steam power plant and boilers.pptx

7/23/2019 steam power plant and boilers.pptx

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steam power plant

By

DEPARTMENY OF MECHANICALENGINEERING

THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

.


2/101

Essentials of Steam Power Plant Equipment

A steam power plant must have following equipment :

(a) A furnace to burn the fuel.(b) Steam generator or boiler containing water.

Heat generated in the furnace is utilized to

convert water into steam.

(c) ain power unit such as an engine or

turbine to use the heat energ! of steam and

perform wor".

(d) Piping s!stem to conve! steam and water.


3/101

The flow sheet of a thermal power plant

consists of the following four main circuits :(a) #eed water and steam flow circuit.

(b) $oal and ash circuit.

(c) Air and gas circuit.(d) $ooling water circuit.


4/101

A steam power plant using steam as wor"ing

substance wor"s basicall! on %an"ine c!cle.

Steam is generated in a boiler& e'panded in theprime mover and condensed in the condenser

and fed into the boiler again.


5/101

The different types of components used in steam

ower plant

(a) High pressure boiler.

(b) Prime mover .

(c) $ondensers and cooling towers .

(d) $oal handling s!stem .

(e) Ash and dust handling s!stem .

(f) raught s!stem .

(g) #eed water purification plant .(h) Pumping s!stem .

(i) Air preheater& economizer& super heater& feed

heaters.


6/101

!pes of steam *enerators

Horizontal vertical or inclined.

#ire tube or water tube.

E'ternall! fired or internall! fired.

#orced circulation and natural circulation.

High pressure or low pressure boiler.


7/101

alton+s law he partial pressure pressure of each

constituent is that pressure which the gas

would e'ert if it occupied alone that volumeoccupied b! the mi'ture at the sametemperature.


8/101

#actors that should be considered while selecting the

boiler

,or"ing pressure and qualit! of steamrequired.

Steam generation rate.

#loor area available.

he portable load factor.

Erection facilities.


9/101

Properties of good steam generators

-t should be absolutel! reliable.

-t should occup! minimum space.

-t should be light in weight.

$apable of quic" starting.

Erection of boiler should be simple.


10/101

$ASS-#-$A-/0 /# SEA

P/,E% PA0S

Steam Power Plants are $lassified as

1. 2! fuel.

3. 2! prime mover.

4. 2! cooling tower.


11/101

$ASS-#-$A-/0 /# SEA

P/,E% PA0S

Steam Power Plants are also $lassified as5

Central stations; the electrical energy aaila!le "r#$the%e %tati#n% i% $eant "#r %ale t# the c#n%&$er% 'h#

'i%h t# (&rcha%e it)

Industrial/ captive power stations* thi% ty(e #"(#'er %tati#n i% r&n !y the $an&"act&ring c#$(any "#r

it% #'n &%e an+ it% #&t(&t i% n#t aaila!le "#r general

%ale)


12/101

$omparison between 6et and surface

condenser7et condenser5 low manufacturing cost. owup"eeps& requires small floor space and more

au'iliar! power required.surface condenser5 high manufacturingcost. high up"eeps& requires large floor space

and less au'iliar! power required.


13/101

Advantages of feed water heaters

#eed water heating improves overall plant

efficienc!.

8uantit! of steam produced b! the boiler isincrease.

hermal stress due to cold water entering the

boiler drum are avoided.$hance of boiler corrosion are decrease.


14/101

classification of dust collectors

ust collectorsare $lassified as5

echanical dust collectors;

(a) et type(scru!!ers)"

,(ray ty(e- (ac.e+ ty(e an+ i$(inge$ent ty(e)

(!) #ry type"

Graitati#nal %e(arat#r%- cycl#ne %e(arat#r%-

electricaldust collectors5R#+ ty(e an+ (late ty(e)


15/101

-##E%E0 9PES /# 2/-E%S :SE -0

SEA P/,E% PA0Shorizontal& vertical or inclined.

fire tube and water tube .

E'ternall! or internall! fired.

#orced or natural circulation.

High pressure or low pressure.

Stationar! or portable.

Single;tube and multi;tube.


16/101

,or"ing diagram hermal power station.


17/101

C

saturatedwater

hot gases

SteamTurbine

Gen

compressed water

superheatedsteam

Condenser

Pump

cooling watersaturatedsteam

Steam Generator(Boiler / Furnace)

Steam urbine Power Plant


18/101

Schematic arrangement of equipment of a

steam power station)$oal received in coal storage !ard of power

station is transferred in the furnace b! coal

handling unit. Heat produced due to burningof coal is utilized in converting water contained

in boiler drum into steam at suitable pressure

and temperature. he steam generated ispassed through the superheater.


19/101

Superheated steam then flows through the

turbine. After doing wor" in the turbine the

pressure of steam is reduced. Steam leavingthe turbine passes through the condenser

which is maintained the low pressure of

steam at the e'haust of turbine.


20/101

Steam pressure in the condenser depends upon flow rateand temperature of cooling water and on effectiveness of

air removal equipment.

,ater circulating through the condenser ma! be ta"en

from the various sources such as river& la"e or sea. -fsufficient quantit! of water is not available the hot water

coming out of the condenser ma! be cooled in cooling

towers and circulated again through the condenser.

2led steam ta"en from the turbine at suitable e'tractionpoints is sent to low pressure and high pressure water

heaters.


21/101

Air ta"en from the atmosphere is first passed

through the air pre;heater& where it is heated

b! flue gases. he hot air then passes throughthe furnace.

he flue gases after passing over boiler and

superheater tubes& flow through the dustcollector and then through economiser& air pre;

heater and finall! the! are e'hausted to the

atmosphere through the chimne!.


22/101

Di%a+antage #" %tea$ (#'er (lant

aintenance and operating cost are high.

ong time required for erection and putting into

action .arge quantit! of water is required.

*reat difficult! e'perienced in coal handling .

Efficienc! decreases rapidl! below about


23/101

echanical equipment in hermal power station.

2/-E%

E$/0/-SE%

:%2-0E

S:PE% HEAE%

A-% P%EHEAE%

$/0E0SE%


24/101

Superheaterhe superheater consists of a superheaterheader and superheater elements. Steam from

the main steam pipe arrives at the saturated

steam chamber of the superheater header and is

fed into the superheater elements.

Superheated steam arrives bac" at the

superheated steam chamber of the superheaterheader and is fed into the steam pipe to the

c!linders. Superheated steam is more e'pansive.


25/101

A+antage% #" %&(erheate+ %tea$$apacit! to do wor" is increased without

increasing its pressure.

High temperature of super heated steamresults in an increase in thermal efficienc!.

Heat losses due to condensation of stem on

c!linder walls are avoided to a great e'tent.oes not produce corrosion effect on

turbine.


26/101

,&(erheater-t is a heating device.

-t is used to raise temp of steam at const

pressure.-t removes even last traces of moisture.


27/101

Cla%%i"icati#n #" %&(er heater$onvection.

%adiation.

$ombination of convection and radiation.


28/101

%eheaterhe function of reheater is similar to the

superheater in that it serves to elevate the

steam temperature. Primar! steam is suppliedto the high pressure turbine.

After passing through the high pressure

turbine& the steam is returned to the steam

generator for reheating (in a reheater) after

which it is sent to the low pressure turbine. A

second reheat c!cle ma! also be provided.


29/101

,##t Bl#'er%he fuel used in thermal power plants causes

soot and this is deposited on the boiler tubes&

economizer tubes& air pre heaters& etc.

his drasticall! reduces the amount of heat

transfer of the heat e'changers. Soot blowers

control the formation of soot and reduce its

corrosive effects.

he t!pes of soot blowers are fi'ed t!pe& whichma! be further classified into lane t!pe and

mass t!pe depending upon the t!pe of spra!

and nozzle used.


30/101

$ondenser

he use of a condenser in a power plant is toimprove the efficienc! of the power plant b!

decreasing the e'haust pressure of the steam

below atmosphere.

Another advantage of the condenser is that the

steam condensed ma! be recovered to provide a

source of good pure feed water to the boiler and

reduce the water softening capacit! to a

considerable e'tent. A condenser is one of the

essential components of a power plant.


31/101

#unctions of $ondensers

he main purposes of the condenser are tocondense the e'haust steam from the turbine

for reuse in the c!cle and to ma'imize turbine

efficienc! b! maintaining proper vacuum.As the operating pressure of the condenser is

lowered (vacuum is increased)& the enthalp!

drop of the e'panding steam in the turbinewill also increase. his will increase the

amount of available wor" from the turbine

(electrical output).


32/101

$ooling owerhe importance of the cooling tower is felt

when the cooling water from the condenser

has to be cooled.he cooling water after condensing the steam

becomes hot and it has to be cooled as it

belongs to a closed s!stem. he $ooling towersdo the 6ob of decreasing the temperature of the

cooling water after condensing the steam in

the condenser.


33/101

$ooling owers have one function >

%emove heat from the water discharged

from the condenser so that the water can bedischarged to the river or re;circulated and

reused.


34/101

A cooling tower e'tracts heat from water b!

evaporation. -n an evaporative cooling

tower& a small portion of the water beingcooled is allowed to evaporate into a moving

air stream to provide significant cooling to

the rest of that water stream.


35/101

$ooling owers are commonl! used to

provide lower than ambient watertemperatures and are more cost effective and

energ! efficient than most other alternatives.

he smallest cooling towers are structured foronl! a few litres of water per minute while the

largest cooling towers ma! handle upwards of

thousands of litres per minute. he pipes are

obviousl! much larger to accommodate this

much water in the larger towers and can range

up to 13 inches in diameter.


36/101

A+antage% #" regeneratie cycle-mprove overall plant efficienc!.

Protect boiler corrosion.

Avoid the thermal stresses due to cold

water entering the boiler .

-ncreased the quantit! of steam produced

b! boiler.


37/101

F&ncti#n #" ec#n#$i/ero e'tract a part of heat from the fuel gas

coming out of the boiler.

o use heat for heating feed water to theboiler.

o increases the efficienc! of boiler.


38/101

he economizer is a feed water heater&

deriving heat from the flue gases. he

6ustifiable cost of the economizer depends onthe total gain in efficienc!. -n turn this

depends on the flue gas temperature leaving

the boiler and the feed water inlettemperature.


39/101

Air Pre;heater

he flue gases coming out of the

economizer is used to preheat the air beforesuppl!ing it to the combustion chamber. An

increase in air temperature of 3? degrees

can be achieved b! this method. he preheated air is used for combustion and also to

dr! the crushed coal before pulverizing.


40/101

A+antage% #" $echanical han+lingHigher reliabilit!.

ess labour required.

/peration is eas! and smooth.

Economical for large capacit! plant.

osses in transport are minimised.

Easil! started.


41/101

Di%a+antage% #" $echanical han+ling0eed continuous maintenance and repair.

$apital cost of plant is increased.


42/101

,or"ing diagram hermal power station.


43/101

Side view hermal power station.

Steam urbine Power PlantTotal


44/101

C

saturatedwater

Gen

compressed water

superheatedsteam

cooling water

PumpSteamTurbine

Condenser

Steam Generator

Steam urbine Power Plant

saturatedsteam

hot gases

Heat

WorkoutTotal

Workin

inTotal

oss@@@,here@@@

A di t th


45/101

R. Shanthini15 Aug 2010

According to the2ndLaw of Thermodynamics

when heat is converted into wor!part of the heat energy must "e wasted

Power generation

type

Unit size(MW)

Energy wasted(MW)

Diesel engine 10 - 30 7 22

as !"r#ine $0 - 100 3% 7&

'tea !"r#ine 200 - &00 120 $%0o#ined ('! * !) 300 - %00 1$0 3&0

+",lear (W. * PW.) $00 - 1100 330 7%0

/-1


46/101

The ,i$(le I+eal Ran.ine Cycle

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998


47/101

H#' can 0e Increa%e the E""iciency #" the

Ran.ine cycle1

%an"ine c!cle efficienc! can be increased

b! increasing average temperature at which

heat is transferred to the wor"ing fluid inthe boiler or decreasing the average

temperature at which heat is re6ected from

the wor"ing fluid in the condenser. hat is&the average fluid temperature should be as

high as possible during heat addition and as

low as possible during heat re6ection.


48/101

The three ways !y which efficiency of the

$an%ine cycle can !e increased are :

(a) owering the condenser pressure.(b) Superheating the steam to high

temperatures.

(c) -ncreasing the boiler pressure.


49/101

he thermal efficienc! of the %an"ine c!clecan be increased b! increasing the averagetemperature at which heat is added to the

wor"ing fluid andor b! decreasing theaverage temperature at which heat isre6ected to the cooling medium. he averagetemperature during heat re6ection can be

decreased b! lowering the turbine e'itpressure.


50/101

$onsequentl!& the condenser pressure of most

vapor power plants is well below theatmospheric pressure. he average

temperature during heat addition can be

increased b! raising the boiler pressure or b!superheating the fluid to high temperatures.

here is a limit to the degree of superheating&

however& since the fluid temperature is notallowed to e'ceed a metallurgicall! safe value.


51/101

Superheating has the added advantage of

decreasing the moisture content of the steam at

the turbine e'it. owering the e'haust pressure

or raising the boiler pressure& however& increases

the moisture content. o ta"e advantage of the

improved efficiencies at higher boiler pressures

and lower condenser pressures& steam is usuall!

reheated after e'panding partiall! in the high;

pressure turbine.


52/101

his is done b! e'tracting the steam after

partial e'traction in the high;pressure

turbine& sending it bac" to the boiler whereit is reheated at constant pressure& and

returning it to the low;pressure turbine for

complete e'pansion to the condenserpressure.


53/101

he average temperature during the reheatprocess& and thus the thermal efficienc! of the

c!cle& can be increased b! increasing the

number of e'pansion and reheat stages. Asthe number of stages is increased& the

e'pansion and reheat processes approach an

isothermal process at ma'imum temperature.

%eheating also decreases the moisture contentat the turbine e'it.


54/101

Another wa! of increasing the thermal

efficienc! of the %an"ine c!cle is b!

regeneration. uring a regeneration process&

liquid water (feed water) leaving the pump is

heated b! some steam bled off the turbine at

some intermediate pressure in devices called

feed water heaters.


55/101

he two streams are mi'ed in open

feed water heaters& and the mi'ture

leaves as a saturated liquid at theheater pressure. -n closed feed water

heaters& heat is transferred from the

steam to the feed water without mi'ing.


56/101

The production of more than one usefulform of energy (such as process heat and

electric power) from the same energy source

is called cogeneration" Cogeneration plantsproduce electric power while meeting the

process heat requirements of certain

industrial processes"


57/101

his wa!& more of the energ!

transferred to the fluid in the boiler

is utilized for a useful purpose. hefaction of energ! that is used for

either process heat or power

generation is called the utili&ation

factor of the cogeneration plant.


58/101

he overall thermal efficienc! of a powerplant can be increased b! using !inary

cycles or com!ined cycles. A binar! c!cle

is composed of two separate c!cles& one athigh temperatures (topping c!cle) and the

other at relativel! low temperatures.


59/101

he most common combined c!cle is the gas;

steam combined c!cle where a gas;turbine

c!cle operates at the high;temperature rangeand a steam;turbine c!cle at the low;

temperature range. Steam is heated b! the

high;temperature e'haust gases leaving the gas

turbine. $ombined c!cles have a higher

thermal efficienc! than the steam; or gas;

turbine c!cles operating alone.


60/101

,electi#n #" (lant %ite

he selection of plant site for thermal

power plant compared with h!dro;power

plant is more difficult as it involves numberof factors to be considered for its economic

6ustification.

A few important factors to be consideredfor the selection of thermal power plants.


61/101


A'AIAIIT* +, C+A"

-uge quantity of coal is required for

large thermal plants"

A.- #I.+.A ,ACIITI0."

.AC0 $012I$0304T"4AT2$0 +, A4#"

A'AIAIIT* +, AT0$"


62/101


T$A4.+$T ,ACIIT*I0."

A'AIAIIT* +, A+2$"

2IC $+03.".I50 +, T-0 A4T"


63/101

4owadays6 the environment protection has

!ecome a crucial pro!lem and theauthorities are requested to set increasingly

more stringent limits 6 one of which is the

emissions from the industrial plants of solidparticulate and other gaseous pollutants"

ABO2T ELECTRO,TATIC

PRECIPITATOR


64/101

ABO2T ELECTRO,TATIC PRECIPITATOR

0lectrostatic precipitator (0.) is a widely

used device in so many different domainsto remove the pollutant particulates6

especially in industrial plants"

0hat i% E,P


65/101

-+ 0. +$7.

8enerally6 the processes of

electrostatic precipitator are %nown as

three main stages: particle charging6

transport and collection"

ain process of ESP


66/101


67/101

Mechani%$ #" E,P

Mechani%$ #" electr#%tatic (reci(itat#r


68/101

PROCE,, OF Particle charging

article charging is the first and

foremost !eginning in processes"

As the voltage applied on precipitator

reach threshold value6 the space inside

divided into ioni&ation region and driftregion"


69/101

he electric field magnitude around the

negative electrode is so strong that the

electrons escape from molecule.

:nder the influence of electric field& the positive

ions move towards the corona& while the

negative ions and electrons towards thecollecting plates.


70/101

Particle transport

In the moving way6 under the influence ofelectric field6 negative ions cohere and charge the

particles6 ma%e the particles !e forced towards

collecting9plate"


71/101

Particle collection

As soon as the particles reach the plate&

the! will be neutralized and pac"ed b!

the succeeded ones subsequentl!. hecontinuous process happens& as a result&

particles are collected on the collecting

plate.


72/101

#2

,hat is a 2oiler@

-ntroduction

Bessel that heats water to become hot water

or steam

At atmospheric pressure water volume

increases 1&C?? times

Hot water or steam used to transfer heat to aprocess


73/101

he boiler is a rectangular furnaceabout =? feet (1= m) on a side and 14? feet

(D? m) tall. -ts walls are made of a web ofhigh pressure steel tubes about 3.4 inches

(= mm) in diameter.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace


74/101

A !oiler should fulfill the following requirements

(a)Safet! > he boiler should be safe under

operating conditions.

(b) Accessibilit! > he various parts of the

boiler should be accessible for repair and

maintenance.

(c) $apacit! > he boiler should be capable of

suppl!ing steam according to the requirements.


75/101

(d) Efficienc! > o permit efficient operation& the boiler

should be able to absorb a ma'imum amount of heatproduced due to burning of fuel in the furnace.

(e) -t should be simple in construction and its

maintenance cost should be low.

(f) -ts initial cost should be low.

(g) he boiler should have no 6oints e'posed to flames.

(h) he boiler should be capable of quic" starting and

loading.

- t d ti


76/101

-ntroduction

BURNERWATER

SOURCE

.+E

'!E+E.'EM45 EED

UE55W DW+

'EP4.4!.

VENT

VENTEXHAUST GASSTEAM TOPROCESS

'!46 DE4E.4!.

PUMP'

ig"re ',8eati, o9er9iew o: a #oiler roo

BOILER

ECO-

NOMI-

ZER

f 2 il


77/101

!pes of 2oilers

1. #ire ube 2oiler

3. ,ater ube 2oiler

4. Pac"aged 2oilerD. #luidized 2ed (#2$) 2oiler

=. Sto"er #ired 2oiler

C. Pulverized #uel 2oiler


78/101

The !oilers can !e classified according to the

following criteria"According to flow of water and hot

gases >

(a) ,ater tube(b) #ire tube.


79/101

!pe of 2oilers

1. Fire Tube Boier

%elativel! small steam

capacities (13&??? "ghour)

ow to medium steam

pressures (1 "gcm3)

/perates with oil& gas or solid

fuels

T # B i


80/101

T!"e o# Boier$

%. W&'er Tube Boier

:sed for high steam demand

and pressure requirements

$apacit! range of D&=?? G

13?&??? "ghour

$ombustion efficienc!

enhanced b! induced draft

provisions

ower tolerance for water

qualit! and needs water

treatment plant

4) Pac.age+ B#iler


81/101

Oi

Bur(er

To

C)i*(e!

$omes in complete pac"age #eatures

High heat transfer #aster evaporation

*ood convective heattransfer *ood combustion efficienc! High thermal efficienc!

$lassified based on number of

passes


82/101

or%ing of power plant

Pulverized coal is air;blown into thefurnace from fuel nozzles at the four

corners and it rapidl! burns& forming a

large fireball at the center. he

thermal radiation of the fireball heatsthe water that circulates through the boilertubes near the boiler perimeter.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_dust


83/101


84/101

he water enters the boiler through a

section in the convection pass called the

economizer. #rom the economizer it

passes to the steam drum. /nce thewater enters the steam drum it goes down

to the lower inlet water wall headers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economizer


85/101

#rom the inlet headers the water rises

through the water walls and is eventuall!turned into steam due to the heat being

generated b! the burners located on the

front and rear water walls (t!picall!). As

the water is turned into steamvapor in the

water walls& the steamvapor once again

enters the steam drum.


86/101

he steamvapor is passed through a series of

steam and water separators and then dr!ersinside the steam drum.

hesteam separatorsand dr!ers remove

water droplets from the steam and the c!clethrough the water walls is repeated. his process

is "nown as natural circulation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_separator


87/101

super heater#ossil fuel power plants can have a

super heater andor re;heater section in

the steam generating furnace. -n a fossil fuelplant& after the steam is conditioned b! the

dr!ing equipment inside the steam drum& it

is piped from the upper drum area intotubes inside an area of the furnace "nown as

the super heater&
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_heater&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_heater&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_heater&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_heater&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_heater&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_heater&action=edit&redlink=1


88/101

which has an elaborate set up of tubing where

the steam vapor pic"s up more energ! from

hot flue gases outside the tubing and itstemperature is now superheated above the

saturation temperature. he superheated

steam is then piped through the main steam

lines to the valves before the high pressure

turbine.


89/101

C#n+en%erhe condenser condenses the steam fromthe e'haust of the turbine into liquid to

allow it to be pumped. -f the condenser canbe made cooler& the pressure of the e'haust

steam is reduced and efficienc! of the c!cleincreases.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle


90/101

#or best efficienc!& the temperature in the

condenser must be "ept as low as

practical in order to achieve the lowest

possible pressure in the condensing

steam.


91/101

Since the condenser temperature can almost

alwa!s be "ept significantl! below 1?? $

where the vapor pressureof water is muchless than atmospheric pressure& the condenser

generall! wor"s under vacuum. hus lea"sof non;condensible air into the closed loop

must be prevented.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressure


92/101

he condenser generall! uses either

circulating cooling water from a

cooling tower to re6ect waste heat to theatmosphere& or once;through water from a

river& la"e or ocean.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower


93/101

he condenser tubes are made of brass

or stainless steel to resist corrosionfrom either side. 0evertheless the! ma!

become internall! fouled during operation

b! bacteria or algae in the cooling water or

b! mineral scaling& all of which inhibit heat

transfer and reduce

thermod!namic efficienc!.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass


94/101

an! plants include an automatic

cleaning s!stem that circulates sponge

rubber balls through the tubes to scrub

them clean without the need to ta"e the

s!stem off;line.


95/101

%e heaterPower plant furnaces ma! have a re heater

section containing tubes heated b! hot flue

gases outside the tubes. E'haust steam fromthe high pressure turbine is rerouted to go

inside the re heater tubes to pic"up more

energ! to go drive intermediate or lower

pressure turbines.


96/101


97/101

Acid rain5 the rain which contain acid as itsconstituents& brings all the acid down from high above

the environment.

$ontaminant5 it is the another name of

pollution. -t is undesirable substances whichma! be ph!sical& chemical or biological.

Pollutant5 these are undesirable substancespresent in the environment these can be 0/3& S/3&

$/3&smo"e&salt& bacteria.


98/101

ot of heat is in6ected into biosphere from

thermal power plant& through e'haust gases

and waste water. he ma6or problem is theeffect of discharge of large quantit! of

heated wasted water into natural water

basins. Hot water raises the temperature

and disturbs the natural ecological balance

Ba+ e""ect% #" ther$al (#ll&ti#n


99/101

*reater reliabilit! of suppl! to theconsumers.

Avoid complete shut down.

he overall cost of energ! per unit of aninterconnected s!stem is less.

here is a more effective use of transmission

line facilities.ess capital investment required.

ess e'penses on supervision& operation and

maintenance.

A+antage% #" c#$!ine+ #(erati#n #" (lant%


100/101

ue to limited generating capacit! diesel

power stations is not suitable for base load

plants.0uclear power stations is not suitable for

pea" load plants.

Incremental rate curve shows that asoutput power increases6 cost of plant

also increases"


101/101

THANKYOU

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