Still Life With Cone, Standpipe, Caution Tape

7/25/2019 Still Life With Cone, Standpipe, Caution Tape

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6/22/2016 Still Life with Cone, Standpipe, Caution Tape

https://placesjournal.org/article/architecture-of-barricades/ 1/15

P E T E R K E Y E S J U N E 2 0 1 6

S t i l l L i f e w i t h C o n e , S t a n d p i p e , C a u t i o n T a p e

On the art and architecture of the temporary barricade.
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New Orleans, 2016. [All photos by the author]

The paradox of the barricade: its whole point is to be seen, but no one really looks at it. We read the

warning at a glance.Danger. Dont bump that ladder, dont kick that shim, dont drink the soda. The

barricade intrudes on our field of vision, disrupts the geometries of the city, blocks the path we habitually

take. It does all it can to arrest our attention, yet we simply step to the side and move on.

As an architect and professor, Ive been taking pictures of transitory barricades for the past 30 years,

which in the age of Instagram is not so strange a hobby as it once seemed. I dont bother with every

barricade I pass (certain types are so common that they offer no new insights), but over the years Ive

collected nearly 1,000 examples, illustrating a wide range of materials, uses, formal types, and contextual

responses.

T h e i r i n t u i t i v e s e n s e o f s y m m e t r y , h i e r a r c h y , l a y e r i n g , a n d r h y t h m m a k e s t h e m m o r e

a p p e a l i n g t h a n m a n y s t r u c t u r e s t h a t a r e i n t e n t i o n a l l y d e s i g n e d .

I am drawn to barricades for the reasons that others are drawn to vernacular architecture. They are

structures built for a clear purpose, without any pretensions of design, below the radar of codes and

regulations. Yet they follow discernible conventions, often exhibiting an intuitive sense of symmetry,

hierarchy, layering, and rhythm that makes them more appealing than many structures that are

intentionally designed. No trained professional submitted drawings for approval. Design is determined inthe act of building. The resulting compositions can be funny or intriguing or beautiful. They may comment

on their surroundings or offer an implicit critique, which is important to record before it vanishes.

People who catch me in the act of taking pictures are generally confused. Their heads snap back and forth

between camera and subject, trying to discern what I could possibly find interesting about a sawhorse

wrapped with tape. Barricade makers tend to worry that I am documenting some defect as the basis for a

lawsuit. If they question me, I explain my interest and express admiration for their art although that

hardly lessens the confusion.


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As my study grows, I classify barricade designs by their material, functional, and formal properties. In

this slideshow forPlaces, I share highlights from my collection.

Storm, New York, 1989.
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Assemblage, New York, 1985.

M a t e r i a l

Barricade materials usually fall into one of two types: bricolage or kit-of-parts. Bricolage barricades are

built from whatever is at hand. That can be lumber, plywood, concrete blocks, rebar, and other materials

commonly found at a work site. Or it can be the stuff of everyday life: milk crates, pallets, chairs, garbage

cans, sticks, branches, straw bales, shopping carts, cardboard boxes. Regardless, the bricolage style is often

inventive and entertaining. Some of these barricades are elegant and minimal, displaying a highly-refined


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structural sense. Others are a mess: random piles of stuff that work only because of the sheer volume of

accumulation.

The kit-of-parts was once the domain of utility companies, contractors, public agencies, and other large

institutions that need barricades on a regular basis and can invest in an armory of prefab elements:

sawhorses, traffic cones, sand-filled barrels, steel fencing, and the like. Youd think this type would be

boring, but actually these barricades offer a valuable historical perspective. In the past, sawhorses were

built on site from interchangeable parts that could be broken down, reconstructed, or discarded as

required; but in recent decades, sawhorses have changed. First came the molded-plastic leg assemblies, to

which users added their own wooden crossbars. Then the wooden crossbars disappeared too. New

sawhorses are entirely plastic, and utility workers have become the deployers of barricades, not their

makers. Here we see a reflection of larger cultural trends: the outsourcing of economic activity, the

reliance on a global supply chain of cheap manufactured products, the increased cost of labor relative to

materials, and the demand for certified and standardized safety products in a litigious society.

W e m a y m o u r n t h e l o s s o f t h e o l d e h a n d - c r a f t e d b a r r i c a d e , b u t w e c a n f i n d c o m f o r t i n t h e

w o r k s o f m o d e r n b r i c o l e u r s .

Finally, the sawhorse itself is vanishing. Where sawhorses were once used to delineate an edge, without a

need for real strength, they have been replaced by traffic cones or by the perforated orange plastic

sheeting that comes in a roll and can be draped as fencing. (On a trip to Paris in 1986, I was excited to seethis innovative barricade product for the first time, not recognizing it as the invasive species it would

become.) Similarly, where sawhorses were once needed for physical protection, they have been replaced

by water-filled plastic barriers that interlock like giant Lego blocks and have enough mass to resist

automobile impact. The sand-filled barrels and concrete Jersey barriers that dominated highway

construction projects are giving way to a plastic alternative that makes highway barriers practical for use

on city streets.

The democratization of commerce has further shaped the art and architecture of barricade design. Twenty


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years ago, when I was given a roll of yellow caution tape, I was careful to hold onto it, as I didnt know

where I could buy the tape again. Today its everywhere. Previously arcane construction materials are now

available to anyone within range of a Home Depot. The barricade kit is so accessible that pure bricolage

may die out completely, at least in the developed world. While we may decry the hegemony of the orange

cone and mourn the loss of the olde hand-crafted barricade, we can find comfort in the works of modern

bricoleurs who are integrating kit parts in unexpected ways.

Prt--barricader, Paris, 1986.


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Krewe de barricade, New Orleans, 2016.


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Tensegrity 2, Storm King Art Center, New York, 2002.

F u n c t i o n

Barricades can also be classified according to a functional typology. Does the barricade keep people inside

or outside the space it defines? Does it aim to protect objects from people, or people from objects?


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Shelterscontain people inside for their own safety. Consider the guardrails installed on each floor during

the construction of multi-story buildings. Meanwhile, cages contain people inside to protect objects on

the outside, as in a temporary traffic lane where drivers must stay within the barricades. Next we have

danger zones, whichkeep people outside for their own protection, away from holes, tripping hazards,

sidewalk vaults, open elevator shafts, falling-branch zones, wet floors, broken glass, dust, chemical

exposure, active or extinguished fires, car accidents, vacant buildings, rotted or collapsed structures, and

so on. Conversely,precinctsexclude people in order to protect objects or areas within the boundary: new

pavement, wet paint, fragile environments, no-parking zones, crime scenes, event spaces, or artwork and

other precious objects. These categories are not mutually exclusive, of course. Walls around construction

sites protect pedestrians from hazards and also prevent theft of building materials. Some barricades seem

to exist primarily to protect property owners from lawyers.

Finally, there are barricades which have no purpose at all, or barricades whose reading doesnt coincide

with their actual function. These are among the funniest images in my collection. Sometimes it seems as ifan object has been caged for our protection, when in fact it is being protected from us. And lets not forget

the meta-barricades, which exist solely for the purpose of protecting other barricades.


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Matryoshka, New York, 1987.

F o r m a n d C o n t e x t

Most barricades are built quickly and intuitively, which may be why they conform to spatial and

compositional archetypes.

Symmetry can be dictated by materials or by the circumstances of the site, such as an object that requires

protection on both sides. But many builders default to bilateral symmetry even when an asymmetrical

barricade would serve just as well. Rotational symmetry is less common, although it shows up surprisingly


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often in installations that involve one-legged sawhorses.Rhythm, too, is inherent in many designs,

especially in barricades built with standardized parts. Protected sites are often linear, so deploying

repetitive elements at equal distances along the perimeter is a sensible design strategy.

Layeringof materials can be seen in many barricades. The layers may serve distinct functions (e.g.,

stopping vehicles, defining a safe zone, disrupting visual access), but not always. Many builders take a

redundant, belt-and-suspenders approach, reasoning that if one barricade layer doesnt work, two might.

At the extreme, this strategy produces large, complex assemblages that do not appear unified in their

construction. While redundancy is the default mode of the professional with a large kit-of-parts,

minimalism is often the preference of the bricoleur. The desire to achieve maximum effect with minimal

effort produces an elegant simplicity.

V i e w S l i d e s h o w


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Most barricades are highly tectonic, revealing all of their parts and articulating their nature through the

means of deployment. In contrast, some barricades manifest asfacades that conceal the underlying

structure. This might be done intentionally to conceal activity or contain debris, or for reasons of

aesthetics or marketing or the mere thinness of the barricade may cause it to be read as an envelope

system.

Rus in urbe, New York, 1989.
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Whatever the formal arrangement, interpretation begins with the observer. An inquisitive critic may

discern beauty, counterpoint, composition, balance, and historical reference, even where it is unlikely that

such moves were intentional. Many works lend themselves to multiple interpretations. When a dangerous

object is barricaded, we may read the divider as a cage that protects us from the object, or we may read it as

a frame that isolates and emphasizes the dangerous object as a discrete work of art.

Barricades have inherent formal qualities, but our perceptions of them are shaped by context, both

physical and cultural. It is impossible to see a barricade in a museum without wondering whether it is a

functional barrier or an art installation. A cone beside a manhole cover doesnt normally draw attention,

but it raises questions in Marfa, Texas. Barricades are much simpler than intentional works of

architectural design, and that very simplicity allows us to see their multiple meanings functional,

personal, cultural so clearly.

p j pp b .

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More photos from Peter Keyess ongoing project can be seen on his website, Transitory Barricades.

Peter Keyes, Still Life with Cone, Standpipe, Caution Tape,Places Journal, June 2016. Accessed 22 Jun 2016.
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I f y o u w o u l d l i k e t o c o m m e n t o n t h i s a r t i c l e , o r a n y t h i n g e l s e o n P l a c e s J o u r n a l , v i s i t o u r F a c e b o o k p a g e o r s e n d u s a m e s s a g e o n T w i t t e r .

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P e t e r K e y e s
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Peter Keyes is an associate professor in the Department of

Architecture at the University of Oregon.

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https://placesjournal.org/author/peter-keyes/

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