i
STATUS QUO OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING
STANDARDS AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON AUDITING : A
RESEARCH ON THE ACCOUNTANT PROFESSIONALS IN JAKARTA
By:
Syarah Rahmania Zuhri
ID:111308210001
ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2019
ii
STATUS QUO OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING
STANDARDS AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON AUDITING: A
RESEARCH ON THE ACCOUNTANT PROFESSIONALS IN JAKARTA
Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Economics and Business
In partial fulfillment of the Requirement
For Acquiring Bachelor Degree of Economics
By :
Syarah Rahmania Zuhri
1113082100001
Under Supervision of
Supervisor
Drs. Abdul Hamid Cebba.,MBA.,Ak.,CPA
ID :196205021993031000
ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2019
iii
CERTIFICATION OF COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
Today, Friday, March 13th
2019 we have administered a comprehensive examination
to :
1. Name : Syarah Rahmania Zuhri
2. Student ID : 1113082100001
3. Department : Accounting (International Program)
4. Thesis Title : Status Quo of International Financial Reporting Standard and
International Standard on Auditing : A Research on : The
Accountant Professionals
After careful observation and attention appearance and capabilities relevant for
comprehensive exam process, it was decided that above student passed and given
opportunity to continue to thesis as one of requirement to obtain Bachelor of
Economics in the Faculty of Economics and Business State Islamic University
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Jakarta, March 13th
,2019
ZuwestyEkaPutri,M.Ak ( )
ID 19800416200901 2 006 Examiner 1
Hepi Prayudiawan,SE.,MM.,Ak.,CA ( )
ID 197205162009011006 Examiner 2
iv
CERTIFICATION OF THESIS EXAM
Today, Tuesday, April 30th
2019 we have administered a Thesis examination
to :
1. Name : Syarah Rahmania Zuhri
2. Student ID : 1113082100001
3. Department : Accounting (International Program)
4. Thesis Title : Status Quo of International Financial Reporting Standard and
International Standard on Auditing : A Research on The
Accountant Professionals.
After careful observation and attention appearance and capabilities relevant for
thesis exam process, it was decided that above student passed and given
opportunity to continue to thesis as one of requirement to obtain Bachelor of
Economics in the Faculty of Economics and Business State Islamic University
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Jakarta, April 30th
,2019
Yessi Fitri,SE.,M.Si.,Ak.,CA. ( )
ID: 19760924 200604 2 002 Examiner 1
Hepi Prayudiawan,SE.,MM.,Ak.,CA ( )
ID 197205162009011006 Examiner 2
Drs. Abdul Hamid Cebba.,MBA.,Ak.,CPA ( )
ID :196205021993031000 Supervisor
v
SHEET STATEMENT
AUTHETINCITY SCIENTIFIC WORKS
Signature Below
Name : Syarah Rahmania Zuhri
Student Number : 1113082100001
Department : Accounting (International Program )
Faculty : Economics and Business
Hereby declare that in writing this thesis, I :
1. Do not use other people’s ideas without being able to Develop and
Accountable.
2. Do not Plagiarism of other people of manuscript.
3. Do not use other people’s work without mentioning the original source
or without the owner permissions.
4. Do not manipulate and falsify data
5. Own to work and able to work for responsible for this work
If in the future there is demand from other side of my work, and have been
accountably proved, was indeed found evidence than I have violated the above
statement, and I am ready to be sanctioned according the rules applicable in the
Faculty Economics and Business Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
Jakarta.
Thus statement truly made with sincerely
Jakarta, April 30th
,2019
( SyarahRahmaniaZuhri)
vi
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
Name : SYARAH RAHMANIA ZUHRI
Address : Jalan kusuma timur 3D blok F12 no.26
Perumahan wisma jaya BekasiTimur 17111
Indonesia
Phone : 087-882-219-334
Email : [email protected]
Place and Date of Birth : Bekasi / April, 20th 1995
Religion : Moslem
Nationality : Indonesian
Sex : Female
Marital status : Single
Formal Education
STARTED
YEAR
GRADUATED
YEAR UNIVERSITY MAJOR
DEGRE
E GPA
2013
UNTIL NOW
ISLAMIC STATES
UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF
HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
ACCOUNTING S1
2010 2013 SMAN 4 KOTA BEKASI SCIENCE
SOCIAL SMA -
2007 2010 SMP MUHAMMADIYAH - SMP -
2000 2006 SDN AREN JAYA II, BEKASI - SD -
1999 2000 TK QURAUTUL UYUN - TK -
vii
Informal Education
NAME INSTITUTION
DATES
FROM – TO
English Course International Language Course 2005
English Course
The British Institute 2015
German Course
Technische Hochshule Deggendorf 2016
Student Exchange Technische Hochshule Deggendorf 2015-2016
Seminars
NAME
INSTITUTION YEAR DESCRIPTION
Seminars has gone google
Islamic States university of
SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta
2014
Seminars ―Keep in Touch With Deaf‖
Islamic States University of
SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta
2013
Seminars‖PEMIKIR‖ FOSCA
KIR Senior High School 5
Bekasi
2012
Organization Experience
Sciencitif work teens of Senior High School 4 Bekasi
FOSMA of Senior High School 4 Bekasi
International Project Management in Technische HochshuleDeggendorf Germany
viii
Skills
Language English – Collage level
Germany- B1 level
Computer Microsoft Office
PLC (Programmable Logic Control)
Taxation Brevet A&B in Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia (IAI)
ix
STATUS QUO STANDAR PELAPORAN KEUANGAN INTERNASIONAL DAN
STANDAR AUDIT INTERNASIONAL : PENELITIAN AKUNTAN
PROFESIONAL DI JAKARTA
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini dengan bertujuan untuk menemukan bukti empiris mengenai
pengaruh akuntan professional terhadap International Financial Reporting Standard
(IFRS) dan International Standard on Auditing (ISA).
Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel kuesioner pada Kantor Akuntan Publik di
Wilayah Jakarta. Jumlah auditor 50 dari 5 Kantor Akuntan Publik. Sampel yang di
gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Auditor Senior, Supervisor, dan Accouting
Manager. Metode penentuan sampel yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini
adalahPurposive Sampling, Sedangkan metode pengolahan data yang digunakan
penelitian adalah uji tdenganone sample t-test di SPSS versi 24.
Hasil penelitian in imenunjukan bahwa IFRS (International Financial
Reporting Standard)dan ISA (International Standard on Auditing) berpengaruh
terhadap Akuntan Professional.
Keyword : Accounting; IFRS;ISA; International Financial Reporting Standard,
International Standard on Auditing.
x
STATUS QUO OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS
AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON AUDITING: A RESEARCH ON THE
ACCOUNTANT PROFESSIONAL
ABSTRACT
This study aims to find empirical evidanceon the influence test the effect of
Accountant Professional to International Financial Reporting Standard and
International Standard on Auditing.
This study used sample of distributing questionnaires to the Public
Accountants Firm in the Jakarta Region. The research has auditors 50 candidate of 5
Public Accounting Firm. The sample used in this study are Senior Auditors,
Supervisors, and Accounting Managers. The method of determining the sample used
in this study is Purposive Sampling, while the data processing method used by the
researcher is the t test with one sample t-test in SPSS version 24
This study indicate that IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standard) and
ISA (International Standard on Auditing) have an effect on Professional Accountant.
Keyword : Accounting; IFRS;ISAs; International Financial Reporting Standard,
International Standard on Auditing.
xi
PREFACE
Bismilahirrahmanirrahim
Alhamdulillahirabbil‘ Alamin all praise to Allah SWT .the Lord of hosts has
given grace and ease in the writing of this thesis. As well as greetings for blessings on
the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Who has inspired great passion and strength in life,
because everything the author gained the ability to complete the study and also
completed this thesis with the title ―Status Quo Of International Financial Reporting
Standards and International Standards on Auditing : A Research On The Accountant
Professional In Jakarta‖,
In writing this thesis, the author does not escape from the problems and to
realize fully the achievements are not solely the author‘s own efforts, but thanks to the
help, advice, encouragement, guidance and invaluable guidance from others an
infinite thanked to :
1. My Father Mr. Saefuddin Zuhri , My Mother Pipin Supinah , My Sister
Ditta Zenithia Zuhri , Syifa SafridaYulia, My Brother Fajri Nur Aziz, and
the whole family that never stops giving of love ,affection, care moral
support, spiritual, and material that are sincere and infinite.
2. Drs. Abdul Hamid Cebba, Ak,MBA,CPA as the Thesis Supervisor who
never tired to motivate writers and provide guidance and direction in every
difficulty in the completion of this thesis.
3. Yessy Fitri,SE.,Msi as the Head of International Program Faculty of
Economics and Business Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University.
4. Hepi Prayudiawan,SE,Ak.,CA as Secetary of International Program
Faculty of Economics and Business Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic
University.
xii
5. Mr. Bonik as a Academic staff of International Program Faculty of
International Program Faculty of Economics and Business Syarif
Hidayatullah State Islamic University.
6. All lectures, Academic staff and finance, and Library staff for all the
outpouring of science, assistance, and services.
7. Certified Public Accountant (KAP) in Jakarta which one served as an
Auditor that give permission to the writer for taking a research and
spreading the questionnaire.
8. My friend in International Program Raisa, Wulan, Banan, Melinda, Aji,
Panji, Putra, Afriansyah, Ryan, Rizki.
9. My Friend Alina hassler, Ana Vrlja, and Ayat was living in Germany
xiii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Previous Research 24
Table 3.1 Research Operational Variable 38
Table 4.1 Question Distribution 41
Table 4.2 Distributed Questioners in each CPA Firm 43
Table 4.3 Description of Respondents 44
Table 4.4 Result of validity test with reliability analysis for IFRS 45
Table 4.5 Result of validity test with reliability analysis for ISA 46
Table 4.6 Result of validity test with reliability analysis for 47
Professional Accountant
Table 4.7 Reliability Test for Professionals Accounting 48
Table 4.8 Reliability Test for International Standard on Auditing 48
Table 4.9 Reliability Test for International Financial Reporting Standard 48
Table 4.10 Kolmogorov – smirnov test 50
Table 4.11 Multicollinearity Test 51
Table 4.12 Model Summary 53
Table 4.13 F-Test 54
Table 4.14 T-Test 55
Table 4.15 Multiple Regression Analysis 56
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures 4.1 Normal P-plot 49
Figures 4.2 Heteroscedasticity Test 52
xv
TABLE OF CONTENT
SHEET STATEMENT
CURICULUM VITAE
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ ix
PREFACE ............................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLE .................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................... xiii
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
A. Background ................................................................................................. 1
B. Formulation of Program .............................................................................. 6
C. Research Objection...................................................................................... 7
D. Limitation of Research ................................................................................ 7
E. Benefit of Research ..................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 8
A. Basic Theory ............................................................................................... 8
B. IFRS ............................................................................................................ 10
C. ISA‘s ........................................................................................................... 13
D. The Future ISA‘s ......................................................................................... 15
E. The Future IFRS .......................................................................................... 17
F. Understanding IFRS diffusion within the socio-economic and politic ....... 19
G. Acceptance of IFRS as A part of the (Neo-liberal) .................................... 20
H. Adopting IFRS for SME‘s .......................................................................... 21
I. International Auditing and Assurance Standards Boards ........................... 21
J. ISA 720 the Auditor Responsibilities Relating to other sufficient ............. 23
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................. 26
A. Research Design .......................................................................................... 26
B. Population, Sampling, and Sampling Techniques………………………… 26
C. Research Variables and Operational Definition of Variables……………… 28
D. Type Data .................................................................................................... 29
xvi
E. Research Instrument .................................................................................... 30
F. Data Quality Test......................................................................................... 30
G. Data Collection Method .............................................................................. 35
H. Operational Research Variable .................................................................... 37
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ............................................... 40
a. General Description of research object ....................................................... 40
b. Description Data .......................................................................................... 41
Table Question Data .................................................................................... 41
Table Distributed Questioners ..................................................................... 43
Table Description of Respondent ................................................................ 44
c. Analysis and Discussion .............................................................................. 45
1. validity test ............................................................................................. 46
2. reliability ................................................................................................ 48
3. classic assumption test ........................................................................... 49
4. hypothesis testing ................................................................................... 53
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................... 59
a. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 59
b. Recommendation ......................................................................................... 60
REFERENCE ........................................................................................................ 61
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed as
a common global language for business affairs so that company accounts
are understandable and comparable across international boundaries.
Growing international shareholding and trade and are particularly
important for companies that have dealings in several countries. It might
be stated that International Financial Reporting Standards are
progressively replacing various national accounting standards.
The rules to be followed by accountants to maintain books of
accounts which is comparable, understandable, reliable and relevant
regardless to the internality or externality of users. It is a known fact that
IFRS began as an attempt to harmonize accounting across the European
Union but the value of harmonization quickly made the concept attractive
in other jurisdictions around the world.
The IFRS Foundation defines itself as an independent, not-for-profit
private sector organization working in the public interest and summarizes
its principal objectives on its official website as (www.ifrs.org):
to develop a single set of high quality, understandable, enforceable
and globally accepted International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRSs) through its standard-setting body, the International
Accounting Standards Board (IASB);
2
to promote the use and rigorous application of those standards;
to take account of the financial reporting needs of emerging
economies and small and medium-sized entities (SMEs); this mean
In Indonesia, the contribute of SMEs a reached 61,9 percent of the
total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in which the absorption for
approximately 36,28 percent of micro enterprises, small enterprises
by 10,9 percent,14.7 percent and medium-sized business. In fact, an
estimed 98 percent of SMEs have employment for about 80 percent
of the country.
to promote and facilitate adoption of IFRSs, being the standards and
interpretations issued by the IASB, through the convergence of
national accounting standards and IFRS
The adoption of IFRS requires accountants have sufficient
knowledge of the events and business transactions and economic
fundamentals of the company before making a judgment. In addition to
technical expertise, accountants also need to understand the ethical and
legal implications in the implementation of standards (Carmona
&Trombetta, 2008).
The adoption of IFRS has also created a booming market for audit
services. Various estimates made by management are assessed for
feasibility by the auditor that the auditor is also required to have the ability
to interpret the purpose of a standard. AAA Financial Accounting
3
Standard Committee (2003) even believes the increasing likelihood of a
conflict between the auditor and the client.
The governance and oversight of the activities undertaken by the
IFRS Foundation and its standard-setting body rests with its Trustees, who
are also responsible for safeguarding the independence of the IASB and
ensuring the financing of the organization.
This responsibility rests solely with the IASB. Trustees are
appointed for a renewable term of three years, Trustee is expected to have
an understanding of, and be sensitive to, international issues relevant to the
success of an international organization responsible for the development of
high quality global accounting standards for use in the world's capital
markets and by other users. Six of the Trustees must be selected from the
Asia/Oceania region, six from Europe, six from North America, one from
Africa, one from South America and two from the rest of the world.
International Standards on Auditing (ISA) are professional
standards for the performance of financial audit of financial information.
These standards are issued by International Federation of Accountants
(IFAC)through the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board
(IAASB).
IFAC contributes to the development of high-quality international
standards in auditing, assurance, and quality control; accountancy
education; ethics; and public sector accounting. In addition, IFAC plays an
4
increasingly important role as a driver and facilitator of adoption and high-
quality implementation of these standards.
Implementation must be supported by ongoing training, continuous
professional development, and delivery of implementation guidance and
tools. IFAC encourages and facilitates collaboration among member
bodies, regulators, firms, practitioners, the donor community, and other
stakeholders to achieve this goal (IFAC Strategic Plan, 2012).
The IAASB defines itself as an independent standard setting body
that serves the public interest by setting, under its own authority, high-
quality international auditing, review, other assurance, quality control, and
related services standards. Facilitation, adoption and implementation of
international standards are indicate as the other duties of IAASB as a
standard setting body.
IAASB states that these objectives contribute to enhanced quality
and consistency of practice throughout the world, and strengthened public
confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession.
The IAASB sets its international standards under the oversight of
the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB), and with the advice of the
IAASB‘s Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest
input into the development of the standards. (IAASB Annual Report,
2012).
Input from the International Auditing and Assurance Standards
Board (IAASB)‘s Data Analytics Working Group (DAWG) provides
5
insights into the opportunities and challenges with the use of data analytics
in the audit of financial statements and outlines the insights gained from
the DAWG‘s activities to date. The purpose of the Request for Input is to:
Inform stakeholders about the IAASB‘s ongoing work to
explore effective and appropriate use of technology, with a
focus on data analytics, in the audit of financial statements;
and
Obtain stakeholder input and perspectives on whether all of
the considerations relevant to the use of data analytics in a
financial statement audit have been identified.
History IFRS in Indonesia
Baskerville (2010) in Utami, et al. (2012) revealed that the
convergence can mean harmonization or standardization, but in the context
of accounting harmonization is seen as a process of increasing conformity
with the accounting practices set limits on the level of diversity. If it is
associated with the IFRS convergence can be defined as the process of
adjusting the Financial Accounting Standards (GAAP) to IFRS.
Institutions accounting profession IAI (Institute of
Accountants Indonesia) stipulates that Indonesia undertake full adoption
of IFRS on January 1, 2012. The application is intended that the power
of financial statement information may continue to rise so that the
financial statements may be more easily understood and can be easily
used both for policy, auditors, and the reader or another user.
6
In conducting the convergence of IFRS, there are two kinds of
adoption strategy, namely big bang strategy and gradual strategy. This
strategy is used by countries - developing countries like Indonesia.
There are three stages in performing the IFRS convergence in Indonesia:
1. Adoption phase (2008 - 2011), covers the activities in
which all IFRS adopted to GAAP, the preparation of the
necessary infrastructure, and evaluation of PSAK
applicable.
2. Final Preparation Phase (2011), in this stage of the
completion of the preparation of the necessary
infrastructure. Furthermore, the gradual implementation of
several IAS-based IFRS.
3. Implementation Phase (2012), the activities associated with
the implementation of IFRS IAS gradually. Then do the
evaluation of the impact of adoption of PSAK
comprehensively.
Thus, based on the background of the problem that has been
presented, the authors are interested in doing on ―Status Quo of
International Financial Reporting Standard and International Standard on
Auditing: A Research on The Accountant Professional in JAKARTA.‖
7
B. Formulation of Program
Based on the above formulation of the problem which will be
studied in this research are :
a. Do knowledge of IFRS?
b. Do knowledge about the recent advances of IFRS and
ISAs?
c. Do knowledge of ISAs?
d. Do you think that ISAs will meet the needs of auditing as a
whole?
e. Do you believe that new challenges will accompany the
increasing use of IFRSs in accounting?
f. Do you think that new challenges will accompany the
adoption of ISAs in our country?
g. Do you believe that IFRSs will contribute to and enhance
the international economic and financial relations?
h. Do you think that the use of IFRSs might be mandatory?
i. Do you think that the financial reports prepared compatible
with IFRSs are easy to read and explanatory enough with
respect to the accounting applications?
C. Research Objection
The objectives of this research are:
a. Analyzing the influence about IFRS and ISA of the use
Status Quo of International Financial Reporting and
8
International Standards on Auditing : A Research on The
Accounting Professionals in Jakarta
b. Analyzing the use IFRSs might be mandatory
c. Analyzing the IFRSs will contribute to Status Quo of
International Financial Reporting and International
Standard on Auditing : A Research on the Accounting
Professionals in Jakarta
d. Professional skepticism and professional judgment are key
inputs to audit quality.
D. Limitation of Research
Limitation in this study are as follows:
a. Research object is used: Accountant Professional in Jakarta;
Accounting Manager, Supervisor, Auditor
b. The use of IFRS and ISA to in this study is the evidence of
the Status Quo of International Financial Reporting and
International Standard on Auditing: A Research on the
Accountant Professional in Jakarta.
c. Variable used to look at the factors that effect the use IFRSs
and ISAs is proxies by: Accountant Professionals in Jakarta
E. Benefit of research
The Result of this research are expected to provide benefits to some
parties. The benefit of this research include:
a. Auditors
9
The Results of this research can be input for Auditors in the
use IFRS and ISA to enhance to audit.
b. Accounting for Manager
The use of Accounting standards can enhance accurate in
assessing the performance of the company
10
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Basic Theory
The use of IFRS has continued to spread across the globe.
Nonetheless, as 2012 draws to a close, not everything in the IFRS garden
is rosy. Some 10 years after the IAS Regulation became law across the
European Union, some momentum has been lost as major convergence
projects have stalled, and the United States and some other significant
economies are hesitating as they consider whether to commit to IFRS. The
IASB Chairman, Among others, has recently expressed concern about the
convergence programme. Supporters of a single language of accounting
should not be unduly dismayed by the inevitable setbacks.
The advantages of IFRS implementation globally, Ball (2006)
argues that one key advantage is higher quality of information, which will
in turn lead to more informed decision making on the part of investors.
Work by Barth et al (2008), Cai et al (2008), Gassen and Sellhorn (2006),
and Hung and Subramanyam (2007) found evidence that supports this
among voluntary IFRS adopters worldwide, but findings from Jeanjean
and Stolowy (2008), Van Tendeloo and Vanstraelen (2005) and
Goncharov (2005) find that the use of IFRS has no impact on quality, in
particular levels of earnings management.
11
The mixed findings can be partly explained by the influence of
country-specific factors: the adoption of a common set of accounting
standards across the globe improve quality of financial reporting
homogeneously in each company and country because of the other factors
effect such as financial reporting incentives, legal systems and political
systems that may affect accounting quality (Soderstrom and Sun, 2007).
The current governance structure of the IFRS Foundation is laid out in the
Constitution of the IFRS Foundation. It involves an independent standard-
setting body, the IASB, overseen by the Trustees of a not-for-profit
corporation, the IFRS Foundation, who are in turn accountable to a body
of public capital markets authorities, the Monitoring Board.
This structure is designed to respond to two different objectives:
ensuring that the process of standard-setting is independent of undue
external pressure so as to promote investor confidence in the objectiveness
of the standards; and securing public accountability of the standard-setter,
so as to make it answerable to affected parties. International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed as a common global language
for business affairs so that company accounts are understandable and
comparable across international boundaries. They are a consequence of
growing international shareholding and trade and are particularly
important for companies that have dealings in several countries. It might
be stated that International Financial Reporting Standards are
progressively replacing various national accounting standards.
12
The rules to be followed by accountants tomaintain books of
accounts which is comparable, understandable, reliable and relevant
regardless to the internality or externality of users. It is a known fact that
IFRS began as an attempt to harmonize accounting across the European
Union but the value of harmonization quickly made the concept attractive
in other jurisdictions around the world.
The Monitoring Board believes that the fundamental question to be
answered in the governance review is whether the current arrangement
effectively promotes the mission of the standard-setter, which should be
assessed against the two essential attributes required of the standard-
setting process: accountability and independence. As its stated objective,
the IASB is ―to develop, in the public interest, a single set of high quality,
understandable, enforceable, and globally accepted‖ standards that require
―high quality, transparent and comparable information in financial
statements and other financial reporting to help investors, other
participants in the world‘s capital markets and other users of financial
information make economic decisions.‖ In this context, the standard-setter
needs to be accountable to investors and other stakeholders and have in
place a robust process for considering their views in the standard-setting
process.
Capital markets authorities also have a strong interest in ensuring
the standard-setter‘s accountability with respect to their public policy
objectives, and a number of authorities have an interest in making sure the
13
standard-setting process affords an opportunity to take account of other
policy objectives, including, financial stability.
The current governance system places a strong emphasis on
ensuring the independence of the standard-setting decisions, and also
attempts to give due consideration to relevant public policy objectives
mainly through conferring with the Monitoring Board on an as-needed
basis, and also through dialogue with relevant authorities. Such
arrangements reflect the shared understanding that the standard-setter
needs to pay due attention to a variety of legitimate public policy
objectives in its elaboration of accounting standards.
B. International Financial Reporting Standard
System
In the midst of the global financial crisis that began in mid-
2007 with the bursting of the bubble in the United States housing
market, the G20 group of countries publicly endorsed the aim of
establishing a single set of high-quality global accounting
standards. has been achieved since then, with use of International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) – the standards published by
the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) – continuing
to spread across the globe. There is a growing body of evidence
that as the use of IFRS has grown, financial information has
become more transparent and more comparable.
Information
14
Information is a defined as output data management is
organized and useful for people who receive it. Information
consists of data that has been transformed into a meaningful and
useful knowledge to achieve goals.
The significance attributed to the IFRS Foundation‘s
governance framework underscores how important the IASB and
IFRSs have become to global capital markets. The IASB has
developed into a global accounting standard-setter whose standards
have become part of legislation or accepted practice in many
jurisdictions
. The widespread use of IFRS has led to demands by
investors and regulators a like that IFRS be developed through a
process that is both accountable to those who rely on IFRSs, and
independent of undue outside influence that might undermine the
degree to which financial statements prepared using IFRSs offer
high quality, transparent and comparable information. The
oversight structure supporting the standard-setting process should
reflect the role those standards play.
A single set of high quality, globally accepted accounting
standards offers a certain analogy to a universal language, or
lingua franca, serving a wide range of different industries and
entities, and a great variety of different types of investors and other
stakeholders of financial statements, operating in many different
15
countries and across jurisdictional boundaries. The fundamental
question that underpins this governance review is whether current
governance arrangements promote the IASB‘s primary mission of
developing high quality, globally accepted accounting standards,
and in a way that best serves investors in their dialogue.
Accountability
Capital markets are predicated on confidence and
transparency. Transparent financial statement disclosures engender
the confidence of the users of financial information. The quality of
those disclosures begins with the integrity of the financial reporting
framework on which they are based. The degree to which the
governance structure provides for the integrity of a financial
reporting framework is measured in terms of its accountability to
investors, markets and market participants.
An important dimension of accountability concerns the
relationship between the IFRS Foundation and the capital markets
authorities responsible for setting the form and content of financial
reporting in jurisdictions applying IFRSs, as represented through
the Monitoring Board. Accountability is further demonstrated by an
inclusive and transparent due process allowing all stakeholders the
possibility to contribute to the IASB‘s standard-setting process.
This due process must ensure that the standard-setting process
delivers improvements in the quality of financial information,
while striking an appropriate balance between costs and benefits.
16
The standard-setting process must also give due consideration to
the need for consistency in the financial reporting framework, as
this may impact the comparability of financial information over
time.
Auditor
External auditor is an independent firm engaged by the client
subject to the audit, to express an opinion on whether the
company's financial statement are free of material misstatements,
whether due to fraud or error. For publicly traded companies,
external auditors may also be required to express an opinion over
the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting
Internal Auditors are employed by the organizations they
audit. They work for government agencies (federal, state and
local); for publicly traded companies; and for non-profit companies
across all industries.
International Standard on Auditing
Are professional standards for the performance financial
audit of financial information. These standards are issued
by International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) through
the International Audit and Assurance Standard Board (IAASB).
Exploring the Growing Use of Technology in the Audit, with a
Focus on Data Analytics
17
This Request for Input from the International Auditing and
Assurance Standards Board (IAASB)‘s Data Analytic Working
Group (DAWG) provides insights into the opportunities and
challenges with the use of data analytics in the audit of financial
statements and outlines the insights gained from the DAWG‘s
activities to date. The purpose of the Request for Input is to:
a) Inform stakeholders about the IAASB‘s ongoing work to
explore effective and appropriate use of technology, with a
focus on data analytics, in the audit of financial statements;
and
b) Obtain stakeholder input and perspectives on whether all of
the considerations relevant to the use of data analytics in a
financial statement audit have been identified.
Supplementing this publication is a call for nominations for a
newly formed Project Advisory Panel to further advise the IAASB
and the DAWG on developments relevant to standard setting.
Stakeholder input will assist the IAASB in effectively responding
to these developments in the public interest, including determining
whether new or revised international standards or guidance may be
necessary.
High-quality audits support financial stability As the global
auditing standard setter, the IAASB has a public interest responsibility
18
to develop standards and guidance for auditors to facilitate high-
quality audits being achieved.
This in turn builds public trust and confidence in financial
statements and corporate financial reporting more broadly. In the
history of the audit profession, there have been shifts in how the audit
is executed. These shifts have been a result of transformations in the
environment in which companies operate, and in which audits are
performed. Prior to the current risk-based audit approach, companies
operated in a far less complex environment.
As a result, the audit was carried out in a largely manual way
with a relatively high proportion of the financial information
underlying the financial statements being tested without any
significant emphasis on the nature and extent of the risks of material
misstatement. Over time, the risk-based audit approach has evolved—
due to
higher transaction volumes such that auditors were not able to
test all transactions underlying the financial statements;
Increased complexity
regulation stimulated by highly public failures of companies;
and
technology limitations. A risk-based audit focuses on the
nature and extent of risks of material misstatement for the
particular engagement, with greater emphasis on obtaining an
19
understanding of internal control established by an entity and,
where appropriate, obtaining audit evidence from the auditor‘s
testing of the effectiveness of such internal control.
Technological change is occurring at a rapid pace, ushering in
the capability to capture and communicate data digitally, on an
unprecedented scale and almost instantaneously.
This has resulted in an increasing focus on data, whether
structured or unstructured, and whether generated internally or
externally to the entity. Comprehensive and powerful digital
information systems are increasingly capable of handling, analyzing,
communicating and responding to these data-related changes.
Companies are rapidly changing their business models in innovative
ways in response to these developments. Stakeholder expectations
regarding the use of technology in the financial statement audit are
evolving.
Developments in technology, both within the financial
reporting systems used to initiate, process, record and store data
representing the information in the financial statements, and the tools
and techniques available to analyze that data, are resulting in
questions from stakeholders regarding how data analytics fits into the
current risk based on audit model. In a number of jurisdictions,
particularly where proposals and re-proposals for audit are now more
common, entities are inquiring of the auditor‘s data analytics
20
capabilities and in some cases, expecting the auditor to perform an
audit that includes the increased use of technology, particularly data
analysis.
C. The Future ISA
The IAASB is responsible for global audit and assurance standard
setting. This is undertaken in the interests of the public at large. It runs
from the core financial statements right through to elements of
sustainability, ethics, and integrity. High-quality external reporting, in
turn, contributes to the stability of companies and economies.
Financial information must be relevant, timely, and reliable to meet
the needs of users. Users of audited financial statements must have
confidence that the auditor has worked to a suitable standard and that a
―quality audit‖ has been performed. But users cannot often directly
evaluate audit quality. three other indicators: the auditor‘s opinion and
other elements of the auditor‘s report (such as the ―key audit matters,‖ a
section that will be an important element in future audit reports); external
oversight bodies and their reports on inspection findings, both at a global
level and on individual audit firms; and other important elements of the
financial reporting supply chain, like the involvement of the audit
committee and transparency reports. To enhance credibility and trust, we
are committed to advancing audit quality worldwide.
This commitment results in us developing standards that both
protect the interests of those who rely on audits, assurance, and other
services and are practicable for those who must implement them.
21
Therefore, our most important strategic objective is to ensure that our
standards, the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), continue to
form the basis for high-quality, relevant audits conducted worldwide.
Responding on a timely basis to issues noted in practice and emerging
developments. At the same time, The key investor messages are five
themes:
First, Technology, increasing business complexity, risk and
ensuring the ISAs remain relevant and allowing the audit to
evolve alongside changes to financial and non-financial
reporting.
Second, issues around audit firms‘ remuneration and
independence (e.g., in relation to non-audit services) need
to be addressed.
Third, audit teams need to have the time, seniority, and
skills to probe for issues and an audit fee that allows this.
Fourth, more transparency would be welcome, such as
further exploring transparency reporting by firms,
continuing to think about ways to enhance auditor reporting
(including such topics as materiality, other auditors,
changes in audit scope in the auditor‘s report, and tenure),
and the International Forum of Independent Audit
Regulators and its members making more details of
inspection findings available.
22
Fifth, the role of the auditor with environmental, social, and
corporate governance reporting should continue to be
explored.
D. The Future IFRS
IFRS have the unique advantage of being designed for an
international audience, of being developed in an environment free from legal
and other national constraints. They benefit from the neutrality that this brings
to the standard-setting process. This, arguably, contrasts with Us GAAP,
which has its roots in a very specific regulatory and legal system and a
tradition of political intervention that makes it less suitable for application by
entities beyond the confines, Perhaps most importantly, IFRSs have the
advantage of being primarily principles-based. Producing standards based
very firmly on principles rather than prescriptive rules, with a minimum of
sector-specific material, application guidance and interpretations, results in a
clearer and more understandable body of accounting literature. It is more
likely to produce standards that are sufficiently flexible to accommodate
complex and unfore seen eventualities and changes in the financial and
economic environment. It encourages the application of professional
judgement by companies and auditors, without frequent requests to standard-
setters to elaborate on existing requirements by adding rules and
implementation guidance. Importantly, it also reduces the opportunity for
circumventing the intentions of standard-setters, something more likely in a
more rules- based environment. It seems fair to say that the more detailed
23
nature of GAAP and the greater use of ‗bright lines‘ have contributed in the
United states to the development of a more prescriptive, complex and diverse
body of accounting literature. This needs to be avoided in an international
context. A principles-based approach to standard-setting is fundamental to the
success of IFRs as the standards are increasingly adopted by jurisdictions with
differing traditions of reporting and regulation. Despite these advantages of
IFRs, the faculty does not offer its support to the IASB lightly. Where
necessary, our responses to IASB consultations are highly critical. The current
suite of IFRSs is far from perfect. In some respects, they seem overly
complex, and in some instances quality has been compromised by the rush to
converge with GAAP. Improvements to the standards can undoubtedly be
made. In particular, it is imperative that work on the new approach to
accounting for the impairment of financial assets is completed without any
further delay. The faculty also believes that the IASB should review how
company performance is reported as a priority. A definitive view on what is
meant by performance, the purpose of net income and the rationale for
distinguishing income statement items from those taken to ‗other
comprehensive income‘ is long overdue. As users tend to be focussed on
earnings as a key reporting metric, until this issue is satisfactorily resolved
there will remain prima facie grounds for continued criticism of IFRs
reporting. but, despite these and other shortcomings, we believe that the IFRs
product has inherent strengths and advantages that fully justify support for the
24
IASB by those seeking to realise the vision of a high-quality, global set of
accounting standards.
E. Understanding IFRS diffusion within the socio-economic and political
context
Accounting standard-setting literature has examined over the last
decades the forces that drive accounting harmonization as an emerging
form of international global governance (Botzem, 2012; Posner, 2010) and
has placed international accounting harmonization within the wider socio-
economic and political context (e.g., Arnold & Sikka, 2001; Arnold, 2012;
Cooper, Neu, & Lehman, 2003; Gallhofer&Haslam, 2006).
In particular, researchers have highlighted the importance of social
and political forces that drive the IFRS diffusion and the reasons for the
IASB‘s success, including the endorsement and support of IFRS by
powerful international bodies, the flexible transnational private authority
structure of the IASB, the plasticity of IFRS and the legitimacy the IASB
has gained as an epistemic community of specialized technical knowledge
(Chua & Taylor, 2008; Martinez-Diaz, 2005; Mattli&Büthe, 2005; Perry
&Nölke, 2006; Zeff, 2012).
According to this body of literature, international accounting
standard-setting processes and outcomes are driven by political actors and
power dynamics among these actors seeking to pursue their self-interests
within a changing institutional context (Bengtsson, 2011; Crawford et al.,
25
2014; Noël, Ayayi, & Blum, 2010). However, power operates in different
levels; power operates at the international level of standard-setting but also
at the local level of enforcement and implementation.
Power entails economic and other coercive or sanctioning forces,
such as the mandatory adoption of IFRS by publicly listed companies, but
also power can have ideological dimension, in the sense of shaping and
reproducing a certain system of values and beliefs that is accepted as
legitimate by powerful actors.
Institutional theory perspectives have been used to explain the
ways that organizational behavior is driven by socially embedded norms,
values and shared meanings (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Meyer & Rowan,
1977) and the various responses of organization to institutional pressures
(Greenwood &Hinings, 1996; Oliver, 1991).
In the context of IFRS, there are some studies that draw on neo-
institutional theories to examine the adoption of IFRS in national contexts
and organizational and governmental responses to international standards
(e.g. Albu et al., 2014; Guerreiro, Rodrigues, & Craig, 2012; Irvine, 2008;
Judge, Li, &Pinsker, 2010; Maroun& 7 Zijl, 2015).
In these studies, researchers find that the adoption of IFRS is
driven not only by coercircive regulatory forces but also by social
legitimation pressures, rather than based on economic logic and IFRS‘
efficiency.
26
Powerful local actors and institutions and the mutual conflicting
interests of these actors for legitimacy determine the adoption and
implementation of IFRS in local contexts. However, little about the
rationalities that condition the perceptions of actors on financial
reporting standards.
F. Acceptance of IFRS as Part of the (neo-liberal) Modernization Project
In this section of the findings, Local actors draw mainly on
modernization related arguments to justify the necessity for IFRS
referring to aspects such as internationalization, limited state
intervention, the importance of free markets and the supremacy of
Western accounting and socio-political systems. However, rather than
suggesting that individuals can be identified and clearly divided as
adherents of either the ‗modernization‘ or the ‗underdog‘ value system -
as individuals can draw to different values and norms in different
junctures Nevertheless, it was apparent in the interviews that a particular
view predominated in the thinking of local actors and this is what a
attempt to capture in the discussion that follows.
G. Adopting International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises
Diverse complications and controversial issues in the adoption of
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for Small and
27
Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) have been reported by many
jurisdictions, prompting them not to adopt this set of standards.
Conversely many jurisdictions have adopted or are in the process of
adopting IFRS for SMEs. This study considers the impetus for
successfully achieving accounting convergence with IFRS for SMEs in
those jurisdictions.
The possible transition issues that may arise when countries adopt
IFRS for SMEs are also highlighted. Furthermore, to provide pioneering
evidence on the problems accountants encounter when applying IFRS for
SMEs, Both the insights provided on the process of embracing IFRS for
SMEs in Fiji and the opinions elicited from accountants highlight new
dimensions to the inherent problems in IFRS for SMEs.
Scant attention has been given to this issue so far; hence the
empirical evidence provided by our study informs not only the global
convergence of SME accounting but also the quality of the current suite of
IFRS for SMEs.
H. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Boards
The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board
(IAASB) is an independent standard setting body that serves the public
interest by setting, under its own authority, high-quality international
auditing, review, other assurance, quality control, and related services
standards.
28
The IAASB also seeks to facilitate adoption and implementation of
international standards. These objectives contribute to enhanced quality
and consistency of practice throughout the world, and strengthened public
confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession The
IAASB sets its international standards under the oversight of the Public
Interest Oversight Board (PIOB), and with the advice of the IAASB‘s
Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the
development of the standards.
The IAASB consists of a full-time chairman and 17 volunteers
from around the world. The 18 board members comprise 9 practitioners
with significant experience in the field of auditing and other assurance
services and 9 non-practitioners1 (including the chairman) who are not
members or employees of an audit firm. At least three of the non-
practitioners are public members: individuals who are expected to reflect,
and are seen to reflect, the wider public interest. All board members and
their technical advisors are required to sign an annual statement declaring
that they will act in the public interest and with integrity in discharging
their responsibilities.
The IAASB ordinarily meets at least four times a year for a full
week. Additionally, the board may hold short teleconferences to consider
specific issues. In developing its standards the IAASB is required to be,
and is dedicated to being, transparent in its activities, and to adhere to due
process as approved by the PIOB. Board meetings and teleconferences are
29
open to the public. Current IAASB exposure drafts, consultation papers
and all comment letters provided thereon are available on the IAASB
website.
Current and past agenda papers and meeting minutes, as well as
audio recordings of the IAASB‘s meetings, meeting highlights, and audio
podcast summaries of meetings are available on the IAASB website. The
structures and processes that support the operations of the IAASB are
facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
Enhancing the Role Relevance and Quality of Assurance
and Related Services in an Evolving World
Audits of financial statements are not the only
assurance service for which standards are important in the
public interest. And for many, including small- and
medium-sized entities (SMEs), other assurance and related
services may be equally relevant.
In 2012, the IAASB issued its revised standard for review
engagements to support the needs of jurisdictions that are
requiring, or are likely to require, statutory reviews instead
of audits, or where entities or their stakeholders request
such engagements voluntarily.
The finalization of this standard, in addition to the
revised standard for compilation engagements released in
30
2011, moves the IAASB forward in providing an updated
suite of standards relevant to, in particular but not
exclusively, smaller practices and SMEs. More broadly, the
IAASB continued to be innovative and responsive to
emerging assurance fields. Our new standard addressing
assurance on greenhouse gas statements addresses the clear
and growing demand for companies to disclose their
environmental impacts and to report detailed emissions
information and to obtain assurance thereon.
j. ISA 720 The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Other Information
sufficient
In terms of the existing ISAs, a new definitive standard is not
necessarily needed. The consistency check required by ISA 720 is limited
and poorly understood outside of the profession, but serves a purpose.
ISAE 3000 is becoming established and usefully distinguishes between
how a limited assurance engagement differs from a reasonable assurance
engagement in practice and provides guidance for assurance engagements
covering risk and response. It also requires practitioners to provide more
detail in the assurance report on the actual work performed, and provides
for a third-party validation and testing of the design and operating
effectiveness of the company‘s processes and procedures.
Rather than develop new standards at this time, the scope, benefits,
and limitations of the relevant ISAs and ISAEs could be more widely
31
promoted to the professional accountants in business and business
constituencies, as well as to users.
This would also help manage the expectation gap that the PAIB
Committee believe exists among users. Although ISA 720 may describe
the narrow auditor‘s responsibilities with respect to other information
included in annual report, current communications around ISAs may not
be sufficient to educate users in this regard.
Table 2.1
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
NO
Author
(Year)
Research
Result of Research
1.
2.
(Soderstrom and
Sun, 2007).
(Botzem, 2012;
Posner, 2010)
factors’ effect such
as financial
reporting incentives,
legal systems and
political systems that
may affect
accounting quality
Accounting standard-
setting literature has
examined over the
last decades the
forces that drive
accounting
improve quality of
financial reporting
homogeneously in
each company and
country
Understanding
IFRS diffusion
within the socio-
economic and
political context
32
3.
4.
(DiMaggio &
Powell, 1983; Meyer
& Rowan, 1977)
(Greenwood
&Hinings, 1996;
Oliver, 1991).
harmonization as an
emerging form of
international global
governance
Power entails
economic and other
coercive/sanctioning
forces, such as the
mandatory adoption
of IFRS
The various
responses of
organization to
institutional
pressures
Understanding
IFRS diffusion
within the socio-
economic and
political context.
social and political
forces that drive
the IFRS diffusion
and the reasons for
the IASB‘s
success.
33
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Source of data used in this study is the data subject.ie the data in
the form of opinions, attitudes, experience, or characteristic of a person or
group of people who become research subjects (respondents). This study
refers to a pervious study conducted David, Charles, Farel, Ramona, and
Ogilby Suzanne (2009). Differences in this study with previous research
were on the theory and the study sample.
A. Research Design
This study was a survey (survey research) in the form
explanation of research and testing hypotheses (explanatory) which
uses descriptive and exploratory methods because the core of the
discussion are academics and practitioners perceptions of skill or
competence relevant to a accountant. Thus, the researchers used a
survey questionnaire because it is considered the most appropriate
technique to answer their questions. Based on this research include the
comparative study group. The study is a comparative study is
compared. Are compared in this study is the perception between
academics and practitioners about the expertise or the skills of
Accountant Professionals, in this case is calculated to be nine of
competency.
34
B. Population, Sampling, and Sampling Techniques
The population in this study is that academic accountant in
the university in Jakarta and practitioners are government
accountant in government agencies such as an auditing as an
auditing firm.
The research population is knowledge about International
Financial Reporting Standards and International Standards
Auditing located in Jakarta. Determination of the number of
samples to be studied referring to rules of thumb proposed by
resource in Raif Palakkaya (2014). The simple size is a multiple
(two times or more) the number variables. This research uses two
variable. So the minimum number of sample studied Numerical
results of the research question relating to the awareness and
knowledge levels were rated over 4 levels ranging from ― limited‖
to ―excellent‖
Sampling (sampling) is performed by using a type of non-
probability sampling methods is purposive sampling. Reason of the
purposive sampling method for this study will only select samples
that have the knowledge and understanding of the Accountant
Professionals should posses
Sample to be selected are : First, The Accountant is a lecturer
of accounting educators who work in universities in Jakarta and
35
surrounding cities. Second, the Auditor in Certified Public
Accounting Firm (KAP) . Consideration for selecting accounting
faculty because it is faster to follow the issues or development in
science, and Certified Public Accounting Firm (KAP) duties have
been practicing as a Accounting Professionals, so it already has the
knowledge and expertise that must-have for Accounting
Professionals.
Minimum number of samples to be examined for each group
of respondents was 20 people; this is in accordance with the rules
of thumb suggested by Roscoe in have now (2003). Purpose
sampling methods in this study were obtained using the following
criteria:
1. Auditor Agencies in Jakarta which one served as an
Auditor.
C. Research Variables and Operational Definition of Variables
This study of nine items measuring the construct of
competence relevant expertise for an Accounting Professionals who
raised David, Charles, Farrel, Ramona, And Ogilby, Suzanne (2009) ,
namely: effective oral communicator, audit skill, effective written
communicator, The three constructs are independent and all measured
variables.
36
In this study, there were ten operational definition of the
variables to be used are:
Effective oral communicator
An ability to communicate effectively, orally
conducted through expert testimony and a general
explanation of the basic opinion. measured using a 5 point
scale Likert. Effective oral communicator indicates the
lowest number is not important at all, while effective oral
communicator indicates the highest importance.
Auditing skill
Is paramount for a accounting professionals because
of the nature of the collection and verification of
information contained in the accounting professionals.
Skilled accountant professionals should be able to collect
and examine any relevant information so that the cases they
handle will be supported positively by the court. Measured
using a 5 point scale Likert. Audit skill indicates the lowest
number is not important at all, while audit skill indicates
the highest importance.
37
Effective written communication
An ability to communicate effectively by writing
through report, charts, drawings, and schedules on the basis
of opinion. Measured using a 5 point scale Likert. Effective
written communicator indicates the lowest number is not
important at all, while effective written communicator
indicates the highest importance.
D. Type Data
1. Primary Data
Indrianto and Supomo (2006) explains that the primary data
is source of research data obtained directly from the original source
(not through an intermediary data). Primary data to form an
opinion subject or person individual or group obtained from field
research become the object of research by road spreading, the
result of observation, event or activity. Primary data in this study
obtained through questionnaires. This research uses primary data
collected by the individual indirectly through object. The primary
data obtained through questionnaires given to Auditor, and
Accounting Manager.
38
2. Secondary Data
Indrianto and Supomo (2006) explains that the secondary
data is data collected from other sources to approach literature
study. The secondary data can be obtained through literature,
books, records and history reports that have been arranged in the
archives or documentary data and documents published by
companies associated with the object of research for the year 2009.
Secondary data research comes from the periodic report
information company, which reports the number of customers and
report the amount of customer receivables.
3. Research Instruments
Instrument used in this study is a questionnaire that consisted
of two part. The first part of questionnaire contains questions about
the identity of the respondents are asked about the name,
profession, gender, and education.
The second part of the questionnaire contains statements about
respondents perceptions regarding the competence of the five items
that must be possessed of expertise relevant to Accounting
Professionals, the answers were developed (Digabriele 2008)
using a Likert scale of response is not important (STS), is not
important (TS), neutral (N), agree (S) is very important (SS).
39
4. Data Quality Test
The instrument is a media research in data collection, so the
questionnaire said reliable if respondents answer consistently when
asked the same question in a different time. To find out the
reliability of a questionnaire which is an indicator of the research
variables, it is necessary to test the reliability and validity (Hair et
al. 1998. Huck and Cornier 1996 in Bambang and Indriantoro
1999). To test the quality of data obtained from the application of
the instrument, then the validity and reliability need.
1. Validity and Reliability Test
Done to set valid or invalid or not a questionnaire.
A questionnaire is said to invalid if the question
questionnaire able to reveal something that will be
measured by the questionnaire. To test the validity of
the questionnaire of the questionnaire used to perform
correlation between the score of the questions with a
total score of variable. Significance test is done by
comparing the count r table. If r greater than r count
table and a positive value then the items is declared
valid question (Ghozali, 2006).
Intended to measure a questionnaire which is an
indicator of the variables or constructs. A questionnaire
is said to reliable if someone answers to question are
consistent or stable over time. Statistical formula used
40
to measure the statistical reliability is Cronbach Alpha
(α). A variable is said reliable if the Cronbach alpha
value>0,60 (Ghozali,2006).
2. Classic Test Assumptions
Classic Test assumption aims to determine the relationship
between the variables in the data. Before conducting regression
analyzes, first tested the classical assumptions to determine whether
there is a relationship between the variables.
a. Normality Test
Normality test aims to test whether the regression
model, or residual confounding variables has a normal
distribution, i.e. the graph analysis and statistical test
(Ghozali,2009), Normality test can be done by looking at
the spread of the data (dots) on the diagonal axis of the
graph or by looking at the histogram from the residual.
Basic decision making namely (Ghozali,2009) :
1) If the point spread around the diagonal line
and follow the direction of the diagonal
line, the regression model to meet the
assumptions of normality.
2) If the point spread away from the line or
diagonal and do not follow the direction
of the diagonal line. The regression model
did not meet assumptions of normality.
41
Which tools such as statistical test to Kolmogorov-
Smirnov Z (1-Sample KS), the basic decision making
(Ghazali,2009) :
1. If the value Asymp Sig. (2-tailed) less
than 0,05, then H0 is Rejected. This
mean that the data are not normally
distributed residuals
2. If the value Asymp Sig (2-tailed) of
more than 0,05, then H0 is Accepted.
This means that the data were normally
distributed residuals.
b. Multicollinearity Test
Multicollinearity test aims to test whether the
regression model found a correlation between the
independent variables (Ghozali,2009:95).A good
regression model should not happen correlation between
the independent variables to detect the presence or
absence of multicollinearity in the regression model can
be seen from the value of tolerance and the variance
inflation factor opponent (VIF). Multicollinearity views
of the tolerance value <0,10 or VIF> 10. Both of these
42
measurements indicates each independent variable which
is explained.
c. Heteroscedasticity Test
Heteroscedasticity test aims to test whether is in a
regression model appear inequality of the residual and
variance of observation to other observations.
3. Hypothesis Testing Research
a) Test Coefficient of Determination (R2)
The value of adjusted R Squared is always smaller
than the value of R Squared. Adjusted R Squared
penalizes to add more repressors. Unlike R2 , adjusted R
2
will increase only if the absolute t value of the added
variable is greater than 1. The closer it is to 1, the better
is the fit. This mean that the independent variable used
could explain almost 100% of the variance in the
independent variable. We know that one of the measures
of goodness of fit of a regression model is R2, which is
defined as :
R2 = ESS = 1-RSS
TSS TSS
R2, thus defined, of necessity lies between 0 and 1. The
closer it is to 1, the better is the fit.
43
b) Individual Parameter or Partial Significance
Test (t-Test)
T test aims to test how far the influence or
impact of two independent variable in this
socialization of individual are the auditor
experience and auditor consideration in
explaining the dependent variable is Accounting
Professionals. If the significance value > 0.05
then Ha is Rejected, Whereas if the significance
value of < 0.05 Ha is Accepted and we can
compare between t-Test and t-Table , t-Test > t-
Table
c) Simlutaneous Significance Testing (Testing F)
The function of F-test is to see and
understand the influence of both independent
variables towards dependent variables. If the
significance value > 0.05 then Ha is Rejected,
whereas if the significance value of <0.05 Ha is
accepted. To further convince this F test result it can
be seen from the F table, with the following explain:
1) If the value of test > F table, then Ho is rejected
and Ha is accepted.
2) If the value of test>F table, then Ho is accepted
and Ha is rejected.
44
d) Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
The multiple regression analysis can
measured partially (indicated by coefficient of partial
regression) jointly indicated by coefficient of multiple
determination (R2), (Indiantoro and
Supomo,2009:211). In this analysis, we can see how
the independent variables, which are Adoption of
IFRS(X1), The Role of Internal Audit (X2), and
Accounting Professionals (Y). Multiple linear
regression analysis use to measure the mathematical
relationship between more than two variable. A
research model of multiple linear regression equation
as follows:
Y = α + β1X1 + β2X2 + e
Y = Accounting Professionals
Coefficient β1 = Regression Variable the
adoption of IFRS
Coefficient β2 = Regression Variable of
International
Audit
X1 = IFRS
X2 = ISA
45
e) Data Collection Method
To ensure the reliability and validity, a pilot study
conducted prior to the questionnaire by trying out a
questionnaire to potential respondents chosen so that the
intent of the questionnaire to be clear and understandable.
After testing the questionnaire, the results obtained have
been ensuring the reliability and validity because
respondents easily understand the questionnaire given.
Data was collected through survey method.
Data obtained using a questionnaire distributed directly to
the accounting professional who worked at the Certified
Public Accounting Firm (KAP).
Data collection method was conducted by research
field survey. The research instrument used for data
collection is a list of question (questionnaires) was
distributed directly to Accountant Professionals
respondents. Prospective respondent are found with
respect to IFRS‘s and ISA‘s data report accountant
professionals in Jakarta.
1. Survey Method
This Method requires to presence of contact or
relationship between researcher and respondent. The data
46
obtained is largely a descriptive data, but data collection
is explaining cause and effect. (Indriantoro and
Supomo,2002: 145). The writer took questioner for this
research. The questionnaire as an efficient technique,
when researchers will know certainly about variables
which will be measured and know to expect from the
respondent ( Sugiyono, 2009:14). The researcher divided
3 structured questionnaire using category scale and
numerical scale.
In this study, data collection techniques that I use in obtaining the
data are :
a. Field Research
Field research is primary data
collection by reviewing directly to the CPA.
For this research, the writing took CPA firm
in Jakarta Region. Primary data obtained
through interviews, questionnaires and
observations with the parties concerned with
the problem under study.
b. Literature Research
The literature research is a way to
obtain secondary data which can provide
theoretical basic to support the discussion of
the identification problem. These data are
47
derived from books and other references
pertaining to the object under study.
f) Operational Research Variable
Based on the title that the author presented the influence of
adoption IFRS and the role of audit to Accounting Professionals, the
operational variable are as follows:
1.The Adoption of IFRS as Variable X1
Variable of IFRS views of IFRS when there
are several factors such as investor protection,
securities regulation and culture affecting financial
report ( Narktabtee and Patpanichchot (2011)).
The question from the questionnaire
combined to International Standards on Audit, how
will be Accounting Professionals. Every questions
measured by category Likert.
2. The International Standard on Audit as Variable X2
Variable international Standard on Audit of
Audit when there are auditors were not able to test all
transactions underlying the financial statement. Every
questions measured by category Likert
Table 3.1
48
Research Operational Variable
No
Variable
Indicator
Question
Number
Scale
1 Adoption of IFRS in
theworld (jeanand
stolowy (2008)), X1
1. Improve IFRS
with corporate
accounting
applications
1 and 2
interval
2
International
Standard on Audit
(effendi,2010
dalamZelmiyantiand
Anita (2015)),
(Auditing and the
Public Accounting
profession,S.shuter
and S.Barr (1998)),
X2
1. Independence and
objectivity
3
Interval
2. Audit professional
skills and accuracy
4
Interval
3. Quality
International
standard on
Auditing
5
Interval
4. Knowing how the
International
Standard on
Auditing works
6 and 7
Interval
5. Implementation of
International
standard on
Auditing
8,9 and 10
Interval
6. Indepedence of
International Standard
Audit
11
Interval
Table 3.1
49
Research Operational Variable (Continue)
3. Accounting
Professionals
(International
Association
Accounting
Professionals),Y
1. Integrity of
Accounting of
Professionals
12,13,14,and 15 Interval
2. Ethics of
the
Accounting
Professionals
16,17,18,19,20,and
21
Interval
50
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
A. General Description of Research Object
The object of this research is at Universities based on Jakarta and
Public Accounting Firm business entity that has obtained permissions
from the Indonesian of Finance or its extended authorities to provide a
venue for public accountants in providing services, in the general
understanding, public accountants or independents auditors are
accountants who have obtained permissions from the Ministry of Finance
or its extended authorities to provide the respective services. A public
Accountant Firm is providing services that are referred in general to
Accountant Professional. Explanation of these are:
1. IFRS‘s will be contribute to and enhance the International
Economic
2. IFRS might mandatory
3. IFRSs in Accounting Applications
4. The adoption of ISAs
5. Professionals of Accounting
6. Knowledge ISAs
7. Knowledge IFRSs
51
Descriptive Data
This study uses descriptive analysis to explain the ease in
interpreting the results of further analysis. The classification of data
obtained is presented in tabular form. It is intended to describe the
condition of respondents as a whole based on its characteristics.
The research was conducted using questionnaires that have been
distributed in existing University and Public Accounting Firm in Jakarta.
The objects of research are educators and external auditors. Distribution
and the return of questionnaire start from August 01,2017 until 20 October,
2017 100 copies of questionnaire distribute to Public Accounting Firm in
Jakarta.
Table 4.1
Question distribution
Questionnaire Total Percentage
Total questionnaires distributed 100 100%
Total questionnaires not returned 23 23%
Total questionnaires returned from CPA firm 77 77%
Total questionnaires selected (7 questionnaires
from 77 are not completely fulfilled)
70 70%
Total questionnaires will be processed
(questionnaire from 70 are not match with
criteria because 20 questionnaire are junior
auditor auditor)
50 50%
Source: primer data processed,2017
52
In table 4.1 showed that from 100 questioner, 23 not return by
CPA Firm and 77 the questioner had been returned. After that, the writer
checking questioner collected from respondent whether it fulfill correctly or
not. There are 70 questioner selected and ready to process. But in case,
there is some problem with junior auditor criteria. Respondent
characteristics are measured with selected respondent or auditors that have
some criteria (Ida Suraida,2005) :
1. Senior Auditor
2. Supervisor
So, I decide to reduce the data with delete the junior auditor
criteria. Finally, the characteristic of the respondents, there are 50
respondents consisting of auditors who can represent and be the respondent.
There are some distributed data and received data from each CPA firm:
53
Table 4.2
Distributed Questioners in each CPA firm
Description Distribut
ed Data
Receive
d Data
Percenta
ge
Public
Accounti
ng Firm
1.CPA FIRM EFFENDY
& REKAN
20 15 75%
2. CPA FIRM JEPTHA
NASIB & JUNIHOL
20 10 50%
3.CPA FIRM
HELICINTO & REKAN
20 5 25%
4. CPA FIRM
ISHAK,SALEH,SOEWO
NDO &REKAN
20 10 50%
5. CPA FIRM Drs.
MOHAMMED YOESOEF
20 10 50%
Total 50
Source: primer data processed,2017
In Table 4.2 there is CPA firm at JAKARTA. Because of limited
time and money, so the writer decides to choose 5 CPA firm. There are 100
examples of questioner divided for 5 CPA firm and 50 questioners are
returned without junior auditor criteria.
54
Table 4.3
Description of Respondents
Age 30-39 years old
40-49 years old
>50
30
20
0
60%
40%
0%
Last
education
S1
S2
S3
30
20
0
60%
40%
0
Current
position
Senior auditor
Accounting
Manager
35
15
70%
30%
Source : primer data processed,2017
55
Analysis and Discussion
1. Validity Test
The questioner was divided into two variables those are adoption
IFRS, International Standards on Audit to Professionals Accounting.
According (Sugiyono, 2009.178) test validity used to measured the legal
valid or invalid of a questionnaire. A questionnaire said valid if the
questions on the questionnaire are able to reveal something that will be on
questionnaire measure. The total score on test validity said valid if the
number parameter of scores > 0.30.
Validity of the test item reliability analysis can be seen in the output of
―Item-Total Statistic‖ in the ― Corrected Item-Total Correlation‖. The
figures is a correlation between the numbers of each item with the total
score of the items and have made corrections to the value of the
correlation coefficient to avoid spurious overlap effects. The total score
on test validity of said valid if the number of scores > 0.30.
(Priyatno,2012: 183-184).
56
Table 4.4
Result of Validity Test with Reliability Analysis for IFRS
Item-Total Statistics
Scale
Mean if
Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
Correcte
d Item-
Total
Correlati
on
Squared
Multiple
Correlati
on
Cronbach
's Alpha
if Item
Deleted
Q1 2.32
1.78
.357
.512
.650
.650
.422
.422
.
. Q2
Source: Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
Based on table 4.3, all questions are about Adoption IFRS variable.
From the table, it can be seen that all of the questions are valid and have
positive correlation, because score corrected item-total correlation is >
0.30 (Priyatno,2012: 183-184).
57
Table 4.5
Result of Validity Test with Reliability Analysis for International
Standard on Audit
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
Based on table 4.4, all questions are about International
standard on Audit variable. From the table, it can be seen that all of the
questions are valid and have positive correlation, because score corrected
item-total correlation is > 0.30 (Priyatno,2012: 183-184).
Item-Total Statistics
Scale
Mean if
Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
Corrected
Item-Total
Correlatio
n
Squared
Multiple
Correlatio
n
Cronbach'
s Alpha if
Item
Deleted
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
30.55
30.19
29.61
29.85
29.56
29.63
29.39
29.35
29.21
27.815
27.470
27.902
24.363
24.989
24.934
26.399
26.133
27.233
.508
.358
.408
.614
.641
.651
.588
.620
.467
.381
.313
.277
.465
.570
.603
.563
.735
.619
.817
.835
.826
.803
.800
.799
.807
.804
.820
58
Table 4.6
Result of Validity Test with Reliability Analysis for Professionals of
Accountant
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
Based on table 4.5, all questions are about Professionals
Accounting variable. From the table, it can be seen that all of the questions
are valid and have positive correlation, because score corrected item-total
correlation is > 0.30 (Priyatno,2012: 183-184).
2. Reliability Test
Reliability test can only be done after the instrument has
confirmed it‘s validity. Reliability testing in this study to indicate
the level of internal consistency reliability of the techniques used is
to measure the coefficient of Cronbach‘s Alpha with SPSS 24.
Item-Total Statistics
Scale
Mean if
Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance if
Item
Deleted
Corrected
Item-Total
Correlation
Squared
Multiple
Correlation
Cronbach's
Alpha if
Item
Deleted
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
35.94
35.31
34.91
34.78
35.15
35.27
34.82
35.05
35.06
35.09
16.176
16.501
16.823
15.980
14.729
15.901
15.608
16.537
15.452
16.389
.310
.415
.358
.536
.664
.367
.569
.406
.503
.395
.147
.294
.310
.449
.518
.315
.438
.296
.460
.342
.781
.763
.769
.749
.729
.772
.744
.764
.751
.765
59
Alpha values range from 0-1, question can be considered reliable if
the alpha value is greater than 0.60.
Table 4.7
Reliability Test for Professional Accountant
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach‘s
Alpha N of items
.778
10
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
Reliability test for Professional Accounting variable is shown on
table 4.1. As seen as in the table, the Cronbach‘s alpha 0,778 means the
data reliable.
Table 4.8
Reliability Test for International Standard on Auditing
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach‘s
Alpha N of Items
.863
9
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
Reliability test for International Standard on Auditing variable is
show on table 4.2.As seen as in the table, the cronbach‘s alpha 0,863
means the data reliable.
60
Table 4.9
Reliability Test for IFRS
Source : processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
Reliability test for International Standard on Auditing variable is
show on table 4.2.As seen as in the table, the cronbach‘s alpha 0,780
means the data reliable.
3. Classic Assumption Test
a. Normality Test
The purpose of the normality test is to determine whether
the regression normally distributed or not. A good regression model
is to have normal or nearly normal distribution. In this research, to
detect whether normally distributed data or not, it can be done with
using graph analysis namely histogram graph Normal Probability
Plot (P-P Plot) and statistical analysis namely Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.780
2
61
Figure 4.1
Normal P-Plot Graph
Normal P-Plot of Regression Standardized Residual
Dependent Variable : Professional of Accounting
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
Based on figure 4.1 this research has done normality data
distribution test. The result acquired from SPSS 24 statistic software.
From the P-P plots diagram above, it can be seen that the plots are
distributed along the diagonal line. Thus, it can be concluded that the
data used in this research has a normal distribution. However, graph
analysis can emerge different interpretation among reader, so that
statistical analysis test is needed to ensure the interpretation mistake
for reading the graph. Table 4.9 below will show the result of
statistical analysis namely Kolmogorov-Smirnov test:
62
Table 4.10
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
The result Kolmogorov-Sminov test on table 4.8 also shows that the
value of Kolmogorov-Smirnov 0,863 with the level of significant
probability 0,972, the value of p > 0,05. So, the residual data is distributed
normally. Therefore, regression model used in this research has met the
normality test assumption.
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Unstandardize
d Residual
N 50
.0000000
4.81406286
.047
.045
-.047
.863
.972
Normal Parameters
Most Extreme
Differences
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Absolute
Positive
Negative
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Test distribution is Normal.
b. Calculated from data.
Source: Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
63
B. Multicollinearity Test
The aim from Multicollinearity Test is to test whether the regression
model found a correlation among the independent variables. A good regression
model should there is no correlation among independent variables. In this
research, to detect the presence or absence of Multicollinearity can be done by
calculating value of variance inflation factor (VIF) of each independent
variable.
Table. 4.11
Multicollinearity Test
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standar
dized
Coeffici
ents
T Sig.
Collinearity
Statistics
B
Std.
Error Beta
Toler
ance VIF
1 (constan
t)
Adoptio
n IFRS
ISA’s
2.748
2.270
.255
.4.704
.176
.109
.534
.284
5.042
4.395
2.343
.000
000
.724
.000
.000
.023
1.022
1.022
a. Dependent Variable: Professionals of Accountant
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
64
Source: Processed primary by SPSS 24.0
Based on table 4.9. above, the result shows that there is no value
of Variance inflation Factor (VIF) of each independent variable
which is more than 0,1 or less than 10. So, it can be concluded that
there is no Multicollinearity.
Figure 4.2
Heteroscedasticity Test
65
From the scatter plot graph above it can be seen there is no clear
pattern and the points spread above and below the 0 on the Y axis, it can
be concluded not happen heteroscedasticity in regression model.
4. Hypothesis Testing
a. Coefficient of Determination
in multiple linear regression test were analyzed also the coefficient
of determination (R2). Assay coefficient of determination used in this
study to see the effect of the independent variable (Adoption IFRS and
International Standards on Audit) towards dependent variable
(professionals of Accounting).Value of the correlation coefficient (R)
shows how much correlation or relationship between the independent
variables with the dependent variable ranged from 0 to 1, if it closely to 1
the correlation getting stronger, if closely 0 the correlation are getting
weak (Priyatno,2012: 134)
Table 4.12
Model Summary
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std.Eror of
the Estimate
1
.309a
.322
.293
4.864
a. Predictors: (Constant) : IFRS, International Audit
b. Dependent Variable : Accountant Professional
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
66
Table 4.12 shows that adjusted R square value or coefficient of
determination is equal to 0,293. Its mean all of independent variable
like IFRS and ISA of Accountant Professional collected has
significant influence 29,3%. Thus, the residual coefficient, around
70,7% it will be explained by the other factors that is not calculated in
this research (Priyatno,2012: 183-184).
b. Simultaneous Significant Test (F-test)
the significance of the regression model simultaneous was tested
by looking at the significant value (sig). significance value (sig) would be
seen, whereby if a significance value below 0,05 then the independent
variable influence the dependent variable is declared. The hypothesis for
the F test is a follows:
Ha 3 : there are significant effects between IFRS and International
Standard on Audit to Accountant Professional.
The test is performed with the following conditions: if the significant
value (sig) > 0,05, then Ha 3 is rejected, if the significant value (sig) <
0,05, then Ha is accepted.
67
Table 4.13
Simultaneous Significant Test (F-Test)
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of
Squares Df
Mean
Square F Sig.
1 Regressio
n
Residual
Total
120.035
1135.585
1255.620
2
47
49
120.035
23.658
5.074 .000b
a. Dependent Variable: Accounting Professional
b. Predictors: (Constant) : IFRS, International Standard Audit
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
From the result of the regression analysis, the obtained a significance
value (sig) 0,000 (p = 0.000, p < 0,05). This shows that Ha is accepted,
that it concluded there are significant effects between Adoption IFRS and
International Standard Audit to Accounting Professional.
C. Significant Partial Test (T-Test)
Statistical t-test performed to further investigate which of the independent
variables in influencing the dependent variable. The hypothesis that will be
tested as follows:
68
Table 4.14
Significant Partial Test (T-Test)
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant)
IFRS
International
Standard
Audit
27.443
2.296
.255
5.291
.131
.109
.534
.284
5.187
2.253
2.343
.000
.000
.023
a. Dependent Variable: Accounting Professional
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
By seeing 4.12, the results of significant test partial (T-Test) are follows :
1) IFRS
From the Table 4.12 shows that probability value of Adoption
IFRS is 0.000 < 0,05. It means Adoption IFRS influence Of
Accountant Professional Partially, so the Ha 1 is accepted.
2) International Standard on Audit
From the Table 4.12 shows that probability value of
International Standard on Audit is 0.023 < 0.05. it means
International Standard on Audit of Accountant Professional
Partially. So, the Ha 2 is accepted.
69
D. Multiple Regression Analysis
Multiple regression analysis used to test the effect of two or more
independent variables toward the dependent variable in this research, independent
variable are Adoption IFRS and International Standard on Audit and dependent
variable is Accountant Professional.
Table 4.15
Multiple Regression Analysis
Model
1 (constant)
IFRS
ISA
Unstandardized Coefficients
B Std.Eror
27.443
2.296
.255
5.291
.131
.109
Source : Processed primary data by SPSS 24.0
The result of multiple regression analysis has been explained in
the table 4.15. the result of multiple regression analysis with using
significance 5% obtained the `following equation:
Y = 27.443 + 2.296X1 + .255x2 +e
From the multiple linear regression equation above, it can be
explained for each variable as follow:
1) The value of constanta is 27.443. its means if total of Adoption IFRS
and International Standard on Audit has 0 values so the total
Professionals Accounting has positive value 27.443.
70
2) The value of coefficient regression variable Accountant Professionals
(b1) is positive 2.296. its mean if the value of Adoption IFRS is
increasing, so. The Adoption will increase too.
3) The value of coefficient regression variable International Standard on
Audit (b2) is positive .255. its mean if the value of International
Standard on Audit is increasing, so the Accountant Professional will
increase too.
5) Interpretation
Based on Multiple Regression analysis as describe in the previous
section, the interpretation of the result is presented in three sections. The
first section discuses the Adoption IFRS to Accountant Professionals
(Ha 1). The Second section discuses the International Standard on Audit
to Accountant Professional (Ha 2). The third section discuses the Status
Quo IFRS and International Standard on Audit towards of Professionals
Accounting (Ha 3). The explanation as is follow :
a. IFRS to Accountant Professional
The result using multiple regression analysis obtain
results that International Standard on Audit has significant to
Accountant Professional. It can be seen from the calculated
value by hypothesis testing where the significance value of
board size is 0.000on significance level 5%, mean value 0.000
71
< 0.05. thus, this research can accept the first hypothesis (Ha
1) which states that IFRS has significant on Accountant
Professional . Regression coefficient value is 2.296 which
mean that there is a positive IFRS between International
Standard on Audit and Professionals Accounting.
There are IFRS of Accountant Professional is required.
Professionals Accounting ability to process information, make mental
comparisons of alternative solutions and take the necessary actions.
Inexperienced Professionals Accounting do not have such capabilities.
With the Professional of their Accounting. The Accountant develop
memory structures that make up the board and complex set of information
needed to make decisions. Thus, assessment relies heavily on knowledge
because the information needed to carry out tasks from memory.
Therefore the correspondence between the information in the
memory of the task needs affect the assessments. Accounting with less
experience have not memory structure like this so they are not able to
provide an adequate response. (Libby,1990 in Seruni ,2011)
The results of this hypothesis is consistent with research that have
been done by Faridah (2010) used path analysis, Irman Firmansyah
(2010) used spearman‘s scale correlation and PutiAyuseruni and Trimanto
72
SetyoWardoyo (2011) used path analysis method and found empirical
evidence that there is significantly positive between IFRS , ISA and
Accountant Professional.
b) International Standard on Audit to Accountant Professional
The results using multiple regression analysis obtain
results that International Standard on Audit has significant effect
to Professionals Accounting. It can be seen from the calculated
value by hypothesis testing where the significance value of board
size 0.001 at significance level 5%, mean value 0.023 < 0.05,
Thus, this research can accept the first hypothesis (Ha 2) which
states that the International Standard on Audit has significant
effect on Accountant Professional. Regression coefficient value is
0.255 means that there is a positive effect between International
Standard on Audit and Professionals Accounting International
Standard on Audit also depends on the perception of a situation.
The Accountant professional attitude is the result of several
factors such as education, culture, and so on. The most significant
and visible control all Elements of such is feeling Accountant
Professionals in faced with situation given the success of the
previous situation.
73
The results of this hypothesis is consistent with research that have
been done by Putri Ayu Seruni and Trimanto SetyoWardoyo
(2011) used path analysis method and Devani (2012) used
multiple regression method and found empirical evidence that
there is significantly positive effect between International
Standard on Audit and Professionals Accounting.
74
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
The purpose of this research is to examine the effect IFRS and
International Standard on Audit of Professionals Accounting. The total
respondent in this research are 50 respondent in CPA firm located at
Jakarta. Based on the collected data and tested by using multiple linear
regression models, the conclusion can be drawn as follows:
1. The result from multiple linear regression test states that IFRS has
significantly positive effect on Accountant Professionals. The
result of this research aligns with previous research result
conducted by Farida (2010), Irman (2010), PutriAyu (2011), and
Devani (2012). They stated that IFRS has an impact on Accountant
Professionals .
2. The result from multiple linear regression test states that
International Standards on Audit has significantly positive effect
on Professionals Accounting. It is supported by previous research
conducted by Puti (2011) and Devani (2012) stating. They
concluded that International Standards on Audit has an impact on
Accountant Professional.
75
3. The results from multiple linear regression test states that
independent variable (IFRS and International Standard Audit) has
simultaneously positive effect on Accountant Professional. It is
supported by the previous research conducted by Puti (2011)
B. Recommendation
The results states that IFRS and Internationals are important factors
for improving Professionals Accounting then IFRS and
International Standard on Audit need to be improved.
Recommendation from this research is:
1. Professionals Accounting should get more training or seminar
to improve their skills and knowledge so they have more
experience and the judgement to cover up their Accounting
process.
2. Improving the spiritual learning of Accounting to increasing
intuition of Accounting. Because of the Accountant as only
human and need God to bless his/her job.
3. For further research, The researcher needs to describe the
researched variables and to enlarge the research object in order
to present the qualified research result.
76
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85(1):31-61.
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cons for investors. Accounting and Business Research, 36: 5–27
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accounting numbers in four East Asian countries, and implications for acceptance
of IAS. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 36(1-3): 235–270
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Standards and accounting quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(3):467-
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investor- protection: International evidence. The International Journal of
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prensipleri-ufrs-178788h.htm
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http://www.ifac.org/publications-resources/2012-iaasb-annual-report
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IFAC handbook- ISA‘s
org/system/files/downloads/a012-2010-iaasb-handbook-isa-240.pdf
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Org/system/files/download/futureaudit.pdf
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http://www.ifrs.org/Theorganisation/Documents/2013/Who- We-Are-
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Principles”, 4. UluslararasıMuhasebeKonferansı, 15-17 Kasım,MODAV, ,
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79
Reliability
Scale: ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedures
Reliability Statistics
Item-Total Statistics
Scale
Mean if
Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
Correcte
d Item-
Total
Correlati
on
Squared
Multiple
Correlati
on
Cronbach
's Alpha
if Item
Deleted
Q1 2.32
1.78
.357
.512
.650
.650
.422
.422
.
. Q2
N %
Valid
Cases Excluded
Total
50
0
50
100.0
0
100.0
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.780
2
80
Reliability
Scale : ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedures
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.863 9
\\
N %
Valid
Cases Excluded
Total
50
0
50
100.0
0
100.0
81
Reliability
Scale : ALL VARIABLES
Case Processing Summary
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedures
Item-Total Statistics
Scale
Mean if
Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
Corrected
Item-Total
Correlatio
n
Squared
Multiple
Correlatio
n
Cronbach'
s Alpha if
Item
Deleted
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
30.55
30.19
29.61
29.85
29.56
29.63
29.39
29.35
29.21
27.815
27.470
27.902
24.363
24.989
24.934
26.399
26.133
27.233
.508
.358
.408
.614
.641
.651
.588
.620
.467
.381
.313
.277
.465
.570
.603
.563
.735
.619
.817
.835
.826
.803
.800
.799
.807
.804
.820
N %
Valid
Cases Excluded
Total
50
0
50
100.0
0
100.0
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.780
2
82
Normal P-Plot Graph
Normal P-Plot of Regression Standardized Residual
Dependent Variable : Professional of Accounting
Item-Total Statistics
Scale
Mean if
Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance if
Item
Deleted
Corrected
Item-Total
Correlation
Squared
Multiple
Correlation
Cronbach's
Alpha if
Item
Deleted
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
35.94
35.31
34.91
34.78
35.15
35.27
34.82
35.05
35.06
35.09
16.176
16.501
16.823
15.980
14.729
15.901
15.608
16.537
15.452
16.389
.310
.415
.358
.536
.664
.367
.569
.406
.503
.395
.147
.294
.310
.449
.518
.315
.438
.296
.460
.342
.781
.763
.769
.749
.729
.772
.744
.764
.751
.765
83
Multicollinearity Test
Hypothesis Test
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Unstandardized
Residual
N 50
.0000000
4.81406286
.047
.045
-.047
.863
.972
Normal Parameters
Most Extreme
Differences
Mean
Std. Deviation
Absolute
Positive
Negative
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standar
dized
Coeffici
ents
T Sig.
Collinearity
Statistics
B
Std.
Error Beta
Toler
ance VIF
1 (constan
t)
n IFRS
ISA’s
2.748
2.270
.255
.4.704
.176
.109
.534
.284
5.042
4.395
2.343
.000
000
.724
.000
.000
.023
1.022
1.022
84
Model Summaryb
a. Predictors: (Constant) : Adoption IFRS, International Audit
b.Dependent Variable : Professionals Accounting
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of
Squares Df
Mean
Square F Sig.
1 Regressio
n
Residual
Total
120.035
1135.585
1255.620
2
47
49
120.035
23.658
5.074 .000b
a. Dependent Variable. : Accountant Professional
b. Predictors: (Constant) :Adoption IFRS, International Standard Audit
Multicollinearity Test
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std.Eror of
the Estimate
1
.309a
.322
.293
4.864
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standar
dized
Coeffici
ents
T Sig.
Collinearity
Statistics
B
Std.
Error Beta
Toler
ance VIF
1 (constan
t)
IFRS
ISA’s
2.748
2.270
.255
.4.704
.176
.109
.534
.284
5.042
4.395
2.343
.000
000
.724
.000
.000
.023
1.022
1.022
85
Heteroscedasticity Test
86
Questionnaire
Respondent Identity :
Name :
Place of work :
Old work :
Title :
Mr / Mrs. Are requested to give a response that is appropriate to the
following questions by selecting scores available by way of crossing (x). if
according to Mr / Mrs no right answers on question, then the answer can be given
to the closest option. Scores can answers given to the closest option. Score the
answer is as follows:
Score 1 : Strongly Disagree (SD)
Score 2 : Disagree (D)
Score 3 : Neutral (N)
Score 4 : Agree (A)
Score 5 : Strongly Agree (SA)
87
NO
QUESTION
SD
D
N
A
SA
Instrument of IFRS
1 I understand the Accounting
Standards Finance (SAK) and The
Professional Standard Public
Accountant (SPAP)
2 I do not need to understand the
types of industrial client
3 I do not need to understand the
condition of clients company
4 Do you believe that IFRS‘s will
contribute to enhance the
international economic and
financial relations
5 Do you think that the use of
IFRS‘s might be mandatory
6 Do you think that new challenges
will accompany the adoption on
ISA‘s in our country
7 Do you think that the financial
reports prepared compatible with
IFRS are easy to ready and
explanatory enough with respect to
the accounting applications
88
8 Do you think that IFRS will cause
ambiguities and confusion in
national or international areas
regarding to the accounting
applications of enterprises
9 Do you think that ISAs will meet
the needs of auditing as a whole
10 What do you think about results
suggests that the effect of financial
secrecy on earning quality is
mediated by mandatory IFRS
adoption
Instrument International of Audit
11 I do not need higher quality
accounting and auditing are
positively related with financial
development in countries whose
legal systems support protection of
investor
12 What do you think what the
outcomes of commitment within we
develop standards that protect the
interests of both of those who rely
on audits, assurance, and other
services and are practical for those
who must apply them
89
13 What do you think about Audit
quality is essential to improve
financial stability and increase
public confidence in financial
reporting
14 Do you know if ISAs specifically
know the possibility of obtaining
audit evidence from data analysis
15
Do you understand what a testing
control role is when the auditor
analyzes 100% of transactions in a
particular audit area
16 What do you think When you have
been able to analyze all transactions
in a particular audit area during the
audit period, what the auditor needs
to do to demonstrate or reinforce
that unexpected transactions have
been adequately addressed in the
audit
Instrument of Accountant
Professional
17 Not all errors that I found are
90
Thank you for your willingness to fill out this questionnaire. I ensure the
confidentially of the answers and it is only used for academic interest.
reported because good relations with
clients
18 What do you think about
international audit and assurance
standard boards to influence the
direction of new and revised
standards of auditing and guarantee
for the benefit of investors
19 do you agree that management
accepts responsibility for the entity's
internal control and for the
preparation of the entity's financial
statements
20
I do not agree considered all the
circumstances and factors that exist
in the current business environment
that impact on the use of data
analysis in the audit of financial
statements
21
Have you do about environmental
affect the ethical ability of a
Professional Accountant
91
IFRS
International standard on
Auditing
no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 3
2 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 5
3 1 2 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5
4 1 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4
6 2 2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
7 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
8 1 1 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4
9 2 2 3 4 2 1 4 4 3 3 2
10 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
11 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 5 3 5
12 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4
13 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5
14 2 2 3 4 5 3 5 3 5 4 4
15 2 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
16 2 2 3 4 5 3 3 3 3 5 5
17 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
18 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5
19 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
20 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4
21 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 4 5 5 5
22 1 2 3 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
23 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 5 5 5
24 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 5
25 3 4 3 3 5 4 3 4 3 3 2
26 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
27 2 3 5 3 4 2 4 3 4 4 5
28 2 3 2 3 4 2 4 3 4 5 5
29 3 3 2 2 4 2 4 4 5 4 4
30 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 3 4 5
31 1 2 2 2 4 3 3 3 4 5 5
32 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 5 5 5
33 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 3 5 5 5
34 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 5 3 4 5
35 3 3 3 2 4 2 4 4 5 5 4
36 1 2 2 2 4 3 4 4 5 5 5
37 2 3 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 5
38 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 5
92
39 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
40 1 2 3 2 5 5 4 5 5 5 4
41 1 2 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4
42 2 2 3 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 5
43 1 2 3 2 5 5 4 5 4 4 5
44 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
45 1 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 4
46 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
47 2 2 4 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 5
48 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1
49 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4
50 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 4 5
51 3 1 3 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
52 2 3 3 5 3 4 5 4 3 4 4
53 1 1 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
54 3 3 2 5 4 4 3 3 5 5 5
55 1 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 5
56 1 2 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 4
57 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3
58 1 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
59 3 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 3 4 4
60 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 3 4 4
61 1 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 4 4
62 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 4 3 3 3
63 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2 4 4 5
64 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
65 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 3 4 4 4
66 2 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 4 4 4
67 2 2 3 4 3 5 5 4 4 4 4
68 2 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
69 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4
70 2 3 3 4 4 5 4 2 2 3 3
93
Professional of
Accountant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 82
2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 86
3 4 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 80
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 68
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 69
3 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 90
3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 79
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 67
3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 68
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 93
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 81
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 88
3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 79
2 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 77
2 3 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 86
3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 73
2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 88
2 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 82
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 95
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 82
3 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 79
3 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 80
2 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 72
3 4 3 4 4 2 4 3 3 3 71
5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 3 81
2 2 3 3 2 5 3 2 3 3 58
4 4 4 5 4 3 5 4 5 4 81
3 5 4 5 4 3 5 4 5 5 80
3 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 77
4 4 4 5 3 3 5 5 5 4 81
2 3 5 5 4 3 4 4 4 5 73
4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 72
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 85
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 75
2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 82
4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 76
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 88
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 75
94
2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 91
3 4 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 78
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 74
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 69
3 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 83
3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 76
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 72
3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 78
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 90
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 78
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 95
3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 64
2 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 75
2 3 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 77
3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 68
2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 83
2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 73
2 3 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 76
2 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 74
2 3 5 5 3 4 4 3 3 4 67
3 3 4 4 4 3 5 4 5 4 70
2 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 80
2 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 74
2 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 76
2 3 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 4 76
3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 80
2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 3 77
2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 77
3 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 78
2 5 4 5 3 3 4 3 3 3 76
5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 3 86
2 5 3 4 4 4 3 2 3 3 68
95
IFRS
International on Standard
Auditing
no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
2 1 2 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 5
3 1 2 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 3 4
4 1 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4
6 2 2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
7 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
8 1 1 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4
9 2 2 3 4 2 1 4 4 3 3 2
10 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
11 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 5 3 5
12 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4
13 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 4
14 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 3 5 4 4
15 2 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
16 2 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 3 3 5
17 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
18 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5
19 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
20 1 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
21 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 4 5
22 1 3 3 3 4 3 5 5 5 5 5
23 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5
24 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5
25 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 2
26 2 3 2 2 4 2 3 4 3 3 4
27 2 3 5 5 4 2 4 5 4 4 5
28 2 3 2 2 4 4 4 3 4 5 5
29 3 3 2 2 4 3 4 4 5 5 5
30 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 5
31 1 2 2 2 4 2 4 3 3 5 5
32 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 5 5 5
33 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 5
34 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 4 5 5 4
35 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 5
36 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5
37 2 3 3 2 5 5 5 3 5 5 5
38 2 2 3 2 5 5 3 5 5 5 5
96
39 3 3 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5
40 1 2 3 2 4 4 3 5 5 5 5
41 1 2 3 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 5
42 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 5 5 4
43 1 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
44 2 3 3 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 5
45 1 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
46 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
47 2 2 4 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 4
48 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5
49 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
50 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 1
97
professional Accounting
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 84
2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 86
3 4 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 77
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 68
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 69
3 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 90
3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 79
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 67
3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 67
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 93
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 81
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 88
3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 78
2 3 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 79
2 3 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 86
3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 73
2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 87
2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 80
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 94
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 83
3 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 82
3 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 80
2 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 75
3 4 3 4 4 2 4 3 3 3 72
5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 3 78
2 2 3 3 2 5 3 2 3 3 60
4 4 4 5 4 3 3 5 4 4 83
3 5 4 5 4 3 5 4 5 5 81
3 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 83
2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 77
4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 72
4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 5 72
5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 82
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 77
2 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 82
4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 5 76
5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 91
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 81
2 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 89
3 4 5 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 76
98
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 72
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 71
3 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 84
3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 76
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 71
4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 76
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 89
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 87
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 97
3 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 57