 - 61887

7.2. build. 565 205 60 3 - 854 - 50 60 - 1799apart

.3502

51652

63852 144 - 5320

0- 349 3671 - 11276

78.1. build. 18 - - 36 - 215 - 24 18 - 311

apart.

478 - - 2151 - 15332

- 1314 896 - 20171

8.2. build. - - - - - 310 - 10 26 - 346apart

.- - - - - 3881

2- 1076 3573 - 43461

8.3. build. - - - - - 234 - 22 37 - 293apart

.- - - - - 3103

4- 1721 2963 - 35718

source: (3),(4)

222


NAS countriesIn the table (Tab. 2.6) the number of buildings in sub-categories is given - regarding the architectural typology (Fig. 2.3) and construction principles (Tab. 2.5).

Sub-division according to the time of construction can be found only for residential buildings in general, unfortunately there are no reliable data to determine the period of construction in each typological group in the above Table 2.6. (Buildings in other sub-sectors have not been audited yet.). The total residential building stock is sub-divided into suitable groups according to the regulation about thermal insulation in Slovenia. (Tab. 2.7, 2.8).

Tab. 2.7. Groups according to the time of construction and thermal regulation changes

GROUP ACCORDING TO TIME OF CONSTRUCTION AND THERMAL REGULATION CHANGES

PERIOD

1 do 19452 1945 - 19663 1966 - 19704 1970 - 19805 post 1980

source: (3),(4)

Tab. 2.8. Number of residential building according to the time of construction periods

TIME OF CONSTRUCTION

...- 1945 1946 - 1970(sub-division 1946-1966, 1967-

1970 is not available)

1971 - 1980 1981 - 1989

NUMBER OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

152740 54929 51092 49039

NUMBER OF APARTMENTS

157803 193614 164287 126216

source: (3),(4)

223


Tab. 2.9. THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE U(W/m2K) (according to thermal insulation regulations)

YEAR REGULATION CLIM-ATIC ZONE

OUTSIDE WALL

WALL BETWEEN APARTM.

WALL AGAINST GROUND

CEILING BETWEEN APARTM.

FLOOR ON THE

GROUND

CEILING AGAINST ATTICS

CEILING ABOVE CELLAR

CEILING AB. OPEN PASSAGE

FLAT ROOF

1875 “Stavbni red za Vojvodino Kranjsko”

brick wall 45cm (1.29)


1958 recommendation according to use of brick in construction of outside and inside walls and ceilings in residential building


1966 recommendation for thermal insulation regulations in civil engineering

IIIIII

1.681.451.28

1.971.861.62

1.16 3.44 1.16 1.16 1.040.700.580.52

0.93

1967 “Pravilnik o minimalnih tehničnih pogojih za gradnjo stanovanj”

IIIIII

1.791.541.37

1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31

1970 “Pravilnik o tehničnih ukrepih in pogojih za toplotno zaščito stavb”

IIIIII

1.681.451.28

1.971.861.62

1.39 / 2.32

0.93 1.16 1.040.690.580.52

0.93

1980 “Tehnični pogoji za projektiranje in graditev stavb”

IIIIII

1.220.930.83

1.941.851.61

1.380.930.760.68

0.690.750.630.52

0.500.460.43

0.780.650.55

1987 “Tehnični pogoji za projektiranje in graditev stavb”

IIIIII

1.200.900.80

1.951.851.60

1.200.900.80

1.350.900.750.65

0.950.850.70

0.750.600.50

0.500.450.40

0.750.650.55

2002 Slovenian “Regulation on thermal insulation and energy efficiency of buildings”

Actual Ddays on location

0,40 1.9 0.55 1.35 0.35 0.25 0.30 0.20 0.20

source: ZRMK, Ljubljana

224


NAS countries2.C Technical and economic description of the domestic construction sector

Residential buildings in Slovenia built before 1980 exhibit 60% of technical energy saving potential and 29% of economically viable energy saving potential. Over 95% of apartments have been privatised in 90-ties. Since the current situation in building practice in Slovenia may differ from the ideally expected one, i.e. because of the lack of money for finishing the construction or insufficient control of building regulation implementation, some relevant data on building envelope insulation rate were collected in the public opinion analysis (3). In general the results showed (Fig. 2.1) that in 60% of the buildings (form the random sample) outer wall k value exceeds 1 W/m2K. Following the construction period of the buildings from the random sample in the pole one can observe, that poorly insulated buildings ratio is not considerably reduced until 1980, when implementation of building insulation regulations should intensively reduce proportion of buildings with k > 1.0 W/m2K and increase the number of buildings with lower outer wall k value (Fig. 2.2).

THERMAL INSULATION k - VALUE (OUTER WALL)

60,8%

15,6%20,0%

3,6%

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

k>1.0 0.7<k<1.0 0.5<k<0.7 k<0.5

Fig.2.1. Present situation in outer walls k value (W/m2K) in Slovenian residential buildings.

k- VALUE (OUTER WALL) - YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION / HOUSE

81,8

%

72,5

%

74,4

%

61,6

%

28,2

%

5,8% 7,

8%

6,1%

15,9

%

8,1%9,1%

18,6

%

18,3

%

19,2

%

51,0

%

3,3%

1,0%

1,2% 3,

3%

12,8

%

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

90,0%

Before 1945 1946 -1966 1967 - 1970 1971 - 1980 Since 1980

k1 k2 k3 k4

225


NAS countriesFig.2.2. Present situation in outer walls k value (W/m2K) in Slovenian

residential buildings, the data are presented for houses for different period of construction. (k1: k>1.0 W/m2K, k2: 1.0W/m2K>k>0.7 W/m2K, k3: 0.7

W/m2K>k>0.5 W/m2K, k4:k<0.5 W/m2K)

On the sample buildings the cost efficiency of energy efficiency measures on a building envelope was analysed and the environmental aspect of energy efficiency measures was shown as well. The cost efficiency analysis of the measures for improvement of thermal behaviour of the building envelope showed that the pay back period of the entire building energy restoration in general exceeds 25 years. This result was obtained in the case when the total investment in the building envelope improvement was to be covered by energy costs saving. There are some energy saving measures like window tightening and loft insulation in unused attics, with very short pay back periods, i.e. the pay back period for the simple loft insulation is 3-4 years or even 1 year if the refurbishment is made by the owner itself. Such economically viable measures can reduce the energy consumption in residential sector for approximately 20%. With acceptance of 10 years pay back period in residential buildings sector the energy savings up to 30% (5) can be expected. To illustrate the problem of the pay back periods of energy saving measures on the building envelope it should be stressed that the buildings which energy demand should be reduced are relatively old and therefore they need to be repaired. The majority of these buildings have already reached the phase in their life cycles when restoration or exchange of building elements are demanded. Therefore also considerable investments are required and planned. Taking into account this fact the assumption for Slovenia shows that only 40% of the total investment is on behalf of the energy restoration the rest of the investment is necessary because of the inevitable maintenance reasons. Because of that the pay back period of the energy restoration of an average building (erected before 1980) can be reduced to 10 years. That makes the energy refurbishment of the building more attractive for the owners' capital. Other benefits of organised action for lower energy use in residential buildings like lower emissions and less pollution of the environment, improvement of thermal comfort, increase of thermal insulation material production and activation of employment together with expected increase of energy price indirectly reduce pay back period of the building energy restoration. It should be highlighted that the improvement of the building envelope thermal insulation should be planned together with the maintenance and the other refurbishment works in the building.

To investigate public opinion on implementation of energy saving measures in buildings or households a questionnaire has been formed and forwarded as a direct mail to a random sample of 5000 households in Slovenia. Several groups of questions have been formed, in order to determine the age and typology of buildings, already implemented energy conservation and building refurbishing measures, the attitude and the interest of people for implementation of the energy efficiency measures in households. The action was promoted in media (radio, daily newspapers and magazines) and it achieved very satisfying 20% of response. Based on the answers obtained in the pole the present situation regarding energy use in households can be assessed and expected results can be foreseen in relation to awareness

226


NAS countriescampaign, incentives schemes etc. In the following diagrams the most interesting topics from the questionnaire are presented.

ENERGY SAVING MEASURES - IMPLEMENTATION BARRIERS

2,6% 3,9% 4,2%11,5% 12,4% 13,2% 13,4%

20,5%

71,1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

low

ene

rgy

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e

bad

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hop

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ent

othe

r

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f ow

ners

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ion

lack

of

mon

ey

Fig. 2.3. Energy efficiency measures - implementation barriers.

Fig. 2.8. Acceptable pay-back period for energy efficiency measures in residential buildings. The feasibility studies on energy restoration of existing residential buildings stock offered a basis for the national program of the energy restoration.

PLANNED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

2,0% 2,8% 2,9%4,2% 4,6%

5,5% 6,0%

8,4%10,1%

12,2%12,9%14,7%15,0%

17,1%18,9%

20,8%21,5%

27,0%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

addi

tiona

l the

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othe

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rict h

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ns

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the

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ng

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pipe

line

conn

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wal

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new

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s

win

dow

tigh

teni

ng

Fig.2.9. Energy conservation measure in buildings planned to be implemented in a 5 years period.

227


NAS countries2.E Description of initiatives, support measurements and strategies in filed of energy use in buildings (buildings and installations)

Almost ten years ago Slovenia has prepared a strategy for efficient use of energy with a goal of 2% improvement in energy efficiency per year and increased implementation of renewable energy sources. According to the Kyoto agreement Slovenia has obligation to reduce CO2 emissions for 8% in the period between 2008 and 2012 regarding the base year 1986. Currently a national energy programme is beiing prepared, where (support to) energy restoration of existing buildings, energy labelling of buildings together with national supporting programmes for financing low energy houses.

In order to stimulate energy rehabilitation of existing buildings and building of energy efficient new buildings many governmental programmes have been launched since 1990, including: awareness programmes, energy advisory network for housing, state programme of grant subsidies for implementation of various energy efficient measures in housing (drought-proofing, oil burners adjustment, loft insulation, energy efficient windows and glazing, solar collectors for hot water preparation, greenhouses), soft loans for investment in switch to clean fuels, and for investments in energy efficiency and demo projects in biomass use, supporting programmes for energy auditing of large energy users (municipal public buildings, bigger residential buildings), revolving found for energy efficiency investments. According to the SAVE Directive (93/76/EEC) for reduction of CO2 emissions by increased energy efficiency in building sector Slovenia supports implementation of energy auditing scheme, heat metering and billing in apartment buildings, performance contracting, and also preparation of more severe regulation on energy use in buildings as well as energy certification of new buildings. During the past ten years these programmes have noticeably influenced the building market, so that nowadays energy efficient building is treated as a priority and quite often a »must« on the real-estate market. Still there is a mixing influence of old and new approach to construction of new buildings and refurbishment. If the new approach is based on awareness in energy-economy-ecology in buildings the old approach is linked to maximisation of the profit by omitting better insulation, PSA principles, new HVAC technologies. Too often the lack of motivation for RUE in buildings due to different responsibility for investment and running costs still governs the decisions at the design stage.

In the approach of accession to the EU Slovenia has to harmonise its legislation with the European one. The new Construction Products Law has already been accepted, The Building Law has just been changed and promulgated in Jan. 2003. The new technical regulation on thermal insulation and energy efficiency of buildings based on EN 832 calculation method was promulgated in May 2002. The new technical regulation complies with the provisions of the EU Directive CPD (89/106/EEC) and EU Directive SAVE (93/76/EEC). It sets the requirements on the level 4 (from ID 6 of CPD Directive), i.e. the heat demand for space heating is the key criteria. In order to fulfil the new requirements (Qh/Au < 40 + 45 fo, kWh/m2K, heat used for space heating per net floor area of residential building) and thus to achieve

228


NAS countries30% savings compared to recent regulation there is a great need for education of planners and awareness raising of investors and users, and a good opportunity for wider implementation of technologies and approaches for increased energy efficiency in buildings.

The new Slovenian regulation complies with the suggested idea of the European Commission about the harmonisation of national energy regulations by the structure and the performance based requirements. According to the current rate of new building construction in Slovenia additional energy savings of 60 GWh per year will be achieved and at least 12.000 t less CO2 per year will be emitted as an additional contribution to the Slovenian Kyoto commitments.

Besides the obligatory labelling of domestic appliances, additional schemes of labelling for energy efficiency in buildings like have been introduced. “National quality mark in Civil Engineering” developed for building products and services, and used for voluntary quality certification of energy efficient windows since 1997 and energy certification of buildings (just started in 2002, based on SAVE Directive (93/76/EEC)) support the regulation and some recent and newly planned incentives programmes.

In order to promote energy efficient buildings and to lay down a basis for future energy certification/labelling of buildings a pilot project of building energy certification has been successfully completed in 2002 and promoted in the frame of the OPET Slovenia 2001/2002 project (http://www.zrmk-tig.si/opet/default.htm). Currently a non-obligatory scheme of building energy certification is open as a good basis for development of obligatory labelling scheme according to the recently accepted EU Directive on energy performance of buildings (COM(2992) 192 final).


It is planned on the national level to stimulate –15% energy use compared to new regulation at new buildings and to stimulate investments in restoration of existing buildings on the level of current regulation on thermal insulation and energy efficiency of buildings. These goals are in accordance with the National energy programme (under preparation) and with the strategy of implementation of measures for CO2 reduction in building sector to fulfill Kyoto targets. There are some financial sources allocated on the governmental level to support this program in compliance with the goals of EU Directive on energy performance of buildings (COM(2992) 192 final).

229

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