SOCIAL SCIENCES 1 5

� A programme of study, which gives a completeoverview of the subject objectives and assessmentcriteria, as well as of the concepts, procedures andattitudes that will be covered in the unit.

� A table of basic competences, which indicates thebasic competences and assessment criteria covered.

� An overview of the key vocabulary (nouns, verbs and adjectives) and language structures covered in the unit.

� A unit summary, which provides a schematicoverview of the structure of the unit and the topicscovered in it. It also includes cross-references to relevant worksheets for each section.

Structure of a Teacher’s Book unitThe Teacher’s Book provides all of the support you need for planning and delivering your lessons,

as well as for assessing students’ knowledge at the end of each term and at the end of the year.

In each unit you will find:

Spain’s natural environment 93

P R O G R A M M E O F S T U D Y

Objectives

1 Identify the territories of Spain.

2 Learn about the main relief and rivers of Spain.

3 Differentiate Spain’s various climate types.

4 Recognise the main features of Spain’s various natural landscapes.

5 Identify the natural hazards that affect Spain.

6 Learn about Spain’s environmental problems. Understand their impact and value positivelythe measures taken to resolve them.

7 Obtain geographical information through the analysis of different sources.

Contents

Concepts� Spain’s geographical location.

� Spain’s relief and rivers.

� Spain’s climate and natural landscapes.

� Spain’s natural hazards and environmental problems.

Procedures� Locate physical features on maps.

� Analyse and interpret text and graphs.

� Identify images.

� Discuss.

� Summarise information and represent it in diagrammatic form.

� Obtain geographical information from direct observation of the environment.

Attitudes� Demonstrate an interest in learning about Spain’s physical environment.

� Learn to behave responsibly when faced with adverse weather conditions and naturalhazards.

� Refrain from any action which might damage the environment.

� Appreciate the measures and initiatives taken to protect nature.

Spain’s natural environment

UNIT 696

V O C A B U L A R Y

L A N G U A G E S T R U C T U R E S

Section Nouns Verbs Adjectives

1. Location, relief and rivers

coast, flow, island, lake,mainland, mountain range,ocean, peak, peninsula,plateau, sea, tributary, valley,volcano

classify, consist of, flow,include, occupy, surround

east, high, irregular, long, low,main, north, north-east,north-west, regular, short,south, south-east, south-west,west

2. Climate and naturallandscapes

autumn, bear, bush, deer,fauna, fir tree, forest, fox,grassland, hare, imperial eagle,laurel, lavender, leaf(pl. leaves), lynx, mountaingoat, oak, otter pigeon, pinetree, precipitation, rabbit,rainfall, scrubland, stork,thyme, vulture, wolf

compare abundant, Alpine, Atlantic,coastal, cold, cool, deciduous,endemic, evergreen, hot,inland, Mediterranean, mild,oceanic, scarce, subtropical,warm

3. Natural hazards andenvironmental problems

agriculture, cold snap, crop,damage, deforestation,desertification, drought,earthquake, environment,erosion, factory, forest fire,flood, gas, ice, industry,national park, (over)grazing,pollution, power station,property, region, snow, traffic,transport, tremor, volcaniceruption, waste

cause, damage, develop,happen, increase, occur,protect, (re)plant

atmospheric, public, rare,renewable, serious

� ‘Wh’ questions: What happens when there is a cold snap? Where do Spain’s rivers flow?

� Verb to be: Cabo Ortegal is in the north-west. Earthquakes are rare in Spain.

� Present simple: Drought occurs when there is a long period without rain.

� Present continuous: What is Spain doing to protect the environment?

� Present passive: The rivers of mainland Spain can be classified into different vertientes.Deforestation is also caused by forest fires.

� Comparatives: The Tajo is longer than the Nalón. Summers are cooler in Santander than in Valladolid.

� Superlatives: Teide is the highest peak in Spain.

� Present perfect: I’ve visited the Picos de Europa.

� Modal verbs: You mustn’t feed the animals. You can have a picnic.

� Imperatives: Don’t run or jump on ice.

Spain’s natural environment 97

U N I T S U M M A R Y

R � ReinforcementE � Extension

1. Location, relief and riverspage 48

2. Climate and natural landscapespage 50

Activitiespage 51

3. Natural hazards andenvironmental problems

page 52

Activitiespage 53

Revision activitiespage 54

Activitiespage 49

Assessment (R)

Photocopiable resources 4 (R)

Photocopiable resources 3 (E)

Photocopiable resources 1 (R), 2 (R)

Spain’s natural environment 95

B A S I C C O M P E T E N C E S

ASSESSMENTCRITERIACOMPETENCES

1. Linguistic competence (*)

ACTIVITIES

1.1. Communicate simple messages, verbally and in writing.

1.2. Speak, listen and participate in dialogue and debate in an organised and clear manner.

1.3. Apply language usage rules, as well as linguistic and non-linguistic skills, whencommunicating.

1.4. Communicate thoughts, emotions, life experiences, opinions, ideas, and ethical and criticaljudgements in a coherent way.

1.5. Use specific vocabulary from each subject area to enrich one’s language.

1.6. Apply the actions that define linguistic communication (listening, speaking, reading and writing) to specific purposes.

1.9. Use language as a tool for the peaceful resolution of conflict, avoiding the use of derogatorywords and sexist and discriminatory expressions.

1.10. Communicate and enter into dialogue with those around one, with the aim of establishinglinks and building constructive relationships.

3, 5, 6

2, 3, 4, 5, 6

2, 3, 4, 5, 6

2, 3, 4, 6

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7

2, 3, 4, 6

2, 3, 4, 5, 6

18, 19, 20, 22RA: 2

18, 19, 20, 22RA: 7, 8

17, 18, 19, 20, 22RA: 7, 8

RA: 7, 8

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 22RA: 2, 6

15, 17RA:1, 6

RA: 7, 8

18, 19, 20, 22RA: 7, 8

3.2. Develop the skills of orientation, localisation, observation and interpretation of real and represented spaces and landscapes.

3.3. Analyse the effect of human activity on natural spaces and resources, both in terms of theproblems which it sometimes causes, and of the measures which are taken to protect and carefor the environment.

1, 2, 4, 7

2, 6

1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 13

20, 22RA: 4, 8

5.1. Search for, find and process information from direct and indirect observation of reality, and from written, graphic and audiovisual sources.

5.2. Establish criteria for selecting information from different sources objectively.

5.4. Understand and interpret icons, symbols and other ways of representing information,especially those relating to maps and images.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7

2, 4, 7

2, 6, 17AF: 1, 4, 6

5, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21AF: 2, 3, 5

2, 6, 13, 14

5. Data processing and digital competence

6.3. Make use of numerical and graphical scales, systems of reference, recognition of geometricalshapes and measurement criteria. Codify information numerically and represent it graphically.

3, 7 12

6. Mathematical competence

7.2. Gain knowledge of different information sources and how to use them through the collection,classification and analysis of information obtained from different media.

5 RA: 5

7. Learning to learn

8.2. Take part in debates, and undertake individual and group work activities which involvethinking, analysing, planning, carrying out and reviewing the work and drawing conclusions.

2, 3, 4, 5, 6 18, 19, 20, 22RA: 7, 8

8. Autonomy and personal initiative

3. Competence in knowledge and interaction with the physical world

RA: Revision activities

*All the sub-competences detailed in this section are developed using English as the common language, which will allow pupils to communicate with an increasing degree of skill in the foreign language.

� A complete set of answers to the exercises in theStudent’s Book, including transcripts for all of thelistening activities.

UNIT 6100

� Which sea or ocean do these rivers flow into?

a) Miño: Atlantic Ocean

b) Ter: Mediterranean Sea

c) Nalón: Cantabrian Sea

d) Tajo: Atlantic Ocean

Page 51

�� Copy the temperature scale in your exercise book and label it with these adjectives:mild, cold, cool, warm, hot.

�� Look at the climate table. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences andcopy them into your exercise book.

a) The oceanic climate has more rain than the subtropical climate.

a) Winter is colder in the inland Mediterranean climate than the coastalMediterranean.

�� Look at the climate graphs for Santander and Valladolid. Choose the correctcomparative adjective and complete the sentences in your exercise book.

a) Winters are colder in Valladolid than in Santander.

b) Summers are hotter in Valladolid than in Santander.

c) Rainfall is more abundant in Santander than in Valladolid.

d) Summers are drier in Valladolid than in Santander.

�� Identify the landscapes in the photos and describe the vegetation.

The photo on the left is of Mediterranean forest and scrubland. STUDENT’S OWN

ANSWER. We can see various trees with short trunks and wide, dark green crowns.These trees are holm oaks. On the ground there is only low dry, yellow grass.

The photo on the right is a deciduous forest in autumn. STUDENT’S OWN ANSWER. Wecan see trees with long, thin trunks and broad leaves of green and orange. Theground is covered in orange and brown leaves which have fallen from the trees.

2. Climate and naturallandscapes

0° 5°

cold cold mild mild warm warm hot hot

10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35°

0

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Santander

ºC mm

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NOSAJJMAMFJ D

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Valladolid

ºC mm

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NOSAJJMAMFJ D

Spain’s natural environment 101

�� Name the animals in the photos.

Wolf Lynx Mountain goat

Page 53

�� Listen and repeat the words. Then translate them into your language.

TRANSCRIPT

Earthquake, volcanic eruption, cold snap, flood, drought.

� earthquake: terremoto

� volcanic eruption: erupción volcánica

� cold snap: ola de frío

� flood: inundación

� drought: sequía

�� Read the text again and answer the questions in your exercise book.

a) Are there frequent earthquakes in Spain?

No.

b) Where in Spain do volcanic eruptions happen?

Mainly on the islands of La Palma, Tenerife and Lanzarote (Canary Islands).

c) What happens when there is a cold snap?

Temperatures are very low and it can snow and freeze.

d) What problems can floods cause?

They can damage houses and crops, and harm people and animals.

e) What causes droughts?

Long periods without rain.

�� What to do in a cold snap? Copy the sentences in your exercise book andcomplete them with do or don’t. Listen and check.

TRANSCRIPT

This is what you should do in a cold snap:

� Don’t go out unless you really have to.

� Do wear lots of different light clothes, not just a big jumper or coat.

� Don’t forget your hat and gloves!

� Do walk carefully and don’t slip on the ice or snow.

� Do use public transport.

� Don’t run or jump on ice.

� Don’t put heaters near the curtains.

� Do open the windows for a few minutes every day to get some fresh air.

� Don’t go out unless you really have to.

� Do wear lots of different light clothes, not just a big jumper or coat.

� Don’t forget your hat and gloves!

� Do walk carefully and don’t slip on the ice or snow.

� Do use public transport.

3. Natural hazards andenvironmental problems

earthquake volcanic eruption cold snap flood drought

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SOCIAL SCIENCES 16

Topic and language assessment sheets for eachunit and term, with answers.

Reinforcement and extension worksheets whichhave been specifically developed to accompany thiscourse. All worksheets are accompanied by acomplete answer key.

6 TEST

Assessment

� � False. The vegetation in deciduous forests is beech trees, oak, moorland and grassland.

� False. Drought especially affects the southern and eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula.

� True.

�

� a) The rivers of the Cantabrian vertiente are short and the flow is regular.

b) The Mediterranean inland climate has cold winters, hot summers and scarce rainfall.

� Check the answers on the maps in section 1 of the Student’s Book.

© Oxford University Press España S. A. Social Sciences ESO 1

Answers

106

Laurisilva

Fox

Mountain goat

Cork tree

Beech tree

Rabbit

Oceanic climate

Mediterranean climate

Subtropical climate

Alpine climate

6 TEST

Assessment

� Are the following sentences true (T) or false (F):

� The common vegetation in deciduous forestsis holm oak and cork oak trees.

� Drought especially affects the SpanishCantabrian coast.

� The Picos de Europa, Doñana and Garajonayare some of Spain’s national parks.

� Draw arrows to match the vegetation and faunawith the type of climate.

� Choose the correct answer.

a) The rivers of the Cantabrian vertiente:

� are long and the flow is irregular.

� are short and the flow is irregular.

� are short and the flow is regular.

b) The Mediterranean inland climate has:

� warm temperatures all year round andscarce rainfall.

� mild winters, hot summers and abundantrainfall.

� cold winters, hot summers and scarcerainfall.

� Locate these places on the map of Spain.

a) The mountains surrounding the Meseta.

b) The rivers of the Mediterranean vertiente.

c) The Ebro and Guadalquivir river valleys.

Name Surname(s)

Year and group Date Grade

PHOTOCOPIABLE RESOURCE / © Oxford University Press España S. A. Social Sciences ESO 1 105

Laurisilva

Fox

Mountain goat

Cork tree

Beech tree

Rabbit

Oceanic climate

Mediterranean climate

Subtropical climate

Alpine climate

14°

28°

16°18°

6° 4° 0°10° 8° 2° 2° 4°

42°

38°

36°

40°

42°

38°

40°

6 INTERPRETATION OF MAPS REINFORCEMENT

1. Spain’s physical environment

� 1. Miño. 2. Duero. 3. Tajo. 4. Guadiana. 5. Guadalquivir. 6. Nervión. 7. Ebro. 8. Turia. 9. Júcar. 10. Segura.

� Check the answer on the map showing the relief of Spain in this unit. The Atlantic Ocean, Cantabrian Sea and MediterraneanSea should be labelled.

� Check the answer on the map showing the relief of Spain in this unit. The following should be labelled: Cordillera Cantábrica,Macizo Galaico-Leonés, Pyrenees, Sistema Central, Sistema Ibérico, Cordilleras Costero-Catalanas, Montes de Toledo,Sierra Morena and Sistemas Béticos.

� Tenerife, Ibiza, Fuerteventura and Mallorca.

© Oxford University Press España S. A. Social Sciences ESO 1

Answers

108

6 INTERPRETATION OF MAPS REINFORCEMENT

1. Spain’s physical environment

PHOTOCOPIABLE RESOURCE / © Oxford University Press España S. A. Social Sciences ESO 1 107

Activities� Write on the map the names of the rivers that are marked with numbers.

� Write in the appropriate places on the map the names of the main oceans and seas that surround Spain’s coast.

� Write on the map the names of the main mountain ranges in Spain.

� Put the syllables together to find the names of four Spanish islands.

14°

28°

16°18°

6° 4° 0°10°12° 8° 2° 2° 4°

42°

38°

34°

36°

40°

42°

38°

36°

40°

36°

1

2

6

7

8

9

105

4

3

–RI–

–ZA–LLOR– –FE

I–

–RA

MA––BI–

–VEN– –TE–

–TU–

TE–

–CA

–NE–

FUER–

6 READING COMPREHENSION EXTENSION

3. SOS Animals

� The Iberian lynx lives in Mediterranean forest and scrubland.

The Iberian imperial eagle lives in mountainous areas.

The urogallo cantábrico lives in deciduous beech and oak forests and in coniferous forests.

The Iberian wolf lives mainly in holm oak forests, oak woods and scrubland areas.

� It means that this animal species is in grave danger of disappearing and that its survival is unlikely if the conditions that are causing its extinction do not change.

� Mainly the destruction and disappearance of their natural habitats, the reduction of food sources, mass, illegal hunting and accidental death from poisoning, electrocution or falling into traps.

� STUDENT’S OWN ANSWERS. Among the threatened species they could mention the following:

� European bison. This animal lives in the forests of Europe and was on the point of disappearing in the 20th century afterbeing the subject of mass hunting during the two world wars. Subsequently, they were bred in captivity andreintroduced into nature. This produced positive results and there are now around 200 specimens.

� Giant panda bear. Its natural habitat is the bamboo forests of China, many of which have been cut down indiscriminately in the last few years. Destruction of the forests is now prohibited and the number of giant pandas has begun to increasegradually. There have also been breeding programmes in captivity. There are currently around 1 000 specimens.

� Black rhinoceros. This animal, which lives in the savannah, has been hunted intensively for its horns, which are supposed to have medicinal properties. This has led to a drastic fall in its numbers. Currently the rhinoceros population is slowlyincreasing, although illegal hunting still persists. There are approximately 2 600 specimens left.

� Spix’s macaw. This species is almost extinct in its natural habitat (only one specimen is believed to exist). The reasons forthis are the disappearance of its natural habitat (areas of dry scrubland in the region of Bahía in Brazil) and the illegalcapture and trading of the animals to be sold as pets. In captivity there are around 40 specimens left.

� Monk seal. The monk seal populated the whole of the Mediterranean coast in the past. But fishermen considered it to be a dangerous enemy because it fed on fish. For this reason it was hunted almost to extinction. Today, it is in danger of extinction and there are only about 400 specimens left.

© Oxford University Press España S. A. Social Sciences ESO 1

Answers

112

6 READING COMPREHENSION EXTENSION

3. SOS Animals

PHOTOCOPIABLE RESOURCE / © Oxford University Press España S. A. Social Sciences ESO 1 111

Since there has been life on Earth, many animal species have disappeared from our planet.However, this process has never before been as rapid as it is now. Today, one species becomesextinct every hour. Some species are not yet in danger of extinction, but they soon will be if wedon’t do something to stop it. Here are four animals that live in Spain whose survival is underthreat.

Activities� Where do the species described above live?

� What do we mean when we say that a species is in danger of extinction?

� What are the main threats for the survival of the species mentioned on this page?

� List the names of some other species that are or may soon be in danger of extinction in other parts of the world. Explain the reasons why they are endangered.

Iberian lynxThis feline is under a

more serious threat

of extinction than any

other feline in the

world. It only lives on

the Iberian Peninsula

in inland areas of

Mediterranean forest

and scrubland. It is in danger from rabbit traps,

illegal hunting, the destruction of its habitat

and the decline in the rabbit population, which

are its main source of food. There are currently

only 1 000 specimens left.

Urogallo cantábrico

The urogallo cantábrico

lives in coniferous

forests in the Pyrenees

and in beech and oak

forests in the

Cordillera Cantábrica.

The main threat to it

is from the changes

taking place in its

natural habitat. Today, it is not yet in danger of

extinction, but it may soon be as it is already

seriously endangered. There are around 3 000

specimens left.

Iberian imperial eagle

In 2003, there were

fewer than 200

pairs of eagles left in

Spain. The main

threats are the

destruction of their

natural habitat

(they build their

nests in steep places), the decline in the

population of rabbits, their main source of food,

the accumulation of pesticides in the areas

where they live, and death through

electrocution by flying into electric cables.

Iberian wolf The wolf is considered

a vulnerable species.

This means that very

soon it may be in

danger of extinction.

The Iberian wolf lives

in holm oak woods,

oak woods and scrubland. It has been pursued

by humans because it attacks livestock. In many

cases, it has been hunted illegally. There are

around 1 500 specimens left.

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