3

STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTS IN THE TRANSLATION OFPAST PARTICIPLE INTO INDONESIAN

Rizky Asrining PuriDr. Mashadi Said, M.Pd. - Drs. Hendro Firmawan, M.M.

Gundarma University

ABSTRACTThe problems of this research are What is the structural adjustment of Past

Participle as verbs from English into Indonesian? and What is the structuraladjustment of Past Participle as adjectives from English into Indonesian?. Theaims of this research are to describe the structural adjustment of past participle asverbs from English into Indonesian and to describe the structural adjustment ofpast participle as adjectives from English into Indonesian.

This research uses two books and their translation as the primary source ofdata. In this case, Agatha Christie “The Thirteen Problems” and its Indonesiantranslation version”Tiga Belas Kasus” translated by Julanda Tantani. The studyuses qualitative method. In this case, the writer collected, classified, and identifiedthe data concerning with the translation of Past Participle. Then the writercalculated the percentage of the translation of Past Participle.

The writer finds that, the result of the study shows that the translations ofPast Participle are divided into two main categories, they are: Past Participle as

Verbs and Past participle as Adjectives. The adjustments of Past Participledivided into: Present Perfect Tense (35.58 %), Past Perfect Tense (43.68 %), andVerbal Adjective (20.74 %). Past Participles in Present Perfect Tense weretranslated into Indonesian active and passive voice; verb without prefix (20 %),verb with prefix me- (70 %), verb with prefix ber- (0.50 %), and verb with prefixdi- (0.50 %). Past Participles in Past Perfect Tense were translated into Indonesianactive and passive voice; verb without prefix (19.04 %), verb with prefix me-(71.42 %), and verb with prefix ber- (7.40 %), and verb with prefix di- (12.81% ).Past Participles in verbal adjectives were translated into Indonesian adjectivevoice (20.74%).

Keyword: translation, structural adjustments

INTRODUCTIONBackground of the ResearchJustification of the Research

One of the obstacles of translating English into Indonesian is to find of thebest equivalence from the Source Language Text (SLT) into the Target LanguageText (TLT), to get the natural, accurate, clear and dynamic translation. Forinstance, English and Indonesian have different structure and it affects the process

4

of translation. Therefore, the translator should be capable to adjust the structure ofthe English text into Indonesian text.

The challenging problem in translation from English into Indonesian isgrammatical structure. It is because English and Indonesian have differentstructure, for instance the structure deals with past participle. Past participle is anelement of structure in English called V3 which does not exist in Indonesian.Therefore, the translators are necessary to adjust the grammatical structure toproduce a good translation of past participle. Thorough the adjustment, thetranslation of target language will change and different from the source language.Mona Baker, states that difference in the grammatical structures of the SourceLanguage Text (SLT) into the Target Language Text(TLT) often results somechanges in the information content of the messages during the process oftranslation (1992:86)

Past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often calledthe 'ed' form as it is formed by adding -d or -ed, to the base form of regular verbs,however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. It can be usedto form verbs as part of the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense. Or inIndonesian, past participle as adjectives can translate as a predicate withIndonesian conjunction “yang.”

This research is important to conduct because it can be used as an input tounderstand more in the process of translation especially in translating pastparticiple into Indonesian. In this research the writer chooses entitled “TheStructural Adjustment in the Translation of Past Participle into Indonesian.” Thewriter used the English novel, namely “The Thirteen Problems” by AgathaChristie and its Indonesian translation version ”Tiga Belas Kasus” translated byJulanda Tantani as the source of the data, the researcher hoped that the researchmay contribute some information related to the translation of Indonesian.

THEORETICAL REVIEWSTheories of TranslationAn Overview of Translation

Catford (1974:1) state that translation is an operation performed onlanguage: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text inanother. Newmark (1988:5) state that translation is rendering the meaningof a text into another language in the way that author intended the text.Koller in Hatim (1995:196) states that the translation is the result of textprocess activity by means of which a source language is transposed into atarget language text. Between the results text in the target language textand the source text in the source language text, there exists a relationship,which can be designated as a translation equivalence relation.

Definition of TranslationTranslating is the process or transferring the Source Language Text

(SLT) message into its closets, natural equivalent, in the Target LanguageText (TLT). The source language text is the language from which atranslation is made.

5

Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber in The Theory and Practicalof Translation (1969) suggest a system of translating and according tothem this is a more elaborated procedure including three stages:1. Analysis, in which the surface structure (i.e., the message as given in

language A) is analyze in terms of (a) the grammatical relationshipsand (b) the meanings of the words and combinations of words;

2. Transfer, in which the analyze material is transferred in the mind of thetranslators from language A to language B;

3. Restructuring, in which the transferred materials is restructured inorder to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptorlanguage.

According to Larson states in Meaning-Based Translation that thepurpose of this text is to show that translation consist of transferringmeaning of source language into the receptor language (1984:3). Hesuggests that in his theory, the process of translation; the translation isdone by going from the form of the first language to the form of a secondlanguage by way of semantic structure. It is “meaning” which is beingtransferred and must be held constant. Only the form will change. Theform which translation is made will be called the Source Language and theform into which to be change will be called the Receptor Language.Translation then, consist of studying the lexicon, and cultural context ofsource language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, andthen reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammaticalstructure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its culturalcontext.

While, Peter Newmark suggests that when we are translating, wetranslate with for levels more or less consciously in mind:1. The Source Language (SL) text level, the level of language, where we

begun and which we continually (but not continuously) go back to;2. The referential level, the level of objects and events, real or imaginary,

which we progressively have to visualize and build up, and which isand essential part, first of the comprehension, then of the reproductionprocess;

3. The cohesive level, which is more general, a grammatical, which tracesthe train of thought, the feeling tone (positive and negative) and thevarious presupposition of source language text. This level encompassesboth comprehension and reproduction; it presents an overall picture, towhich we may have to adjust the language level;

4. The level of naturalness, of common language appropriate to the writeror the speaker in certain situation. Again this is a generalized level,which constitutes a bend within which the translator works, unless heis translating an authoritative text, in which case he sees the level ofnaturalness as a point of reference to determine the deviation- if any-between the author’s level he pursuing and the natural level. This levelof naturalness is concerned only with reproduction.

6

Kinds of TranslationLarson (1984:15, 16) divided translation into two types, they are:1. Literal translation is a form-based translation attempt to follow the

form of the source language.2. Idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the source language

(that is, the meaning intended by original communication) in thenatural form of the receptor language.

Newmark (1981: 39) divided two types of translation:1. Communicative translation, attempts to produce on its readers an

effect as close as possible to that obtained on readers of original.2. Semantic translation, attempts to render, as closely as the semantic

and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact3. Contextual meaning of the original. This research uses Newmark’s

theory of translation, since in imperative sentences is translated byusing communicative and semantic translation.

Structural AdjustmentIn their book, The Theory and Practical of Translation, Nida and

Taber (1969: 112) state that as with the transfer of semantic content, oneendeavors to keep the structural form if it is possible, but in most cases itis not. The attempt to preserve structural form usually result in eithercomplete unintelligibility, or in awkwardness. There is nothingsacrosanct about such features of structure as sentence length and phrasestructure patterns, and too often the effort to reflect the source in theseformal aspects results in badly overloading to understand.

The structural adjustments affect the entire range of linguisticsstructure, from the discourse to the sounds, and they may mostconveniently be classified in terms of various levels: (1) discourse, (2)sentence, (3) word, and (4) sound.

ParticiplesIn his book, Grammar and Meaning, Howard Jackson (1990,

128) state that as modifiers of nouns, present and past participle of verbfunction very much like adjectives. Indeed, they are sometimes regardedas adjectives when they modify nouns.

In their book, The English Verb System, Juilland and Macris(1973, 24-25) state that the morphs –ed and –d exhibit the same relationas in the Preterit, -ed occurring after stems ending in an apical stop, e.g.,(have) waited /weyt-ed/, and –d after stems ending in a voiced soundother than an apical stop, e.g., (have) lived /liv-d/. in the participle, thereare two additional morphs in complementary distribution, -n and -ən; -nis selected by stems ending in a syllabic, e.g., shown /šow-n/, -ən by all other stems, e.g., bitten /bit-ən/.

Makkink (1951, 121) state in An English grammar Book thoseparticiples are divided into two types: the present participle (of transitiveand intransitive verbs) and the past participle (of transitive verbs).

7

Participle is a non-finite verb form that can be used in compound tensesor voices, or it can be used as a modifier.

Past Participle as VerbsAccording to Deborah Phillips (2001, 161) state that past

participle can cause confusing in structure questions on the TOEFL testbecause a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb.The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. Itoften ands in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles inEnglish.

In their book, English Sentence Structure, Robert Krohn and theStaff if the English Language Institute (1971, 193-197) stated thatpresent perfect tense, past perfect tense use the past participle as verbs,such as:

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE(+) S + have/has + past participle + O(-) S + have/has + not + past participle + O(?) Have/has + S + past participle + OExample:

John has answered all our questions today.John telah menjawab semua pertanyaan hari ini.

I have studied for two years.Saya telah menimba ilmu selama dua tahun.

John hasn’t eaten breakfast.John belum sarapan pagi.

Have you seen the President on TV?Sudahkah Anda menyaksikan tayangan Presiden di televisi?PAST PERFECT TENSE(+) S + had + past participle + O(-) S + had + not + past participle + O(?) Had + S + past participle + OExample:

He had studied very hard.Ia telah belajar sangat giat.

She had written the letter.Ia telah menulis surat itu.

If she had taken the medicine yesterday, she could have felt betternow.Kalau saja ia telah memakan obat itu kemarin, ia sudah merasalebih baik sekarang.

Past Participle as AdjectivesAccording to Terence Parsons (1990, 239), Events in the

Semantics of English-A Study in Subatomic Semantics, state that an

8

apparent example of a past participle used as an adjective is ‘cooled’ asin ‘the cooled soup’. On the analysis I propose, ‘the cooled soup’receives a form that is equivalent to ‘the soup that has been cooled’(where ‘cooled’ is an adjectives in the first phrase and part of the perfectverb-form in the second phrase): the [cooled] and the soup that [has beencooled]. Deborah Phillips (2001, 161) state that a past participle is anadjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have.

DR.Hj. Sofia Rangkuti – Hasibuan, MA (2006, 150-156),Translation I – Theory and Application, state that as for participles, thetranslation of English TT into Indonesian source text, generally theIndonesian conjuction “yang” is used. For example, “an unthinkingperson” is translated as “orang yang tidak berpikir”, “smuggled logs” is“kayu yang diselundupkan” in English. V3 also known as the pastparticiple and, again as in form 1, most common forms are the pastparticiples placed before nouns.Examples:

“Broken glass.”“Gelas yang retak.”

“Corrupted person.”“Orang yang korupsi.”

“Combined sentences.”“Kalimat yang dipadupadankan.”

“Letters, written by president Soekarno, are kept in the museum.”“Surat-surat yang ditulis oleh presiden Soekarno disimpan dalammusium.”

“The manager has not signed the written documents.”“Pemimpin manager belum menandatangani dokumen-dokumentertulis tersebut.”

RESEARCH METHODResearch Design

In this study, the writer used a descriptive qualitative method,because the data are in the form of words and sentences, rather thannumbers. The purpose of the study is to find out the translation of pastparticiple into Indonesian. The data are from “The Thirteen Problems”both the original and the translated versions.

Gay (1996:208) states that qualitative research is the collection andanalysis of extensive narrative data in order to gain insights into a situationof interest not possible using other types of research. Tie approach doesnot the background and the individuals themselves holistically. Therefore,this approach does not permit isolation of individual or organization intovariable, but individual or organization must be included into onecomplete package.

9

Source of the DataThe sources of data were “The Thirteen Problems” written by

Agatha Christy, previously published in paperback edition, 1993,published by Harper Collins Publishers, London and its translated version,by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. The data were derived from bothversions. The reason of choosing this book and the translated version, asthe source of the data, is that because they provide a lot of data whichcontain the past participle and their translations into Indonesian.

Data Collecting Proceduresa. To begin, the writer identified past participle by reading the novel

thoroughly in English version first then the writer reads the Indonesianversion to se the translation of past participle.

b. The writer underlines and makes the notes of translation of past participle.c. Lastly, the writer listed of the source language text and the target language

text concerning of past participle in two columns.

Data Analysis Proceduresa. Editing, the data are taken only the good data.b. Classifying data, based on the theories and the aims of the research, the

data are classified into two categories: (1) the adjustments of PastParticiple verbs. The adjustments of Past Participle as verbs divided intotwo categories, they are: Past Participle deals with present perfect tenseand past perfect tense. (2) The adjustment of past participle as adjectivesonly one category.

c. Presenting the data, the data are presented by using pie chart, tables, andthe examples from English text (SLT) into Indonesian text (TLT).

d. Interpreting the data, the data are interpreted into three steps: 1) presentingthe pie chart, 2) presenting the tables, and 3) presenting the example, afterthe data presented, and then interpreted or discusses the data to see theadjustments English text (SLT) into Indonesian text (TLT)

RESULT OF THE RESEARCHIntroduction

This research analyzes Past Participle in the English novel, namely“The Thirteen Problems” by Agatha Christie and its Indonesiantranslation version”Tiga Belas Kasus” translated by Julanda Tantani. Itwas stated in chapter two that there were two main types of PastParticiples namely; Past Participle as verbs (79.03%) and Past Participle asadjectives divided only one category (20.97%).

Based on the analysis, there are sixty-two sentences as the resourceof the data. The writer found that the data consist of Present Perfect Tense(35.58 %), Past Perfect Tense (43.68 %), and Verbal Adjective (20.74 %).

10

St r uct ur al Adj ust ment s of P ast

P ar t i c i pl e

79.03%Past Par t i c i pl e as Ver bs

20.97%Past Par t i c i pl e as Adj ect i ves

Chart 4.1a

The Category of Adjustments

35.48% present perfect tense into Indonesian

43.55% past perfect tense into Indonesian

20.97% verbal adjective into Indonesian

Chart 4.1bPresent Perfect Tense divided into two categories; Adjustment of

Present perfect Active into Indonesia Active Voice (90.90 %) divided intothree subcategories; verb without prefix (20 %), verb with prefix me-(70 %), and verb with prefix ber- (0.50%), and Present Perfect Active intoIndonesia Passive Voice (9.1 %) divided only one subcategories; verb withprefix di- (0.50 %).

Adjustment of Present Perfect Tense

into Indonesian

90.90% Present perfect Active into Indonesia Active

Voice

9.1% Present Perfect Active into Indonesia Passive

Voice

Chart 4.1c

11

Past Perfect Tense divided into two categories; Adjustment of PastPerfect Active into Active Voice (77.78 %) divided into threesubcategories; verb without prefix (19.04 %), verb with prefix me-(71.42 %), and verb with prefix ber- (9.52 %), and Past Perfect Active intoIndonesia Passive Voice (22.22 %) divided only one subcategories; verbwith prefix di- (12.81 %).

Adjustments of Past Perfect Tense into

Indonesian

77.78% Past Perfect Active into Active Voice

22.22% Past Perfect Active into Active Voice

Chart 4.1dAdjustments of Verbal Adjective divided only one category. There

are thirteen sentences (20.74 %) out of the data were contained PastParticiple which is translated into adjectives which is described noun orpronoun

Chart 4.1e

Adjustment from Present Perfect Tense to IndonesianPresent Perfect Tense to Indonesian Active Voice

1. Verb without affixes

1. ‘I have known one or two“ghosis” that have had a very

“Aku pernah kenal dengan satu-dua ‘hantu’ yang berkarakter ceria,”

Adjustments of Verbal Adjective

79.03% Verbs Translation 20.97% Adjectives Translation

12

robust personality, ‘remarked SirHenry with a chuckle. (pg. 24)

ujar Sir Henry sambil tertawa geli.(pg. 29)

In sentence (1), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by introducing “Aku pernah kenal dengan satu-dua ‘hantu’ yangberkarakter ceria.” So, the sentences use the Subject + verb + Object asIndonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + have + PastParticiple + Object.

2. “Mr, Spragg has called tosee you, sir. I showed him intoyour office.”(pg.72)

“Mr. Spragg telah datanguntuk menemui Anda. Saya sudahmenyilakannya masuk ke ruanganAnda. (pg. 99)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by introducing “Mr. Spragg telah datang untuk menemui Anda.”So, the sentences use the Subject + verb + Object as Indonesianstructural adjustment of pattern: Subject + has + Past Participle + Object.

3. “You must have had some ideain your mind,” I pointed out. (pg.84)

“Kau pasti sudah punya suaturencana dalam otakmu,” kataku.(pg. 117)

In sentence (3), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by introducing “Kau pasti sudah punya suatu rencana.” So, thesentences use the Subject + verb + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + modal aux + have + Past Participle +Object.

4. ‘I have got an old recipe ofmy grandmother’ for tansy teathat is worth any amount of yourdrugs. (pg.89)

Aku punya resep kuno darinenekku untuk membuat tehkembang yang jauh lebih manjurdari segala jenis obat itu. (pg. 124)

In sentence (4), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by introducing “Aku punya resep kuno.” So, the sentences use the

13

Subject + verb + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern:Subject + have + Past Participle + Object.

2. Verb with affixes me-

In sentence (1), we can see that translator translated this PastParticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by introducing “tak seorang pun bisa menjelaskannya.” So, thesentences use the Subject + verb with prefix me- + suffix –nya (object)as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + has + ever + PastParticiple.

2. ‘You have forgotten me, dear,’said Miss Marple, smiling brightly.(pg. 12)

“Kau melupakan aku,Sayang,” kata Miss Marplesambil tersenyum cerah. (pg. 14)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by introducing “Kau melupakan aku.” So, the sentences use theSubject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + have + Past participle + Object.

3. ‘You have forgotten the oneimportant factor in the case.(pg.19)

“Kalian telah melupakan satufaktor penting dalam kasus ini.”(pg. 23)

In sentence (3), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Kalian telah melupakan satu faktor penting dalam kasus ini.”So, the sentences use the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object asIndonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + have + pastParticiple + Object.

4. ‘I have never forgotten it,‘continued the clergyman. (pg.23)

“Aku tak pernahmelupakannya,” lanjut di pendeta.(pg. 28)

1. ‘I was thinking of actual bareprosaic facts, things that havehappened and that no one has everexplained.’ (pg. 1)

“Aku memikirkan fakta-faktaaktual yang biasa-biasa saja, hal-hal yang telah terjadi, tapi takseorang pun bisamenjelaskannya.” (pg. 1)

14

In sentence (4), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku tak pernah melupakannya.” So, the sentences use theSubject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + have + never + Past Participle + Object.

5. ‘Since then I have neverlaughed at the people who use theword atmosphere. (pg. 23)

“Sejak itu aku tak pernahmenertawakan orang-orang yangbicara tentang pengaruh suasana.(pg. 29)

In sentence (5), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “aku tak pernah menertawakan orang-orang.” So, the sentencesuse the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + have + never + Past Participle + Object.

6. “I have killed him, “she cried,“Oh, my God! I didn’t mean to, butI have killed him.” (pg. 30)

“Aku telah membunuhnya,”jeritnya. “Oh, Tuhan! Aku tidakbermaksud begitu, tapi aku telahmembunuhnya.” (pg. 39)

In sentence (6), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku telah membunuhnya.” So, the sentences use the Subject +verb with prefix me- + suffix –nya (object) as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + have + Past Participle + Object.

7. I have seen many wonderfulthink done with weapon and knivesat music halls, ‘said Sir Henry.(pg. 35)

“Aku sudah pernah melihathal-hal hebat yang bisa dilakukandengan senjata dan pisau di gedung-gedung pertunjukan,” kata SirHenry. (pg. 45)

In sentence (7), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku sudah pernah melihat hal-hal hebat.” So, the sentences usethe Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + have + Past Participle + Object.

8. I have never sold it but I neverlook at it. (pg. 53)

Aku tak pernah menjualnya, tapijuga tak pernah memandangnya.(pg. 71)

15

In sentence (8), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku tak pernah menjualnya.” So, the sentences use the Subject+ verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment ofpattern: Subject + have + never + Past Participle + Object.

9. I have never seen a man morecompletely wrapped up in a child,and I cannot describe to you hisgrief and despair when, at the ageof eleven, the child contractedpneumonia and died. (pg. 64)

Aku belum pernah melihatseorang laki-laki yang begitumenyayangi anak kecil sedemikianrupa, dan aku tak bisamenggambarkan kesedihan sertakeputusasaan Simon Clode ketikapada umur sebelas tahun, anak ituterserang radang paru-paru danmeninggal.(pg. 88)

In sentence (9), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku belum pernah melihat seorang laki-laki.” So, the sentencesuse the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + have + never + Past Participle + Object.

10. I have done what I set up todo.

(pg.113)

Saya telah merampungan tugassaya. (pg. 167)

In sentence (10), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Saya telah merampungan tugas saya.” So, the sentences usethe Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + have + Past Participle + Object.

11. We have had three storiestold tonight – and told by thethreemen! I protest that the ladies havenot done their fair share. (pg. 146)

“Kita telah mendengarkan tigabuah cerita malam ini—semuanyadisampaikan oleh kami yang laki-laki!Aku protes, karena para wanita tidakturut menyumbangkan andil mereka.”(pg. 210)

In sentence (11), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Kita telah mendengarkan tiga buah cerita.” So, the sentencesuse the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + have + Past Participle + Object.

16

12. We have listened with themost intelegent appreciation;We’ve displayed the truewomanly attitude – not wishing tothrust ourselves in the limelight!”(pg. 146)

“Kami telah mendengarkandengan penuh perhatian danmenunjukkan sikap wanita yangsejati—yaitu tidak inginmemamerkan diri di depan umum!”(pg. 210)

In sentence (12), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Kami telah mendengarkan dengan penuh perhatian danmenunjukkan sikap wanita yang sejati.” So, the sentences use the Subject+ verb with prefix me- + Object + conjunction “dan” + Subject + verbwith prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern:Subject + have + past participle + Object + and + Subject + have + PastParticiple + Object.

13. I’ve proved it true time andagain. (pg. 153)

Aku telah berkali-kalimembuktikan kebenaran pepatah itu.(pg. 221)

In sentence (13), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Kalian telah melupakan satu faktor penting dalam kasus ini.”So, the sentences use the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object asIndonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + have + PastParticiple + Object.

14. I have never regretted my partin bringing that man to justice.(pg. 164)

Aku tak pernah menyesalkanketerlibatanku yang membawanya kepengadilan. (pg. 237)

In sentence (14), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku tak pernah menyesalkan keterlibatanku” So, the sentencesuse the Subject + verb with prefix me- + suffix –nya (object) asIndonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + have + never + PastParticiple + Object.

3. Verb with affixes ber-

In sentence (1), we can see that translator translated this PastParticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text

1. And then, too, as an artist I haveknocked about among all sorts andconditions of people. (pg. 12)

Lalu, sebagai seniman, aku pernahberjumpa dengan berbagai macamsifat dan jenis manusia. (pg. 13 )

17

(TLT) by Present Perfect Tense “aku pernah berjumpa dengan berbagaimacam sifat dan jenis manusia.” So, the sentences use the Subject + Verbwith prefix ber- + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern:past continuous Subject + have + Past Participle + Object.

2. ‘I have thought and thoughtabout it,’ said Miss Marple.

(pg. 204)

“Aku telah berpikir dan berpikirlagi mengenai peristiwa itu,” kataMiss Marple. (pg. 296)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku telah berpikir dan berpikir lagi mengenai peristiwa itu.”So, the sentences use the Subject + verb with prefix ber- + Object asIndonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + have + pastparticiple + Object.

Present Perfect Tense to Indonesian Passive Voice1. Verb with affix di-1. I’ve never been surrounded

by blood on mystery.’ (pg. 146)“Aku belum pernah dikelilingi

oleh darah dan misteri.” (pg. 210)

In sentence (1), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku belum pernah dikelilingi oleh darah dan misteri i.” So, thesentences use the Subject + verb with prefix di- + by + Object asIndonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + have + never + been+ Past Participle + Object.

2. Or she may have been beingblackmailed by someone whothreatened to tell her husband orSir Herman’s wife.(pg.190)

Atau mungkin dia diperas olehseseorang yang mengancam akanmemberitahu suaminya atau istri SirHerman. (pg. 277)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “mungkin dia diperas oleh seseorang.” So, the sentences use theSubject + verb with prefix di- + by + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + modal aux + have + been + being + PastParticiple + Object.

Adjustment from Past Perfect Tense to Indonesian Active VoicePast Perfect Tense to Indonesian Active Voice

1. Verb without affixes1. He had had no money of his

own apart from what he earned,and he was a man of somewhat

Dia sendiri tidak punya uangkecuali dari hasil nafkahnya, dan diatermasuk jenis laki-laki yang suka

18

extravagant habits with apartiality for the society ofwomen. (pg. 15)

berfoya-foya dan gemar merayuwanita. (pg. 18)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia sendiri tidak punya uang.” So, the sentences use theSubject + verb + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern:Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

2. He had realized immediatelythe serious condition of Mrs.Jones, and had sent back to hisdispensary for some opium pills, toallay the pain. (pg. 15)

Dia segera sadar tentangparahnya kondisi Mrs. Jones, danmenyuruh seseorang kembali kerumahnya untuk mengambil beberapabutir tablet opium untuk mengurangirasa sakit. (pg. 18)

In sentence (3), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia segera sadar tentang parahnya kondisi Mrs. Jones.” So,the sentences use the Subject + verb + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + adjective + Object.

3. ‘After supper an that eveningMr. Jones had gone down to thekitchen and had demanded a bowlof cornflour for his wife who hadcomplained of not feeling well.(pg.16)

Setelah makan malam hari itu,Mr. Jones pergi ke dapur, mintadibuatkan semangkuk bubur jagunguntuk istrinya yang mengeluh kurangenak badan. (pg. 19)

In sentence (5), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Mr. Jones pergi ke dapur.” So, the sentences use the Subject +verb - + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject +had + Past Participle + Object.

4. Her mother had died at herbirth,and on her father’s death shecome to live with her grandfatherwho at once became passionatelyattaché to her. (pg. 64)

Ibunya meninggal ketikamelahirkannya, dan setelah kematianayahnya, dia terpaksa tinggal dengankakeknya yang langsung merasasangat menyayanginya. (pg. 88)

In sentence (13), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Ibunya meninggal ketika melahirkannya.” So, the sentences

19

use the Subject + verb + Adverb as Indonesian structural adjustment ofpattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Adverb.

2. Verb with affix me-1. He had interrogated the

young maid, Gladys Linch. (pg.15)

Dia telah menanyai si pelayanmuda itu, Gladys Linch. (pg. 18)

In sentence (1), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia telah menanyai si pelayan muda itu,.” So, the sentencesuse the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

2. He had waited in the kitchenuntil Gladys Linch prepared it, andthen carried it, up to his wife'sroom himself. (pg. 16)

Dia menunggu di dapur sampaiGladys Linch selesai membuatnya,kemudian dia sendiri yangmembawanya naik ke kamar istrinya.(pg. 19)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia menunggu di dapur.” So, the sentences use the Subject +verb with prefix me- + Adverb as Indonesian structural adjustment ofpattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Adverb.

3. Jones had got Gladys Linchinto trouble, as the saying goes.(pg.21)

Jones telah menghamili GladysLinch, begitulah keadaannya. (pg. 26)

In sentence (3), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Jones telah menghamili Gladys Linch.” So, the sentences usethe Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

4. Her child died at birth andJones had deserted her foranother woman. (pg.21)

Bayinya meninggal waktu lahirdan Jones telah meninggalkannyademi wanita lain. (pg. 27)

In sentence (4), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Jones telah meninggalkannya.” So, the sentences use the

20

Subject + verb with prefix me- + suffix –nya (Object) as Indonesianstructural adjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

5. I had known him in hiscollege days, and thought I hadlost sight of him for some years,the old ties of friendship stillheld, and I accepted with pleasurehis invitation to go down toSilent Grove, as his new purchasewas called. (pg.24)

Aku mengenalnya semasa kuliah,dan meskipun sudah beberapa tahuntidak berjumpa dengannya,persahabatan kami masih terjalin,maka dengan senang hati kuterimaundangannya ke Silent Grove,begitulah nama rumah yang barudibelinya itu. (pg. 30)

In sentence (5), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku mengenalnya.” So, the sentences use the Subject + verbwith prefix me- + suffix –nya (Object) as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

6. He had hunted about vainlyfor the dragger and at last givingup the search had taken up astand near the Idol House.(pg.34)

Dia berusaha mencari belati itu,tapi sia-sia, dan akhirnya ketika sudahmenyerah, dia berdiri di dekat RumahPemujaan itu. (pg. 44)

In sentence (6), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia berusaha mencari belati itu.” So, the sentences use theSubject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

7. The dagger had jerked out ofhis belt as he knelt down by hiscousin, and almost before he hadtime to think he drove it in andreturned it to his belt again.(pg.37)

Belati itu menonjol keluar darisabuknya ketika dia berlutut disamping sepupunya, dan sebelumsempat berpikir, dia menikamnya ketubuh Sir Richard, lalumemasukkannya kembali kesabuknya. (pg. 49)

In sentence (7), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Belati itu menonjol keluar dari sabuknya.” So, the sentencesuse the Subject + verb with prefix me- as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

8. Here he had noticed somemen landing something from a

Dia melihat beberapa orangsedang menurunkan sesuatu dari

21

small boat, and had strolled downto see what was goig on. (pg.47)

sebuah perahu motor kecil, kemudiandia berjalan mendekat dengan maksuduntuk melihat apa yang terjadi. (pg.62)

In sentence (8), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia melihat beberapa orang” So, the sentences use the Subject+ verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment ofpattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

9. He had questioned the cook,and she had admitted that one ortwo of the mushrooms cooked hadbeen “a little queer”, but as theshop had sent them she thoughtthey must be all right. (pg. 84)

Dia telah menanyai koki, danwanita itu mengaku bahwa beberapabiji jamur yang dimasaknya ada yang‘sedikit aneh’, tapi karena toko sayurtelah mengirimnya, dia pikir jamur-jamur itu tidak apa-apa. (pg. 116)

In sentence (9), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) “Dia telah menanyai koki, dan wanita itu mengaku bahwabeberapa biji jamur yang dimasaknya ada yang ‘sedikit aneh’.” So, thesentences use the Subject + verb with affix me- + Object and Subject ++ verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment ofpattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

10. The order had gone after herand had tried and she too wronghave drowned had not a manrowed out in a boat and bought inrescuer and rescued – the latterbeyond help brought in rescued –the latter beyond help. (pg. 114)

Yang satunya berusaha mengejardan menyeretnya kembali, tapitenaganya tidak kuat dan dia sendirinyaris tenggelam seandainya tidakada seorang laki-laki yang kebetulansedang berperahu dan mengajakseorang penyelamat untukmenolongnya—tapi wanita satunyasudah tidak tertolong. (pg. 163)

In sentence (10), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Yang satunya berusaha mengejar dan menyeretnya kembali,.”So, the sentences use the Subject + verb with prefix me- + (object) asIndonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle+ Object.

11. Miss Durrant had remarked atthe time that she always liked tohave one place she could call her

Waktu itu Miss Durrantmengatakan padanya dia senangpunya tempat tinggal yang bisa

22

own to which she could return atany moment. (pg. 116)

disebutnya sebagai miliknya sendiri,tempat dia bisa pulang setiap saat.(pg.166)

In sentence (11), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Waktu itu Miss Durrant mengatakan padanya dia senangpunya tempat tinggal.” So, the sentences use the Adverb + Subject +verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment ofpattern: Subject + had + past participle + Adverb + that + Clause.

12. They had applied once forhelp to their rich cousin inEngland and been repulsed, MissBarton having quarreled with theirfather.(pg. 127)

Mereka pernah meminta tolongpada sepupu mereka yang kaya diInggris, tapi ditolak, gara-gara MissBarton pernah bertengkar denganayah mereka. (pg. 181)

In sentence (12), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Mereka pernah meminta tolong pada sepupu mereka yangkaya.” So, the sentences use the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Objectas Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + had + PastParticiple + Object.

13. She had sold the cottage andwas returning to Germany, havingfinally settled up her uncle’saffairs. (pg. 140)

Dia telah menjual rumah di desaitu dan akan kembali ke Jerman,setelah menyelesaikan segala urusanpamannya. (pg. 200)

In sentence (13), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia telah menjual rumah.” So, the sentences use the Subject +verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structural adjustment ofpattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

14. Sir Ambrose had opposed theengagement on the plea that Sylviawas too young. (pg. 175)

Sebelumnya Sir Ambrosemenentang pertunangan itu, denganalasan Sylvia masih terlalu muda.(pg. 247)

In sentence (14), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Sir Ambrose menentang pertunangan itu.” So, the sentencesuse the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

23

15. He had staked all on thisthrow. (pg.220)

Ia telah mengeluarkan semuatuduhannya. (pg. 321)

In sentence (15), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Ia telah mengeluarkan semua tuduhannya.” So, the sentencesuse the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesian structuraladjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

3. Verb with affixes ber-1. Mr Jones had planned to do

away with his wife and inherithundreds of thousands of pounds!(pg.14 )

Mr. Jones memang berencanamenyingkirkan istrinya untukmewarisi ratusan dan ribuan pound!(pg. 16)

In sentence (1), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Mr. Jones memang berencana menyingkirkan istrinya.” So, thesentences use the Subject + verb with prefix ber- + Object as Indonesianstructural adjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

2. She had mentioned to thelandlady that her father andmother had died in India when shewas a child and that she had beenbrought up by an uncle who was aclergyman, but she did not say ifhe was her father’s or her other’sbrother, so the name was no guide.(pg. 116)

Dia pernah bercerita kepadainduk semangnya bahwa ayah danibunya meninggal di India ketika diamasih kecil, dan sejak itu diadibesarkan oleh pamannya yangpendeta, tapi dia tidak berceritaapakah pamannya itu dari pihakayahnya atau ibunya, jadi tidak adanama yang bisa dijadikan patokan.(pg. 167)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia pernah bercerita kepada induk semangnya.” So, thesentences use the Subject + verb with prefix ber- + Object as Indonesianstructural adjustment of pattern: Subject + had + Past Participle + Object.

Past Perfect Tense to Indonesian Passive Voice1. Verb with prefix di-.1. She went back to the two

shops she had visited but theseshrimps had completely dis-appeared. (pg. 2)

Dia kembali ke dua toko yangtelah dikunjunginya tadi, tapi udangitu betul-betul lenyap, entah ke mana.

24

In sentence (1), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dia kembali ke dua toko yang telah dikunjunginya.” So, thesentences use the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesianstructural adjustment of pattern: Subject + have + past participle + Object.

2. It was for Scotland Yardworking with the local authoritiesto prove how that arsenic had beenadministered, and by whom.’(pg. 15)

Jadi, Scotland Yard kemudianbekerjasama dengan pihak berwajibsetempat untuk membuktikanbagaimana arsenic itu diberikan danoleh siapa.” (pg. 17)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Scotland Yard kemudian bekerjasama dengan pihak berwajibsetempat untuk membuktikan bagaimana arsenic itu diberikan.” So, thesentences use the Clause + conjunction + Subject + verb with prefix di-as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Clause + how that +Subject + had + been + Past Participle + Object.

3. He had been called in aboutmidnight to find all three peoplesuffering. (pg. 15)

Dialah yang dipanggil sekitar tengahmalam untuk memeriksa ketiga orangyang menderita sakit itu. (pg. 18)

In sentence (3), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dialah yang dipanggil sekitar tengah malam.” So, thesentences use the Subject + conjunction + verb with prefix di- +Adverb as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + had +been + Past Participle + Adverb.

4. ‘After supper an that eveningMr. Jones had gone down to thekitchen and had demanded a bowlof cornflour for his wife who hadcomplained of not feeling well.(pg.16)

Setelah makan malam hari itu,Mr. Jones pergi ke dapur, mintadibuatkan semangkuk bubur jagunguntuk istrinya yang mengeluh kurangenak badan. (pg. 19)

In sentence (4), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Mr. Jones pergi ke dapur, minta dibuatkan semangkuk buburjagung i.” So, the sentences use the Subject + verb with prefix di- +Object as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject + had +Past Participle + Object.

25

5. I had been introduced a fewweeks previously and had foundhim a most interestingcompanion. (pg.39)

Aku telah dikenalkan beberapaminggu sebelumnya, dan menurutkudia teman yang sangatmenyenangkan. (pg. 52)

In sentence (5), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Aku telah dikenalkan beberapa minggu sebelumnya.” So, thesentences use the Subject + verb with prefix me- + Object as Indonesianstructural adjustment of pattern: Subject + have + past participle + Object.

6. The doctor had been sent for,but the poor man had died a fewminutes after the doctor’s arrival.(pg. 82)

Dokter dipanggil, tapi laki-lakimalang itu sudah meninggal beberapamenit sebelum dia datang.

In sentence (6), we can see that translator translated this pastparticiple in Source Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text(TLT) by “Dokter dipanggil.” So, the sentences use the Subject + verbwith prefix di- as Indonesian structural adjustment of pattern: Subject +had + been + Past Participle.

Adjustment from Verbal Adjective into Indonesian1. Conjunction “yang” + Adjective

1. ‘I suppose there are a lot ofmurders and thing that never aresolved by the police. (pg. 11)

“Kurasa banyak pembunuhandan peristiwa yang tidak pernah bisadipecahkan oleh polisi. (pg. 12)

In sentence (1), we can see that translator translated this past participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective “pembunuhan dan peristiwa yang tidak pernah bisadipecahkan oleh polisi.” followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjective+ by + object is Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

2. ‘That is an admitted fact.(pg. 11)

“Kurasa itu memang fakta yangtidak bisa disangkal. (pg. 12)

In sentence (2), we can see that translator translated this past participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective “fakta yang tidak bisa disangkal.” followed by Subject +

26

conjunction “yang” + adjective is Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbaladjective.

3. It was laid aside at the timeas an unsolved mystery, but, as ithappens, the solution came intomy hands not very many daysago. (pg. 13)

Waktu itu kami terpaksamelepaskannya sebagai suatu misteriyang tak terpecahkan, tapi kebetulanbeberapa hari yang lalu akumengetahui pemecahannya. (pg. 15)

In sentence (3), we can see that translator translated this past participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjectiveis Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

4. It was laid aside at the timeas an unsolved mystery, but, as ithappens, the solution came intomy hands not very many daysago. (pg. 13)

Waktu itu kami terpaksamelepaskannya sebagai suatu misteriyang tak terpecahkan, tapi kebetulanbeberapa hari yang lalu akumengetahui pemecahannya. (pg. 15)

In sentence (4, we can see that translator translated this past participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjectiveis Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

5. As a result of the autopsysufficient arsenic was found tomake it quite clear that thedeceased lady had died ofarsenical poisoning. (pg. 15)

Dari hasil autopsi diketahui adaarsenic dalam jumlah cukup besaruntuk membunuh wanita yangmalang itu. (pg. 17)

In sentence (5), we can see that translator translated this past participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjectiveis Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

6. Your cousin must have hadsome unsuspected weakness ofthe heart. (pg. 31)

Sepupumu mungkin mengidappenyakit jantung tanpa disadarinya.(pg. 40)

In sentence (6), we can see that translator translated this past participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing the

27

pattern verbal adjective followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjectiveis Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

7. We must, I think, discard allfar-fetched theories and confinedoes sober fact. (pg. 36)

Kurasa kita harus membuangsemua teori yang dibuat-buat danmemusatkan perhatian pada fakta-fakta yang actual. (pg. 46)

In sentence (7), we can see that translator translated this Past Participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective “teori yang dibuat-buat” followed by Subject +conjunction “yang” + adjective is Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbaladjective.

8. Death had been thought to bethe result of eating poisonedmushrooms. (pg. 82)

Diperkirakan kematiannya gara-gara keracunan jamur. (pg. 114)

In sentence (8), we can see that translator translated this Past Participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective followed by Adjective + Object is Indonesian structuraladjustment of the verbal adjective.

9. I believe there are verydefinite symptoms with atropine-dilated pupils of the eyes, and allthat; but, of course, as I havesaid, Dr. Rawlinson was veryshortsighted, poor old man.(pg. 91)

Aku yakin ada gejala khaskeracunan atropine - bola mata yangterangkat ke atas, dan sebagainya;tapi tentu saja, seperti kataku tadi,Dr.Rawlinson itu sudah tua danmatanya sendiri juga sangat rabun.(pg. 127)

In sentence (9), we can see that translator translated this Past Participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjective +adverb is Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

10. That has given her unlimitedopportunities of observing humannature – under the microscope asit were.’ (pg. 93)

Itu malah memberikannyakesempatan yang tak terbatas untukmengamat-amati segala sifat—manusia seperti di bawah mikroskop,begitulah.” (pg. 130)

In sentence (10), we can see that translator translated this Past Participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing the

28

pattern verbal adjective followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjectiveis Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

11. He had come to think very highlyof the mental powers of this frailold – fashioned maiden lady.(pg. 141)

Ia sangat menghargaikemampuan nurani wanita tua yangtampak lemah dan kuno itu.(pg. 202)

In sentence (11), we can see that translator translated this Past Participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjectiveis Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

12. He’d even got the letter whichwas supposed to be written byme.(pg. 188)

Dia bahkan menunjukkan suratyang dikiranya berasal dariku.(pg. 274)

In sentence (12), we can see that translator translated this Past Participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective followed by Subject + conjunction “yang” + adjectiveis Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbal adjective.

13. Written with a kind of artist’spencil it was, and all of a sopthough the paper was we managedto read it.’(pg. 206)

Ditulis dengan pensil yangbiasanya digunakan oleh parapelukis. Surat itu basah kuyup, tapikami berhasil membacanya.” (pg.300)

In sentence (13), we can see that translator translated this Past Participle inSource Language Text (SLT) into Target Language Text (TLT) by introducing thepattern verbal adjective followed by (Subject) + verb + conjunction “yang” +adjective + by + object is Indonesian structural adjustment of the verbaladjective.

CONLUSION AND SUGGESTIONConclusion1. The translation of Past Participle is different from its original.2. Past Participle is apart of English grammar, but it does not exist in Indonesian.3. Past Participle is devided into two main categories, i.e: Past Participle as Verbs

and Past Participle as Adjectives.4. Structural adjustments of Past Participle as verbs are translated into

Indonesian by some pattern: Subject + verb + Object, Subject + verb withprefix me- + suffix -nva (object), Subject + Verb with prefix ber- + Object, andSubject + verb with prefix di- + by + Object.

5 . Structural adjustments of Past Participle as adjectives are translated into

29

Indonesian by some pattern: Adjective + Object, Subject + conjunction"yang" + adjective, Subject + conjunction "yang" + adjective + by +object, Subject + conjunction "yang" + adjective + adverb.

5.2 SuggestionBased on the findings of this research, the writer suggests that therearesome other fields of research that can be done dealing with the sametopic. For example, to make an analysis about the structural equivalenceand shift in translating English Past Participle into Indonesian.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alwi, Hasan et al. 2003. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: BalaiPustaka.

Azar, Betty Scrampfer. 1989. Understanding and using English Grammar. NewJersey: Prentice Hall

Azar, Betty Scrampfer. 1992. Fundamental and using English Grammar. NewJersey: Prentice Hall

Baker, Mone. 1992. In Other Word: A course Book on Translation. London: TJInternational Ltd

Baker, Mona (Ed.). 1998. Rutledge Encyclopedia of Translations studies. London:TJ International Ltd.

Celce-Murcia, Marrianne. 1983. The grammar Book: An ESL/EFL Teacher’sCourse. Massachusetts: Newbury House Publisher Inc.

Carford, J.C. 1978. A Linguistics Theory of Translation: an Essay in AppliedLinguistics. USA: Oxford University Press

Bell, Roger T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. England:Longman Group UK Ltd.

Duff, Allan. 1981. The Third Language: Recurrent Problems of Translating intoEnglish. England: Pergamon Press

30

Hatim, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. London: PearsonEducation Ltd.

Hornby, A.S. 1990. Oxford advance Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jackson, Howard. 1990. Grammar and Meaning: A Semantic Approach to Englishgrammar. London: Longman groups UK Inc.

Juilland, Alphonse and James Marcis. 1973. The English Verb System. Paris:Mouton.

Keraf, Gorys. 1980. Tata Bahasa Indonesia. Ende/Flores: Nusa Indah.

Krohn, Robert. 1970. English Sentence Structure. USA: The University ofMichigan.

Larson, Mildred. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation. A Guide to Cross LanguageEquivalence. Boston: University Press of America Inc.

Lyons, John. 1981. Language and Linguistics. University Press of Cambridge.

Murphy, Raymond and Roann Altman. 1989. Grammar in Use. New York:Cambridge University Press.

Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. UK: Prentice Hall InternationalLtd.

Nida, Eugene and Charles R Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practice ofTranslation. Leiden: E.J Brill

Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. London:Longman Group UK.

31

Rangkuti-Hasibuan, Sofia. 2006. Translation i: Theory and application. Jakarta:Gunadarma University.