URBAN ROADS DESIGN MANUAL:

URBAN ROADS STREET LIGHTING

LECTURER: PROF. O.O.MBECHE

BY D.K.KIRIMA (F56/76654/2014)

Urban roads present unique features and characteristics compared to rural roads.

FeaturesHigh traffic volume (many cars)Road furniture (road signs, kerbs, lay-bys, traffic signals)More lanesRoundabouts, complex interchangesNMT lanes, cyle tracks, pedestrian crossingsParking bays (on-street and off-street) and bus stops

CharacteristicsFull of activities at nightDifferent roads with varying traffic mix, stationary and in motion, varying speeds, High traffic volumes during peak hours

INTRODUCTION:

Road crashes at nightOn 21st December 2014 a flamboyant businessman and car enthusiast Mike Gathecha died on Saturday night at Roysambu after the car he was driving hit a stationary lorry. (www.nairobiwire.com)

Installed street lights posing as safety hazards.

Street lights not sustainable

Poor maintenance plan coupled with vandalism

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

A car knocks a lamp spost installed at the edge of the carriageway.Source: Google images

Vandalised and poorly maintained street lights along Thika road.Source: www.dailynation.co.ke

1. What urban roads street lighting guidelines exist in Kenya?

2. Which aspects of street lights need guidelines for design and installation?

3. What are the factors to consider when installing urban roads street lights?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. To establish the existing urban roads street lighting guidelines in Kenya.

2. To highlight aspects of road lighting that requires design and installation guidelines in Kenya.

3. To establish factors to consider when installing street lights on urban roads.

4. To provide guidelines for street lighting installation for urban roads

STUDY OBJECTIVES

1. This study may not give a proper guidance on the electrical installations

2. The recommendations are based on other existing guidelines from other countries. Some parameters need to be researched and experimented to come up with a value customised to out local conditions.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Typical Street light Geometry and Terminologies

LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW

URBAN ROADS STREET LIGHTING IN AUSTRALIA: QUEENSLAND.They have various standards on road lighting.The ownership and maintenance is by Ergon Energy, Council and Department of Transport and Main Roads.

Majority of street lights are owned and maintained by Ergon Energy. Council: public spaces such as parks, ramps and Council facilities.Department of Transport and Main Roads: state controlled roads and  highways.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Standard Code

Standard

AS/NZS 1158.0 Road lighting. Part 0 : Introduction. AS/NZS 1158.1.1

Road lighting. Part 1: Vehicular traffic (Category V) lighting. Part 1: Performance and installation design requirements.

AS/NZS 1158.1.3

Road Lighting. Part 1: (Category V) lighting. Part3: Guide to the design, installation, operation and maintenance.

AS 1158.2 Road lighting. Part 2: Computer procedures for the calculation of light technical parameters for category A lighting.

AS/NZ 1158.3.1

Road lighting. Part 3: Pedestrian area (Category P) lighting. Part 1: Performance and installation design requirements

AS 1158.4 Road lighting. Part 4: Supplementary lighting of pedestrian crossings.

AS1158.6 Lighting for roads and public spaces. Luminaires AS 1170.2 Minimum design loads on structures. Part 2: Wind

loads AS 1798 Lighting poles and bracket arms – Preferred

dimensions AS 2979 Traffic signal mast arms AS 3000 Electrical Installations – Building, Structures and

Premises

The manual has provided guidelines, among others on:Lighting standards and CategoriesStandard hardware: Luminaires, columns, outreaches etc. Design Process(Triggers for design, site inspection,..)General design approach for various situationLuminaire positioning and other design rulesReticulation design

QUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

LIGHTING STANDARDS AND CATEGORIESQUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

CATEGORY APPLICATIONSV For high traffic volume roadways where the

requirement of motorists is dominant,(motorways, arterial and sub arterial and main roads, speed zoning, on/off ramps, interacting carriageways, underbridges and areas accompanied by high pedestrian volumes.

P For low volume traffic roadways and other outdoor public spaces where the requirement of pedestrians is dominant.(pedestrian pathways, cycleway, external car parks, outdoor shopping precincts, malls, town squares, transport interchanges, subways, footbridges, ramps and stairways where lighting for pedestrians is the main consideration)

PX Used for Pedestrian crossings unless otherwise specified by the Public Body.Within Category PX, there are three subcategories.

Underpass

Used for both traffic and pedestrian underpasses, tunnels where the lighting is fixed directly to walls.

STANDARD HARDWARE: LUMINAIRESPreferred and Minimum Luminaire Mounting Heights

QUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

LUMINAIRE TYPE/WATTAGE

TYPE OF ROAD

PREFERRED MOUNTING HEIGHT

MINIMUM MOUNTING HEIGHT

CFL32 (Compact Fluorescent)

MINOR 7.5 5.5

2 x LF14(Linear Fluorescent)

MINOR 7.5 5.0

S70 (High Pressure Sodium)

MINOR 7.5 5.5

S100 MAJOR 9.0 7.5

S400 MAJOR 15.0 12.0

STANDARD HARDWARE: LUMINAIRESWattage/Current – Starting and Running current

QUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

LUMINAIRE STARTING CURRENT(amphs)

RUNNING CURRENT

POWER FACTOR

CFL32 (Minor Rd) 0.15 0.15 >0.95

H70 (Minor Rd) 0.48 0.38 >0.95

S100 (Major Rd) 0.68 0.52 0.9

S400 (Major Rd) 2.48 1.94 0.9

STANDARD HARDWARE: COLUMNSQUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

STANDARD HARDWARE: COLUMNSQUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

DESCRIPTION DIMENSION OUTREACH ARM

HEIGHT

Roadside column A 1.5,3,4.5

‘’ B 4,6.5,9,10.5Pedestrian side column

C 0.5,1.5

‘’ D 4,6.5,9,10.5,12,15

Banner E 0.5,1.5

‘’ F 2.4 minimum

‘’ G 6.0 maximum

STANDARD HARDWARE: COLUMNS

Column Heights in Parks, Cycles, Walkways, Adjacent Underpasses & Adjacent Shopping Centres shall be a minimum of 6.5 metres

Banner installation is only on columns above 9m. The banner load should not exceed 0.5kN.Only 2 banners are allowed per column

QUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

STANDARD HARDWARE: COLUMNSQUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

TYPE DESCRIPTION

POLE TYPE

COLOUR OUTREACH ARM COMBINATIONS

LUMINAIRE

Base Plate Moutes

7m, 8.5, 10m steel

Rigid Galvanised

•1.5m single & double •3m single &Double•1.5mextension arm

Standard road lighting luminaires for normal, aeroscreen applications(e.gS100,H400)

Slip Base Mounted

up to 10m pole

Slip base Galvanised

1.5m single &double•3m single &Double1.5m extensionarm

Standard road lightingluminaires

Minor roads

Base Plate Mounted

4.5m Estate steel

MinorRoadBPM

Green/Blue/Navy/Black

Mostly single but can also be twin

DecorativeluminairesCFL32 & S70

Base Plate Mounted

5m steel Minor road*mid-hinged(left) w/-hinged baseplate

Galvanised

Integral outreach

(NormalAnd Aeroscreen)

ZONES AND SETBACKQUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

SETBACKS AND ZONESQUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

ZONE APPLICATIONThe traffic speed consideration is given to the 85th percentile speed of the road, if it is significantly higher than the posted speed limit.1 Pole Total Exclusion

Zone:For kerbed roads

normally up to 0.7m beyond kerb, but extending to 1.0m at intersections or sharp bends

For un-kerbed roads with speed limit ≤70km/h

not less than 1.0m beyond the edge of thecarriageway but not more than 3.0m from the outer edge of the traffic lane(s).

For un-kerbed roads with speed limit >70km/h

not less than 1.0m beyond the edge of thecarriageway but not more than 6.0m from the outer edge of the traffic lane(s).

2 (Frangible pole zone)Slip-base or impact absorbing pole zone

3.0m wide for roads up to 70km/h speed limit and 6.0m for posted speed limit >70km/h

3 Unrestricted pole zone

Slip-base poles should not be used in high pedestrian activity areas.

LIGHTING ARRANGEMENT

For minor roads arrangements 1 and 3 are commonly used.For wide major roads, arrangement 4 would be commonly used. For roads where there is a centre median strip or centre barrier, arrangement 6 would be commonly used.

QUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

DESIGN PROCESS GUIDELINESQUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

POLE SETBACK AT INTERSECTIONS WITH TYPICAL VERGES

Zone 1 is increased inwidth from 0.7 m to 1.0 m in the vicinity of corners

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES SHOWING LAMP MORTALITY AND LUMEN DEPRECIATION

Lamp mortality

QUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES SHOWING LAMP MORTALITY AND LUMEN DEPRECIATION

Lumen depreciation

QUEENSLAND URBAN ROAD LIGHTING

The standard recognises the conflicting traffic demands and characteristics among all the road users.Road lighting should not only aim to provide lighting to enhance safety but also to provide a pleasant visual scene.

The standard is categorical that for each particular site, no uniform method of lighting provision is suggested

an individualized approach needs to be taken for each site. only basic guidance is given with regard to the overall lighting provisions related to each area.

The standard recommends a master plan to be drawn up which contains all the relevant objectives in order of their perceived importance and emphasis.

BRITISH STANDARDS FOR ROAD LIGHTING –BS 5489

Lighting to meet traffic needs of:i. mixed vehicular and pedestrianAppropriate lighting should be defined in terms of horizontal illuminance and uniformity as guided by the standard.

can be same lighting class to the whole vehicle and pedestrian area or where separate vehicle and pedestrian areas are well defined, it can be appropriate to treat the different areas as separate relevant

ii. Pedestrians and cyclists onlyshould promote easy movement, attempt to create a feeling of general security and well-being and encourage people to visit and make use of the facilities.good colour rendering is recommended and adequate visual recognition should be provided.

...BS 5489

iii. Primary vehicular...BS 5489

Hierarchy description Lighting classMotor wayMain carriageway in complex interchange areas

=<40000>40000 ME1

ME1

Main carriageway in complex interchanges <3km

=<40000>40000 ME2

ME1Emergency lanes ME4aMain distributerSingle carriageways <15000 ME3aDual carriageways >15000 ME2Secondary distributor =<7000 ME4aLink road ME5

The parameters are based on;Type of road or area.Traffic flow of vehicles per day (ADT)Traffic flow of pedestrians and cyclistsPresence of conflict areasPresence of traffic calming measuresCrime risksAmbient luminance levels

...BS 5489

Superseded 2001 draft that was never finalized.

Heavily borrowed from BS 5489

Does not clearly give guidelines based on the local conditions.

KENYA DRAFT ROAD LIGHTING DESIGN MANUAL (2009)

Heavily relied on secondary data particularly reviewing the existing manuals from other countries.

Informal interviews to some street lights designers in Kenya (Electrical Engineers)

Observation

METHODOLOGY

There are many upcoming urban areas in Kenya today.

New feature such as tunnels, interchanges, underpasses, overpasses and footbridges are coming up.

The draft (2009) road lighting manual is a “photocopy” of the BS 5489.

Some road lights are installed without a proper design.

Kenya slowly embracing solar powered street lights and solar LED technologies which are more sustainable.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A localised urban roads street lighting manual need to be formulated as soon as yesterday.

RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER CONTENT

Introduction General overview of urban environment features and characteristics.The objectives of urban road lighting.

The Equipment

Should describe and give comprehensive guidance on the various equipment used in road lighting. (lamps, luminaires, columns, bases etc)

The siting and arrangement of the street lights

Guideline for different classification of roads based on traffic volume and traffic characteristicsConflict areasShould also be very specific on provision of the lights on the NMT

Electrical design

Wattage/current/ and luminaire desires properties.

A localised urban roads street lighting is need to be formulated as soon as yesterday.

RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER CONTENT

Electrical design

Wattage/current/ and luminaire desires properties.

Operations and controls

Aiming at providing efficient street lighting systemsControls on normal hours of operations and during special circumstances.

Maintenance Guideline on the maintenance planDesign procedure and design consideration

•selection of lighting class(es) and definition of relevant area(s) •gathering of preliminary data •calculation of design spacing •plotting of luminaire positions •determination of lighting column positions

END

THANKYOU!!