Status Quo and General Tendency of

Vehicle Power Battery in China

Huang Xuejie

Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

November 21, 2014

FCV HEV EV

动力电池系统

BMS

电机驱动系统

MCS

能源管理模块EMS

FC Engine

Calibration

FCV Design

DC/DC

动力电池系统BMS

电机驱动系统MCS

能源管理模块EMS

Calibration

EV Design

动力电池系统BMS

电机驱动系统MCS

能源管理模块

EMS

Engine and Transmission

Calibration

HEV Design

Transmission

ISA/ISG

Electronic Powertrain Control

Motor and Control

Power Battery and Management System

Overview of china EVProject of EV supported by MOST

11th 5

year plan:

2006-2010

10th 5

year plan:

2001-2005

12th 5

year plan:

2011-2015

中国电动汽车产业化路线图

Electrochemical energy storage technologies

1 10 100 10001

10

100

1000

10000

Energy Density （Wh/kg)

Po

wer

Den

sit

y（

W/k

g)

10 kW/kg

EV Li-ion

250Wh/kg，2020

EV Li-ion

120 Wh/kg ,2010

EV Li-ion

160 Wh/kg，2015

Power Battery Technology Chain

1. R&D 2. Evaluation

3. Improvement

Battery material

system

Anode

Cathode

Separator

Electrolyte

Interface technology

Battery cell

Battery design

Electric property

Temperature property

Safety

Cycle life

Shelf life

Industrialization

technology, process

and equipment

Model and system

Structural design

Thermal management

Electricity

management

Safety management

Industrialization

technology, process

and equipment

Test

Electrical property

Safety

Reliability

Environmental

adaptability

Model investigation

Electric model

Thermal model

Safety prediction

Safety management

Life prediction

The development of high-performance battery depends on the

technological advances of anode/cathode/separator/electrolyte

and other key materials

Anode Separator/Electrolyte Cathode

Cathode

materials

Average voltage

relative to lithium

metal (V vs Li)

Specific

energy

available

(mAh/g)

Specific energy of

anode materials(Wh/kg，by the average voltage

relative to lithium metal)

Expected

specific energy

after connecting

the graphite

cathode(Wh/kg)

Predication of safety,

cost and service life

LiCoO2 3.9 140 546 200

High battery

volumetric energy

density, long service

life, high cost and low

safety

LiMn2O4 4.0 110 440 140

High safety, low cost,

but short service life

LiFePO4 3.4 155 527 160

High safety, low cost

and long service life

NCM 3.8 160 646 220

Poor safety, low cost

and long service life

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 4.7 130 611 200

High safety, low cost

and technology to be

broken through

Li-rich oxides 3.6 270 972 280

Poor safety, low cost

and further research

required

LiMn2O4(LMO) cells

• High safty

• Low cost

• 140Wh/Kg

Independent R&D of Mechanized equipment

The separator packaging machines have been successfully developed according to technological

characteristics and have obtained patent right. Put the separator onto the surface of anode to

conduct lamination works.

First-generation separator

packaging machine Second-generation

separator

packaging machine

Lamination stacking machine

Equipment feature: independent R&D suitable to flat sheet separator packaging

10

High-power lithium-ion battery cell

manufactured by Phylion Battery

（Constant current and voltage）

1000 times (cycled to 60% at normal

temperature 1C, 100% DOD）

1. Basic features

Type

Thickness x Width x Height

Nominal voltage

Nominal capacity

Internal resistance

End-off voltage

Maximum charge voltage

Maximum charge current

Charging method

Maximum discharge current

Weight

Operating temperature

Storage temperature (with 50% power and

to be re-charged every three month)

2. Technical features

Capacity at normal temperature C1

Rate discharge

Cycle life

Charging

Discharging

Lithium-ion power battery manufactured by

Phylion Battery: From E-bike to EV

~170 mAh/g φFe3+/Fe2+=3.4V φMn3+/Mn2+=4.0V

High Safety

Low cost

Long life

1999

M. Armand

LiFePO4

Carbon Coating

LiFePO4(LFP) cells

40Ah LFP cells(120Wh/Kg, 1000W/Kg)

Dimensions 32mm x 100mm x 192mm

Nominal Voltage 3.2V

Impedance (1KHz AC( ≤2mΩ

Power density 1000W/Kg

Energy density 120Wh/Kg

Operating temperature

range

Charge 0～45℃

Discharge -20～45℃

Storage temperature range -10～35℃

1C Discharge capacity ≥40Ah (C1)

Rate Capability 5C >90%C1

Cycle life >2000（100%DOD）

Rate performances of 40Ah LFP cell at 25C180A charge

2.5

2.7

2.9

3.1

3.3

3.5

3.7

3.9

4.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Capacity(Ah)

Voaltage(V)

300A discharge

1.9

2.1

2.3

2.5

2.7

2.9

3.1

3.3

3.5

3.7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Capacity (Ah)

Voltage(V)

• MIA EV in France

• Mileage: 128~130 kilometers*

• Maximum speed: 110 kilometers /hour

• Charging time: 3 hours

• Market price: Euro 19500~22500

• Mainly used for: Urban carsharing

Launched in October 2010, with 73 vehicles sold in first stage;

Carsharing services were provided in 2011 with 938 vehicles ordered;

Private sales were available in 2012.

40Ah Cell test by EDF in France (2008-2010)

50Ah LiFePO4 battery Unit Final index

Actual

measurement

in 2013

Capacity Ah 50 54.772

Power density W/Kg ≥600 915.578

Energy density Wh/Kg ≥140 146.982

Cycle life ％SOC ≥1600 1200次余94.1%

50Ah磷酸铁锂50%SOC-650W放电

2.5

2.7

2.9

3.1

3.3

3.5

0 5 10 15 20 25

时间（S)

电压

50%SOC-650W放电

Power density test curve

M493常温倍率曲线

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000

容量（mAh)

电压

（V)

0.1C 0.33C 1C 2C 3C

Room temperature ratio test curve

50Ah power battery with LiFePO4 shell

50Ah LiFePO4 50% SOC—650W discharge

50% SOC—650W dischargeTime (S)

M493 rate curve at normal temperature

Capacity (mAh)

Voltage (

V)

Voltage (

V)

IFP27/148/101-25HA 25℃充电倍率曲线

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

容量（Ah）

电压

（V）

1C 2C 3C 5C 8C

IFP27/148/101-25HA 25℃放电倍率曲线

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

容量（Ah）

电压（V）

1C 2C 3C 5C 8C 10C 15C

LFP/graphite cell

IFP27/148/101-25HA charge rate curve at 25℃

IFP27/148/101-25HA discharge rate curve at 25℃

Capacity (Ah)

Capacity (Ah)

Voltage (

V)

Voltage (

V)

IFP27/148/101-25HA 不同荷电态/温度放电功率测试

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

2.80

3.00

3.20

3.40

3.60

3.80

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

时间（S）

电压

（V）

50%SOC 25℃ 800W

50%SOC 25℃ 1050W

100%SOC -10℃ 650W

100%SOC -10℃ 375W

50%S0C -10℃ 300W

50%SOC -10℃ 350W

1FP27/148/101-25HA power testing under different charge states and temperatures

Time (S)

Voltage (

V)

LFP/graphite cell

A018 charge rate curve

A018 discharge rate curve

Capacity

Capacity

Vo

lta

ge

Vo

lta

ge

YC-04Ah 25℃充电倍率曲线

2.5

2.7

2.9

3.1

3.3

3.5

3.7

3.9

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

容量（Ah）

电压（V）

5C 10C 20C 30C1C 40C 50C

YC-4Ah 25℃放电倍率曲线

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3

3.2

3.4

3.6

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

容量（Ah）

电压（V）

5C 10C 20C 30C

1C 40C 50C

LFP/graphite+HC cell

YC-04Ah charge rate curve at 25℃

YC-04Ah discharge rate curve at 25℃

Capacity (Ah)

Capacity (Ah)

Voltage (

V)

Voltage (

V)

25AhLMO/NCM battery Unit Final indexActual

measurement

Capacity Ah 25 28.077

Power density W/Kg ≥600 976.465

Energy density Wh/Kg ≥160 169.773

25Ah三元常温20A充放循环

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

次数

容量

20A充放

Power battery with less energy consumption and

high efficiency made of LMO and NCM

Normal temperature of NCM at 25Ah and charging and discharging and

circulation at 20A

capacity

Number of times20A charging

and discharging

Conclusion: high temperature, acupuncture, short circuit, over-charge and extrusion.

Explosion and firing of battery is not detected in the test.

Results of safety test (made by the third party) on power battery with less

energy consumption and higher efficiency made of LMO and NCM

Cell over-discharging Cell over-charging Cell short circuit

Cell dropping High cell temperature Cell extrusion

Cell acupuncture Module over-discharging High module temperature

Module short circuit Module extrusion Module acupuncture

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4(LNM)

• High Voltage

• Low cost

• High safety

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

5.2

5.4

Th

eo

reti

ca

l

14

7 m

Ah

/g

First discharge 133 mAh/g

Fully charged

Vo

lta

ge(V

)

Capacity(mAh/g)

LiNi0.5

Mn1.5

O4/Li half cell

Pristine Fully discharged

First charge 161 mAh/g

Gap ~14 mAh/g

0 20 40 60 80 100

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Cycle number

LiNi0.5

Mn1.5

O4/Li half cell

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Cou

lom

bic

eff

icie

ncy(%

)

Cap

acit

y(m

Ah

/g)

Charge

Discharge

Coulombic efficiency

250Wh/Kg in 2020

Utilization ratio of lithium in typical

lithium-ion cathode materials

• Available capacity of cathode materials of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4

is approximately 135mAh/g，with the utilization rate of

lithium up to 100%. Equipped with a 4.7 V voltage

platform (relative to lithium metal), the utilization rate of

lithium can be maximized to 1 Kg Li ~ 16 KWh

• LiCoO2 ~ 7 KWh,

• LiMn2O4 ~ 11 KWh,

• LiFePO4 ~ 12 KWh.

Material Individual design Battery

production

Group

technology

Automobile-

based

R&D Development of new

materials

Characterization of

material properties

Material production

technology

Fine vehicle requirements

Parts selection

Design criteria

Property measurement

Pilot test technology

Process design

Quality control

Equipment

development

Rapid detection sorting

Mechanical

connection

Electrical safety

Heat flux design

Reliability

management

BMS

BMS/charging/com

munication

Automobile

operation condition

User

characteristics

Stagger utilization

Core

technology

Material

Nanometer

Transmission of

material/electro-chemicals

Current coupling design for

heat engine

Detection

Production facility

automation

Quality control

Mechanical

electrical flow

control

State predication

Vehicle

communication

Model development

Operating condition

analysis

Development

time

10 years Several years Several years Several years Several years

Battery cell Battery system

Power battery and its management

To improve the industrial chain of power battery, the focus should be put on

strengthening the capacities in design, manufacturing and system integration

Platform for Comprehensive Analysis and Test on Battery

IOP/CAS

Sample

Injection RoomBattery

Dismantling

SEMSample

Decomposition

XRD

FTIR

Raman

TEM/EELS

SIMSXPSGCMS

Balance CCD

XCT

ICP

FIB-SEM

TG-DSC

EIS/IV

SPM

1. It connects various testing equipment through glove box and sample transfer system;

2. It provides one-stop overall analysis on battery materials and components;

3. It provides in-situ and ex-situ measurements;

4. A platform for high-level R&D, testing, diagnosis and failure analysis;

5. It is used in research institutions and enterprises, etc. and open to the whole world.

CV

BET

Glove

Box

Hall effect

Thanks！