STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PGR (HUMIC ACID) AND …...CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF T. AMAN (cv. BRRI...

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PGR (HUMIC ACID) AND COWDUNG

WITH CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF T. AMAN RICE (cv. BRRI DHAN39)

A THESIS

BY

A. B. M. Rezaur Rahman

Examination Roll No. : 09 Ag. Chem. JD 41M

Semester: July-December, 2011

Registration No. 31124

Session: 2004-2005

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

IN

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

MYMENSINGH-2202

NOVEMBER 2011



CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF T. AMAN (cv. BRRI DHAN39)

A THESIS

BY


Examination Roll No. : 09 Ag.Chem. JD 41M



Session: 2004-2005

Submitted to the Department of Agricultural Chemistry

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

IN

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

MYMENSINGH-2202

November 2011



CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF T. AMAN (BRRI DHAN39)

A THESIS

BY


Examination Roll No. : 09 Ag. Chem. JD.41M



Session: 2004-2005

Approved as to style and contents by:

(Professor Dr. Md. Abul Khair Chowdhury)

Supervisor

(Dr. Md. Zakir Hossen)

Co- Supervisor

(Dr. Md. Zakir Hossen)

Chairman

Examination Committee

&

Head, Department of Agricultural Chemistry

Bangladesh Agricultural University

Mymensingh

November 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At first, the author would like to express his gratefulness to the “Almighty Allah” who

kindly enabled him to complete the research work for the degree of Master of Science

(MS) in Agricultural Chemistry.

The author would like to take the opportunity to express his immense indebtedness and

deepest sense of gratitude to his venerable supervisor, Professor Dr. Md. Abul Khair

Chowdhury, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural

University (BAU), Mymensingh, for his scholastic guidance, innovative suggestions,

constant supervision, timely instructions and inspirations throughout the tenure of the

research work. His insight and professional skill have made distinct contribution to

complete this research work and to prepare this manuscript.

It is great pleasure for the author to express sincere appreciation and heartfelt thanks

to honorable co-supervisor, Dr. Md. Zakir Hossen , Associate Professor and Head,

Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU),

Mymensingh for his valuable advice, constructive criticism and factual comments in

upgrading the quality of the research work and in the preparation of this manuscript.

The author acknowledges the contribution of all the teachers of the Department of

Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, especially Professor Dr. Nur Mohammad Talukder,

Professor Dr. M. Wahid-U-Zzaman, Professor Dr. Md. Akhter Hossain Chowdhury,

Professor Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman for their endless encouragement, deep feelings

and for improving his knowledge and academic skills in Agricultural Chemistry during

the period of M.S. studies.

The author thanks to his friends especially Nazrul, Babu, Atik and Rajib for their

cordial inspiration and co-operation during the preparation of the manuscript.

The author expresses thanks to all the official and laboratory staffs of the Department

of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), and special

thanks to Mr. Mina for their co-operation during data collection.

Special thanks are due to Managing Director, Global Agrovat Company Limited

for his co-operation by supplying PGR (humic acid) required for the research work and

also the research expenses

Last but not the least the author expresses his deepest sense of respect to his beloved

mother, brother and specially father late Muqsadur Rahman for their blessings,

inspiration, advice and moral supports in all phases of his higher studies.

The Author

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm,

Mymensingh during the aman season of 2010 to study the effect of humic acid (HA)

and cowdung (CD) with chemical fertilizers (N, P, K & S) on the growth, yield and

chemical composition of T. aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan39). The experiment was laid out

in randomized complete block design with three replications. There were nine (9)

treatments comprising of three levels of PGR (humic acid @ 0, 3 and 6 L ha-1

) and

cowdung @ 0, 5, and 10 t ha-1

and recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (N, P, K

& S). The application of different levels of cowdung with chemical fertilizers

significantly increased plant height, effective tillers hill-1

, panicle length, no. of grain

panicle-1

, 1000-grain weight, grain and straw yields of rice (cv. BRRI dhan39). The

highest yields of grain (4.23 t ha-1

) and straw (10.9 t ha-1

) were recorded in T4 where

combined doses of humic acid (3 L ha-1

) and cowdung (5 t ha-1

) were used along with

recommended doses of chemical fertilizers. Significant positive effect on contents and

uptakes of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, boron and

sodium in grain and straw of rice (cv. BRRI dhan39) were recorded in T4 treatment.

The study clearly indicated the prospect of PGR (humic acid) combined with

recommended doses of chemical fertilizers in rice cultivation in Bangladesh. Humic

acid may be the alternative replacement of organic manure like cowdung during acute

shortage for successful rice production.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF APPENDICES viii

1. INTRODUCTION 1-3

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-11

2.1 Effect of humic acid 4-7

2.2 Effect of cowdung 7-11

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12-21

3.1 Experimental site and soils 12-13

3.2 Weather and Climatic condition 14

3.3 Test crop 15

3.4 Treatments 15

3.5 Collection of cowdung and humic acid 16

3.6 Land preparation 16

3.7 Layout of the experiment 17-18

3.8 Seedling transplanting 18

3.9 Intercultural operations 18

3.9.1 Gap filling 18

3.9.2 Irrigation and drainage 18

3.9.3 Weeding 18

3.10 General observations of the experimental

field

18

3.11 Plant sampling 18

3.12 Harvesting, threshing, cleaning and

processing

19

3.13 Data collection of crop characters 19

3.14 Procedure of recording data 19-21

CONTENTS (Contd.)

3.14.1 Plant height 20

3.14.2 Panicle length (cm) 20

3.14.3 Number of total tillers hill-1 20

3.14.4 Number of effective tillers hill-1 20

3.14.5 Number of total grains panicle-1

20

3.14.6 Number of filled grains panicle-1

20

3.14.7 1000-grain weight 20

3.14.8 Grain yield 20

3.14.9 Straw yield 21

3.14.10 Biological yield 21

3.14.11 Harvest index (%) 21

3.15 Collection and preparation of soil and plant

samples

21

3.15.1 Pre-planting and post-harvest soil

samples

21

3.15.2 Processing of plant samples 21

3.16 Physical and chemical analysis of initial soil 22-23

3.16.1 Particle size analysis 22

3.16.2 Soil pH 22

3.16.3 Determination of organic matter 22

3.16.4 Determination of total nitrogen 22

3.16.5 Determination of available

phosphorus

23

3.16.6 Determination of exchangeable

potassium

23

3.16.7 Cation exchange capacity 23

3.17 Chemical analysis of grain and straw 23-25

3.17.1 Preparation of sample 23

3.17.2 Digestion of samples 23

3.17.3 Determination of nitrogen 24

3.17.4 Determination of phosphorus 24

CONTENTS (Contd.)

3.17.5 Determination of potassium 24

3.17.6 Determination of sulphur 24

3.17.7 Determination of calcium 24

3.17.8 Determination of magnesium 24

3.17.9 Determination of boron 24

3.17.10 Determination of sodium 24

3.18 Nutrient uptake 25

3.19 Statistical analysis 25

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

26-51

4.1 Effect of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung with

chemical fertilizers (N, P, K & S) on the growth,

yield and chemical composition of T. aman

(BRRI dhan39) 26

4.1.1 Plant height (cm) 26

4.1.2 Panicle length

27

4.1.3 Total tillers hill-1

27

4.1.4 Effective tillers hill-1

28

4.1.5 Total number of grains panicle-1

28


29

4.1.7 1000-grain weight 29

4.1.8 Grain yield 30

4.1.9 Straw yields 30

4.1.10 Biological Yield 31

4.1.11 Harvest index (%) 31

4.2 Nutrient content of grain and straw

4.2.1 Nitrogen content 35

4.2.2 Phosphorus content 35

4.2.3 Potassium content 36

4.2.4 Sulphur content 37

4.2.5 Calcium content 37

4.2.6 Magnesium content 38

4.2.7 Boron content 38

4.2.8 Sodium content 39

4.3 Nutrient uptake by grain and straw

4.3.1 Nitrogen uptake 43

4.3.2 Phosphorus uptake 43

4.3.3 Potassium uptake 44

CONTENTS (Contd.)

4.3.4 Sulphur uptake 45

4.3.5 Calcium uptake 45

4.3.6 Magnesium uptake 46

4.3.7 Boron uptake 47

4.3.8 Sodium uptake

47

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 52-53

REFERENCES 54-57

APPENDICES 58-63

LIST OF TABLES

Table TITLE Page

3.1 Morphological characteristics of the soil

13

3.2 Physical properties of the initial soil sample

13

3.3 Chemical properties of the initial soil sample

14

4.1 Effect of PGR (humic acid) on the yield attributes of T.

aman cv. BRRI dhan39

32

4.2 Effect of cowdung on the yield attributes of T. aman cv.

BRRI dhan39

33

4.3 Interaction effects of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung

on the yield attributes of T. aman cv. BRRI dhan39

34

4.4 Effect of PGR (humic acid) on the N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B

and Na contents of T. aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39

40

4.5 Effect of cowdung on the N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na

contents of T. aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39

41

4.6 Interaction effect of different doses of PGR (humic

acid) and cowdung on the N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na

contents of T. aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39

42

4.7 Effect of PGR (humic acid) on the N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B

and Na uptake of T. aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39

49

4.8 Effect of cowdung on the N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na

uptake of T. aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39

50

4.9 Interaction effect of different doses of PGR (humic

acid) and cowdung on the N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na

uptake of T. aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39

51

LIST OF FIGURES

No. Name of Figure Page No.

3.1 Layout of the experimental plots 17

APPENDICES

No. TITLE Page

No.

1. Meteorological data of the experiment period (August to

December, 2004) at BAU Farm, Mymensingh

58

2. Analysis of variance data on effect of PGR (humic acid) and

cowdung on the growth, yield and yield contributing characters

of BRRI dhan39

59


cowdung on nutrient content in grain of BRRI dhan39

60


cowdung on nutrient content in straw of BRRI dhan39

61


cowdung on nutrient uptake in grain of BRRI dhan39

62


cowdung on nutrient uptake in straw of BRRI dhan39

63

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Rice is one of the agronomically nutritionally important cereal crops which are the

staple food of more than 50% of the world’s population. It is the second agricultural

crop plant in the world (FAO, 2007). In Asia rice supplies 30-80% of the daily calories

consumed. Continuous use of chemical fertilizers accelerated the depletion of soil

organic matter and impairs physical and chemical properties of soil in addition to

causing micronutrient deficiencies.

Soil organic matter (OM) plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility and

productivity. OM acts as a reservoir of plant nutrients especially N, P, K, S and

micronutrients and also prevents leaching of the nutrients, which are vital to plant

growth. The use of organic manure and its proper management may reduce the need for

chemical fertilizers thus allowing the small farmers to save in part the cost of

production. In addition to being a good source of plant nutrients, organic manure

improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils and thus helps

increase and conserve the soil productivity.

Several reports showed that mobilization of N, P and K from the soil into the root

system is increased in presence of humus substances. The application of humic acid to

soil is also known to decrease phosphorus fixation in soil, particularly in calcareous

soil. Humic acids are known to increase the activity of glutamic acid transaminase and

phosphorylase enzymes and also the synthesis of deoxyribose and ribose nucleic acids.

Humic acid is technically not a fertilizer, although people consider it that humic acid is

an effective agent to use as a complement to synthetic or organic fertilizers. In many

instances, regular humic acid use will reduce the need for fertilization due to the soil's

and plant's ability to make better use of it. In some occurrences, fertilization can be

eliminated entirely if sufficient organic material is present and the soil can become self

sustaining through microbial processes and humus production.

The different humic acids had significant effect on nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by

oats. The efficiency indices of various humic acids ranged between 25 and 65 per cent

(Mishra and Srivastava, 1988). The humate migrated from one part of the root system

into another, contributing to a more intensive absorption of iron (Aso and Sakai, 1963).

Raina and Goswami (1988) reported a significant increase in the uptake of N, P, Cu, Zn

and Fe up to 20-ppm carbon as humic acid over control. Saalbach (1956) stated that

humic acid enhanced the uptake and content of nitrogen in rye. Jelanic et al. (1966)

reported that HA from lignite increased the P content and uptake in maize plants.

Application of 10kg HA ha-1

as potassium humate along with 75 per cent recommended

dose of fertilizer found to increase the crude protein content and mineral nutrition (P, K,

Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) of Amaranthus (Bama and Selvakumari, 2001).

Govindasamy and Chandrasekaran (2002) reported that addition of humic acid was

found to increase the content and enhance the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and

Zn by rice.

Cowdung is a good source of organic matter. It releases nutrient slowly, so that nutrient

loss is less followed by more plant uptake. In addition cowdung accelerates the

development of the rice root system which elongates both the surface level and in deep

soil and produces many branches having a large active surface. The active roots can

absorb the nutrients from the whole layer of soil, transport to the shoot and keep the

leaves active.

Over the years Bangladesh Agriculture has experienced with multiple nutrient

deficiencies. For sustainable agriculture, a soil management strategy must be based in

maintaining soil quality, which is only possible by utilization of high quality organic

manures along with inorganic fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers are always expensive

inputs for crop production, especially in a developing country like Bangladesh. In near

future, chemical fertilizers are likely to be even more costly. Global environment

pollution can also be reduced considerably by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers

and increasing the use of cowdung, poultry manure and rice straw. Studies on the effect

of plant growth hormone humic acid and organic manure cowdung are very limited.

In these contexts, it is imperative to evaluate the organic manure management practices

in order to attain sustainable production within limited means of the country. The

present investigation was, therefore, undertaken to find out a suitable management of

plant growth hormone humic acid and organic manure like cowdung in order to

achieve the following objectives –

i. To examine the effect of humic acid and cowdung on growth, yield and

quality of T. aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan39)

ii. To determine how much of this humic acid can compete with cowdung.

`CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Rice is an important staple crop in Bangladesh. Application of humic acid and cowdung

with chemical fertilizer plays an important role on growth, yield and chemical

composition of rice. The literature dealing with the effects of humic acid and cowdung

with chemical fertilizer on the growth, yield and chemical composition of rice is scarce.

However, the relevant literature so far available is reviewed and discussed in this

chapter.

2.1 Effect of humic acid

Saruhan et al. (2011) reported that humic acid treatments raised the yield and yield

components, and this raising was found to be significant statistically. The highest value

for plant heights, bunch lengths, grain yields, 1000 grain weight, crude protein

concentrations and grain number per bunch were obtained from leafs (100%)

fertilizations and the highest hectoliter weight was obtained from seeds (100%)

fertilizations.

Bama (2009) conducted a field experiment to study the influence of different

concentrations of foliar application of lignite humic acid (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0 per

cent) on rice. The application of humic acid upto 1.5 per cent increased the grain yield

of 4263 kg ha-1 markedly; beyond that level the grain yield was reduced. The uptake of

N, P and K nutrients increased with increasing concentrations of humic acid i.e, 59.4,

8.18, 13.9 kg ha-1

in grain for 1.5 per cent HA compared to control of 48.9, 6.9 and

12.1 kg ha-1

, respectively. The N, P and K recorded in the straw were 30.1, 16.5 and

78.4 kg ha-1

compared to control of 26.1, 14.4 and 66.6 kg ha-1

, respectively.

Delfinea et al. (2005) studied the effect of foliar application of humic acid on plant

growth, photosynthetic metabolism and grain quality of durum wheat. Four fertilization

treatments were applied: a non-fertilized control, a crop fertilized with foliar application

of humic acid, a crop fertilized with mineral N on soil at sowing, tillering and stem

elongation, and a crop fertilized with foliar application of N (ammonium-nitrate

solution). The foliar application of humic acid caused a transitional production of plant

dry mass with respect to unfertilized control and split soil N application. This effect

was also evident for grain yield, spike fertility and grain protein content during the two

years of the study. They concluded that humic acid had limited promoting effects on

plant growth, grain yield and quality, and photosynthetic metabolism of durum wheat,

with respect to split soil N application.

Nandakumar et al. (2004) conducted field experiments to evaluate the effects of humic

acid (HA) in the form of potassium humate on soil nutrient availability at different

growth stages of rice. The treatments consisted of NPK at 75 and 100% of the

recommended dose (100:50:50 kg ha-1

) alone, HA at 10 or 20 kg ha-1

(soil application)

in combination with the NPK fertilizers, and integrated treatments involving soil

application, foliar spraying and root dipping with HA in combination with the NPK

fertilizers. Application of HA in combination with NPK increased soil nutrient

availability at all growth stages (tillering, flowering and harvest) of rice in both Vertisol

and Alfisol. HA at 10 kg ha-1

as soil application + 0.1% HA as foliar spray (twice) +

0.3% HA as root dip + 100% NPK, and HA at 20 kg ha-1

as soil application + 100%

NPK, were the best treatments for improving soil nutrient availability.

Jones et al. (2004) found that humic substances in organic matter are known to help

with crop growth when present in high enough quantities. Commercial humic acid

(HA) is sometimes applied at low application rates (1 – 3 lb/ac) to enhance P or metal

availability, yet growth responses are mixed. The objectives of this study were to 1)

determine if available P concentrations increase in the presence of low rates of HA in

Montana soil, and 2) determine the inter-actions between P fertilization and HA on crop

yield.

Veeral et al. (2003) conducted field experiments to evaluate the direct and residual

effects of lignite flyash (LFA) at three levels viz., 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1

with or without

farmyard manure (FYM) at 12.5 t ha-1

and humic acid (HA) at 30 kg ha-1

on rice-

blackgram cropping system. Lignite flyash at 10 t ha-1

with FYM at 12.5 t ha-1

and HA

at 30 kg ha-1

exerted a remarkable influence on all the yield attributes, ultimately

leading to increased rice yields of 35% over control. With respect to the residual crop,

blackgram, the above treatment showed distinct influence on both grain and haulm

yields.

Bhattacharya et al. (2003) studied the effects of humic acid and farmyard manure on

the performance of rice. Humic acid was sprayed to the soil at 2 days before

transplanting. Plant height at 45 and 90 days after transplanting was highest in plots

treated with 9.0 t FYM, 7.0 t FYM and 1.0 litre humic acid ha-1

(60.9 and 83.4 cm). The

application of 7.0 t FYM and 1.0 litre humic acid ha-1

resulted in the highest dry matter

accumulation at 45 and 90 days after transplanting. The highest number of effective

tillers (288/m2) and number of filled grains per panicle (72.2) were obtained with 1.0

litre humic acid ha-1

. The application of 7.0 t FYM, 1.0 litre humic acid and 1.5 litre

humic acid ha-1

gave the highest grain and straw yields.

Ozaki et al. (2003) investigated the effect of humic acid and solution pH on the uptake

of the radionuclides, 83Rb, 137Cs, 54Mn, 65Zn, 88Y, 102Rh, and 75Se in rice plants

by the multitracer technique. The addition of humic acid to a culture medium

containing SiO2 increased the uptake of Mn and Zn at pH 4.3, whereas their uptake was

decreased at pH 5.3. The uptake of Se, which does not interact with humic acid, was not

affected by its presence. These results suggest that uptake of the radionuclides by the

rice plant is regulated by the affinity of radioactive nuclides for humic acid, as well as

by the soil solution's pH.

Dhanasekaran and Govindasamy (2002) studied the effect of coated urea with different

lignite derived humic substances (LDHS) on the yield of rice and transformation of

applied N in soil. Application of N through various forms of urea significantly

increased the grain and straw yield of rice over the control. Among the various forms of

coated urea, HACU recorded the highest yield of grain (6.63 t ha-1

) and straw (9.58 t

ha-1

) followed by NCU (6.55 and 9.44 t ha-1

of grain and straw yield, respectively).

Application of HACU also recorded the highest N uptake in rice followed by PCACU,

NCU and NHACU. Application of N at 150 kg ha-1

through HACU maintained the

highest N uptake of 103.9 kg ha-1

in grain and 70.29 kg ha-1

in straw. Nitrogen

application at 150 kg ha-1

as HACU maintained the highest mineral N content of 40.12,

33.14 and 28.25/kg at maximum tillering, panicle initiation and at harvest stage,

respectively. NCU recorded the highest mean response ratio (19.33) followed by

HACU (19.3) and PCACU (18.0).

Ping and Liu (1997-01) studied that under chilling stress, humic acid which was

sprayed to the leave of rice (Ha 93-63) can improved it physiological resistance. Some

physiological factors were raised, such as the content of free proline, the activity of

polyphenol oxidase and the content of abscisic acid in the plant tissue, while both of the

permeability of the plasma membrane and the content of malondialdehyde in the leave.

The experimental results were showed humic acid certainly caused the resistance on

rice to chilling injury.

2.2 Effect of cowdung

Bala and Hossain (2008) conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effect of

molybdenum (Mo) with recommended chemical fertilizer and organic matter on yield

and quality of rice cv. BRRI dhan30. Three levels of Mo viz. 0, 100 and 200 ppm were

applied with recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (80, 15, 40, 10, 1.5 kg ha-1

N, P,

K, S and Zn) and organic matter as both cowdung and compost. Plant height, number of

ear bearing tillers hill-1

, straw yield and biological yield were maximum when 100 ppm

Mo was applied with chemical fertilizer. Number of total spikelet panicle-1

, grains

panicle-1

, nitrogen content, nitrogen uptake in grain and straw, and protein content in

grain were recorded better when 100 ppm Mo was applied with cowdung. Those

parameters were minimum when 0 ppm Mo was applied with either cowdung or

compost or NPK. The best performance was obtained when 100 ppm Mo was applied

either with recommended fertilizers or with cowdung/compost. The performance of rice

with 200 ppm of Mo was better than no addition of Mo in respect of yield and yield

contributing characters.

Solaiman and Rabbani (2006) carried out a field experiment to assess the effects of

inorganic and organic fertilizers on vegetative, flowering and fruiting characteristics as

well as yield attributes and yield of Ratan variety of tomato. The plots were treated with

three levels each of N (62, 100 and 200 kg ha-1

), P (11.7, 17.5 and 35 kg ha-1

), K (26.7,

40 and 80 kg ha-1

), S (5, 7.5 and 15 kg ha-1

) and cowdung (5, 10 and 15 t ha-1

).The

highest plant height and dry weight of shoot, the maximum number of clusters of

flowers and fruits/plant as well as the biggest fruit size and fruit yield/plant, fruit yield

ha-1

were obtained from the application of the recommended dose of nutrients viz. 200

kg N + 35 kg P + 80 kg K + 15 kg S ha-1

, but similar results were obtained from the

treatment receiving 5t cowdung/ha along with half of the recommended doses of

nutrients (100 kg N+ 17.5 kg P + 40 kg K + 7.5 kg S ha-1

). The effect of 10 t cowdung

ha-1

, along with one third of the recommended dose of nutrients, was also comparable

to the effect of employing the recommended dose of nutrients. It was further observed,

from an economic standpoint, that the combination of 5 t cowdung ha-1

along with half

of the recommended doses of nutrients appeared to be a viable treatment which would

offer the maximum benefit for tomato production in Bangladesh.

Singh et al. (2006) conducted an experiment during kharif 2004, on an Inceptisol in

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India to evaluate the effects of chemical fertilizer (urea),

cowdung and biofertilizer (Azospirillum) on the yield of rice and physicochemical

properties of the soil. Application of chemical fertilizer, cowdung and Azospirillum,

individually or in combinations, significantly increased the yield attributes (plant

height, number of tillers, panicle length, grain yield and straw yield) over the control.

The treatment comprising 80 kg N ha-1

+ Azospirillum + 2.5 t cowdung ha-1

was

superior over all other treatments in terms of rice yield.

Bodruzzaman et al. (2004) investigated the effect of integrated use of cowdung and

fertilizers on crop productivity. The added fertilizers and manure significantly

influenced the grain yields of the crops. The highest yield in both wheat and rice was

obtained with 100% NPKSZn (T1) in both the years. The higher yield in T1 was

attributed to better yield contributing characters of the crops compared to those in other

treatments. Fifty percent nutrients plus cowdung or sole cowdung was not sufficient to

produce satisfactory yield in either wheat or rice.

Saleque et al. (2003) conducted field experiments to determine the effect of different

doses of chemical fertilizers alone or in combination with cow dung (CD) and rice husk

ash (ash) on yield of lowland rice. The CD and ash were applied on dry season rice

only. The 10-year mean grain yield of rice with T1 was 5.33 t ha-1

per year, while the

yield with T2 was 6.86 t ha-1

per year. Increased fertilizer doses with T3 increased the

grain yield to 8.07 t ha-1

per year, while the application of recommended chemical

fertilizer doses (T4) gave 8.87 t ha-1

per year. The application of CD and ash (T5 and T6)

increased rice yield by about 1 t ha-1

per year over that obtained with chemical fertilizer

alone (T2 and T3, respectively). Over 10 years, the grain yield trend with the control

plots was negative, but not significantly, both in the dry and wet seasons. Under T3

through T6, the yield trend was significantly positive in the dry season, but no

significant trend was observed in the wet season. The treatments, which showed

positive yield trend, also showed positive total P uptake trend. Positive yield trends

were attributed to the increasing P supplying power of the soil.

Saitoh et al. (2001) performed an experiment to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers

(cowdung and chicken manure) and pesticides on the growth and yield of rice and

revealed that the yield of organic manure treated and pesticide free plots were 10%

lower than that of chemical fertilizer and pesticide-treated plot due to a decrease in the

number of panicle.

Channabasavanna and Biradar (2001) conducted an experiment with 4 sources of

organic manure (FYM 7 t ha-1

, rice husk 5 t ha-1

, poultry manure 2 t ha-1

and press mud

2 t ha-1

) with one control and 3 levels of zinc (0, 25 and 50 kg ZnSO4). Application of

poultry manure with 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1

gave significantly higher yields over rest of the

treatments. The residual effect was more prominent when rice husk was applied. They

cited that organic manure increased panicle hill-1

and seed particle-1

.

Singh et al. (2001) reported that the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1

produced 4.64%

higher grain yield than the control.

Hemalatha et al. (2000) studied on the influence of organic manure: dhaincha, sunhemp

and FYM on rice productivity, quality and soil fertilizer. They reported that all the

sources of organic manures improved the rice yield quality and soil fertility.

Results obtained by Dixit and Gupta (2000) revealed that application of FYM at 10 t

ha-1

and blue green algae (BGA) inoculation either alone or in combination, increased

the economic yield of rice. The average increase in the grain yield due to BGA was

0.24t ha-1

. It is (7.5%) while combined use of FYM and BGA showed the increase of

0.60 t ha-1

(19.2%). Addition of FYM and BGA showed positive change in organic

carbon and N content of the soil. Average P and K content also showed increasing

tendency due to the treatment. Highest economic yield of the crop was noted in the

treatment combination of N and FYM + BGA.

Dihiphale et al. (2000) stated that FYM at 8 t ha-1

+ 75% of the recommended rate (N:

P: K at 75: 50: 50 kg ha-1

) resulted in higher panicle length, crop yield, number of filled

grains panical-1

and panicle weight.

Babu and Reddy (2000) conducted a field experiment on the effect of NPK fertilizer,

FYM and poultry manure on rice. They were given 100:50:50 kg NPK ha-1

, 10 t ha-1

FYM, 5 t FYM +50 kg N as top dressing ha-1

or 3 t poultry manure ha-1

, grain yield

were the highest with 5 t FYM+50 kg N ha-1

.

Ram et al. (2000) reported that the use of 30 or 60 kg N ha-1

from organic sources in a

total application of 120 kg N ha-1

increased grain and straw yields, N uptake and

recovery, grain nutritive value, decreased soil pH and increased soil fertility and

economic returns.

Mannan et al. (2000) conducted a field experiment at the Agronomy Field Laboratory

of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during August to December 1995

to study the effect of manuring and fertilizer application on growth, yield and quality of

transplanted aman rice. Four varieties, namely, BR10, BR11, BR22 and BR23 and five

fertilizer application treatments namely, Fl-inorganic fertilizers (IF), F2= IF +cow dung

5 t ha-1

, F3 = IF + cowdung 10 t ha-1

. F4 = with N application + cowdung 5 t ha-1

, and

F5 = IF with N application + cowdung 10 t ha-1

. The doses of inorganic fertilizers were

150 kg urea, 90 kg TSP, 40 kg MOP, 60 kg gypsum and 10 kg zinc sulphate ha-1

. In F4

and F5 treatments, urea top dressing was delayed at second and third application by one

and two weeks, respectively. The highest grain yield was produced by BR23, and the

other varieties gave significantly lower but similar grain yields. Straw yield was highest

from BR23 and lowest from BR11. Grain protein content was similar and higher in

BR11 and BR23 than the other varieties. Among the fertilizer application, F5 and F3

produced the highest and F1 the lowest grain and straw yields. Grain protein was higher

in F5, F4 and F3 treatments, respectively. Manuring with cowdung up to 10 t ha-1

in

addition to recommended inorganic fertilizers with N application improved grain and

straw yields and qualities of transplant rice over inorganic fertilizers alone.

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter presents a brief description of the materials used and the methods followed

to conduct the experiment. For convenience, the chapter has been divided into various

sub-heads such as location, climate, soil, experimental design, treatments, cultural

operation, collection of soils and plant samples, harvesting and the methods of chemical

analysis and statistical analysis.

The experiment was carried out during the Aman season from August to November,

2010 at Central Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The study

was made to evaluate the response of cowdung and humic acid on BRRI dhan39.

3.1 Experimental site and soils

The experiment was set up in a typical rice growing soil at the western corner of

the central farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The experimental

field was geographically stands at 24.750

N latitude and 90.50E longitude at a height

of 18 m above the mean sea level. The land of experimental field was medium

high and agro ecologically it has been categorized under the AEZ "Old

Brahmaputra Floodplain". The soil of experimental field belongs to Sonatola Series

under the general soil type "Non-Calcareous Dark Grey Floodplain Soil". The

morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the experimental soil are

presented in Tables 3.1 and 3.3.

(1) General characteristics

Table 3.1 Morphological characteristics of the soil

Morphological parameter Characteristics

Location Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm,

Mymensingh

Agro ecological zone (AEZ-9) Old Brahmaputra Floodplain

Order Inceptisols

Soil series Sonatala

General soil type Non-Calcareous Dark Grey Floodplain Soil

Parent material Old Brahmaputra river borne deposit

Land type Medium high land

Flood level Above flood level (18)

Drainage Moderately well drained

Cropping pattern Rice crop grown year round (rice-rice)

Topography Fairly leveled

(2) Physical characteristics

Table 3.2 Physical properties of the initial soil sample

Characteristics Value

% Sand 24.53

% Silt 65.21

% Clay 10.26

Soil Textural type Silt loam

(3) Chemical characteristics

Table 3.3 Chemical properties of the initial soil sample

Characteristics Value

pH (Soil: Water = 1: 2.5) 6.49

Organic matter (%) 1.30

Organic carbon (%) 0.72

Total N (%) 0.11

Available P (µg g-1

) 12.1

Exchangeable K (cmol kg-1

) 0.06

Exchangeable Ca (cmol kg-1

) 5.05

Exchangeable Mg (cmol kg-1

) 2.29

Available S (µg g-1

) 9.29

Available B (µg g-1

) 0.17

Available Na (µg g-1

) 0.07

3.2 Weather and Climatic condition

The experimental area under the sub-tropical climate, which is characterized by high

temperature, high humidity and heavy precipitation with occasional gusty wind in

kharif season (April- September) and scanty rainfall associated with moderately low

temperature during rabi season (October-March). The average monthly air temperature,

rainfall, relative humidity and sunshine hours have been presented in Appendix-1.

3.3 Test crop

Rice cultivar BRRI dhan39 was used as test crop. It was developed by the Bangladesh

Rice Research Institute (BRRI) in 1999 and was recommended for aman season. It is

moderately photosensitive variety. This variety was developed from crossing BR 1185-

23-56-2-1-1, BR 1674-28-3-1-1 and BR 2558-7-3-2-2. Its inheritance number was BR

5969-3-2. The height of this variety is about 141cm, characterized by deep green and

erect leaves. Its life cycle ranges from 130-150 days. Grain sizes are long and fine.

Weight of 1000 grains is about 20 g. Yield potentiality 4.5 t ha-1

. It is reported to be

resistant to tungro and sheath blight disease.

3.4 Treatments

There were 9 treatments consisting of two rates of humic acid (3 and 6 L ha-1

), two

rates of CD (5 and 10 t ha-1

). The treatments are as follows:

Treatment code Treatment combinations

T0 HA0+CD0+ NPKS

T1 HA0+CD5+ NPKS

T2 HA0+CD10 +NPKS

T3 HA3+CD0+ NPKS

T4 HA3+CD5+ NPKS

T5 HA3+CD10+ NPKS

T6 HA6+CD0+ NPKS

T7 HA6+CD5+ NPKS

T8 HA6+CD10+ NPKS

Note: CD == Cowdung, HA= Humic acid, CF = Recommended doses of chemical

fertilizers.

The doses of NPKS were as per the recommendations made by

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and that was urea 150 kg ha-1

(69 kg N

ha-1

), TSP 100 kg ha-1

, MOP 70 kg ha-1

, Zinc sulphate 5 kg ha-1

and Borax 10 kg

ha-1

.

3.5 Collection of cowdung and humic acid

For the experiment humic acid was collected from Global Agrovat Company

Limited and cowdung was collected from the Dairy farm of Bangladesh

Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Humic acid was used in liquid form.

3.6 Land preparation

Land preparation was done with a power tiller on 08 August 2010. The field was

then thoroughly prepared with the help of ladder. Weeds and stubbles were removed

from the field to obtain desirable puddling condition, the field was carefully irrigated.

The land was finally prepared on 09 August 2010. Field lay out was done on the next

day.

3.7 Layout of the experiment

The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three

replications. There were altogether (3×9) = 27 unit plots in the experiment. Each

replication was divided into 9 unit plots where the treatment combinations were

located at random. The net size of each unit plot area was 10 m2 (4.0 m x 2.5m). The

spaces between blocks and between plots were 1m and 0.5 m, respectively. The

complete layout of the experiment has been presented in the Figure 3.1.

.

4m

2.5m

E

N S

W

Fig.3.1. Layout of the experiment.

R-I R-II R-III

T2 T7 1 m T4

T7 T3 T2

T0 T5 T7

T3 T8 T1

1m

T1 T2 T3

0.5m

T4 T0 T5

T5 T4 T6

T6 T1 T8

T8 T6 T0

1 m

Legend:

Design: RCBD

Plot length: 4 m

Plot width: 2.5 m

Plot size: 4 m × 2.5 m

Plot to plot distance: 0.5 m

Replication to replication distance: 1 m

Number of replication: 3

Number of plot in each replication: 9

Number of total plot: 3×9=27

Unit plot

3.8 Seedling transplanting

Seedlings of 25 days old were transplanted on 12 August 2010. Seedlings were

planted with the spacing of 15cm x20cm.

3.9 Intercultural operations

3.9.1 Gap filling

Seedlings in some hills died off, and those were replaced by gap filling on 20

August 2010 with seedlings from the same source.

3.9.2 Irrigation and drainage

Experimental field was given flood irrigation to maintain level of standing water

up to 6 cm at the early stage to retard tillering and 8-10 cm in the later stage to

discourage late tillering. Three irrigations were given throughout the growing season.

The field was finally drained out before 15 days of harvest to enhance maturity.

3.9.3 Weeding

Crops were infested with different weed species. Weeding was done twice by hand

pulling on 30 August and 12 September 2010.

3.10 General observations of the experimental field

Observations were regularly made and the field looked nice with normal green

plants. Incidence of stem borer was observed. Disease infestation was not too severe to

cause damage to the crop. Lodging of any plant was not observed.

3.11 Plant sampling

Plant samples were collected for chemical analysis from each plot at the final

harvest. Ten plants from each plot were carefully uprooted by hands through

random selection. The fresh weight of plant samples were recorded and then dried in

air followed by oven drying at 60°C for 48 hours and the dry weight of the plants

were noted.

3.12 Harvesting, threshing, cleaning and processing

Maturity of crop was determined when about 90% of the seeds became golden

yellow. Ten hills were selected randomly from each unit plot and uprooted before

harvesting for recording necessary data. The crop was harvested on 17th

November

2010. The harvested crop of each plot was separately bundled, properly tagged and

then brought to the threshing floor. The plant threshed and crop and straw was collected

plot-wise. The grains were cleaned and sun dried, and straws were sun dried properly. Finally, grain and

straw yields plot-1

were recorded and these were converted to t ha-1

.

3.13 Data collection of crop characters

i. Plant height

ii. Panicle length

iii. Number of total tillers hill-1

iv. Number of effective tillers hill-1

v. Number of grains panicle-1

vi. Number of filled grains panicle-1

vii. 1000-grain weight

viii. Grain yield

ix. Straw yield

x. Biological yield

xi. Harvest index (%)

Data on individual plant parameters were recorded from ten randomly selected hills of

each plot and those on grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index

were recorded from the whole plot at harvest.

3.14 Procedure of recording data

Ten hills were selected at random from each plot before harvesting and the data were

recorded on the following parameters.

3.14.1 Plant height

The height of the plants was measured from the ground level to the top of the

panicle. From each plot, plants of 10 hills were measured and averaged.


Measurement was taken from the basal node of the rachis to apex of each panicle.

Each observation was a mean of 10 hills.

3.14.3 Number of total tillers hill-1

Ten hills were taken from each plot randomly and the total number of tillers hill-1

was counted.

3.14.4 Number of effective tillers hill-1

Ten hills were taken from each plot randomly and the total number of

effective tillers hill-1

was counted.

3.14.5 Number of total grains panicle-1

Presence of spikelet was considered as grain and total number of grains present

on each panicle was counted.


Presence of any food material in the spikelet was considered as filled grain and

total number of grains present on each panicle was counted.

3.14.7 1000-grain weight

Thousand grains were taken from each plot and the weights of grains were measured in

gram after sun drying in an electric balance.

3.14.8 Grain yield

Grains obtained from each unit plot were sun dried and weighed separately and

carefully recorded. Grain yield was adjusted to 14% moisture content. The yield was

then converted to t ha-1

.

3.14.9 Straw yield

After the separation of grain from rice plant, the straw were collected and

weighed and then recorded carefully. Straw yield was converted into t ha-1.

3.14.10 Biological yield

Grain yield and straw yield are all together regarded as biological yield. Biological

yield was calculated following the formula-

Biological yield = Grain yield + Straw yield

3.14.11 Harvest index (%)

Harvest index was calculated on the basis of adjusted grain and straw yields, using the

following formula:

Harves t index (%) = Grain yield

Biological yield 100

3.15 Collection and preparation of soil and plant samples

3.15.1 Pre-planting and post-harvest soil samples

One pre-planting soil sample was collected from the experimental plot. The soil

samples were air dried for several days avoiding direct sunlight and dust. The

samples were ground with wooden roller and dry roots, grasses and other

substances were removed from the samples. The samples were then properly

preserved in polyethylene bags for chemical analyses. The post-harvest soil

samples were collected from the each plot and processed as mentioned above.

3.15.2 Processing of plant samples

The plant samples collected from each plot was dried in an oven at 600C for about

48 hours. Then they were ground to pass through a 20-mesh sieve in a grinding mill.

The prepared samples were then put into polyethylene bags and kept in desiccators until

use.

3.16 Physical and chemical analysis of initial soil

3.16.1 Particle size analysis

Particle size analysis of soil was done by hydrometer method (Black, 1965) and

the textural class was determined by plotting the values for % sand, % silt and

% clay to the Marshall's triangular coordinate following USDA system.

3.16.2 Soil pH

Soil pH was measured with the help of a glass electrode pH meter, using soil water

suspension of 1:2.5 as described by Jackson (1962).

3.16.3 Determination of organic matter

Organic carbon of the soil was determined by wet oxidation method of Black

(1965). The underlying principal was used to oxidize the organic matter with an

excess of 1N K2Cr2O7 in presence of concentrated H2SO4 and concentrated H3PO4 and

to titrate the excess K2Cr2O7 solution with 1N FeSO4, to obtain the organic matter content,

the amount of organic carbon was multiplied by the van bammelen factor 1.73. The

result was expressed in percentage (Page et al., 1982).

3.16.4 Determination of total nitrogen

Total nitrogen of each soil sample was determined by semi-micro kjeldahl method

followed by Jackson (1962) through the digestion of organic matter with commercial

sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and catalyst mixture (K2SO4: CuSO4: Se powder) in the ratio

of 100:10:1). Three distinct steps were namely digestion, distillation and

titration. The ammonia evolved in distillation step was collected in boric acid solution

(2%) and was titrated against 0.01 N H2SO4.

3.16.5 Determination of available phosphorus

Available P was determined from the initial soil extracted following the method of Olsen et al.

(1954). By developing the blue colour with SnC12 and the molybdophosphate blue colour

were measured at 660 nm wavelength by a spectrophotometer and available P was calculated

with the help of a standard curve.

3.16.6 Determination of exchangeable potassium

Exchangeable K was determined from 1N NH4OAc (pH 7.0) extract of the

soil by using flame photometer (Black, 1965).

3.16.7 Cation exchange capacity

Cation exchange capacity of soil sample was determined by ammonium acetate

saturation method. In this method, soil samples were saturated with 1N sodium

acetate (NaOAc) solution. Then the soil samples were washed by 99% isopropyl

alcohol. The sodium ions were replaced from saturated samples by NH4OAc solution.

Displaced sodium in the solution was then measured by flame photometer (Black,

1965; Page et al., 1989).

3.17 Chemical analyses of grain and straw

3.17.1 Preparation of samples

Grain and straw samples were dried in an oven at 65°C for 48 hours and after

cooling they were ground by a grinding machine. The prepared samples were then put

into paper bags and kept into the desiccators till being used.

3.17.2 Digestion of samples

Exactly, 1 g of finely grinded plant material was taken into a 250 mL conical flask and

10 mL of di-acid mixture (HNO3: HClO4 = 2:1) was added to it. Then, it was

placed on the electric hot plate for heating at 180-200°C until the solid particles

were nearly disappeared and white fumes were evolved from the flask (Jackson,

1962). It was then cooled at room temperature, washed with distill ed water

repeatedly and filtered through filter paper (Whatman No. 42) into a 100 mL

volumetric flask and the volume was made up to the mark with distilled water. The

grain and straw extracts were preserved separately in plastic bottles for the analysis

of different elements.

3.17.3 Determination of nitrogen

The concentration of N was determined by semi-micro kjeldahl method as followed by

Jackson (1962) through the digestion of organic matter with commercial sulphuric acid

(H2SO4) and catalyst mixture (K2SO4: CuSO4: Se powder) in the ratio of 100:10:1.

Three distinct steps were namely digestion, distillation and titration. The

ammonia evolved in distillation step was collected in boric acid solution (2%) and was

titrated against 0.01 N H2SO4.

3.17.4 Determination of phosphorus

The concentration of P in the digested grain and straw were determined from the

extract by adding ammonium molybdate and SnCl2 solution and measuring the colour

with the help of spectrophotometer at 660 nm wavelength (Jackson, 1962).

3.17.5 Determination of potassium

Potassium concentration in the digested grain and straw were determined directly

with the help of flame photometer (Jackson, 1962).

3.17.6 Determination of sulphur

The S concentration in the digest of grain and straw were determined by adding acid

seed solution and precipitating with BaCl2 crystal and measuring of turbidity with

the help of spectrophotometer at 420 nm wavelengths as outline by Tandon (1995).

3.17.7 Determination of calcium

The content of calcium in digested grain and straw was determined by

complexometric method of titration using Na2EDTA as a complexing agent in the

presence of calcon indicator at pH 12 (Page et al., 1982).

3.17.8 Determination of magnesium

The content of magnesium in digested grain and was determined by

complexometric method of titration using Na2EDTA as a complexing agent in the

presence of EBT indicator at pH 10 (Page et al., 1982).

3.17.9 Determination of boron

Boron concentration in the digested grain and straw were determined by

colorimetric method.(Tandon,1995)

3.17.10 Determination of sodium

Sodium concentration in the digested grain and straw were determined directly

with the help of flame photometer (Jackson, 1962).

3.18 Nutrient uptake

The nutrient uptake was calculated by the formula-

Nutrient uptake (kg ha-1

) = Minerals constituent (%) Dry matter weight (kg ha

-1)

100

3.19 Statistical analysis

Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique using

the MSTAT statistical Computer Package Programmed in accordance with the

principles of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatment means

were adjusted by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test as described by Gomez

and Gomez (1984).

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter comprises the presentation and discussion of the results of the effect of

humic acid and cowdung with chemical fertilizers on the growth, yield and chemical

composition of rice (BRRI dhan39). The statistical analysis on various yield

contributing characters and nutrient content of grain and straw of rice plant were

tabulated. The results obtained on different agronomic parameter have been shown in

Tables (4.1- 4.3). Nutrient contents in grain and straw of rice (BRRI dhan39) was

presented in Tables (4.4 - 4.6). Nutrient uptake by grain and straw of rice (BRRI

dhan39) was presented in Tables (4.7- 4.9). The results are presented and discussed

under different headings below:

4.1 Effect of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung with chemical fertilizers (N, P, K &

S) on the growth, yield and chemical composition of T. aman rice (BRRI

dhan39)

4.1.1 Plant height

Plant height was significantly influenced by different doses of humic acid (Table 4.1).

Humic acid produced significantly the longest plant (104.09 cm) where the shortest

plant height (94.36 cm) was obtained at control. The application of humic acid at the

rate of 3 L ha-1

produced 101.72 cm plant height whereas at the rate of 6 L ha-1

produced 104.09 cm plant height.

Application of cowdung did not significantly affected the plant height (Table 4.2). The

application of cowdung @ 5 t ha-1

produced 101.51 cm plant height whereas application

of cowdung @ 10 t ha-1

produced 100.56 cm plant height.

There was a significant difference in plant height due to combined application of humic

acid and cowdung (Table 4.3). The highest plant height (106.5 cm) was obtained in T4

due to the interaction of humic acid and @ 3 L ha-1

and cowdung @ 5 t ha-1

respectively

which was statistically higher than T3 (98.11 cm), T1 (94.32 cm) and T2 (97.67 cm).

The lowest plant height (91.08 cm) was obtained at T0 treatment (control).


A significant difference in panicle length was obtained with the application of humic

acid (Table 4.1). In case of humic acid application, the longest (28.50 cm) panicle

length was obtained when humic acid was applied @ 3 L ha-1

and the lowest (23.65 cm)

was obtained at T0 (control). The loss of nitrogen is less in presence of humic acid

which helps in vegetative growth such as panicle length of rice plant. This finding was

corroborated with the observation made by Mishra and Srivastava (1988).

The application of cowdung significantly influenced the panicle length (Table 4.2). The

longest (27.55 cm) panicle length was obtained when cowdung was applied @ 10 t ha-1

and the shortest (25.48 cm) was obtained at T0 (control). This might be due to the

nitrogen which enhanced the vegetative phase of plants.

There was significant difference in panicle length due to interaction of different

application of humic acid and cowdung (Table 4.3). The longest panicle length (29.56

cm) was found in T4 treatment where the combined application of humic acid and

cowdung was @ 3 L ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

, respectively and the lowest panicle length (20.39

cm) was found at T0 (control).

4.1.3 Total tillers hill-1

Total number of tillers hill-1

was significantly influenced by the application of humic

acid (Table 4.1). Humic acid produced significantly highest number of tillers hill-1

(11.80) when humic acid applied @ 3 L ha-1

and the lowest (9.55) was obtained at

(control). Because humic acid influenced plant vegetative growth due to its slow release

and increase availability of nitrogen at various growth phases of plant.

There was an expressive difference in number of total tillers with the application of

cowdung (Table 4.2). The highest number of tillers hill-1

(11.03) was produced by the

application of 5 t ha-1

CD and the lowest (9.88) was obtained at T0 (control).

The interaction application of humic acid and cowdung significantly affected the total

number of tillers hill-1

(Table 4.3). The highest number of tiller (12.48) was obtained in

the interaction of humic acid and cowdung in T4 treatment where humic acid and

cowdung were applied @ 3 L ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

, respectively which was statistically

similar to T5 treatment and the lowest number of tiller (8.48) was obtained at T0

(control). Because humic acid and cowdung is such kind of organic compounds which

promotes nitrogen supply and nitrogen is essential for vegetative growth.

4.1.4 Effective tillers hill-1

The application of humic acid significantly affected the number of effective tillers hill-1

(Table 4.1). The highest effective tiller hill-1

(11.36) was obtained when humic acid was

applied @ 3 L ha-1

and the lowest number of effective tillers hill-1

(9.24) was produced

at T0 (control).

Effective tillers hill-1

was expressively affected by the application of cowdung (Table

4.2). The highest number of effective tillers hill-1

(10.89) was produced when cowdung

was applied @ 5 t ha-1

and the lowest number of effective tillers hill-1

(9.77) was

produced at T0 (control).

Difference in the total number of effective tillers hill-1

was observed due to the

interaction application of humic acid and cowdung (Table 4.3). The highest effective

tiller hill-1

(12.71) was obtained in T4 due to the interaction of humic acid and cowdung

@ 3 L ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

, respectively and the lowest number of effective tillers hill-1

(8.72) was produced at T0 (control). Because humic acid and cowdung were such kind

of compound which promotes supply of nutrients essential for vegetative growth.

4.1.5 Total number of grains panicle-1

Total grains panicle-1

was significantly affected by the application of humic acid (Table

4.1). The highest number of grains panicle-1

(179.89) was found at T3 with the

application of humic acid @ 3 L ha-1

and the lowest was found at T0 (control). It was

noticed that humic acid induced positive effect on number of grain panicle-1

of rice.

The application of cowdung significantly affected total grains panicle-1

(Table 4.2). The

highest number of grains panicle-1

(160.11) was obtained with the application of

cowdung @ 10 t ha-1

and the lowest (145.56) was found at T0 (control).

Total number of grains panicle-1

affected significantly due to interaction of different

application of humic acid and cowdung (Table 4.3). The highest number of grains

(188.00) was obtained at T4 due to the interaction of humic acid and cowdung @ 3 L

ha-1

HA and 5 t ha-1

CD which was statistically similar to T3 and T5 treatments and the

lowest (102.33) was found at T0 (control).


The application of humic acid significantly influenced filled grains panicle-1

(Table

4.1). Humic acid produced significantly the higher number of filled grains panicle-1

(162.56) when humic acid was applied @ 3 L ha-1

and the lowest filled grains panicle-1

(102.78) was obtained at T0 (control). Humic acid help in uptake of phosphorus as

phosphorus enhances fruiting of plant.

Filled grains panicle-1

was not significantly affected by the application of cowdung

(Table 4.2). The highest number of filled grains panicle-1

(142.11) was obtained by the

application of 10 t ha-1

CD and the lowest filled grains panicle-1

(130.67) was recorded

at T0 (control).

The difference in number of filled grains panicle-1

was obtained due to interaction of

different application of humic acid and cowdung (Table 4.3). The highest number of

filled grains panicle-1

(170.00) was obtained in T4 due to the interaction of humic acid

and cowdung @ 3 L ha-1

HA and 5 t ha-1

CD which were statistically similar to T3 and

T5 and the lowest filled grains panicle-1

(93.00) was obtained at T0 (control).

4.1.7 1000-grain weight

The 1000-grain weight was significantly influenced by the application of humic acid

(Table 4.1). The highest 1000-grain weight (19.51 g) was obtained when humic acid

was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and the lowest (18.29 g) was in control.

The application of cowdung affected 1000-grain weight significantly (Table 4.2). The

highest 1000-grain weight was obtained (19.12 g) when cowdung was applied @ 10 t

ha-1

, the lowest (18. 29 g) was found in control.

The interaction application of humic acid and cowdung affected the 1000-grain weight

significantly (Table 4.3). The highest 1000-grain weight was obtained (19.57 g) in T8

which was similar with T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7, and the lowest 1000- grain weight

(18.17 g) was found in T0 (control).

4.1.8 Grain yield

Grain yield was significantly influenced by the application of humic acid (Table 4.1).

The highest grain yield (4.12 t ha-1

) was obtained when humic acid was applied @ 6 L

ha-1

and the lowest grain yield (2.98 t ha-1

) was at T0 (control).

The application of cowdung affected the grain yield significantly (Table 4.2). The

highest grain yield (3.93 t ha-1

) was obtained when cowdung was applied @ 10 t ha-1

and the lowest grain yield (3.52 t ha-1

) was found in T0 (control).

The combined application of humic acid and cowdung affected the grain yield

significantly (Table 4.3). The highest grain yield (4.23 t ha-1

) was obtained in T8

treatment where humic acid and cowdung were applied @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

,

respectively and the lowest grain yield (2.57 t ha-1

) were found in T0 (control).

4.1.9 Straw yield

The straw yield was significantly influenced by the application of humic acid (Table

4.1). The highest straw yield (10.37 t ha-1

) was obtained when humic acid was applied

@ 3 L ha-1

and the lowest straw yield (7.96 t ha-1

) was in T0 (control).

The application of cowdung affected the straw yield significantly (Table 4.2). The

highest straw yield (9.50 t ha-1

) was obtained when cowdung was applied @ 10 t ha-

1and the lowest straw yield (8.87 t ha

-1) was obtained in T0 (control).

An expressive effect was observed with the combined application of humic acid and

cowdung which affected the straw yield significantly (Table 4.3). The highest straw

yield (10.70 t ha-1

) was obtained when humic acid and cowdung were applied @ 3 L

ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

respectively and the lowest straw yield (7.67 t ha-1

) was found in T0

(control). HA influenced the nutrition and growth of plants in an indirect manner. HA

might also influence the plant growth directly either through its effects on ion uptake or

by more directs effects on the growth regulation of the plant (Vaughan and Linehan,

1976).

4.1.10 Biological yield

The application of humic acid significantly influenced the biological yield (Table 4.1).

The highest biological yield (14.50 t ha-1

) was obtained when humic acid was applied

@ 3 L ha-1

and the lowest biological yield (10.93 t ha-1

) were found at control.

The application of cowdung significantly influenced biological yield (Table 4.2). The

highest biological yield (13.43 t ha-1

) was recorded when cowdung was applied @ 10 t

ha-1

and the lowest biological yield (12.39 tha-1

) were found at control.

The combined application of humic acid and cowdung significantly influenced

biological yield (Table 4.3). The highest biological yield (45.26%) was recorded when

humic acid and cowdung was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

, respectively and the

lowest biological yield (10.23 t ha-1

) were found at control. The humate migrated from

one part of the root system into another, contributing to a more intensive absorption of

iron (Aso and Sakai, 1963).

4.1.11 Harvest index (%)

The application of humic acid significantly influenced harvest index (Table 4.1). The

highest harvest index (43.83%) was found when humic acid was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and

the lowest harvest index (37.32%) was found at control.

The application of cowdung significantly influenced harvest index (Table 4.2). The

highest harvest index (41.52%) was found when cowdung was applied @ 10 t ha-1

and

the lowest harvest index (39.38%) was found at control.

The combined application of humic acid and cowdung significantly influenced harvest

index (Table 4.3). The highest harvest index (45.26%) was recorded when humic acid

and cowdung was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

, respectively and the lowest harvest

index (33.47%) was found at control.

Table 4.1. Effect of PGR (humic acid) on the yield attributes of T. aman (cv. BRRI dhan39)

Treatments Plant

height

(cm)

Panicle

length

(cm )

Total

tillers

hill-1

(No.)

Effective

tillers

hill-1

(No.)

Total

grains

panicle-1

(No.)

Filled

grains

panicle-1

(No.)

1000-

grain

weight

(g)

Grain

yield

(t ha-1

)

Straw

yield

(t ha-1

)

Biological

yield

(t ha-1

)

Harvest

index (%)

HA0 94.36c 23.65b 9.55b 9.24c 117.78c 102.78c 18.29b 2.98b 7.96c 10.93b 37.32c

HA3 101.72b 28.50a 11.80a 11.36a 179.89a 162.56a 19.33ab 4.13a 10.37a 14.50a 40.04b

HA6 104.09a 28.33a 9.85b 9.94b 160.22b 140.89b 19.51a 4.12a 9.41b 13.53a 43.83a

CV (%) 3.06 5.45 5.58 5.34 6.09 8.86 7.23 4.40 4.23 5.23 6.23

Level of

significance ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

Legend: HA = Humic acid,

** indicates significance at 1 % level

Table 4.2. Effect of cowdung on the yield attributes of T. aman (cv. BRRI dhan39)

Treatments Plant

height

(cm)

Panicle

length

(cm )

Total

tillers

hill-1

(No.)

Effective

tillers

hill-1

(No.)

Total

grains

panicle-1

(No.)

Filled

grains

panicle-1

(No.)

1000-

grain

weight

(g)

Grain

yield

(t ha-1

)

Straw

yield

(t ha-1

)

Biological

yield

(t ha-1

)

Harvest

index

(%)

CD0 98.09 25.48b 9.88c 9.77b 145.56c 130.67 18.92b 3.52c 8.87b 12.39b 39.38b

CD5 101.51 27.45a 11.03a 10.89a 152.22b 133.44 19.09a 3.78b 9.37a 13.14ab 40.30ab

CD10 100.56 27.55a 10.29b 9.89b 160.11a 142.11 19.12a 3.93a 9.50a 13.43a 41.52a

CV (%) 3.06 5.45 5.58 5.34 6.09 8.86 7.23 4.40 4.23 5.23 6.23

Level of

signifiance NS ** ** ** ** NS ** ** ** ** **

Legend: CD= Cowdung


NS indicates non significance

Table 4.3. Interaction effects of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung on the yield attributes of T. aman cv. BRRI dhan39

Treatments Plant

height

(cm)

Panicle

length

(cm )

Total

tillers

hill-1

(No.)

Effective

tillers

hill-1

(No.)

Total

grains

panicle-1

(No.)

Filled

grains

panicle-1

(No.)

1000-

grain

weight

(g)

Grain

yield

(t ha-1

)

Straw

yield

(t ha-1

)

Biological

yield

(t ha-1

)

Harvest

index

(%)

T0

HA0CD0 91.08f 20.39d 8.48f 8.72e 102.33e 93.00d 18.17c 2.57d 7.67c 10.23f 33.47c

T1

HA0CD5 94.32ef 24.44c 10.51cd 9.39de 111.67e 96.33d 18.37b 2.93c 8.00c 10.93e 36.67c

T2

HA0CD10 97.67de 26.11bc 9.67cde 9.60de 139.33d 119.00c 18.33b 3.43b 8.20c 11.63d 41.83a

T3

HA3CD0 98.11cde 27.61ab 11.03bc 10.76b 180.00ab 164.67a 19.17a 4.03a 9.50c 13.53c 42.51a

T4

HA3CD5 106.50a 29.56a 12.48a 12.71a 188.00a 170.00a 19.37a 4.23a 10.90a 15.13a 45.26a

T5

HA3CD10 100.56bcd 28.33ab 11.87ab 10.61bc 171.67abc 153.00ab 19.47a 4.13a 10.70a 14.83b 38.64b

T6

HA6CD0 105.09ab 28.44a 10.13cde 9.82bcd 154.33cd 134.33bc 19.43a 3.97a 9.43b 13.40c 42.15a

T7

HA6CD5 103.72abc 28.34ab 10.10cde 10.57bcd 157.00c 134.00bc 19.53a 4.17a 9.20b 13.37c 38.96b

T8

HA6CD10 103.45ab 28.22ab 9.32ef 9.44de 169.33bc 154.33ab 19.57a 4.23a 9.60b 13.83b 44.09a

CV 4.40 5.45 5.58 5.34 6.09 8.86 7.23 4.40 4.23 5.23 6.23

Level of

signifiance ** ** * * * ** ** ** * ** **

Legend: HA = Humic acid, CD= Cowdung, * indicates significance at 5 % level, ** indicates significance at 1 % level

4.2 Nutrient content of grain and straw

4.2.1 Nitrogen content

The nitrogen content in grain and straw was significantly influenced by the application

of humic acid (Table 4.4). The highest N content (1.35%) was obtained in grain when

humic acid was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and the lowest N content was obtained at T0

(control). The highest N content (0.91%) in straw was also obtained when humic acid


and the lowest N content (0.45%) in straw was recorded at HA0

(control). Govindasamy and Chandrasekaran (2002) reported that addition of humic

acid was found to increase the content and enhance the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe,

Mn and Zn by rice.

The nitrogen content in grain and straw was significantly influenced by the application

of cowdung (Table 4.5). The highest N content (1.36 %) in grain was obtained when the

dose of cowdung was 10 t ha-1

. The lowest N content (1.28 %) in grain was recorded at

T0 (control). The highest N content (0.75 %) in straw was also recorded when the

cowdung was applied @ 10 t ha-1

and the lowest N content (0.59 %) in straw was at T0

(control).

The interaction effect of humic acid and cowdung significantly affected the nitrogen

content in grain and straw (Table 4.6). The highest N content (1.44%) was obtained in

grain when humic acid and cowdung were applied @ 3 L ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

, respectively

while the lowest N content (1.20%) was found in T0 (control). The highest N content

(0.97%) was obtained in straw when humic acid and cowdung was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and the lowest N content (0.35%) was found in T0 (control).

4.2.2 Phosphorus content

The phosphorus content in grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.4). The highest phosphorus content (0.26%) in grain

was found when humic acid was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and the lowest P content (0.23%)

in grain was found in HA0 (control). The highest P content (0.18%) in straw was found

when humic acid was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and the lowest P content (0.12%) in straw was

found in HA0 (control). At optimum level of HA, the roots were highly branched and

this might have resulted an increase in surface area, which would have facilitated more

efficient nutrient absorption (Mallikarjuna rao et al., 1987).

The application of cowdung affected the phosphorus content in grain and straw

significantly (Table 4.5). The highest P content (0.25%) in grain was found when


and the lowest P content (0.23%) was observed in

CD0 (control). The highest P content (0.17%) obtained in straw when cowdung was

applied @ 10 t ha-1

the lowest P content (0.14%) was found in CD0 (control).

The interaction of humic acid and cowdung affected the phosphorus content in grain

and straw significantly (Table 4.6). The highest P content (0.28%) was obtained in

grain at T8 when humic acid and cowdung were applied @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

,

respectively and the lowest P content (0.2%) was found in T0 (control). The highest P

content (0.20%) was obtained in straw at T8 when humic acid and cowdung was applied

@ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and the lowest P content (0.09%) was found in T0

(control).

4.2.3 Potassium content

The potassium content in grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.4). The highest K content (0.80%) in grain was

obtained when humic acid was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and the lowest (0.62%) in grain was

obtained in HA0 (control). The highest K content (1.36%) in straw was obtained when


and the lowest (0.99%) in straw was found in HA0

(control).

The application of cowdung affected the content of K in grain significantly (Table 4.5).

The highest K content (0.83%) was obtained in grain when cowdung was applied @ 5 t

ha-1

and the lowest K content (0.53%) was found in CD0 (control). There was no

significant effect of cowdung on K content in straw.

The interaction effect of humic acid and cowdung on K content in grain was significant

and non significant in straw (Table 4.6). The highest K content (0.95%) in grain was

found when humic acid and cowdung were applied 6 L ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

, respectively

and the lowest K content (0.04%) was found in T0 (control).

4.2.4 Sulphur content

The sulphur content in straw was influenced by the application of humic acid (Table

4.4). The highest S content (0.09%) in straw was obtained in HA6 where humic acid


and the lowest (0.04%) was obtained in HA0 (control). There

was no significant influence of humic acid in grain.

The sulphur content was significantly influenced by the application of cowdung in

straw (Table 4.5). The highest S content in straw (0.08%) was obtained in CD10 when


and the lowest (0.06%) was obtained in HA0

(control). There was no significant influence of cowdung in grain.

The interaction application of humic acid and cowdung affected the S content

significantly in grain (Table 4.6). The highest S content (0.19%) in grain was found in

T4 when humic acid and cowdung were applied combindly @ 3 L ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

,

respectively and the lowest S content (0.16%) was found in T5 and T7. There was no

significant interaction effect of humic acid and cowdung in straw.

4.2.5 Calcium content

The calcium content in grain and straw was significantly influenced by the application

of humic acid (Table 4.4). The highest Ca content (0.25%) in grain was obtained when


and the lowest (0.16%) in grain was in control and

the highest Ca content (0.67%) in straw was recorded when humic acid was applied @

6 L ha-1

and the lowest (0.44%) in straw was in HA0 (control).

The application of cowdung affected the Ca content in grain and straw significantly

(Table 4.5). The highest Ca content (0.25%) was obtained in grain when cowdung was

applied @ 10 t ha-1

and the lowest Ca content (0.18%) was found in CD0 (control). The

highest Ca content (0.65%) was obtained in straw when cowdung was applied @ 10 t

ha-1

and the lowest Ca content (0.48%) was found in CD0 (control).

The interaction effect of humic acid and cowdung affected the Ca contents in grain

significantly (Table 4.6). The highest Ca content (0.28%) was obtained in grain when

humic acid and cowdung were applied @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and the

lowest Ca content (0.08%) was found in T0 (control). There was no significant

interaction effect of humic acid and cowdung in straw.

4.2.6 Magnesium contents

The magnesium content in grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.4). The highest Mg content (0.21%) in grain was

obtained when humic acid was applied @ 3 L ha-1

and the lowest (0.16%) in grain was

in HA0 (control). The highest Mg content (0.78%) in straw was found when humic acid


and the lowest (0.57%) in straw was in HA0 (control).

The application of cowdung affected the Mg content in grain and straw significantly

(Table 4.5). The highest Mg content(0.21%) was found in grain when cowdung was

applied @ 5 t ha-1

and the lowest Mg content (0.18%) was found in CD0 (control). The

highest Mg content (0.76%) was obtained in straw when cowdung was applied @ 10 t

ha-1

and the lowest Mg content (0.65%) was found in CD0 (control).

The magnesium content has no significant interaction effect due to the combined

application of humic acid and cowdung in the grain and straw (Table 4.6)

4.2.7 Boron content

The boron content in both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.4). The highest B content (17.0 µg g-1

) in grain was

recorded when humic acid was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and the lowest (16.16 µg g-1

) in grain

was in control. The highest B content (16.90 µg g-1

) in straw was found when humic

acid was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and the lowest (16.51 µg g-1

) in straw was in HA0 (control).

The application of cowdung affected the B content in grain significantly (Table 4.5).

The highest B content (16.81 µg g-1

) was recorded in grain when cowdung was applied

@ 10 t ha-1

and the lowest B content (16.05 µg g-1

) was recorded in CD0 (control). The

B content in straw was not significantly influenced by the application of cowdung.

The boron content has no significant interaction effect due to the combined application

of humic acid and cowdung in the grain and straw (Table 4.6)

4.2.8 Sodium content

The sodium content by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.4). The highest Na content (155.24 µg g-1

) in grain

and in straw (288.20 µg g-1

) was recorded when humic acid was applied @ 6 L ha-1

and

the lowest (129.40 µg g-1

) in grain and in straw (250.29 µg g-1

) was in HA0 (control).

The application of cowdung affected the Na content in both grain and straw

significantly (Table 4.5). The highest Na content (157.96 µg g-1

) was obtained in grain

and in straw (297.79 µg g-1

), when cowdung was applied @ 5 t ha-1

and the lowest Na

content (128.36 µg g-1

) in grain and in straw (243.50 µg g-1

) was found in CD0

(control).

There was no significant interaction effect due to the combined application of humic

acid and cowdung in the Na content in grain and straw (Table 4.6)

Table 4.4. Effect of PGR (humic acid) on N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na contents of T. aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan39)

Treatments Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassium

(%)

Sulphur

(%)

Calcium

(%)

Magnesium

(%)

Boron

(µg g-1

)

Sodium

(µg g-1

)

Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw

HA0 1.34a 0.45c 0.23b 0.12b 0.62c 0.99c 0.16 0.04b 0.16b 0.44c 0.16b 0.57c 16.16b 16.51b 129.40c 250.29b

HA3 1.30b 0.67b 0.23b 0.17ab 0.75b 1.16b 0.15 0.08ab 0.24a 0.62b 0.21a 0.72b 16.43ab 16.55b 154.43b 251.24b

HA6 1.35a 0.91a 0.26a 0.18a 0.80a 1.36a 0.15 0.09a 0.25a 0.67a 0.20a 0.78a 17.00a 16.90a 155.24a 288.20a

CV (%) 0.81 1.99 4.32 6.41 2.95 23.36 3.61 12.31 16.61 5.00 13.75 6.20 3.66 5.24 3.62 1.09

Level of

significance ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

Legend: HA = Humic acid,



Table 4.5. Effect of cowdung on N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na contents of T. aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan39)

Treatments Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassium

(%)

Sulphur

(%)

Calcium

(%)

Magnesium

(%)

Boron

(µg g-1

)

Sodium

(µg g-1

)


CD0 1.28b 0.59c 0.23b 0.14b 0.53b 1.10 0.15 0.06c 0.18c 0.48c 0.18b 0.65c 16.05b 15.94 128.36c 243.50c

CD5 1.35a 0.69b 0.25a 0.16ab 0.83ab 1.14 0.15 0.07b 0.22b 0.60b 0.21a 0.67b 16.74ab 16.82 157.96a 297.79a

CD10 1.36a 0.75a 0.25a 0.17a 0.81a 1.27 0.16 0.08a 0.25a 0.65a 0.18b 0.76a 16.81a 17.20 152.77b 248.44b

CV (%) 0.81 1.99 4.32 6.41 2.95 23.36 3.61 12.31 16.61 5.00 13.75 6.20 3.66 5.24 3.62 1.09

Level of

signifiance ** ** ** ** ** NS NS ** ** ** * ** ** NS ** **

Legend: CD= Cowdung

* indicates significance at 5 % level



Table 4.6. Interaction effect of different doses of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung on N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na contents of

T. aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan39)

Treatments

Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassium

(%)

Sulphur

(%)

Calcium

(%)

Magnesium

(%)

Boron

(µg g-1

)

Sodium

(µg g-1

)


T0

HA0CD0 1.20d 0.35i 0.20f 0.09e 0.04f 0.84 0.16bc 0.02 0.08c 0.35 0.13 0.51 15.13 15.58 93.00i 180.57g

T1

HA0CD5 1.27c 0.48h 0.25bcd 0.13d 0.95a 1.05 0.15c 0.04 0.17b 0.47 0.21 0.53 16.82 16.55 146.30h 280.57e

T2

HA0CD10 1.27c 0.53g 0.23e 0.15c 0.85b 1.07 0.17ab 0.05 0.24a 0.51 0.14 0.68 16.54 17.41 148.90g 289.73d

T3

HA3CD0 1.38a 0.59f 0.23de 0.17b 0.76de 1.15 0.15c 0.07 0.23ab 0.54 0.21 0.66 16.03 15.86 160.60f 295.43c

T4

HA3CD5 1.44a 0.64e 0.23e 0.17bc 0.74e 1.01 0.19a 0.07 0.24a 0.64 0.22 0.73 16.82 16.99 169.63e 309.03a

T5

HA3CD10 1.35b 0.77d 0.24cde 0.17b 0.77d 1.33 0.13d 0.09 0.25a 0.67 0.21 0.78 16.44 16.78 133.07c 149.27e

T6

HA6CD0 1.35b 0.84c 0.25bc 0.17b 0.80c 1.31 0.15c 0.08 0.23ab 0.56 0.21 0.77 16.99 16.37 131.47b 254.50f

T7

HA6CD5 1.35b 0.93b 0.26b 0.18b 0.80c 1.36 0.13d 0.09 0.25a 0.70 0.21 0.77 16.57 16.92 157.93d 303.77b

T8

HA6CD10 1.35b 0.97a 0.28a 0.20a 0.81c 1.40 0.17bc 0.09 0.28a 0.76 0.18 0.81 17.44 17.41 176.33a 306.33ab

CV (%) 0.81 1.99 4.32 6.41 2.95 23.36 3.61 12.31 16.61 5.00 13.75 6.20 3.66 5.24 3.62 1.09

Level of

significance ** ** ** ** ** NS ** NS * NS NS NS NS NS ** **

Legend: HA = Humic acid, CD= Cowdung, ** indicates significance at 1 % level, * indicates significance at 5 % level


4.3 Nutrient uptake by grain and straw

4.3.1 Nitrogen uptake

The nitrogen uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.7). The highest N uptake (55.36 kg ha-1

) was

obtained in grain and in straw (48.56 kg ha-1

) by the application of humic acid @ 6

L ha-1

. The lowest N uptake (41.21 kg ha-1

) was obtained in grain and in straw

(32.21 kg ha-1

) was found in HA0 (control). Saalbach (1956) stated that humic acid

enhanced the uptake and content of nitrogen in rye.

The nitrogen uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of cowdung (Table 4.8). The highest N uptake (53.59 kg ha-1

) was


) by the use of cowdung @ 10 t ha-1

.

The lowest N uptake (46.90 kg ha-1

) was obtained in grain and in straw (36.90 kg

ha-1

) in CD0 (control).

The difference in nitrogen uptake by grain and straw due to interaction effect of

humic acid and cowdung was also significant (Table 4.9).The highest N uptake

(57.40 kg ha-1

) in grain was obtained by the application of humic acid and cowdung

@ 3 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and 52.67 kg ha

-1 in straw by the use of humic

acid and cowdung @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively. The lowest N uptake

(32.67 kg ha-1

) in grain and in straw (25.43 kg ha-1


4.3.2 Phosphorus uptake

The phosphorus uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.7). The highest P uptake (10.61 kg ha-1

) was


) by the application of humic acid @ 6

L ha-1

. The lowest P uptake (6.72 kg ha-1


) was

found in HA0 (control). The different humic acids had significant effect on nitrogen

and phosphorus uptake by oats. The efficiency indices of various humic acids

ranged between 25 and 65 per cent (Mishra and Srivastava, 1988). In the presence

of humates, the plants could use phosphate fertilizers fully at the humic molecules

and the phosphate anion compete on an almost equal basis. Anion exchange

phenomenon could be another reason for increasing P availability and higher P

uptake by rice (Deb and Datta, 1967).

The phosphorus uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of cowdung (Table 4.8). The highest P uptake (9.55 kg ha-1

) in grain

and in straw (7.28 kg ha-1

)was obtained in CD10 where the application of cowdung

@ 10 t ha-1

and the lowest P uptake (8.27 kg ha-1

) in grain and in straw (7.05 kg

ha-1

) was found in CD0 (control).

The difference in phosphorus uptake by grain and straw due to interaction effect of

humic acid and cowdung was also significant (Table 4.9). The highest P uptake

(11.46 kg ha-1


) was obtained by the application

of humic acid and cowdung @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and the lowest P

uptake (5.44 kg ha-1



Jelanic et al. (1966) reported that HA from lignite increased the P content and

uptake in maize plants

4.3.3 Potassium uptake

The potassium uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.7). The highest K uptake (32.53 kg ha-1

) in

grain and in straw (63.58 kg ha-1

) was obtained by the application of humic acid @

6 L ha-1

and the lowest K uptake (28.41 kg ha-1

) in grain and in straw (54.44 kg

ha-1

) was found in HA0 (control).

The potassium uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of cowdung (Table 4.8). The highest K uptake (31.28 kg ha-1

) in grain


) was obtained by the application of cowdung @ 10 t

ha-1

and the lowest K uptake (29.60 kg ha-1


)

was found in CD0 (control).

The potassium uptake was significantly influenced in grain due to the interaction

effect of humic acid and cowdung (Table 4.9). The highest K uptake (33.31 kg ha-

1) in grain and in straw (64.77 kg ha

-1) was obtained by the use of humic acid and

cowdung @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and the lowest K uptake (27.54 kg

ha-1



4.3.4 Sulphur uptake

The sulphur uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced due to the

application of humic acid (Table 4.7). The highest S uptake (6.94 kg ha-1

) in grain


) was obtained by the application of humic acid @ 6 L

ha-1

and the lowest S uptake in grain (5.02 kg ha-1

) and in straw (2.47 kg ha

-1) was

found in HA0 (control). Raina and Goswami (1988) reported a significant increase

in the uptake of N, P, Cu, S and Fe upto 20-ppm carbon as humic acid over control.

The sulphur uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of cowdung (Table 4.8). The highest S uptake (6.66 kg ha-1

) in grain


) was obtained by the use of cowdung @10 t ha-1

and the

lowest S uptake (5.86 kg ha-1

) in grain and in straw (3.09 kg ha

-1) was found in CD0

(control).

The interaction effect of sulphur uptake by grain significantly affected by the

application of humic acid and cowdung (Table 4.9). The highest S uptake (8.37 kg

ha-1

) in grain was obtained by the application of humic acid and cowdung @ 3 L

ha-1

and 5 t ha-1

, respectively and in straw (4.86 kg ha-1

) was obtained by the

application of humic acid and cowdung @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and

the lowest S uptake in grain(4.11 kg ha

-1) and in straw (1.73 kg ha

-1) was found in

T0 (control).

4.3.5 Calcium uptake

The calcium uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.7). The highest Ca uptake (11.08 kg ha-1

) in

grain and in straw (17.71 kg ha-1

) was obtained by the application of humic acid @

6 L ha-1

and the lowest Ca uptake (6.58 kg ha-1


-1)

was found in HA0 (control).


application of cowdung (Table 4.8). The highest Ca uptake (10.39 kg ha-1

) in grain


) was obtained by the application of cowdung @ 10 t ha-1

and the lowest Ca uptake (8.0 kg ha-1


) was

found in CD0 (control).


interaction effect of humic acid and cowdung (Table 4.9). The highest Ca uptake

(11.67 kg ha-1


) was obtained by the application

of humic acid and cowdung @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and the lowest

Ca uptake (4.93 kg ha-1


-1) was found in T0

(control).

4.3.6 Magnesium uptake

The magnesium uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.7). The highest Mg uptake (7.40 kg ha-1

) in grain

and (17.20 kg ha-1

) in straw was obtained by the application of humic acid @ 6 L

ha-1

and the lowest Mg uptake (4.14 kg ha-1


)

was found in HA0 (control). Application of 10 kg HA ha-1

as potassium humate

along with 75 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer found to increase the crude

protein content and mineral nutrition (P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) of

Amaranthus (Bama and Selvakumari, 2001).


application of cowdung (Table 4.8) The highest Mg uptake 6.57 kg ha-1

in grain

and 16.59 kg ha-1

in straw was obtained by the application of cowdung @10 t ha-1

and the lowest Mg uptake (5.38 kg ha-1


-1) was



interaction effect of humic acid and cowdung (Table 4.9). The highest Mg uptake

(8.33 kg ha-1

) in grain was recorded at T8 when the use of humic acid and cowdung

were applied @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively and in straw (17.39 kg ha-1

) was

obtained at T6 where application rates of humic acid and cowdung were 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively. The lowest Mg uptake (3.10 kg ha-1

) in grain and in

straw (14.12 kg ha-1


4.3.7 Boron uptake

The boron uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.7). The highest B uptake (0.072 kg ha-1

) in grain


) was obtained with the application of humic acid @ 6 L

ha1, the lowest B uptake (3.97 kg ha

-1)

in grain and in straw (6.46 kg ha

-1) was

found in HA0 (control).

The boron uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of cowdung (Table 4.8). The highest B uptake (0.069 kg ha-1

) in grain


) was obtained by the application of cowdung @ 10 t ha-1

and the lowest B uptake (0.058 kg ha-1


) was


The boron uptake was significantly influenced by the application of humic acid and

cowdung (Table 4.9) both in grain and straw. The highest B uptake (0.075 kg ha-1

)

in grain by the application of humic acid and cowdung @ 3 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

,

respectively and in straw (0.19 kg ha-1

) was obtained by the application of humic

acid and cowdung @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

respectively. The lowest B uptake (0.036

kg ha-1



4.3.8 Sodium uptake

The sodium uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of humic acid (Table 4.7). The highest Na uptake (6.97 kg ha-1

) in grain


) was obtained by the application of humic acid @ 6 L

ha-1

and the lowest Na uptake (3.97 kg ha-1


-1) was

found in HA0 (control).

The sodium uptake by both grain and straw was significantly influenced by the

application of cowdung (Table 4.8). The highest Na uptake (6.63 kg ha-1

) in grain


) was obtained by the application of cowdung @ 10 t

ha-1

, the lowest Na uptake (5.20 kg ha-1


-1) was


The difference in sodium uptake in both grain and straw due to interaction effect of

humic acid and cowdung was also significant (Table 4.9). The highest Na uptake

(7.50 kg ha-1


) was obtained by the combined

application of humic acid and cowdung @ 6 L ha-1

and 10 t ha-1

, respectively. The

lowest Na uptake (2.43 kg ha-1


-1) was found in T0

(control).

Table 4.7. Effect of PGR (humic acid) on the N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na uptake of T. aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39

Treatments

Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassium

(%)

Sulphur

(%)

Calcium

(%)

Magnesium

(%)

Boron

(µg g-1

)

Sodium

(µg g-1

)


HA0 41.21b 32.21c 6.72c 6.36c 28.41c 54.44c 5.02c 2.47c 6.58c 11.79b 4.14b 14.96c 0.049b 0.15b 3.97b 6.46b

HA3 54.67ab 43.06b 9.46b 7.51b 30.52b 61.61b 7.08b 3.97b 10.32b 16.66ab 5.79ab 16.20b 0.071ab 0.15b 6.97a 12.44ab

HA6 55.36a 48.56a 10.61a 8.27a 32.53a 63.58a 6.94a 4.20a 11.08a 17.71a 7.40a 17.20a 0.072a 0.18a 6.97a 13.79a

CV (%) 3.78 5.38 0.76 2.78 0.66 0.41 3.41 6.28 4.43 1.17 4.44 3.15 6.28 2.60 1.26 1.33

Level of

significance ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

Legend: HA = Humic acid


Table 4.8. Effect of cowdung on the N, P, K , S, Ca, Mg, B and Na uptake of T. aman rice cv. BRRI dhan39

Treatments Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassium

(%)

Sulphur

(%)

Calcium

(%)

Magnesium

(%)

Boron

(µg g-1

)

Sodium

(µg g-1

)


CD0 46.90c 36.90b 8.27c 7.05b 29.60c 57.40b 5.86b 3.09b 8.00c 13.81c 5.38b 15.93b 0.058b 0.14b 5.20b 9.41c

CD5 50.74b 43.04a 8.99b 7.27ab 30.58b 60.25ab 6.52a 3.45ab 9.59b 15.35b 5.39b 15.84b 0.064ab 0.17a 6.07ab 11.01b

CD10 53.59a 43.88a 9.55a 7.82a 31.28a 61.98a 6.66a 4.10a 10.39a 17.00a 6.57a 16.59a 0.069a 0.17a 6.63a 12.27a

CV (%) 3.78 5.38 0.76 2.78 0.66 0.41 3.41 6.28 4.43 1.17 4.44 3.15 6.28 2.60 1.26 1.33

Level of

significance ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

Legend: CD= Cowdung


Table 4.9. Interaction effect of different doses of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung on N, P, K , S, Ca, Mg, B and Na uptake of T. aman rice

(cv. BRRI dhan39)

Treatments

Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassium

(%)

Sulphur

(%)

Calcium

(%)

Magnesium

(%)

Boron

(µg g-1

)

Sodium

(µg g-1

)


T0

HA0CD0

32.67e 25.43f 0.20f 0.09e 0.04f 0.84 0.16bc 0.02 4.93e 8.00g 3.10e 14.12e 0.036c 0.11f 2.43i 3.12

T1

HA0CD5 44.47d 34.50e 0.25bcd 0.13d 0.74e 1.05 0.15c 0.04 6.50d 11.91f 4.63d 15.15d 0.050bc 0.14de 4.37h 7.34

T2

HA0CD10 46.50d 36.70e 0.23e 0.15c 0.85b 1.07 0.17ab 0.05 8.30c 15.45e 4.70d 15.60cd 0.061ab 0.19ab 5.10g 8.91

T3

HA3CD0 53.73bc 41.10d 0.23de 0.17b 0.76de 1.15 0.15c 0.07 8.61c 16.00d 6.10c 16.27bc 0.068ab 0.16cd 6.37f 11.21

T4

HA3CD5 52.87c 45.80bc 0.23e 0.17bc 0.95a 1.01 0.19a 0.07 11.15ab 16.79c 4.60d 15.44cd 0.070a 0.17bc 7.23c 12.40

T5

HA3CD10 57.40a 42.27cd 0.24cde 0.17b 0.77d 1.33 0.13d 0.09 11.21ab 17.21b 6.67b 16.88ab 0.075a 0.13e 7.30b 13.71

T6

HA6CD0 54.30abc 44.17cd 0.25bc 0.17b 0.80c 1.31 0.15c 0.08 10.45b 17.43b 6.93b 17.39a 0.072a 0.15d 6.80d 13.91

T7

HA6CD5 54.90abc 48.83ab 0.26b 0.18b 0.80c 1.36 0.13d 0.09 11.13ab 17.36b 6.93b 16.92ab 0.072a 0.18ab 6.60e 13.28

T8

HA6CD10 56.87ab 52.67a 0.28a 0.20a 0.81c 1.40 0.17bc 0.09 11.67a 18.33a 8.33a 17.29a 0.073a 0.19a 7.50a 14.19

CV (%) 3.78 5.38 4.32 6.41 2.95 23.36 3.61 12.31 4.43 1.17 4.44 3.15 6.28 2.60 1.26 1.33

Level of

significance ** ** ** ** ** NS ** NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

Legend: HA = Humic acid, CD = Cowdung, * indicates significance at 5 % level, ** indicates significance at 1 % level,


CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

An experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm

Mymensingh during the aman season of 2010 to find out the comparative effect of

PGR (humic acid) and manure (cowdung) with chemical fertilizers (N, P, K & S) on

the growth, yield and chemical composition of T. aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan39). The

experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications.

Each block was divided into 9 unit plots. The treatments were randomly distributed in

each block. The treatments were as follows: T0 (CD0+HA0), T1 (CD5+HA0), T2

(CD10+HA0), T3 (CD0+HA3), T4 (CD5+HA3), T5 (CD10+HA3), T6 (CD0+HA6), T7

(CD5+HA6) and T8 (CD10+HA6).

The treatments comprised of three levels of humic acid and three levels of organic

manures (cowdung) and

recommended doses of chemical fertilizers. The

recommended doses of chemical fertilizers applied were: Urea 150 kg ha-1

(69

kg N ha-1

), TSP 100 kg ha-1

, MOP 70 kg ha-1

, zinc sulphate 5 kg ha-1

and borax

10 kg ha -1

. The unit plot size was 4m x 2.5m and the total number of plots

was 27.

Yield contributing characters like plant height, effective tillers hill-1

, panicle length

and number of grains panicle-1

, 1000 grain weight, grain and straw yield were

significantly influenced by different treatments combination of humic acid and

cowdung along with chemical fertilizers. The results of the study clearly indicated that

plant height, number of effective tillers, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1

and

1000-grain weight were maximum in T4 treatment where humic acid and cowdung

were applied @ 3 L ha-1

and 5 t ha

-1, respectively. However, the lowest values of the

parameters were observed in T0 (control).

Similar trends of the effect of these treatments were reflected on the grain and straw

yield of BRRI dhan39. The grain and straw yields ranged from 2.57- 4.23 t ha-1

and

7.67- 10.9 t ha-1

, respectively. Where the highest grain yield (4.23 t ha-1

) was found in

T4 and T8 when the lowest (2.57 t ha-1

) was found at T0 (control). The highest straw

yield (10.9 t ha-1

) was found in the combination of humic acid and cowdung in T4 and

T5 when the lowest (7.67 t ha-1

) was found at T0 (control).

Nutrient content in both grain and straw of T. aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan39) were

significantly and insignificantly influenced by the application of humic acid and

cowdung along with recommended doses of chemical fertilizers. The contents of N,

P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in grain ranged from 1.20 to 1.44%, 0.20 to 0.28%,

0.04 to 0.95% , 0.13 to 0.19%, 0.08 to 0.28%, 0.13 to 0.22%, 15.13 to 17.44µg

g-1

, 93.0 to 176.33 µg g-1

and in straw 0.35 to 0.97%, 0.09 to 0.20%, 0.84 to

1.40%, 0.02 to 0.09%, 0.35 to 0.76%, 0.51 to 0.81%, 15.58 to 17.41µg g-1

,

180.57 to 309.03µg g-1

, respectively. The highest N content in grain was 1.44% in

T1 and in straw, it was 0.97% in T8; phosphorus content in grain was 0.28% and in

straw 0.2% in T8; potassium content was in grain 0.95% in T1; and in straw 1.4% in

T8; sulphur content in grain was 0.19% in T4; and in straw 0.09% in T8; calcium

content was in grain 0.28% in T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and 0.76% in straw in T8; magnesium

was 0.22% in grain and 0.81% in straw; boron content in grain 17.44 µg g-1

and

straw 17.41µg g-1

, sodium in grain 176.33µg g-1

and straw 309.33µg g-1

in T4 and the

treatment T0 gave the lowest content of all parameters studied.

Based on these observation, it may be inferred that incorporation of humic acid @ 3 L

ha-1

along with the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers showed better

performance in yield and yield contributing characters and nutrient content than

cowdung (CD) even at double the dose (CD 5 t ha-1

) in combination with

recommended dose of chemical fertilizers can be better in aman season. However

application of humic acid @ 3 L ha-1

can be better choice. It is therefore concluded

from the present study that the incorporation of humic acid @ 3 L ha-1

plus cowdung

@ 5 t ha-1

with recommended doses of chemical fertilizers may be used for obtaining

higher yield of aman rice particularly BRRI dhan39.

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Appendix1. Meteorological data of the experiment period (August to December, 2004) at BAU Farm, Mymensingh

Month

Air** Pressure

(mbs)

**Air temperature (

0C )

**Dew point

(0C)

"Humidi ty *Rain fall (mm)

**Wind

Speed

(kmph)

*Sun

shine (hrs)

*Evaporation ration (mm)

**Water ration

(mm)

**Soil temperature (°C) Depth

Max. Min. Av. 05

cm.

10

cm

20

cm

30

cm

50

cm

August 999.6 32.03 26.42 29.22 26.03 84.55 253.4 9.88 164.1 147.4 30.3 31.2 31.6 31.2 29.5 30.1

September 1004.5 30.01 25.30 27.66 25.57 91.30 269.7 8.32 65.1 76.9 28.3 29.1 29.2 29.0 27.9 28.8

October 1010.4 30.38 22.34 26.36 23.58 84.17 488.3 4.51 200.9 89.5 27.5 28.2 28.6 28.8 27.2 27.9

November 1002.1 28.98 16.87 22.93 18.90 82.86 00.0 2.29 224.7 79.4 24.3 24.3 14.8 25.4 25.3 25.6

December 1013.0 26.23 13.97 20.10 15.87 81.61 18.0 2.28 197.1 68.4 20.6 21.0 21.7 22.1 21.2 22.8

* Monthly total,

**Monthly average

Source : Weather yard, department of irrigation and water management Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.

Appendix 2. Analysis of variance data on effect of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung on the growth, yield and yield

contributing characters of T. aman (cv. BRRI dhan39)

Source of

variance

df Mean sum. of square

Plant

height

(cm)

Panicle

length

(cm )

Total

tillers

hill-1

(No.)

Effective

tillers

hill-1

(No.)

Total

grains

panicle-1

(No.)

Filled

grains

panicle-1

(No.)

1000-

grain

weight

(g)

Grain

weight

(kg)

Straw

weight

(kg)

Replication 2 2.941 0.963 0.687 0.029 31.593 0.704 0.004 0.043 0.034

Factor- A

(HA) 2 231.829** 68.306** 13.363** 10.506** 9069.148** 8242.926** 3.924** 3.968** 13.268**

Factor –B (CD)

2 28.059NS 12.241** 3.074** 3.409** 477.815** 320.704NS 0.103** 0.388** 1.003*

AB 4 31.343* 8.328** 1.141* 1.152* 512.593* 456.648** 0.008** 0.134** 0.528*

Error 16 9.346 1.425 0.337 0.295 86.301 143.954 0.003 0.027 0.153

* = Significant at 5% level

** = Significant at 1% level

NS = Not significant

Appendix 3. Analysis of variance data on effect of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung on nutrient content in grain of T.

aman (cv. BRRI dhan39)

Source of

variance


Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassium

(%)

Sulphur

(%)

Calcium

(%)

Magnesium

(%)

Boron

(mg g-1

)

Sodium

(mg g-1

)

Replication 2 0.0001 0.0001 0.002 0.0001 0.003 0.005 0.577 82.847

Factor- A

(HA) 2 0.007** 0.004** 0.086** 0.0001** 0.021** 0.007** 1.644** 1942.892**

Factor –B (CD)

2 0.02** 0.001** 0.251** 0.0001NS 0.013** 0.003* 1.582** 2248.48**

AB 4 0.016** 0.001** 0.251** 0.002** 0.004* 0.002NS 0.969NS 1676.092NS Error 16 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.001 0.001 0.367 28.07




Appendix 4. Analysis of variance data on effect of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung on nutrient content in straw of T.


Source of

variance


Nitrogen

(%)

Phosphorus

(%)

Potassiu

m (%)

Sulphur

(%)

Calcium

(%)

Magnesium

(%)

Boron

(mg g-1

)

Sodium

(mg g-1

)

Replication 2 0.002 0.0001 0.065 0.0001 0.022 0.002 0.181 39.112

Factor- A

(HA) 2 0.477** 0.009** 0.31** 0.007** 0.125** 0.107** 0.418** 4205.689**

Factor –B

(CD) 2 0.059** 0.002** 0.069** 0.001** 0.065** 0.029** 3.772 NS 8110.252**

AB 4 0.002** 0.001** 0.033NS 0.0001NS 0.001 NS 0.004 NS 0.316 NS 14494.25**

Error 16 0.0001 0.0001 0.075 0.0001 0.001 0.002 0.499 8.278




Appendix 5. Analysis of variance data on effect of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung on nutrient uptake in grain of T.


Source of

variance


Nitrogen

(kg ha-1

)

Phosphorus

(kg ha-1

)

Potassium

(kg ha-1

)

Sulphur

(kg ha-1

)

Calcium

(kg ha-1

)

Magnesium

(kg ha-1

)

Boron

(kg ha-1

)

Sodium

(kg ha-1

)

Replication 2 4.751 0.041 0.656 0.152 0.778 0.191 0.0001 0.108

Factor- A

(HA) 2 572.388** 35.972** 38.201** 11.932** 52.378** 23.848** 0.002** 27**

Factor –B

(CD) 2 101.418** 3.699** 6.418** 1.623** 13.389** 4.201** 0.0001** 4.69**

AB 4 44.366** 1.045** 0.061** 3.143** 1.433** 1.819** 0.0001** 1.243**

Error 16 3.632 0.005 0.04 0.046 0.171 0.066 0.0001 0.006

* = Significant at 5% level ** = Significant at 1% level


Appendix 6. Analysis of variance data on effect of PGR (humic acid) and cowdung on nutrient uptake in straw of T.


Source of

variance


Nitrogen

(kg ha-1

)

Phosphorus

(kg ha-1

)

Potassium

(kg ha-1

)

Sulphur

(kg ha-1

)

Calcium

(kg ha-1

)

Magnesium

(kg ha-1

)

Boron

(kg ha-1

)

Sodium

(kg ha-1

)

Replication 2 10.745 0.317 0.043 0.086 0.01 1.437 0.0001 0.015

Factor- A

(HA)

2 622.489** 8.294** 208.259** 7.933** 89.875** 11.376** 0.002** 137.261**

Factor –B (CD)

2 130.707** 1.428** 48.054** 2.37** 22.856** 1.521** 0.003** 18.456**

AB 4 24.306** 0.344** 9.645** 0.356** 10.421** 0.981** 0.003** 6.902** Error 16 4.925 0.042 0.06 0.05 0.033 0.258 0.0001 0.001




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STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PGR (HUMIC ACID) AND …...CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF T. AMAN (cv. BRRI...

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