27 November 1959, Volume 130, Number 3387 SO IE-NCE Editorial Cranberry Smash .......................................................... 1447 Articles "On the Origin of Species": An Unpublished Version: R. C. Staufler .... ............ 1449 The uncompleted draft of the longer work establishes new facts about the evolution of Darwin's thought. Darwin or Spencer?: G. K. Plochmann ........................................ 1452 Why has Darwin's reputation risen, while that of Herbert Spencer has declined? Introducing Industry in Peasant Societies: M. Nash ............................. 1456 Modern industrial production need not drastically disturb local ways of life. Science In the News American Group Studies Soviet Programs for Disseminating Scientific Information; United Nations Assembly Asks All States To Halt Atom Tests 1462 Book Reviews A. P. Okladnikov's Ancient Population of Siberia and Its Cultures, reviewed by C. S. Chard; other reviews ....................................... ...... 1467 Reports Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Isolated from Culex nigripalpus in Trinidad: W. G. Downs, T. H. G. Aitken, L. Spence ................................. The Clock Paradox: M. L. Boas ............................................ Serological Procedure for the Detection of Antibodies to Penicillin: M. Epp ......... Field of Doctorate Specialization as a Function of Size of High-School Graduating Class: L. R. Harmon ....................................... Enzymatic Factors in Experimental Galactose Cataract: S. Lerman ................ Requirement of Bound Calcium for the Action of Surface Chemoreceptors: H. M. Lenhofi and J. Bovaird. Molting of Preadult Nematodes of the Genus Paratylenchus Stimulated by Root Diffusates: H. L. Rhoades and M. B. Linford .............................. Growth of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particles: G. W. Sears. Induced Synthesis of Liver Microsomal Enzymes Which Metabolize Foreign Compounds: A. H. Conney et al......................................... Assoclation Affairs Departments Programs Planned for the AAAS Chicago Meeting ........... ................... 1480 New Products ............................................................ Cover Julian S. Huxley, noted British biologist, editor, writer, and grandson of T. H. Huxley, "Darwin's Bulldog," in the library of Charles Darwin's home at Down, Kent, England. [From "The Ladder of Life," one of the Columbia Broadcasting System's weekly tele- vision shows in the Conquest series] 1471 1471 14-72 1473 1473 1474 1476 1477 1478 1487 1462
Transcript
27 November 1959, Volume 130, Number 3387 SO IE-NCE
Articles "On the Origin of Species": An Unpublished Version: R. C. Staufler .... ............ 1449
The uncompleted draft of the longer work establishes new facts about theevolution of Darwin's thought.
Darwin or Spencer?: G. K. Plochmann ........................................ 1452
Why has Darwin's reputation risen, while that of Herbert Spencer has declined?
Introducing Industry in Peasant Societies: M. Nash ............................. 1456
Modern industrial production need not drastically disturb local ways of life.
Science In the News American Group Studies Soviet Programs for Disseminating ScientificInformation; United Nations Assembly Asks All States To Halt Atom Tests 1462
Book Reviews A. P. Okladnikov's Ancient Population of Siberia and Its Cultures, reviewed byC. S. Chard; other reviews ....................................... ...... 1467
Reports Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Isolated from Culex nigripalpus in Trinidad:W. G. Downs, T. H. G. Aitken, L. Spence .................................
The Clock Paradox: M. L. Boas ............................................
Serological Procedure for the Detection of Antibodies to Penicillin: M. Epp .........
Field of Doctorate Specialization as a Function of Size of High-SchoolGraduating Class: L. R. Harmon .......................................
Enzymatic Factors in Experimental Galactose Cataract: S. Lerman ................
Requirement of Bound Calcium for the Action of Surface Chemoreceptors:H. M. Lenhofi and J. Bovaird.
Molting of Preadult Nematodes of the Genus Paratylenchus Stimulated by RootDiffusates: H. L. Rhoades and M. B. Linford ..............................
Growth of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particles: G. W. Sears.
Induced Synthesis of Liver Microsomal Enzymes Which Metabolize ForeignCompounds: A. H. Conney et al.........................................
Assoclation Affairs
Departments
Programs Planned for the AAAS Chicago Meeting ........... ................... 1480
New Products ............................................................
Cover Julian S. Huxley, noted British biologist, editor, writer, and grandson of T. H. Huxley,"Darwin's Bulldog," in the library of Charles Darwin's home at Down, Kent, England.[From "The Ladder of Life," one of the Columbia Broadcasting System's weekly tele-vision shows in the Conquest series]
1471
1471
14-72
1473
1473
1474
1476
1477
1478
1487
1462
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1446 SCIENCE, VOL. 130
27 November 1959, Volume 130, Number 3387
AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
Board of DirectorsPAUL E. KLOPSTEG, PresidentCHAUNCEY D. LEAKE, President ElectWALLACE R. BRODE, Retiring PresidentH. BENTLEY GLASSGEORGE R. HARRISONMARGARET MEADTHOMAS PARKDON K. PRICEMINA REESWILLIAM W. RUBEYALAN T. WATERMANPAUL A. SCHERER, TreasurerDAEL WOLPLE, Executive Officer
Editorial BoardDONALD J. HUGHES H. BURR STEINBACHKONRAD B. KRAUSKOPF WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR.EDWIN M. LERNER EDWARD L. TATUM
Editorial StaffDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer
GRAHAM DUSHANE, EditorJOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor
ROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor
CHARLOTrE F. CHAMBERS, SARAH S. DEES, NANCYS. HAMILTON, WILLIAM HASKELL, OLIVER W.HEATWOLE, YUKIE KOZAI, MILDRED L. MACE,ELLEN E. MURPHY, ELEANOR D. O`HARA, BETHSABEPEDERSEN, NANCY L. TEIMOURIAN, LOIS W.WOODWORTHEARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative
SCIENCE, which is now combined with THESCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri-day by the American Association for the Ad-vancement of Science at National PublishingCompany, Washington, D.C. The joint journal ispublished in the SCIENCE format. SCIENCEis indexed in the Reader's Guide to PeriodicalLiterature.
Editorial and personnel-placement correspond-ence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C.Manuscripts should be typed with double spac-ing and submitted in duplicate. The AAASassumes no responsibility for the safety ofmanuscripts or for the opinions expressed bycontributors. For detailed suggestions on thepreparation of manuscripts and illustrations, seeScience 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957).
Display-advertising correspondence should beaddressed to SCIENCE, Room 740, 11 West 42St., New York 36, N.Y.
Change of address notification should be sentto 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5,D.C., 4 weeks in advance. If possible, furnish anaddress label from a recent issue. Give both oldand new addresses, including zone numbers, ifany.
Annual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage,$1.50; Canadian postage, 75¢. Single copies, 350.Cable address: Advancesci, Washington.
SCIENCE:
Cranberry SmashThe recent hullabaloo about cranberries was initiated on 9 November
-"Black Monday" to the cranberry industry-when Secretary ofHealth, Education, and Welfare Arthur S. Flemming warned the publicthat a part of the current crop was contaminated by a weedkiller,aminotriazole. The announcement raised the curtain oin a political dramathat is variously interpreted according to the predilections or interestsof the observers. One version has it that the action was an unwarrantedattack by Big Government on a small industry that supplies the Ameri-can housewife with a "pure, wholesome, and nutritious food." At theopposite extreme, the Secretary is pictured as a champion of publichealth, protecting the consumer in courageous disregard of the politicalconsequences.
Whatever the interpretation, the surface facts are not in dispute. Theproduct, aminotriazole, is properly registered with the Department ofAgriculture as an economic poison. If it is used in cranberry bogs asdirected, within a few days after harvest, and at no other time, it willnot be incorporated in the berries produced the following year. But ifit is used during the growing season it will be incorporated in the berries.
In 1957 the product was apparently misused by some growers, andthe FDA succeeded in having 31/2 million pounds of cranberries with-drawn from the market on the grounds that the berries had not beenshown to be safe for human consumption. Before that, the AmericanCyanamid Company had asked that a tolerance for a certain amount(reportedly 1 part per million) of aminotriazole be set, but the FDAdenied the petition on the grounds that tests run for the company byan independent laboratory showed the compound to be a possible car-cinogen (cancer inducer).
In 1958 the company again petitioned that a tolerance be set, and thepetition was again denied; no appeal was made.
Apparently few growers misused the product in 1958, and no seizureswere made. In 1959, however, contaminated berries were found, firstin Washington and Oregon and then in Wisconsin. Impounded lots arebeing tested and released as soon as they are shown to be uncontaminated.What are the scientific issues? This question would be easier to discuss,
if not to answer, if the basic facts about the compound had been madepublic by the FDA. As of this writing, both the petition and the scientificappraisal by FDA scientists and physicians are confidential, but it hasbeen possible to obtain some information. The tests showed that ratsfed for 2 years on a diet containing 100 parts per million of aminotriazoledeveloped a significant number of thyroid adenomas and adenocarcinomas("cancers"); those similarly fed at the rate of 50 parts per milliondeveloped adenomas (nonmalignant tumors) but not, according to acompany spokesman, adenocarcinomas. It is a reasonable inference thatthe FDA disagreed with this interpretation of the results as well as withthe company contention that the one rat out of a total of ten thatdeveloped an adenoma at a feeding level of 10 parts per million wasnot statistically significant. The company argues that the substance isnot a carcinogen: it must be administered continuously over a long periodof time to induce cancer; a single dose, no matter how large, is noteffective.
Secretary Flemming disagrees and bases his action on the statementin the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which says that "no addi-tive shall be deemed safe if it is found to induce cancer when ingestedby man or animal . .The scientific issues are unresolved. Whether the Secretary's position
is extreme cannot be appraised until the evidence is out and expertopinion is brought to bear. One prediction is safe: some battle lineshave been drawn for the next session of Congress.-G.DuS.
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SCIENCE, VOL. 1301448
Raytheon's Santaopens new aspects ofGas Excitation...Cellular Disruption
Raytheon Companyc/o AAAS ConventionBooth 93Morrison HotelChicago, Ill.
Robert A. Bullington, Northern IllinoisUniversity; William C. Forbes, OaklandCounty Schools, Michigan; Kenneth E.Vordenberg, Cincinnati Public Schools;Milton 0. Pella, University of Wiscon-sin; James A. Rutledge, University ofNebraska; J. Donald Henderson, Uni-versity of North Dakota; Peter M. Dean,Wayne State University; John G.Navarra, Jersey City State College;Albert Piltz, Detroit Public Schools;Robert A. Rice, Berkeley PublicSchools, California; Sylvia S. Neivert,Bayside High School, New York; Ed-mund T. Burke, Montgomery CountySchools, Maryland.
Part III; Summary of Round-TableDiscussions; Donald G. Decker, presid-ing.
Conference on the Future Scientistsof America Program; 30 Dec.; Zacha-riah Subarsky, Bronx High School ofScience, presiding.
American Nature Study Society. Ses-sion on "Natural History of the ChicagoArea"; 27 Dec.; Stanley B. Mulaik, Uni-versity of Utah, presiding. Papers onreptiles and amphibians of the Chicagoarea (James A. Fowler, Cranbrook In-stitute of Science); plant life of the Chi-cago area (Floyd A. Swink, Forest Pre-serve District of Cook County); nativegrasses and ecology of the Illinois prairie(Alice Goodrich, Chicago); Chicago andthe rest of the universe (Daniel Q. Posin.DePaul University); the dunes area(Terzo P. Amidie, Gary, Ind.).
Session on "Contributions of Re-search toward a Better Interpretationof Nature"; 28 Dec.; Emery L. Will,New York State University, College ofEducation, presiding. Papers on inter-relationships of biological and physicalsciences in ecological studies (Ted F.Andrews, Kansas State Teachers Col-lege); the naturalist and the scientist(Harlow B. M\4ills, Illinois State NaturalHistory Survey); natural history researchfor the layman (Verne N. Rockcastle.Cornell University); importance ofscientific accuracy in field studies forbetter nature interpretation (Howard H.Michaud, Purdue University).
Session on "Reaching the Public-Problems Ahead"; 28 Dec.; H. Ray-mond Gregg, National Park Service,presiding. Papers on public informationprogram for adults (Roland F. Eisenbeis.Forest Preserve District of CookCounty, Ill.); nature study in tomorrow'sschools (John W. Brainerd, SpringfieldCollege); the fight for wilderness in anurban society (William J. Beecher, Chi-cago Academy of Science); the NationalPark Service prepares for the future(John E. Doerr, National Park Service);reaching America's youth through theBoy Scouts of America (E. LaurencePalmer, Ithaca, N.Y.).
Session on "Nature Writing for thePresent and Future"; 29 Dec.; S. Glid-
1482
den Baldwin, Danville, Ill., presiding.Papers on an author looks to the future(Robert M. McClung, Chevy Chase,Md.); writing for today's children(Dorothy M. Matala, Iowa State Teach-ers College); royalty, retirement, andrebellion: three R's of nature writing (E.Laurence Palmer); watching the birdswith a million readers (Anne Douglas,Gary, Indiana).
Banquet; 29 Dec.; arranged by Eliza-beth Blair, Barrington, Ill., with StanleyB. Mulaik, University of Utah, presid-ing. Address: "Adventure in Africa," byMurl Deusing, Museum of Science andNatural History.
Joint Sessions of the Four ScienceTeaching Societies. General session on"Man and Space Travel"; 27 Dec.; ar-ranged by Robert H. Carleton, NationalScience Teachers Association, who willpreside. Papers on surface of the moon(John A. O'Keefe, National Aeronauti-cal and Space Administration); the placeof planetaria in teaching space science(James A. Fowler, Cranbrook Instituteof Science).
Elementary-Junior High School Sci-ence Assembly; 29 Dec.; J. MyronAtkin, University of Illinois. presiding.Papers on the building of science pro-grams: kindergarten-grade 8 (ErnestBonhivert, Glencoe Public Schools.Illinois); teaching about chemicalchanges (Kenneth George, MidlothianPublic Schools, Illinois); teaching mod-ern concepts in astronomy (Fred Wilkin.Highland Park Public Schools, Illinois):teaching about insects (Alvin Quinn.Lincolnwood Public School>. Illinois).
Programs of General Interest
Academyv Conference. Junior Scien-tists Assembly. four sessions at the Chi-cago Museum of Natural History; 29and 30 Dec.: arranged by M. B. Sails-bury, Evanston Township High School.Illinois. Many selected students fromthe Chicago area. who are interested inscience as a career. have been invited tothe Assemblyr. The program will consistof a series of meetings on differentfrontiers of science with emphasis onscience projects in order to assist stu-dents in choosing a project on whichthe, may work. At each session differentoutstanding completed projects will beshown.
Junior Academy session: 27 Dec.;Elnore Stoldt, Jacksonville Illinois HighSchool. presiding; H. Neil Hardy, OhioState University. recorder. Papers on abrief review of former Junior Academysessions (H. Neil Hardy); the LouisianaJunior Academy Project supported bythe National Science Foundation (HarryJ. Bennett, Louisiana State University);the Tennessee Junior Academy Programsupported by the National ScienceFoundation (M. S. McCay, Universityof Chattanooga); the Young Naturalists'
SCIENCE, VOL. 130
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and Young Technicians' Circles-Sovietcounterpart of the Junior Academy ofScience (C. Leplie Kanatzar, MacMur-ray College).
Business meeting and reports; 28Dec.; A. M. Winchester, Stetson Uni-versity, presiding. Papers on the do'sand don'ts of applying for NationalScience Foundation and other grants(John A. Yarbrough, Meredith College);Academy utilization of AAAS grantsover the past ten years (Clinton Baker,Southwestern at Memphis).
Panel discussion on current senioracademy problems; 28 Dec.; John G.Arnold, Jr., Loyola of New Orleans,presiding. Discussion on membership-how to increase it (Kenneth B. Hobbs,Ohio Academy of Science); attendance-how to stimulate it (W. C. Oelke,Grinnel College). There will be a debateon the topic "Academies of Scienceshould establish permanent headquartersand obtain full time executive leader-ship." The affirmative will be taken byRobert C. Miller (California Academyof Sciences) and Harold W. Hansen(Minnesota Academy of Science); thenegative by P. U7. Yancey (AlabamaAcademy of Science) and Wayne Taylor(Michigan Academy of Science).Academy Conference Dinner and
Presidential Address: "Tribulations ofthe Science Textbook Author," by A. M.Winchester, Stetson University; 28 Dec.;John A. Yarbrough, presiding.A merican Council on Women in
Science. Conference on Encouraging theParticipation of Women in Science, co-sponsored by Sigma Delta Epsilon; 28Dec.; keynote speaker, Alan T. Water-man. National Science Foundation.There will be three panel workshopsfollowing Dr. Waterman's address: mo-tivating women to select and advance inscientific careers, problems of the work-ing woman scientist, undergraduate andgraduate training for women in science.
Conference on Scientific Communica-tion. Symposium: "Research in Docu-mentation and Communication"; 29Dec.; Joseph Gray Jackson, WilliamSteell Jackson and Sons, presiding.Papers on semiautomatic indexing andencoding (Julius Frome, U.S. PatentOffice); metallurgical document classifi-cation, storage, and retrieval (MarjorieR. Hyslop, Metal Progress); storingnumerical values in an inverted file formechanized information retrieval (D. D.Andrews, U.S. Patent Office); machineliterature searching in science (AllenKent, Western Reserve University).
Symposium: "International C om -munications in Science"; 29 Dec.; J.George Adashko, Soviet Physics, presid-ing. Papers on going abroad for transla-tions (W. E. Sievers, National ScienceFoundation); who is winning the infor-mation war? (G. H. Rostky, ElectronicDesign); tracking the Russian satellite
and rocket literature (I. Hersey, Ameri-can Rocket Society); a combinationtranslation and abstracting program (G.Herrmann, Columbia University).
Session on the Principles of Com-munication, cosponsored by ScienceService; 30 Dec.; writing and sciencepresentation by Watson Davis, ScienceService.
Conference on Scientific Manpower.Two sessions: "Higher Education andTraining in Emerging Fields of Scienceand Technology," cosponsored by theEngineering Manpower Commission,the Scientific Manpower Commission,the National Research Council, the Na-tional Science Foundation, and AAASSection M-Engineering; 28 Dec. Part I;papers on engineering programs in thelight of new technology (Harold L.Hazen, Massachusetts Institute of Tech-nology); graduate training and the spacesciences (John P. Hagen National Aero-nautics and Space Administration);education and manpower problems inoceanography (Gordon A. Riley, YaleUniversity).
Part II; S. B. Ingram, Bell TelephoneLaboratories, presiding. Papers on im-plications of nuclear sciences develop-ments for graduate training (CharlesW. Shilling, Atomic Energy Commis-sion); graduate training for metallurgy(Walter R. Hibbard, Jr., General Elec-tric Company); graduate training re-quirements in chemical fuels (RichardD. Geckler, Aerojet-General Corpora-tion).Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi.
Triennial meeting; 30 and 31 Dec.National Association of Science Writ-
ers. Business meeting; 28 Dec. Recep-tion and dinner, by invitation; 27 Dec.;presentation of AAAS-WestinghouseScience Writing Awards; Pierre C.Fraley, Philadelphia Bulletin, presiding.
Scientific Research Society of Amer-ica. Annual convention; 29 Dec. Therewill be a joint luncheon with the So-ciety of the Sigma Xi; 29 Dec. Scienti-fic Research Society of America addressand award of the William Procter Prizewill follow the luncheon.
Sigmia Delta Epsilon. National Coun-cil and Board of Directors Meeting; 27Dec.: Esther S. Anderson, Bureau of theCensus, presiding.
Annual dinner and grand chaptermeeting; 29 Dec.; Esther S. Anderson,presiding.
Luncheon for all women in scienceand address: "Science in Education andEducation in Science," by DelaphineRosa Wyckoff, Wellesley College; 30Dec.; Esther S. Anderson, presiding.
The Society of the Sigma Xi. SixtiethAnnual Convention; 29 Dec.
Address, jointly with Phi Beta Kappa:"Adventure in Learning," by Lee A.DuBridge, California Institute of Tech-nology; 29 Dec.
This volume is intended as a review ofknowledge on many aspects of grass-lands resources. The 44 authors wereselected by their own professional col-leagues as being particularly competentto present the respective subjects.Thirty-seven papers are arranged underthese chapter headings:1. Sciences in Support of Grassland
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