STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORT HORSE: THERAPY BY ACUPUNCTURE STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORT HORSE:...

STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORT HORSE:STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORT HORSE:THERAPY BY ACUPUNCTURETHERAPY BY ACUPUNCTURE

STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORT HORSE: THERAPY BY SPORT HORSE: THERAPY BY

ACUPUNCTUREACUPUNCTUREFrancesco LONGO (*) Margherita GAZZOLA (**)Francesco LONGO (*) Margherita GAZZOLA (**)

(*) Veterinary Surgeon, Repr. Spec.(*) Veterinary Surgeon, Repr. Spec.

It.V.A.S. – SIAVIt.V.A.S. – [email protected]

(**) Veterinary Surgeon, Anim. Health Spec.(**) Veterinary Surgeon, Anim. Health Spec.

It.V.A.S. – SIAVIt.V.A.S. – [email protected]

www.siav-itvas.org


THE AIM OF THIS REPORT IS THE AIM OF THIS REPORT IS TO SHOW THE EFFECTIVENESS TO SHOW THE EFFECTIVENESS

AND THE ROLE OF AND THE ROLE OF ACUPUNCUTRE IN ACUPUNCUTRE IN

REHABILITATION AND IN REHABILITATION AND IN PHYSIOTHERAPYPHYSIOTHERAPY


ANATOMY ANATOMY

THE THE STIFLESTIFLE

IS MADE UP OF THE END OF IS MADE UP OF THE END OF FEMUR BONE – BEGINNING FEMUR BONE – BEGINNING

OF THE TIBIAOF THE TIBIA

BOTH SURFACE AREBOTH SURFACE ARE

COVEREDCOVERED WITH WITH

CARTILAGECARTILAGE


RIDING ON THE ANTERIOR RIDING ON THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE FEMUR IS THE SURFACE OF THE FEMUR IS THE

PATELLA TWO INTERNAL PATELLA TWO INTERNAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS STABILIZE CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS STABILIZE

THE JOINTTHE JOINT


MENISCI LIE BETWEEN THE MENISCI LIE BETWEEN THE CARTILAGE AND HELP PREVENT CARTILAGE AND HELP PREVENT CONCUSSION INJURIES TO THE CONCUSSION INJURIES TO THE

JOINT SURFACESJOINT SURFACES


OUTSIDE OF THE JOINT ARE THE EXTERNAL OUTSIDE OF THE JOINT ARE THE EXTERNAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS

THE FRONT OF STIFLE HAS THREE LARGE THE FRONT OF STIFLE HAS THREE LARGE PATELLAR LEGAMENTS (FROM THE QUADRICEPS PATELLAR LEGAMENTS (FROM THE QUADRICEPS MUSCLE JUST ABOVE THE PATELLA AND INSERT MUSCLE JUST ABOVE THE PATELLA AND INSERT

ON THE UPPER TIBIA)ON THE UPPER TIBIA)


THE HINDLIMB CAN BE THE HINDLIMB CAN BE CONSIDERED A PENDULUM IN CONSIDERED A PENDULUM IN

MOTIONMOTION

THE ROTATION POINTTHE ROTATION POINTOF THE HINDLIMB ISOF THE HINDLIMB ISTHE ACETABULUMTHE ACETABULUM

THE ROLE OFTHE ROLE OFPELVIC ROTATIONPELVIC ROTATIONIN HINDLIMB MOTIONIN HINDLIMB MOTIONDIFFERS BETWEEN DIFFERS BETWEEN THE SAGITTAL PLANETHE SAGITTAL PLANEAND THE TRASVERSEAND THE TRASVERSEPLANE PLANE


ACCORDING TO TCMACCORDING TO TCM

THE THE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT OF THE HORSE OF THE HORSE ORIGIN AS AN ORIGIN AS AN IMPULSEIMPULSE FROM AN FROM AN

AREA BETWEEN AREA BETWEEN L 3 – L 4L 3 – L 4

THIS IMPULSE GOES DOWN THE THIS IMPULSE GOES DOWN THE HINDLIMB AND IT DETERMINES THE HINDLIMB AND IT DETERMINES THE

FLEXION OF THE HOCK AND THE FLEXION OF THE HOCK AND THE STIFLESTIFLE


THE HINDLIMB PROPEL THE THE HINDLIMB PROPEL THE HORSEHORSE

MOST OF THIS WORKMOST OF THIS WORK

IS CARRIED OUT IS CARRIED OUT

BY THE HOCK JOINT BY THE HOCK JOINT

AND AND STIFLESTIFLE


X – RAY OF X – RAY OF STIFLESTIFLE JOINT JOINT

PROJECTION OF THE LATERAL TROCHLEAR RIDGE PROJECTION OF THE LATERAL TROCHLEAR RIDGE OF THE FEMUROF THE FEMUR

LATEROMEDIAL PROJECTIONLATEROMEDIAL PROJECTION


X – RAY OF X – RAY OF STIFLE STIFLE JOINTJOINT

SKYLINE PROJECTION OF THE PATELLASKYLINE PROJECTION OF THE PATELLA


NORMAL X – RAY OF NORMAL X – RAY OF STIFLESTIFLE JOINT JOINT((view from front to backview from front to back))


NORMAL X – RAY OF NORMAL X – RAY OF STIFLE STIFLE JOINTJOINT((view from the sideview from the side)


MAIN PATHOLOGIES:MAIN PATHOLOGIES:

UPWARD FIXATION OF THE PATELLAUPWARD FIXATION OF THE PATELLA


UPWARD FIXATION OF THE UPWARD FIXATION OF THE PATELLAPATELLA

NORMALLY THE KNEECAP IS NORMALLY THE KNEECAP IS ABLE TO BLOCK JOINT ABLE TO BLOCK JOINT

ALLOWING THE PLACE DURING ALLOWING THE PLACE DURING THE HORSE RESTTHE HORSE REST

PATOLOGICALLY IT GOES UP IN PATOLOGICALLY IT GOES UP IN ABNORMAL POSITIONABNORMAL POSITION



COMMON DISORDER THAT DEVELOPS IN COMMON DISORDER THAT DEVELOPS IN YOUNG HORSES (1 – 4 YEARS OF AGE)YOUNG HORSES (1 – 4 YEARS OF AGE)

IT MAY HAPPEN COMPLETELY OR IT MAY HAPPEN COMPLETELY OR INTERMITTENT INTERMITTENT

IT OFTEN INVOLVES ONE HIND LIMB IT OFTEN INVOLVES ONE HIND LIMB ALTHOUGH IT MAY BE AN INVOLVEMENT ALTHOUGH IT MAY BE AN INVOLVEMENT

OF THE CONTRALATERAL LEGOF THE CONTRALATERAL LEG

(PONY SHETLANDS)(PONY SHETLANDS)



IT IS DUE TO:IT IS DUE TO: STRAIGHT LEGGED CONFORMATIONSTRAIGHT LEGGED CONFORMATION

WEAKNESS IN THIGH MUSCLESWEAKNESS IN THIGH MUSCLES

RELAXATION OR STRETCHING OF THE PATELLAR RELAXATION OR STRETCHING OF THE PATELLAR LIGAMENTSLIGAMENTS

CONGENITAL PREDISPOSITIONCONGENITAL PREDISPOSITION

INVOLVEMENT OF POPLITEAL MUSCLE INVOLVEMENT OF POPLITEAL MUSCLE (“STARTER” MUSCLE FOR THE BENDING)(“STARTER” MUSCLE FOR THE BENDING)

BLOCK JOINT OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAEBLOCK JOINT OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE L 4 – L 5L 4 – L 5



IN A BIOMECHANICS VIEW IN U.F.P. IN A BIOMECHANICS VIEW IN U.F.P. THERE IS AN INVOLVEMENT OF THE THERE IS AN INVOLVEMENT OF THE

CUBOID BONE (TARSAL IV): ONE CUBOID BONE (TARSAL IV): ONE BRANCH OF THE PERONEAL MUSCLE BRANCH OF THE PERONEAL MUSCLE

III IT BINDS TO CUBOIDIII IT BINDS TO CUBOID

IPERTENSION OF THESE STRUCTURESIPERTENSION OF THESE STRUCTURES

DECREASE HOCK FLEXIONDECREASE HOCK FLEXION

DECREASE STIFLE FLEXIONDECREASE STIFLE FLEXION

BLOCK OF THE KNEECAPBLOCK OF THE KNEECAP


UPWARD FIXATION OF THE UPWARD FIXATION OF THE PATELLAPATELLA

A BIOMECHANICS VIEW of the A BIOMECHANICS VIEW of the U.F.P.U.F.P.


GONITISGONITIS

IT IS AN INFLAMMATORY LESION IT IS AN INFLAMMATORY LESION COMMON REASON FOR STIFLE LAMENESSCOMMON REASON FOR STIFLE LAMENESS

THIS COULD INVOLVE THE SOFT TISSUES THIS COULD INVOLVE THE SOFT TISSUES OF THE JOINT:OF THE JOINT:

• JOINT CAPSULEJOINT CAPSULE• INTERNAL LIGAMENTSINTERNAL LIGAMENTS

• MENISCIMENISCI• CARTILAGECARTILAGE

RX ARE TAKEN TO EVALUATE THE SIGNS RX ARE TAKEN TO EVALUATE THE SIGNS OF DEGENERATION OR ARTHRITIS (DJD)OF DEGENERATION OR ARTHRITIS (DJD)


GONITISGONITIS

IT IS DUE TO:IT IS DUE TO:

• UPWARD FIXATION OF PATELLAUPWARD FIXATION OF PATELLA

• INVOLVEMENT OF THE MEDIAL INVOLVEMENT OF THE MEDIAL MENISCUSMENISCUS

• MENISCI TRAUMAMENISCI TRAUMA


GONITISGONITIS

IT IS DUE TO:IT IS DUE TO:

• BROKEN COLLATERAL LIGAMENTSBROKEN COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS

MEDIAL IS MORE FREQUENTLY MEDIAL IS MORE FREQUENTLY

INVOLVEDINVOLVED

JOINT INSTABILITYJOINT INSTABILITY

&&

INVOLVEMENT OF THE MEDIAL INVOLVEMENT OF THE MEDIAL MENISCUSMENISCUS


GONITISGONITIS

IT IS DUE TO:IT IS DUE TO:• OCDOCD

SUBCHONDRAL CYSTES ON MEDIAL SUBCHONDRAL CYSTES ON MEDIAL

CONDILE OF THE FEMURCONDILE OF THE FEMUR


GONITISGONITIS

SYMPTOMATOLOGY:SYMPTOMATOLOGY:

STRAINING OF THE JOINTSTRAINING OF THE JOINT ATROPHY OF THE FLEXOR ATROPHY OF THE FLEXOR

MUSCLEMUSCLE WEAR OF THE SHOESWEAR OF THE SHOES

PAIN IN ADVANCING PHASEPAIN IN ADVANCING PHASE IRREGULAR GAITINGIRREGULAR GAITING

JOINT KEEPING IN BENDINGJOINT KEEPING IN BENDING STRAINING and THICKENING OF STRAINING and THICKENING OF

THE JOINT CAPSULETHE JOINT CAPSULE LAMENESS DEGREE LAMENESS DEGREE

PROPORTIONAL TO THE PROPORTIONAL TO THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE LESIONSERIOUSNESS OF THE LESION


THE TRADITIONAL CHINESE THE TRADITIONAL CHINESE VETERINARY MEDICINEVETERINARY MEDICINE

(TCVM) (TCVM)

HAS A THOUSAND YEARS HAS A THOUSAND YEARS

HISTORY IN PREPARING HISTORY IN PREPARING

HORSES TO SPORT HORSES TO SPORT

COMPETITIONCOMPETITION


ACUPUNCTURE WORKS IN THESE ACUPUNCTURE WORKS IN THESE DISEASES BY DISEASES BY LOCALLOCAL TREATMENT TREATMENT

BY BY GENERALGENERAL

HOLISTICHOLISTIC

OVERALLOVERALL TREATMENT TOO!! TREATMENT TOO!!


IN HIPPIATRICS THERE IS A IN HIPPIATRICS THERE IS A CONSOLIDATED SYSTEM OF CONSOLIDATED SYSTEM OF

DIAGNOSTIC ACUPOINTSDIAGNOSTIC ACUPOINTS

IT POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY THE IT POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY THE ORGANS INVOLVED IN THE ORGANS INVOLVED IN THE

DISORDER OR THE SEAT OF LIMB DISORDER OR THE SEAT OF LIMB DISEASEDISEASE

IT IS THUS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IT IS THUS PARTICULARLY USEFUL

IN SPORT MEDICINEIN SPORT MEDICINE

IT IS POSSIBLE TREATIT IS POSSIBLE TREATTHE “THE “FOLIAGEFOLIAGE” AND” AND

THE“THE“ROOTROOT” OF THE DISEASE” OF THE DISEASE


E.C.I.W.O. (Embryo Containing the E.C.I.W.O. (Embryo Containing the Information of the Whole Organism) Information of the Whole Organism)

THEORYTHEORY

TING POINTS TING POINTS (WHICH ARE AMONG THE ANTIQUE SHU POINTS – WU (WHICH ARE AMONG THE ANTIQUE SHU POINTS – WU

SHU)SHU)

BEI SHU POINTSBEI SHU POINTS

MU POINTSMU POINTS

POINTS ON THE EARPOINTS ON THE EAR

DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM

PALPATION EXAMPALPATION EXAM


IT IS ESSENTIAL TO FORMULATE IT IS ESSENTIAL TO FORMULATE A CORRECT A CORRECT

ENERGY DIAGNOSISENERGY DIAGNOSIS

THE STATE CRITERIA THE STATE CRITERIA

CONDITIONS OF EXCESS OR CONDITIONS OF EXCESS OR DEFICIENCY EXPRESS THROUGH DEFICIENCY EXPRESS THROUGH

PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL SIGNSSIGNS


TREATMENT ACUPOINTS ARE SELECTED TREATMENT ACUPOINTS ARE SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF THE TRADITIONAL ON THE BASIS OF THE TRADITIONAL

INDICATION REGARDING THEIR ENERGY INDICATION REGARDING THEIR ENERGY AS WELL AS EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCEAS WELL AS EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

THEIR ACTION MANIFEST ITSELF AT THEIR ACTION MANIFEST ITSELF AT

DIFFERENT LEVELSDIFFERENT LEVELS

ANTALGICANTALGIC ANTI – INFLAMMATORYANTI – INFLAMMATORY NEUROENDOCRINE NEUROENDOCRINE TROPHICTROPHIC VASOMODULATOR ACTIVITYVASOMODULATOR ACTIVITY

INTEGRATED SYSTEM THAT ELICITIS INTEGRATED SYSTEM THAT ELICITIS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL RESPONSESSPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES


DIFFERENT WAYS OF STIMULATING DIFFERENT WAYS OF STIMULATING ACUPOINTSACUPOINTS

TRADITIONAL ACUPUNCTURE TRADITIONAL ACUPUNCTURE

(CHINESE NEEDLES)(CHINESE NEEDLES)

HYDROACUPUNCTUREHYDROACUPUNCTURE ELECTROACUPUNCTUREELECTROACUPUNCTURE

LASERPUNCTURELASERPUNCTURE MOXIBUSTIONMOXIBUSTION

TUINA TUINA (CHINESE MASSAGE)(CHINESE MASSAGE)



TRADITIONAL ACUPUNCTURE TRADITIONAL ACUPUNCTURE

(CHINESE NEEDLES)(CHINESE NEEDLES)



HYDROACUPUNCTURE and HYDROACUPUNCTURE and

HAEMOACUPUNCTUREHAEMOACUPUNCTURE



MOXIBUSTIONMOXIBUSTIONArtemisia vulgaris Artemisia vulgaris

Artemisia argyiArtemisia argyi

Artemisia sinensisArtemisia sinensis



PLUM BLOSSOMPLUM BLOSSOM



ELECTROACUPUNCTUREELECTROACUPUNCTURE



LASERPUNCTURELASERPUNCTURE



TUINA TUINA (CHINESE MASSAGE)(CHINESE MASSAGE)


ACUPUNCTURE IN ACUPUNCTURE IN DOGDOG


TCVMTCVM

STIFLE STIFLE IS THE LOINS’ PALACEIS THE LOINS’ PALACE

THE JOINT WORK IS CONNECTED TO THE JOINT WORK IS CONNECTED TO KIDNEY ENERGYKIDNEY ENERGY


TCVMTCVMTHE JOINT FUNCTION IS THE JOINT FUNCTION IS

CONNECTED TO STOMACH CONNECTED TO STOMACH MERIDIAN (CHANNEL)MERIDIAN (CHANNEL)


TCVMTCVM

IT IS POSSIBLE OBTAIN AN IT IS POSSIBLE OBTAIN AN IMPROVEMENT OF THE JOINT IMPROVEMENT OF THE JOINT

FUNCTION IF THERE IS A CHANGE FUNCTION IF THERE IS A CHANGE IN FEEDINGIN FEEDING

SOMETIMES IT IS ENOUGH SOMETIMES IT IS ENOUGH ADMINISTER MEAGER ADMINISTER MEAGER YOGURTYOGURT OR OR YEATSYEATS TO IMPROVE JOINT WORK TO IMPROVE JOINT WORK


ACUPUNCTURE SESSIONSACUPUNCTURE SESSIONS

ON AVERAGEON AVERAGE

3 SESSIONS3 SESSIONSEVERY 5 – 7 DAYSEVERY 5 – 7 DAYS

******

THE AIMS OF THE ACUPUNCTURE THE AIMS OF THE ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT ARETREATMENT ARE

ELIMINATE PAINELIMINATE PAIN

ELIMINATE INFLAMMATIONELIMINATE INFLAMMATIONFUNCTIONAL RECOVERY OF THE JOINTFUNCTIONAL RECOVERY OF THE JOINT

HORSES RETURN TO SPORT COMPETITIONS HORSES RETURN TO SPORT COMPETITIONS

QUICKLYQUICKLY


RESULTSRESULTS

ABOUT 30 CASES A YEARABOUT 30 CASES A YEAR

FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY IN ABOUT 90% OF THE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY IN ABOUT 90% OF THE CASESCASES

LOCAL ANTALGIC ACTIONLOCAL ANTALGIC ACTION

LOCAL ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIONLOCAL ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTION

(PAIN HAS A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE HORSE’S (PAIN HAS A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE HORSE’S PERFORMANCE AND QUALITY OF LIFE)PERFORMANCE AND QUALITY OF LIFE)

GENERAL EFFECT ON BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONSGENERAL EFFECT ON BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

COMPLETE WELL BEING OF THE HORSECOMPLETE WELL BEING OF THE HORSE


RESULTSRESULTSGENERAL EFFECT ON BIOLOGICAL GENERAL EFFECT ON BIOLOGICAL

FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

HIGH PERCENTAGE OF RECOVERYHIGH PERCENTAGE OF RECOVERY

GENERAL (HOLISTIC) EFFECT OF GENERAL (HOLISTIC) EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENTACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT

THE ALL OF ORGANISM OBTAIN ITS THE ALL OF ORGANISM OBTAIN ITS

GLOBAL BALANCE AND ITS COMPLETE GLOBAL BALANCE AND ITS COMPLETE WELLBEINGWELLBEING

THESE CONDITIONS REDUCE OR STOP THESE CONDITIONS REDUCE OR STOP

THE RELAPSING THE RELAPSING


DIAGNOSTIC ACUPOINTSDIAGNOSTIC ACUPOINTS

YINMENYINMENFUXIFUXI

WEIYANGWEIYANGSHUITUSHUITU


GENERAL THERAPYGENERAL THERAPY

WEISHUWEISHU

WEIZHONGWEIZHONG

TIANSHUTIANSHU

SHENMAISHENMAI

LOCAL THERAPYLOCAL THERAPY FUYANGFUYANG

YANGLINGQUANYANGLINGQUAN HOUXIHOUXI

DUBIDUBI

ZU SANLIZU SANLI

FENGLONGFENGLONG

QICHONGQICHONG

TAICHONGTAICHONG

QUQUANQUQUAN

XUEHAIXUEHAI

YINGUYINGU


GENERAL THERAPYGENERAL THERAPYWEISHUWEISHU

WEIZHONGWEIZHONG TIANSHUTIANSHU

SHENMAISHENMAIFUYANGFUYANG

HOUXIHOUXI

LOCAL THERAPYLOCAL THERAPYQICHONGQICHONG

DUBIDUBIZU SANLI ZU SANLI FENGLONG FENGLONG YANGLINGQUANYANGLINGQUAN

TAICHONGTAICHONGQUQUANQUQUANXUEHAIXUEHAIYINGUYINGU


COMPLEMENTARY THERAPYCOMPLEMENTARY THERAPY

PATELLA LIGAMENTS PATELLA LIGAMENTS PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENSGELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS


THE TRUE THERAPY IS THETHE TRUE THERAPY IS THEPREVENTIONPREVENTION

FUNCTIONAL GYMNASTICSFUNCTIONAL GYMNASTICS

BODY MOVEMENTS ASSURE THE BODY MOVEMENTS ASSURE THE ENERGY FLOWENERGY FLOW

THE BEST MOVEMENTS ARE THUS THE BEST MOVEMENTS ARE THUS

NATURALNATURAL

IT IS POSSIBLE SUGGEST TO THE OWNER IT IS POSSIBLE SUGGEST TO THE OWNER SPECIFIC MOVIMENTS IN TRAININGSPECIFIC MOVIMENTS IN TRAINING


THE TRUE THERAPY IS THE THE TRUE THERAPY IS THE PREVENTIONPREVENTION

FEEDINGFEEDING

CORRECT IN CORRECT IN

QUALITYQUALITYQUANTITYQUANTITY


ACUPUNCTUREACUPUNCTUREHAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE AND HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE AND

SPECIFIC ROLE INSPECIFIC ROLE INPHYSIOTHERAPYPHYSIOTHERAPY AND IN AND IN

REHABILITATIONREHABILITATION


REFERENCESREFERENCES• O.R. ADAMS: Les Boiteries du Cheval, Maloine Paris O.R. ADAMS: Les Boiteries du Cheval, Maloine Paris

20052005

• P. EVRARD: Introduction à l’Ostheopathie Structurelle P. EVRARD: Introduction à l’Ostheopathie Structurelle appliquée au Cheval, Oliveir appliquée au Cheval, Oliveir ÉÉditeur Thy le Chateau diteur Thy le Chateau 20022002

• M. Gazzola: Impiego dell’Agopuntura nel Cavallo M. Gazzola: Impiego dell’Agopuntura nel Cavallo geriatrico, geriatrico, http://www.siav-itvas.org/italiano/clinica-pratica/2009/AGOPUNTURA_CAVALLO_GERIATRICO.pdf

• F. Longo: L’Esame della Palpazione in Agopuntura F. Longo: L’Esame della Palpazione in Agopuntura Veterinaria, Yi Dao Za Zhi n. 18, Laveno Mombello Veterinaria, Yi Dao Za Zhi n. 18, Laveno Mombello 20022002

• F. Longo: Diagnosi e terapia delle patologie F. Longo: Diagnosi e terapia delle patologie ortopediche nel Cavallo; in Atti del I Congresso ortopediche nel Cavallo; in Atti del I Congresso V.A.M., 29 – 30/Set – 1/Ott 2006, Barcelona 2006V.A.M., 29 – 30/Set – 1/Ott 2006, Barcelona 2006

• W. McCormick: The origins of Acupuncture Channel W. McCormick: The origins of Acupuncture Channel Imbalance in Pain of the Equine HindlimbImbalance in Pain of the Equine Hindlimb


STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORTSTIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORTHORSE: THERAPY BY ACUPUNCTUREHORSE: THERAPY BY ACUPUNCTURE

Francesco LONGO - Margherita GAZZOLAFrancesco LONGO - Margherita GAZZOLA

谢谢谢谢www.siav-itvas.org

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STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORT HORSE: THERAPY BY ACUPUNCTURE STIFLE JOINT DISEASES IN SPORT HORSE:...

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