Sub Program 3.4 RICE · CSL-8A Summer vacation scholarship in irrigation agriculture research:...

RIRDC Completed Projects in 2002-2003 and Research in Progress as at June 2003

Sub Program 3.4

RICE

August 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/070

ii

© 2003 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 58637 3 ISSN 1440-6845 "RIRDC Completed Projects in 2002-2003 and Research in Progress as at June 2003 - Rice" Publication No 03/070 The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. RIRDC Rice R&D Program Manager Dr Jeff Davis RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4152 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Publications Manager Cecile Ferguson Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 3186 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in August 2003 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint

Rice Research Report 2003 iii

Foreword This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June 2003, which contains short summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 2002-2003 for all of the Corporation’s 20 program areas. The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au The following report is a hardcopy extract, covering Sub-program 3.4. It contains all entries from continuing and completed Rice research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to improve the profitability and sustainability of the Australian rice industry. This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of over 900 research reports, videos and CD-ROMs of projects supported by RIRDC. Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Simon Hearn Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

Rice Research Report 2003 iv

CONTENTS

3.4 Rice - Completed Projects Project No Project Title Researcher Phone Organisation Page

No Varietal improvement & pure seeds maintenance UNS-12A Flavour and texture qualities of new

Australian fragrant rice cultivars Ms Kirstin Wilkie (02) 9385 5367 University of New South Wales 1

USC-4A Development and application of marker assisted selection in the rice improvement program

Prof Robert Henry (02) 6620 3010 Southern Cross University 3

Crop protection DAN-184A Improving bloodworm, snail and

earthworm control in rice Dr Mark Stevens (02) 6951 2611 NSW Department of Agriculture 4

UCS-26A Integrated management of Alismataceae weeds to reduce herbicide resistance

Dr Farzad Jahromi (02) 6933 2285 Charles Sturt University 5

UCS-28A Influence of species on efficiency of barnyard grass control

Prof James Pratley (02) 6933 2864 Charles Sturt University 6

Sustainable farming systems CSL-21A Summer vacation scholarship in irrigation

agriculture research: irrigation scheduling and soil water distribution of drip irrigated rice

Dr Evan Christen (02) 6960 1586 CSIRO Land and Water 7

Human Capital CSL-8A Summer vacation scholarship in irrigation

agriculture research: determination of rice soil hydraulic properties

Dr Liz Humphreys (02) 6960 1500 CSIRO Land and Water 8

3.4 Rice - Research in Progress

Project No Project Title Researcher Phone Organisation Page No

Varietal improvement & pure seeds maintenance ANU-42A Transgenic glasshouse facilities for

transgenomic rice project Prof Murray Badger (02) 6125 3741 Australian National University 9

CMB-2A Rice transgenomics project Dr Andrzej Kilian (02) 6246 4519 CAMBIA 10 CSP-8A A gene machine for functional genomics

of rice Dr Narayana Upadhyaya (02) 6246 5491 CSIRO Plant Industry 11

DAN-167A Rice improvement Dr Russell Reinke (02) 6951 2516 NSW Department of Agriculture 13 DAN-183A Rice grain quality 3 Dr Melissa Fitzgerald (02) 6951 2656 NSW Department of Agriculture 14 DAN-204A Evaluating Diversity Array Technology

(DArT) in the rice breeding program Dr Russell Reinke (02) 6951 2516 NSW Department of Agriculture 15

DAN-212A How does molecular architecture of starch determine viscosity of rice?

Dr Melissa Fitzgerald (02) 6951 2656 NSW Department of Agriculture 16

RRA-3A Alternative methods and cultural practices for establishing seed and nutritional plots

Mr Russell Ford (03) 5886 1391 Rice Research Australia Pty Ltd 17

RRA-4A Improved seed storage and segregation for advanced breeding lines

Mr Russell Ford (03) 5886 1391 Rice Research Australia Pty Ltd 18

UQ-99A Increasing cold tolerance in rice by selecting for high polyamine and gibberellic acid content

Dr. Naidu Bodapati (07) 3896 9639 The University of Queensland 19

USC-6A New markers for Australian rice improvement

Prof Robert Henry (02) 6620 3010 Southern Cross University 20

Crop establishment US-115A Ecology and biology of nuisance algae in

rice fields Dr Adrienne Grant (02) 9351 4488 The University of Sydney 21

Rice Research Report 2003 v

Agronomy/crop physiology ANU-53A Next stage of developing a competitive

rice inoculant strain Prof Barry Rolfe (02) 6125 4054 Australian National University 22

DAN-207A Continuing on-farm yield improvement based on agronomy, crop modelling and rice physiology

Dr Ranjith Subasinghe (02) 6951 2679 NSW Department of Agriculture 23

Crop nutrition DAN-185A NIR for improved fertilizer predictions II Mr John Oliver (02) 6938 1816 NSW Department of Agriculture 24 DAN-200A Improving quality through physiology -

partitioning and transport of nitrogen and sulphur in rice

Dr Huub Kerckhoffs (02) 6951 2736 NSW Department of Agriculture 25

Crop protection AGR-8A Rotational weed control practices for rice Mr Malcolm Taylor (03) 5872 2892 Agropraisals Pty Ltd 26 DAN-203A Sustainable management of invertebrate

rice pests Dr Mark Stevens (02) 6951 2611 NSW Department of Agriculture 27

Sustainable farming systems CSL-16A Assessment of pesticide impacts on the

biological health of the rice ecosystem Dr Rai Kookana (08) 8303 8450 CSIRO Land and Water 28

DAN-201A Permanent beds for sustainable cropping systems on rice farms

Mr Geoff Beecher (02) 6951 2725 NSW Department of Agriculture 29

UCA-6A Sustainable management of on-farm biodiversity in the rice growing industry: vertebrate wildlife resources

Mr. Sean Doody (02) 6201 2796 University of Canberra 31

UCS-34A Waterfowl movements in agricultural and natural wetland landscapes

Dr David Roshier (02) 6933 2538 Charles Sturt University 32

UTS-5A Development of a passive sampler device for polar pesticides

Dr Ross Hyne (02) 9514 4138 University of Technology, Sydney

33

Technology transfer & communications DAN-162A Better extension programs for improved

rice yields Mr John Lacy (03) 5883 1644 NSW Department of Agriculture 34

IRE-5A Quality rice production in South Eastern Australia

Ms Lucy Kealey (02) 6964 5232 Irrigation Research & Extension Committee

35

IRE-6A Capacity building for a productive and sustainable rice farming system

Mr Peter Draper (02) 6960 1550 Irrigation Research & Extension Committee

36

Harvesting, storage, handling and transport CSE-88A New aeration controller for flat bed

storage Mr James Darby (02) 6246 4197 CSIRO Entomology 37

Milling and processing BRE-3A Production of novel rice flour fractions Dr Michael Southan (02) 9888 9600 BRI Australia Ltd 38 UJC-8A Development of improved molecular

detection methods for Bacillus cereus toxins

Dr Graham Burgess (07) 4781 5472 James Cook University 39

UMU-30A Rice-based diets for protection against intestinal bacterial infections

Dr John Pluske (08) 9360 2012 Murdoch University 40

Rice Research Report 2003 1

3.4 Rice Program

Completed Projects Project Title Flavour and texture qualities of new Australian fragrant rice

cultivars RIRDC Project No.:

UNS-12A

Researcher: Kirstin Wilkie Organisation: University of NSW

Department of Food Science and Technology Phone: (02) 9385 5367 Fax: (02) 9385 5931 Email: [email protected] Objectives

• To facilitate Australian rice breeding programs with the development of new fragrant

rice cultivars.

Background The local and export market for specialty fragrant rices, including Jasmine and Basmati, is expanding for Australia due to increased consumption of these rices in Western countries. Australia, at present, commercially produces only one fragrant rice cultivar, which is of the Thai Jasmine type. Therefore the development of an Australian grown Basmati cultivar is a high priority within the NSW rice breeding program. For the successful development of these rices research regarding aroma quality is needed. In particular, comparison to imported varieties, which are the benchmark, is needed. Methods for the rapid detection of fragrance and the biogenesis of aroma compounds in rice is also important.

Research The volatile aroma compounds and perceived odours of Australian fragrant rice cultivars were determined and compared to imported varieties. The effect the application level of nitrogen fertiliser on volatile aroma compounds in rice plants during growth and in the grain was investigated. A rapid method for collection of aroma volatiles in rice plants, suitable for use in early generation screening and on-farm, was developed and preliminary studies on the biogenesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrolline (2-AP, the key aroma constituent of fragrant rice) involving levels of total and free amino acids was studied.

Outcomes • Low (50kg N/ha) levels compared to normal (150kg N/ha) levels of nitrogen fertiliser resulted in a lower overall concentration of volatile aroma compounds in rice plants only at the early growth stage of tillering. Levels of volatile components in the grain were not affected by level of nitrogen application.

• The Australian Basmati breeding line (YRF203) differed from commercial imported samples in the concentration of volatile aroma compounds. In particular, YRF203 grain had higher concentrations of 2-AP being quantified in the grain.

• An Australian Jasmine breeding line YRF207 was found to contain significantly less 2-AP compared to the commercial Kyeema variety over two seasons of testing.

• Storage trials on the volatile components of some Australian Basmati breeding lines highlighted the effects of storage conditions onto the aroma with losses of some components, especially 2-AP, and increases in others. This highlights the importance of storage conditions on aroma quality of rice.

• The results of sensory analysis of rice aroma are promising for the development and success of Australian fragrant rice in local and export markets. Australian Jasmine and Basmati fragrant rice varieties have their own characteristic aroma, which is perceived as significantly different from imported counterparts. However these were positive differences with neither being preferred over the other.

• An objective method for the detection of aroma in rice plant tissue has been achieved using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) to adsorb 2-AP. SPME can be used on-farm for the screening of fragrance in rice plants at the early growth stages without waiting for the mature grain. This allows the rapid detection of fragrance, at early generation stages, which is desirable in breeding programs.


• Attempts to correlate levels of free and total amino acids, especially proline, did not yield conclusive results. The question of 2-AP biogenesis remains very important, in particular for its implications towards utilisation of genetic modification to develop new fragrant varieties

Implications This project has demonstrated that:

• Although there are significant differences between the volatile components of Australian and imported fragrant rice, sensory testing indicated that the former were at least equally acceptable to Australian consumers as the latter.

• There needs to be further research into effects of storage conditions on volatile components, especially loss of 2-AP, to define conditions which will optimise retention of aroma characteristics

• Levels of volatile components in rice grain were unaffected by level of nitrogen fertiliser application, although higher nitrogen levels generally led to higher levels in early stages of plant growth.

• SPME technology allows for on-farm collection of rice plant volatiles, especially 2-AP facilitating early generation of fragrance, using an objective method and not requiring mature grain for testing.

• The question of 2-AP biosynthesis needs further research, using isotope labelled compounds and glass house experiments, especially because of its implications for genetic modification work on fragrant rice.

Publications Wilkie, K., Craske, JD. and Wootton, M. "The effects of nitrogen fertiliser application on

volatile compounds in rice". Proceedings of the 50th RACI Cereal Conference, 540-544, Surfers Paradise, 8-15 September 2000.

Wilkie, K., Wootton, M and Paton, JE. "Sensory testing of Australian fragrant, imported fragrant and non-fragrant rice aroma". Proceedings of the 51st RACI Cereal Conference, 181-185, Coogee NSW, 9-13 September 2001.

Wilkie, K., Craske, JD. and Wootton, M. "The use of solid phase micro-extraction for the analysis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline" Proceedings of the 51st RACI Cereal Conference, 186-189, Coogee NSW, 9-13 September 2001.

Zhang, A., Wilkie, K., Craske, JD. Wootton, M. and Szrednicki, G, "Volatile components of a Laotian waxy fragrant rice". Proceedings of the 51st RACI Cereal Conference, 190-193, Coogee NSW, 9-13 September 2001.

Wilkie, K., Craske, JD. and Wootton, M. "Effect of nitrogen fertiliser level on the concentration of aroma volatiles in rice plants and grain ". Proceedings of the 51st RACI Cereal Conference, 203-207, Coogee NSW, 9-13 September 2001.

Wilkie, K., Wootton, M and Paton, JE. "Sensory testing of Australian fragrant, imported fragrant and non-fragrant rice aroma". International Journal of Food Properties. In press


Project Title: Development and application of marker assisted selection in

the rice improvement program RIRDC Project No.:

USC-4A

Researcher: Prof Robert Henry Organisation: Southern Cross University

Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics Faculty of Resource Science and Management PO Box 157 LISMORE NSW 2480

Phone: (02) 6620 3010 Fax: (02) 6622 2080 Email: [email protected] Objectives

• To identify molecular markers that are genetically linked to, and therefore allow

efficient selection for, traits of economic importance to the rice industry.

Background Molecular markers are pieces of DNA that can flag the presence or absence of both desirable and undesirable traits in any organism. These markers are particularly useful in plant breeding for two principal reasons; 1/ they can efficiently screen for desirable traits early in breeding programs when only small amounts of material are available and 2/ they can accurately identify plants that have desirable traits that are difficult to assay.

Research The literature was reviewed in order to identify how to best apply molecular markers to the Australian rice industry. A search for molecular markers which are linked to fragrance, grain elongation on cooking and blast disease resistance was conducted.

Outcomes A review of the literature identified a number of traits to which molecular markers could be applied in the Australian rice industry. The list included, fragrance, disease resistance (including bacterial blight, blast and sheath blight) grain extension on cooking, predisposition to chalkiness, seedling vigour and early establishment. Two new and different types of molecular markers linked to fragrance were identified and passed on to the rice breeders. Three molecular markers potentially linked to grain elongation on cooking were identified. Several rice lines containing important disease resistance genes were imported and on the basis of the DNA sequence of these lines of rice, an appropriate strategy for incorporation of blast disease resistance identified.

Implications The report on the extensive literature review will remain a useful ready reference for some time. The new markers for fragrance can be immediately applied to the breeding program. The markers for grain elongation on cooking are still in the developmental stage and their utility needs to be verified. On the basis of the DNA sequence of the rice lines resistant to blast disease it will be possible, in the absence of the disease itself, to identify lines of rice in the breeding program that are resistant to blast disease.

Publications Cordeiro GM, Christopher MJ, Henry RJ & Reinke RF. (2002). Identification of Microsatellite Markers for Fragrance in Rice by Analysis of the Rice Genome Sequence. Molecular Breeding 9: 245-246.

Qingsheng Jin, Dan Waters , Giovanni M. Cordeiro, Robert J. Henry, and Russell F. Reinke. A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) linked to fragrance in rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Science. Submitted


Project Title Improving bloodworm, snail and earthworm control in rice RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-184A

Researcher: Dr Mark Stevens Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Yanco Agricultural Institute Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703

Phone: (02) 6951 2611 Fax: (02) 6951 2719 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.agric.nsw.gov.au Objectives

• The objective of this project has been to develop new pest management strategies for

bloodworms, snails and aquatic earthworms that minimise the use of agrochemicals, thereby reducing costs to producers and lowering potential risks to the environment.

Background

Although there are comparatively few invertebrate rice pests present in NSW, several pest species can and do cause severe damage to aerially-sown crops during the establishment period. Bloodworms and aquatic snails feed on the roots of young seedlings, whilst aquatic earthworms damage the soil structure, increasing turbidity and causing algal blooms that slow or prevent plant growth.

Research

The project includes laboratory studies on pesticide toxicology and bloodworm oviposition site selection, and extensive field trials of bloodworm and snail control compounds that examine efficacy, crop safety, and environmental issues. Ecological studies on aquatic earthworms demonstrate that crop rotations can be used to effectively manage this pest.

Outcomes

Alphacypermethrin is effective against bloodworms under commercial conditions at a very low rate, and a registration application has been submitted by the manufacturer. Sufficient data is now available to support the registration of fipronil as a direct spray treatment for bloodworm control. Chlorothalonil has been fully assessed in the laboratory and field, and should now be trialed against snails on a commercial scale. Oviposition tests using adult bloodworm midges have shown that selective control with oviposition deterrents is a potentially viable method of control.

Implications

The outcomes of this project will lead to more effective management of rice pests using fewer and safer chemical inputs. Registration of alphacypermethrin will give growers a cheap alternative to chlorpyrifos that is effective at a lower application rate and provides an alternative mode of action for resistance management. The further development of chlorothalonil for snail control will provide an alternative to copper sulfate, which is not effective against snail eggs. Determining the impact of crop rotations has led to the development of a strategy for earthworm management that allows farmers to suppress earthworm populations without the use of chemicals.

Publication Improving bloodworm, earthworm and snail control in rice, RIRDC Publication No. 03/083 (in press)


Project Title Integrated management of Alismataceae weeds to reduce

herbicide resistance RIRDC Project No.:

UCS-26A

Researcher: Dr Farzad Jahromi, Dr Gavin Ash, Dr Eric Cother Organisation: Charles Sturt University

PO Box 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678


• Practical cost-effective integrated strategy that controls major Alismataceae weeds

(starfruit, Alisma, water plantain and possibly arrowhead) and assists in avoiding herbicide resistance by reducing herbicide usage.

Background This project is a rational synthesis of two existing projects terminating in September 1999;

DAN-121A and UCS-7A on biological control of Alisma and starfruit respectively, using Rhynchosporium alismatis as a mycoherbicide. The project will provide a practical, environmentally sound and economical management option for the control of the above weeds in rice by minimising herbicide usage, extending the life span of chemical herbicide and minimising weed density and weed seed production with subsequent reduced pesticide residues and costs.

Research Field efficacy of the fungal inoculation was determined in competition experiments. These were carried out in Wagga Wagga and Yanco. Granular and microgranular formulations and application.

Outcomes Yanco field trial in 2001-2002 growing season indicated that fungal inoculation can reduce the weed biomass to 75% under field conditions using simply spore suspension in water. Trial in Wagga Wagga resulted in reduction of weed biomass, in addition it confirmed that rice biomass does not decline after inoculation despite the presence of the weed. The fungus can be formulated as dry granular. The water content of thegranulars has to be adjusted to maximise the survival.

Implications This project has shown that the fungus is a successful biocontrol agent. It does not kill the weed however suppresses its growth to levels that may not disturb the rice plants. In addition, these results were obtained with a very rudimentary formulation. The improvement of formulation can further improve the efficacy of the fungal inoculation.

Publications Gavin J. Ash, E.J. Cother, F.G. Jahromi, W. Pitt, V.M. Lanioselet and S. Cliquet. (2003 forthcoming). Status and future for biological control of aquatic weeds of rice in Australia. Proceedings of Australasia plant pathology conference.

Gavin J. Ash, E.J. Cother, F.G. Jahromi, W. Pitt, V.M. Lanoiselet and S. Cliquet (2003 forthcoming). Developing Rhynchosporium alismatis for biological control of aquatic weeds of rice in Australia – past, present and future. A workshop in biological control, New Zealand.


Project Title Influence of species on efficiency of barnyard grass control RIRDC Project No.:

UCS-28A

Researcher: Jim Pratley, John Broster Organisation: Farrer Centre

Charles Sturt University Locked Bag 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678


• To determine the incidence and distribution of different species of barnyard grass in

the rice growing areas. • To determine the efficacy of various herbicides across these species.

Background A recent survey conducted by CSU showed barnyard grass to be present on more than 90% of NSW rice farms. This weed is also the most prevalent in rice delivered to the silos. It remains, therefore, a major impediment to rice productivity. In a benchmarking study for herbicide resistance (UCS-25A) it was discovered that at least four species of barnyard grass were among the samples collected. Further, the herbicide resistance testing service at CSU has received several barnyard grass samples for testing, none of which have been shown to be resistant. It does suggest, however, that control procedures have been inadequate and that variability exists between barnyard grass species in their response to herbicides.

Research Samples of barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.) were collected from across the rice growing regions of southern New South Wales using two methods, a random field survey of the three major regions (MIA, CIA and MVID) and random samples from the Rice Growers Co-operative Mill laboratory at Leeton. These samples were tested against four herbicides used for barnyard grass control; thiobencarb (Saturn®), propanil (Ronacil®), clomazone (Command® or Magister®) and molinate (Ordram®).

Outcomes Five species of barnyard grass were collected during the survey. Three of these had been collected during a previous survey (UCS-25A) while two had not. A sixth species, which was recorded during the first survey, was not detected in this survey. In a number of the samples two different species were present. This may impact on the control of this weed as the species can have different germination and early growth patterns resulting in the two species being at different growth stages during herbicide application. All accessions were well controlled by all tested herbicides at the recommended rate. The speed of germination and early growth had a major impact on the level of control achieved when treated with the herbicides at rates below the recommended rate.

Implications The differing germination regimes of the five species of Echinochloa detected in this survey may have implications for effective herbicide use. Where fields contain mixed populations of these species difficulties may arise in the timing of herbicide application.


Project Title Irrigation scheduling and soil water distribution of drip irrigated

rice RIRDC Project No.:

CSL-21A

Researcher: Dr Evan Christen (supervisor) Stuart Lovejoy (summer student) Organisation: CSIRO Land and Water University of Melbourne

PMB No 3 GRIFFITH NSW 2680

Phone: (02) 6960 1586 Fax: (02) 6960 1600 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.clw.csiro.au/staff/EChristen/ Objectives

• Assess the soil moisture distribution from a subsurface drip (SSD) irrigation system

with rice on beds. • Determine if SSD can meet the water requirements of a high yielding rice crop.

Background The aim of this project was to investigate drip irrigation of rice as part of the RIRDC/ACIAR/GRDC project ‘Permanent beds for sustainable cropping systems on rice farms’. The overall aim of the project is to test the viability of growing rice on beds with both drip and furrow irrigation and to compare this to yield, cost and water savings of growing rice on the flat.

Research An array of tensiometers across the bed at different depths were installed. These were monitored before and after each irrigation. Several G-bug soil moisture sensors were also installed to provide continuous data. The water applied was compared against the calculated evapotranspiration of the crop.

Outcomes The edges of the beds were found to dry out considerably, whilst the center of the bed was saturated. As areas of soil dried out it became very difficult to rewet them, because as a soil dries its’ hydraulic conductivity reduces. Overall the subsurface drip was able to supply adequate water to meet crop water requirements but redistribution of the water to the edges of the bed was limiting.

Implications Drip irrigated rice crops must be irrigated at very high frequency (~daily) in order that soils remain transmissive and water can be redistributed away from the emitter effectively.

Publications Lovejoy, S. (2003) Subsurface drip irrigation for rice on beds. Summer student report. CSIRO Land and water, Griffith, NSW, 2680.


Project Title Determination of rice soil hydraulic properties by Guelph and

disc permeametry RIRDC Project No.:

CSL-8A

Researcher: Julie Smith (summer student c/- Dr Liz Humphreys) Organisation: CSIRO Land and Water

PMB 3 GRIFFITH NSW 2680


• To determine the saturated and unsaturated hydraulic condivity of the major soil

layers at the CSIRO/Rice CRC rice-wheat experimental site, in a stubble retained area (“high” soil water content), and in an area sown to wheat (“low” soil water content)

Background It is possible that sowing a winter crop immediately after rice harvest may be beneficial

for watertable control, in comparison with leaving the land fallow. Therefore the impact of wheat sown after rice on fluxes to and from the watertable is being investigated in field experiments by CSIRO Land and Water with the CRC for Sustainable Rice Production. Some methods for calculating these fluxes require knowledge of the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.

Research This project used disc and well permeametry to determine the unsaturated and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the major layers in the soil profile, in sites that had been planted to wheat or left fallow. Soil water content in the upper subsoil of the wheat treatment was significantly lower than in the stubble treatment was significantly lower than in the stubble treatment at the time the determinations were made.

Outcomes Unsaturated conductivity at – 10 mm water potential (excludes macropores larger than about 3 mm diameter from the flow process) was generally around 10 mm/h in all layers below the soil surface. At –40 mm water potential unsaturated conductivity was roughly halved to around 5 mm/h in the subsoil. Saturated conductivity was an order of magnitude lower at around 1-2 mm/h. This is consistent with a shrinking/swelling soil where the soil swells when it is wet, closing the cracks in the process.

Implications The results will be used with estimates of hydraulic conductivity using other methods of determination and with soil water potential data to calculate and compare fluxes to and from the watertable in the stubble and planted treatments.

Publications Smith (1999) Determination of rice soil hydraulic properties by Guelph and disc permeametry. CSIRO Land and Water Summer Student Report.


3.4 Rice Program

Research in Progress Project Title Transgenic glasshouse facilities for transgenomic rice project RIRDC Project No.:

ANU-42A

Start Date: 1/5/2000 Finish Date: 30/6/2004 Researcher: Prof. Murray Badger Organisation: Australian National University

Research School of Biological Sciences PO Box 475 CANBERRA CITY ACT 2601


For Rice Transgenic Glasshouse Facility (RTGH) Project: • A transgenic glasshouse facility and research infrastructure for the support of rice

biotechnology in Australia • A broader academic focus on rice biotechnology in Australia, through interaction of a

range of rice related projects conducted at ANU and other places with the RTGF. This project is a companion to the Rice Trangenomics Program (RTP) project application from CAMBIA. The outcomes of this companion program are: • A mutant population for which the rice genome has been extensively tagged. • A population of rice lines with novel traits useful for breeding and biotechnology. • Sequences/physical locations of developmentally regulated genes active in specific

tissues and/or cell types. • Sequences/physical locations of genes identified via Loss-of-Function and Gain-of-

Function mutations. • Lines with spatially and temporally defined patterns of transcriptional activator

expression. • Better understanding of rice/plant biology to be used for rice genetic improvement.

Current Progress We have made the following progress in the continuing operation of theTransgenic glasshouse facility to support the rice transgenomic project. 1. The Transgenic glasshouse facility has remained fully operational since September

2001 and several generations of transgenic rice material have been produced during the last year. The glasshouses continue to operate well.

2. The glasshouses at Weston Creek have been phased out of use and all material is now grown in the new ANU glasshouse facilities. Unfortunately the Weston glasshouses were destroyed in the January 2003 Canberra bushfires.

3. The glasshouse facility was toured by those who attended the RIRDC Rice gene technology workshop in November 2002. The workshop was an opportunity to discuss the management of the glasshouses and future research that may be undertaken. There was particular interest in future screening of the transgenic rice material for useful phenotypic traits.

4. In an effort to expand available glasshouse and field facilities for the phenotype screening phase of the rice transgenomics project we have submitted a joint infrastructure grant with Charles Sturt University to the ARC LIEF funding program. If successful, we will build complementary compartmentalised controlled glasshouse and contained field growth facilities at ANU and Charles Sturt University. These will be available for use by the rice transgenomics project for collaborative research between ANU, CAMBIA and Charles Sturt.


Project Title Rice transgenomics project RIRDC Project No.:

CMB-2A

Start Date: 1/3/2000 Finish Date: 28/2/2005 Researcher: Dr. Andrzej Kilian Organisation: Center for the Application of Molecular Biology to International Agriculture (CAMBIA)

GPO Box 3200 CANBERRA ACT 2601


Expected outcomes of the project include: • A mutant population for which the rice genome has been extensively tagged • A population of rice lines with noval traits useful for breeding and biotechnology • Sequences/physical locations of developmentally regulated genes active in specific

tissues and /or cell types • Sequences/physical locations of genes identifies via Loss-of-Function and Gain-of-

Function mutations • Lines with spatially and temporally defined patterns of transcriptional activator

expression • Better understanding of rice/plant biology to be used for rice genetic improvements

Current Progress

During the last year we have continued development and characterisation of our population of Transcriptional Activator Facilitated Enhancer Trap (TAFET) lines. We have analysed c. 600 T1 families for reporter gene expression and phenotypic variation. In addition, selected families were analysed for T-DNA segregation which resulted in confirming co-segregation of T-DNA and reporter gene expression. We also expanded a population of “random” TARGET lines, which contain insertions of transactivator-responsive Upstream Activating Sequence (UAS) DNA tags. Activation of chromosome regions containing UAS tags is expected to generate novel phenotypes in the last phase of the project when we combine TAFET and TARGET T-DNAs in one plant. In 2002 we used biolistic transformation for TARGET line generation in order to increase the copy number beyond the average of 2 T-DNA copies obtained using the Agrobacterium method for TAFET lines. This year we were able to increase the copy number of UAS insertions using Agrobacterium transformation to 4 copies per line and generated over 3000 T0 lines. Our main achievement in the last 12 months has been the successful validation of the performance of the transactivation system through genetic crossing of several TAFET lines exhibiting defined reporter gene expression pattern with TARGET lines which have UAS tags linked to another reporter gene.


Project Title A gene machine for functional genomics of rice RIRDC Project No.:

CSP-8A

Start Date: 1/10/2001 Finish Date: 30/9/2004 Researcher: Dr. Narayana M. Upadhyaya Organisation: CSIRO Plant Industry

GPO Box 1600 CANBERRA ACT 2601


Outcomes: • Resources for high throughput insertional mutagenesis for use in gene discovery at

Plant Industry and other collaborating laboratories. • Seed library of rice lines containing insertions in different genes (Gene Machine) . • A major player in the international effort on "Rice Functional Genomics" by

contributing substantially to the global "Rice Gene Machine". • A key intellectual property position for the Australian rice industry in the area of cereal

genomics. Deliverables: • National and international collaborations with at least 5 different laboratories. • A seed library of 10, 000 rice mutant lines each tagged with T-DNA and /or

transposons generated by us and 50,000 through combined effort with collaborating laboratories.

• Expression pattern of ~2000 tagged genes under normal growth conditions. • DNA sample from each line for cloning and sequencing of DNA flanking insertions. • Pooled DNA samples from groups of lines for use in "reverse genetics". • Mutant phenotypes and sequences of 500-1000 tagged dominant genes. • A ~10% contribution to the global "Rice Gene Machine" by CSIRO Plant Industry and

collaborators.

Current Progress

Our efforts in hosting the international workshop “Towards Building a Global Rice Gene Machine” (http://grgm.pi.csiro.au/home.htm) have now led to the formation of the “International Rice Functional Genomics Consortium” (http://www.iris.irri.org/IRFGC/ ). We are one among 18 institutions (from 10 countries and two international agricultural research centres) represented on the Interim Steering Committee. The mandate of the IRFGC is to coordinate international rice functional genomics research and to build common strategies. We are taking a very active part in this global initiative. Sharing our resources will allow us to access resources being developed by other members of this international consortium for identifying agronomically-important rice genes for further exploitation both in classical and transformation breeding. In addition we are developing direct collaborations with researchers at Embrapa Rice and Beans Unit, Brazil (http://www.embrapa.br/english/units/centers/cnpaf.htm), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Brazil and Amis Department, Biotrop Program, CIRAD, Montpellier, France (http://www.cirad.fr ). Our newly designed gene constructs and tagging system has a four-fold higher efficiency in screening for insertion mutant lines. With this improved system we will be able to produce 5000 independent lines per year. We have commenced phenotyping our first set of rice insertion lines (in conjunction with the NSW Agricultural Genomics Centre funded project) involving not only CSIRO researchers but also researchers from NSW agriculture who are involved in R&D activities funded by RIRDC. Several mutants affecting agronomically –important traits such as seedling vigour, plant architecture, flowering, male sterility and altered seed characteristics have been identified and the corresponding genes isolated. We are exploring the possibility of performing the phenotyping trials under


field conditions in collaboration with researchers at Charles Sturt University and NSW Agriculture next year. A mock trial with non-transgenic rice will be conducted this growing season as a feasibility study. Nationally, we are keen for other rice researchers to make the best use of the resources being developed in this project as discussed in the second joint meeting of CSIRO, CAMBIA and RSBS Functional genomics staff held on 21-11-2002. Wheat and barley researchers are also keen to make use of our “Rice Gene Machine” to identify wheat/barley genes of agronomic importance using the power of comparative genomics.


Project Title Rice improvement RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-167A

Start Date: 1/7/1998 Finish Date: 31/7/2003 Researcher: Dr. Russell Reinke Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Yanco Agricultural Institute PMB YANCO NSW 2703


• This project has two main thrusts. The first is the development of improved cultivars

for the NSW Rice Industry, and the second is the provision and maintenance of genetically pure seed of all current and potential cultivars. Major outcomes will be the production of new and improved varieties of various quality classes, including a medium grain with shorter growth duration, long grain, fragrant and arborio types and possible release of other cultivars meeting appropriate yield and quality criteria. Other outcomes will include increased efficiency of cultivar development through the incorporation of tightly focused selection strategies for seedling vigour, cold tolerance, reduced stress cracking in grain and freedom from chalk. These improvements will be included as the results of associated research programs are made available from Rice CRC and other projects. Other major outcomes will be the provision of detailed performance data or potential new cultivars in all rice growing area.

Current Progress

The principal outcome from the rice improvement program in 2002/2003 was the release of the medium-grain variety “Quest” at the annual Rice Field Day in March. Quest has shorter growth duration than the industry mainstay Amaroo, providing a saving in water while maintaining similar yield to Amaroo. A total of 9 advanced breeding lines were tested, including 5 medium grains, 3 long grains and 1 arborio type. All advanced medium grains had a shorter growth duration than Amaroo but had similar or slightly higher yield. YRM64 and YRM65 are sister lines to the recently released Paragon. YRM67 has the highest yield potential of the advanced medium grains, but may have more chalk in the grain. YRM66 has consistently low chalk but has not yielded as well as the other lines. The most promising advanced long grain, YRL125, contains two different textural types as well as smooth and pubescent types and will therefore need further purification. The Arborio type, YRB4, has higher yield than Illabong and suitable grain quality in all other respects. Seed increase of all these advanced lines will continue in 2003/2004. Significant seed of the large-grained YRM54 is available, and given successful market evaluation, YRM54 could be released with around 4,000 tonnes produced in 2003/2004.


Project Title Rice grain quality 3 RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-183A

Start Date: 1/1/2000 Finish Date: 31/12/2004 Researcher: Dr. Melissa Fitzgerald Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703


• The project has two main goals. The first is to improve our capacity to evaluate the

quality of cross-bred lines in the breeding program, and the second is to understand the processes that operate in the developing plant that influence the expression of quality attributes. The project will focus on understanding chalk and texture in all classes of rice, and grain extension in basmati style rices. Major outcomes will be (i) to ensure that new varieties developed by the breeding program meet specific quality criteria for different markets, and (ii) information that will assist breeders to make informed selections, and will enable us or associated projects to develop molecular marker technology to allow us to identify those lines rapidly and reliably that have desirable quality.

Current Progress

Quality Evaluation: The quality evaluation program is currently in progress for milling quality and physical parameters. Most of that program is starting to show signs of wear, and the time is coming for us to investigate new technology and different ways to measure physical and milling quality of rice. The cooking quality component has been completed, and 2200 lines were assessed by molecular marker in about half of the time that wet chemistry would have taken. The marker revealed about 60 heterozygotes, which otherwise would not be determined. Gelatinisation temperature was also measured on all these samples by DSC and the numbers were very revealing. Understanding Quality: Research on the effect of high temperatures on grain quality has revealed slight differences in amylose content but large and significant differences in amylose structure. The amylose from all temperature sensitive varieties tested showed that high temperature caused significant loss of high molecular weight linear chains, and a significant increase in lower molecular weight branched chains. These branched chains were not semi-crystalline like amylopectin, but much lower molecular weight than that. The different amylose structure clearly effects the polymeric way that solubilised amylose acts when cooked or processed.


Project Title Evaluating Diversity Array Technology (DArT) in the rice

breeding program RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-204A

Start Date: 1/7/2002 Finish Date: 31/12/2003 Researcher: Dr. Russell Reinke Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture



• To assess the utility of using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) for improvement of

quantitatively inherited traits such as grain yield and quality within the NSW rice breeding program.

Current Progress

The seedlings of 39 diverse rice accessions from Yanco germplasm collection were analysed for DNA polymorphisms using the DArT technology. A preliminary diversity panel was generated from Japonica, Indica and Glaberrima types. The version of DArT technology employed Miniature Inverted Repeat Transposable Element (MITE) display to generate genomic representation. A preliminary test of the DArT-MITE system’s ability to detect DNA sequence variation was conducted using pair-wise comparisons of four rice accessions (Basmati, Nipponbare, WAB 450-11-1 P31-1 HB and 9311). About 10% of candidate polymorphic clones from 384 clones library were detected between Basmati and 9311 and 14% between Basmati and Nipponbare. This indicates that the DArT-MITE system is likely to provide good genome coverage with polymorphic markers. A series of populations were selected from the 2002/2003 rice breeding program for DArT analysis. These include 6 populations with Basmati 370 as a parent, and 4 populations with high-vigour West African germplasm as a parent. Seedlings from each population will be grown in October 2003 and the DArT analysis carried out at CAMBIA during November and December 2003.


Project Title How does molecular architecture of starch determine viscosity

of rice? RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-212A

Start Date: 1/1/2003 Finish Date: 31/12/2005 Researcher: Dr. Melissa Fitzgerald Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703


• Determine molecular structure of starches using techniques of synthetic polymer

chemistry. • Determine how molecular structure of starch influences physical process during

cooking. • Determine how molecular structure then influences some sensory properties of cooked

rice and rice.

Current Progress

The molecular structure of starch polymers within rice plays a crucial rule in determining both the cooking properties and the final texture and sensory properties of individual rice varieties. Correlating the structure with the properties of rice varieties will enable the selective breeding of rice crops with desirable end-use properties. In this project we are investigating two key areas. 1. How the molecular structure of starch influences physical processes during cooking

• Specifically, probing the structural determinants of starch granule swelling that are responsible for the increased viscosity and eventual breakdown of starch granules during cooking.

• We are using rheological and physical sizing techniques to investigate the manner in which linear low molecular weight amylose, leached from starch during cooking, influences the swelling and viscosity of intact rice starch granules.

2. How molecular structure influences sensory properties of cooked rice

• Specifically, the role of molecular structure and architecture in determining the diffusion of starch polymers and small molecules in cooked starch pastes, solutions and gels.

• We are using a confocal scanning laser microscope and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to relate the molecular structure of different rice starches to variations in diffusion properties and texture / consistency of cooked pastes and gels.


Project Title Alternative methods and cultural practices for establishing

seed and nutritional plots RIRDC Project No.:

RRA-3A

Start Date: 1/7/2000 Finish Date: 31/12/2003 Researcher: Mr. Russell Ford Organisation: Rice Research Australia Pty Ltd

"Old Coree" RMB 72 JERILDERIE NSW 2716


• To develop a plot seeder which provides precision seed and fertiliser placement for

improved rice crop establishment. • It is envisaged to trial both sod seeding (direct drill) and combine seeding techniques

with many new sowing attachments that are available today.

Current Progress

Testing of the plot seeder continued at RRAPL in the 2002-2003 rice season. Plots were sown on the 20th October 2002 and received their first of three flushes on the 22nd October 2002.The plots were sown to a randomised block design with four replications. The two toolbars consisted of eleven separate implements. These include variations of Janke, Barton (Flexi-coil), Great Plains, Stubble King and Stubble Warrior. The control was a 14 Janke Standard tyne assemblies spaced at 175mm. Early visual observations concluded that the direct drill plots were quicker to emerge compared to the combine sown plots by 2-3 days. This could be attributed to the combine sown plots being slightly deeper and bigger clods of dirt on the surface. The seeding depth results showed that the Janke Double discs and the Stubble King had minimum variation between the direct drill and the combine sown plots. Results showed that the Barton Disc Opener was significantly higher for emergence counts in the direct drill plots. The Janke Standard Parallelogram, Janke Double Disc and the Great Plains Parallelogram all out performed the control in the combine-sown plot. A small trial was conducted using Barton Disc Openers that compared three different sowing rates, 25,50,100 and 150kg/ha in the two differently prepared soils. Results showed that the lowering of the seeding rate to 100kg/ha did not affect yield, whilst maximum multiplication from seed occurred between 25 to 50kg per hectare sowing rate. Further trials are required. Additional trials were conducted at Leeton Farm and RRAPL comparing varieties, seeding implements and seeding rates. This also allowed the handling capabilities of the plot seeders to be compared between soil types and existing seeders already in use. Results have shown some wide variation. Lighter seeding units appeared to give better results in the Leeton Farm soils.


Project Title Improved seed storage and segregation for advanced breeding

lines RIRDC Project No.:

RRA-4A

Start Date: 1/12/2001 Finish Date: 31/12/2004 Researcher: Mr. Russell Ford Organisation: Rice Research Australia Pty Ltd

"Old Coree" RMB 72 JERILDERIE NSW 2716


The principal outcome will be the establishment of a seed repository for all rice varieties in commercial production, and to improve techniques for drying, storage and cleaning of all early-generation rice seed. The objectives are: • to store significant quantities of seed of both existing and new cultivars that have

unique grain quality attributes, to enable rapid seed production when new markets arise • to reduce the risk of genetic changes occurring in long-term cultivars by storing an

adequate quantity of nucleus seed which is used each year for the production of breeders seed

• to reduce the risk of cross-contamination between cultivars during the early phases of the pure seed scheme, through establishing a facility that is completely separate from any paddy receivals.

Current Progress

A major part of this project has been implemented during the past 12 months. This includes: • A new seed cleaning and storage shed has been erected to house the seed cleaning

equipment, one tonne bin storage, drying racks for bins, as well as the cool room and office equipment.

• The cool room has been installed to handle 20 tonne of long duration seed storage. • Development and implementation of a quality assurance program for all rice seed

handled by Rice Research Australia Pty Ltd (RRAPL). This QA program includes a full label and traceability system and also sampling and testing of each seed lot for foreign seeds and impurities by an independent body. Varietal purity of all varieties is also tested (NSW Agriculture) using micro-satellite markers.

• A computer system has been installed to remotely control and monitor all aeration, cooling, and automatic weather station information via radio and wireless technology at the seed shed site.

• A new software package has been developed to aid in the receival and updating of stocks on hand.


Project Title Increasing cold tolerance in rice by selecting for high

polyamine and gibberellic acid content RIRDC Project No.:

UQ-99A

Start Date: 1/7/2001 Finish Date: 30/9/2003 Researcher: Dr. Naidu Bodapati, Dr. Thusitha Gunawardena, Prof. Shu Fukai Organisation: The University of Queensland

School of Land and Food Sciences ST LUCIA QLD 4072


• To investigate if higher natural polyamine and/or gibberellic acid (GA)-accumulating

ability of rice cultivars will result in higher cold tolerance. • To determine if the cultivars with higher cold tolerance at the establishment stage will

also have higher cold tolerance at reproductive stage.

Current Progress

Series of experiments (i.e. 7 at seedling stage and 4 at reproductive stage) have been completed. We found a significant positive correlation between spermine accumulation and seedling vigour at low temperature among 10 cultivars. Addition of an appropriate concentration of gibberellic acid (GA-3) promoted seedling vigour of rice at low temperature. There was also large variation in seedling vigour among 206 F7 (RILs) populations and also 200 F3 lines in the field and glasshouse at low temperature. In another experiment with 32 cultivars, HSC-55 and Plovdiv-22 showed the least sterility. There was a significant relationship between dry matter production under cold stress at seedling stage and spikelet sterility under cold conditions during panicle development, showing some evidence that cold tolerance at the establishment stage is related to that at the reproductive stage. The number of engorged pollen grains were determined from 32 cultivars treated at low temperature during pollen development to examine the relationship with sterility. One F7 (Millin/HSC-55) population showed large variation in sterility when exposed to low temperature at reproductive stage. Chemical analysis of this population is being conducted to examine the relationship between polyamine and seedling dry weight at low temperature. Results will be included in the final report.


Project Title New markers for Australian rice improvement RIRDC Project No.:

USC-6A

Start Date: 1/1/2003 Finish Date: 31/7/2006 Researcher: Prof. Robert Henry Organisation: Southern Cross University

Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics Faculty of Resource Science and Management PO Box 157 LISMORE NSW 2480


• To continue the development of molecular markers to support rice improvement in

Australia. Microsatellite markers will be developed for key traits of importance in the breeding program. Methods for routine use of these markers in breeding selection will be adapted for use in Yanco. Traits targeted for molecular marker development will be identified in consultation with the rice breeding team.

Current Progress

Blast disease poses a risk to the Australian rice industry. The Yanco breeding program has utilised three rice lines of Egyptian origin as the source of blast resistance. The near isogenic line Pi 4 is the donor of resistance for two of the Egyptian lines. The gene that confers blast resistance to Pi 4 is Pi-ta2. Pi-ta2 is known to reside near the centromere of chromosome 12. Microsatellites in the vicinity of Pi-ta2 that are polymorphic between the Egyptian lines and locally adapted parental lines have been identified. This work is being extended to confirm all other locally adapted parents are polymorphic at these loci. Gelatinisation temperature is important in determining the cooking properties of rice. This may be due to different alleles of the enzyme starch synthase IIa determining amylopectin chain length profiles. Association mapping is being used to determine if sequence differences in the starch synthase IIa gene explains observed differences in gelatinisation temperature in rice varieties in the Australian breeding program. Fragments of the starch synthase IIa gene have been amplified and sequenced from varieties with high and medium gelatinisation temperatures. SNP mapping has significantly narrowed the known region in which the fragrance gene resides.


Project Title Ecology and biology of nuisance algae in rice fields RIRDC Project No.:

US-115A

Start Date: 1/7/2002 Finish Date: 30/10/2005 Researcher: Dr. Adrienne Grant Organisation: The University of Sydney

School of Biological Sciences, A08 SYDNEY NSW 2006


• Survey indicator sites in the major rice-growing districts to identify which algal species

cause the greatest problem/nuisance to rice crops. • Determine the source of the algae and their periods of most intense competition with

rice. • Identify possible cultural methods for reducing competition.

Current Progress

Rice farmers have reported problems with green and brown 'slime' which have been attributed to an excess of algal growth. In particular, brown 'slime' can cause serious damage to rice crops by coating the leaves and stems of 2-3 leaf stage rice seedlings preventing them from growing above the water. We found very low levels of chlorophyll a, an indicator of green algae, in water from supply channels. Preliminary analyses of farm soil samples revealed that the brown 'slime' was bacterial in origin. We have isolated a species of iron oxidizing bacterium (putatively Gallionella sp.). To determine whether fertilizers contribute to proliferation of bacteria, we added urea, superphosphate and water to several samples: two from farmers who always experience a 'slime' problem, one from a farmer who only occasionally experiences a problem and one from a farmer who never experiences a problem. We incubated them under temperature and light conditions similar to those found during the rice growing season. Within 6 days, in the 2 samples from soils with a frequent slime problem, the water turned red-brown and increased numbers of bacteria were observed. The other 2 samples remained clear. Possible methods for controlling 'brown slime' are being investigated.


Project Title Next stage of developing a competitive rice inoculant strain RIRDC Project No.:

ANU-53A

Start Date: 1/7/2001 Finish Date: 15/6/2003 Researcher: Prof. Barry Rolfe Organisation: Australian National University

Genomic Interactions Group Research School of Biological Sciences GPO Box 475 CANBERRA ACT 2601


• Evaluate the rice and bacterial derived signals that contribute to the successful bacterial

colonisation and occupancy of the root rhizosphere of Australian rice cultivars. This will enable the optimisation of the interactions between Australian rice cultivars and chosen rice growth promoting Rhizobium inoculant strains.

Current Progress

Due to a recent development in the research associated with this project it has been agreed that the project be terminated and funds returned. Once the new line of research is pursued a revised proposal to continue this research will be developed.


Project Title Continuing on-farm yield improvement based on agronomy,

crop modelling and rice physiology RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-207A

Start Date: 1/7/2002 Finish Date: 30/12/2007 Researcher: Dr. Ranjith Subasinghe Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture



• Improved farm yields through genetic and crop-management gains, based on a

knowledge of rice physiology by developing and improving MaNage Rice and other decision support systems for ricegrowers and advisers, with most emphasis on nitrogen nutrition and its interaction with low temperature.

Current Progress

Version 5.2 of maNage rice was released to growers during the year. Modules for calculating water use and for advising on harvest and drainage were included for the first time. These were based on weather data that is downloaded from the Griffith CSIRO system. This version created additional interest – particularly through the water use calculator in a very difficult season. Six trials were sown to extend the information for expanding maNage rice for new varieties. The trials compared newer varieties Paragon and Quest with their older counterparts – Amaroo and Millin. The trials used 0, 90 and 240 kg N/ha at permanent flood with half of the plots topdressed with 90kg N/ha at panicle initiation. Trial results were very variable with no clear cut guidance on the newer cultivars. Paragon gave similar yields to Amaroo. There has been a suggestion in past trials that Paragon became more sterile with higher nitrogen rates. This was not reflected in yields in this season although Paragon did seem to take up more nitrogen by panicle initiation. Quest, on the other hand did yield less than Amaroo at higher nitrogen rates and this was probably due to increased susceptibility to lodging. Quest yield was generally superior to that of Millin. The new Principal Investigator for this project is Dr Ranjith Subasinghe, Research Agronomist, Yanco Agricultural Institute.


Project Title NIR for improved fertilizer predictions II RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-185A

Start Date: 1/7/1999 Finish Date: 31/7/2003 Researcher: Mr. John Oliver Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute PMB WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2650


• The project will continue to research and improve NIR spectroscopy technology

relevant to the RCL NIR Tissue Testing Service, operated for rice growers by Ricegrowers' Co-operative Limited. The major new initiatives for this triennium will include:

1. Implement a growth stage calibration, based on findings from the previous project, to check the growth stages indicated by growers when they submit samples. 2. Increase the through-put of samples analysed per hour whilst reducing dust pollution. 3. Further automate data handling to reduce the chance of errors and provide more reliable advice to growers. 4. Determine the ability of the NIR to report the Mg:K ratios in plant tissue as an indicator of potential grain quality.

Current Progress

The NIR Rice Tissue Test has been in operation since 1988. It is a valuable service for rice growers because it is a rapid and objective measurement of the nutrient status of the developing rice crop. Knowledge of the nitrogen uptake by the crop allows informed decisions to be made as to how much, if any, fertiliser is needed for the crop yield to be economically maximised. This is particularly important in a year of unusual climatic conditions, as in the 2002-2003 season, when the average N-uptake was 151 kg N /ha, compared to only 114 kg N /ha the previous season and a long term average of 126 kg N /ha. The NIR Rice Tissue Test was devised to assist growers to decide on the amount of nitrogen to apply to the growing crop. The test has resulted in an overall gain in yield of about 0.6 tonne / ha. A recent economic evaluation indicated that the NIR Tissue test, coupled with the maNage Rice program, has returned to rice growers some 8.8 times the money spent on them over the last 16 years. Since the commencement of the NIR testing service in 1988, when 125 farms were tested, the service is now used by over 40% of rice farmers; it provides more information, with a shorter turn around time and requires fewer staff. In the 2002-2003 rice season growers participated in a pilot remote sensing trial aimed to help them determine which areas in their crops to sample.


Project Title Improving quality through physiology - partitioning and

transport of nitrogen and sulphur in rice RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-200A

Start Date: 1/5/2002 Finish Date: 31/7/2003 Researcher: Dr. Huub Kerckhoffs Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture



• To determine whether growing temperature affect the capacity of the plant to develop

pools of nitrogen and sulphur for redistribution to developing grains. • To provide an initial understanding of processes operating in the rice plant that

influence the capacity of the plant to supply nitrogen and sulphur to the developing grain. This will give direction for appropriate future research that will progress the understanding to the point which could identify strategies for managing nutrients during plant growth.

Current Progress Principal Investigator has left. Report still to be finalised.


Project Title Rotational weed control practices for rice RIRDC Project No.:

AGR-8A

Start Date: 1/7/2002 Finish Date: 31/7/2006 Researcher: Mr. Malcolm Taylor Organisation: Agropraisals Pty Ltd

RMB 1553A COBRAM VIC 3644


• To develop rotational programs of herbicides coupled with integration of cultural weed

control methods for rice. • To promote adoption of these practices by improving farmer and agronomist

knowledge of these issues through conduct of field days, publishing results in a format suitable to growers and assistance with preparation of annual weed control bulletins.

Current Progress

GULLIVER (azimsulfuron) and WILDCAT (fenoxaprop) were demonstrated in three herbicide program performance evaluations alongside all other major programs. GULLIVER controlled advanced barnyard grass (but not silvertop grass). WILDCAT followed by MCPA proved highly damaging to rice in one trial. Other significant outcomes of these experiments were that BASAGRAN M60 (bentazon plus MCPA) efficacy was impaired where ponded water remained in the plots at spraying and sequential treatments including SATURN (thiobencarb) @ 2 leaf stage rice were useful against late barnyard grass flushes. Tank mixtures of carfentrazone with MCPA were evaluated as a means of overlaying multiple modes of herbicidal action against aquatic broadleaf and sedge weeds. The two herbicides were consistently synergistic or additive against dirty Dora, however slight antagonism was recorded against water plantain, starfruit and arrowhead. BASAGRAN M60 proved more effective than carfentrazone plus MCPA against advanced water plantain. Two trials examining mixtures of MAGISTER (clomazone) and STOMP (pendimethalin) in drill sown rice were inconclusive due to excessively cloddy seedbeds and duck damage. SOFIT (pretilachlor) was evaluated as a pre-flood residual herbicide for water seeded rice in two experiments. Rice injury was excessive with pre and post flood, pre-sow treatments of pretilachlor, whilst post-sowing applications gave inadequate efficacy. Field inspections of the above trials were conducted with local agronomists in January 2003.


Project Title Sustainable management of invertebrate rice pests RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-203A

Start Date: 1/7/2002 Finish Date: 31/7/2005 Researcher: Dr. Mark Stevens Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Yanco Agricultural Institute Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703


• Develop sustainable options for the management of key invertebrate rice pests. • Commercial trials of chlorothalonil will be conducted as a precursor to a registration

claim for this material, and initial development work on niclosamide will be undertaken. Snail dormancy will be investigated as a precursor to developing economic thresholds for this pest. Imidacloprid, oviposition deterrents, and the bacterial insecticide BTI will be evaluated against bloodworms in the laboratory and field, and an ongoing study on blood worm colonisation patterns will be completed. Additional data will be generated on the toxicity of agrochemicals to the aquatic earthworm Eukerria saltensis.

Current Progress

Despite ongoing dry conditions a successful bloodworm trial was completed in December 2003. Vectobac® WG, which contains the biological insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, was evaluated at rates of 2 to 6 kg product/ha and provided 71 to 92% control of the main target group over 19 days. Species level identification of recovered larvae suggests almost total control of Chironomus tepperi, reflected by a 156 % increase in successful plant establishment in the 2 kg/ha treatment relative to the untreated control. Three snail control trials using chlorothalonil were conducted in commercial rice crops under an APVMA permit. Results were highly variable, with snail mortality varying from 5 to 95%. Soil type and algal load may be affecting the performance of this chemical, and a laboratory study has been initiated to determine if this is the case. Laboratory studies with niclosamide have provided valuable data suggesting that this material may provide more reliable snail control than chlorothalonil. Thrips samples taken from rice crops across the northern section of the MIA have provided no evidence for Stenchaetothrips biformis (Asian Rice Thrips) being present in the area.


Project Title Assessment of pesticide impacts on the biological health of the

rice ecosystem RIRDC Project No.:

CSL-16A

Start Date: 1/10/2001 Finish Date: 31/07/2005 Researcher: Dr. Rai Kookana Organisation: CSIRO Land and Water

PMB No. 2 GLEN OSMOND SA 5064


• New knowledge on the impact of rice pesticides on soil biological health and on the

rice ecosystem. • An assessment of the resilience of rice ecosystem through its rate of recovery during

post-spraying period. • A suite of toxicological tests to predict the impact of chemical groups on the rice-field

and downstream ecosystems. • Better understanding of dose - impact relationships between pesticide residues (single

or mixtures) and ecosystem health, especially in the presence of high salinity levels. • Recommendations for water quality notification and action limits based on knowledge

of the toxicological effects and system resilience of pesticides used in the rice, especially in saline environments.

Current Progress

Seven drainage channels and creeks were selected in the Murrumbidgee and Murray Irrigation areas for monitoring off-site impacts of the rice pesticides.Water and sediment samples were collected from these sites four times during rice growing season (October and February) representing pesticide pre-spraying, spraying and post-spraying seasons. Drought affected the project, as some creeks (Box Creek) ran completely dry later in the season.

Pesticide residue analyses found that bensulfuron, benzofenap and chlorpyrifos were were below the detection limits at all sites. Molinate, thiobencarb were detected in water and sediment samples during November-December. Clomazone was detected at low concentrations only in December. Simazine was also detected in the sediments.

A suite of bioassays with whole sediment and sediment porewater were conducted using waterflea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and midge (Chironomus tepperi). Significant mortality was observed in waterflea exposed to the sediment porewater from the Yanco Drain and River Drain. Midges also exhibited variation in toxicity in sediments collected from different sites. It was not possible to relate the observed toxicity to a specific pesticide. In February, all sites in the Murrumbidgee irrigation area showed significant recovery. Salinity in some creeks and drains was very high this year. For example, EC at Box Creek was above 4500 µS/cm at all sampling times. High salinity at this site may have contributed to the toxicity. Laboratory tests are being conducted for better understanding of dose – impact relationships between pesticide residues in the presence of high salinity levels.

Twelve rice enclosures were constructed in a farm in the Griffith area using Randomised Block design with four replicates to assess pesticide impact on soil health. Microbial enzymes including dehyrogenase, phospahtase and sulfatase were analysed. Soil samples collected at –1, 20, 90 and 125 days after pesticide spraying showed little impact. No significant differences between different treatments and sampling times was observed, except for dehydrogenase activity which varied between different sampling times. During next rice season, other biomarkers such substrate induced respiration, denitrification and biofilms will be used to assess the soil health.


Project Title Permanent beds for sustainable cropping systems on rice

farms RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-201A

Start Date: 1/7/2002 Finish Date: 31/12/2006 Researcher: Mr. Geoff Beecher Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Yanco Agricultural Institute YANCO NSW 2703


• To increase the sustainability, resource use efficiency, yield and profitability of rice

based cropping systems through improved soil, water and nutrient management using permanent beds.

Current Progress

The initial rice crop across the experimental site has been harvested. Based on preliminary results, rice yields varied with the quantity of water applied by the irrigation treatments. Conventional flooded rice achieved the highest yield followed by flooded bed treatments, furrow irrigated bed treatments and lastly sub surface irrigated beds treatments. This is the pattern in which quantities of applied water also varied. Water use efficiency appears little changed across irrigation treatments. Grain yields showed a variable response to nitrogen treatments across irrigation treatments with flooded treatments being unresponsive to applied nitrogen at levels greater than 90 kg/ha. Yield component samples, and harvest maturity samples have been taken with sample processing yet to be undertaken. A project steering committee met in early April to consider progress at that stage and to comment on planned winter cropping treatments. All plot crop residues have been slashed and plots burnt where sowing of winter crops should occur in the next week – wheat (cv. H45) and barley (cv. Gradiner). After sowing, soil moisture monitoring probes will be re installed and soil moisture monitoring continued. Many visitors have been hosted at the “Coly Demo Farm”, and there is also an unknown number of visitors to the site, which is readily accessible on this community farm. Official visitors have included: GRDC southern panel members, Project steering committee and a couple of other interested farmers, Full RIRDC committee (including Colin Piggin from ACIAR), Murrumbidgee College of Agriculture students, Malaysian Felcra Plantation Services staff, 25-30 Coleambally farmers and agribusiness advisors (organized by NSW Agr. DA),~50 members of the Rice CRC during the CRC Annual Symposium / Annual Rice Field Days, ~ 40-50 farmers at Demonstration Farm Field Day, ~10 members of Rice Breeding/Physiology team YAI, ~10 University of Sydney Agriculture Faculty Students NSW Agriculture, Southern Farming System Irrigation Extension Team, Dr Tony Fischer ACIAR – site inspection and in April 2003 DAN-201 Project steering committee Undergraduate students (Stuart Lovejoy and Ben Dal Broi) accessing Rice CRC summer/honours studentships undertook studies on the site. Poster Presentation at 3rd International Temperate Rice Conference, Uruguay 10-13


March 2003 and at 5th Australian Maize Conference in Toowoomba in February, 2003. Preliminary approaches were proposed for the financial and economic evaluation of permanent beds technology in rice based farming systems in the project areas and it is intended to further discuss such approaches in economists workshops in October 2003.


Project Title Sustainable management of on-farm biodiversity in the rice

growing industry: vertebrate wildlife resources RIRDC Project No.:

UCA-6A

Start Date: 1/10/2000 Finish Date: 30/9/2003 Researcher: Mr. Sean Doody Organisation: University of Canberra

Applied Ecology Research Group BELCONNEN ACT 2601


• To achieve a more sustainable rice farming system by integrating an informed

understanding of biodiversity into on-farm planning and management practises.

Current Progress

The Vertebrate Biodiversity on Rice Farms study is in the final write-up stage. Major conclusions are: (1) considerable vertebrate biodiversity inhabits Riverina rice farms, including several threatened species; (2) two major factors contributing to vertebrate biodiversity are on-farm vegetation remnants and productive rice bays; (3) the size of vegetation remnants is critical to some woodland specialist bird species; (4) rice bays, through marked invertebrate production, attract and harbour large numbers of frogs, snakes, turtles and birds; (5) longneck turtles are pre-adapted for life on rice farms, utilizing seasonally available rice bays as surrogates for ephemeral swamps. Theory from the recently emerging 'reconciliation ecology' predicts that there are environmentally sound ways for humans to utilise land for economic benefit. Our study has generated hypotheses for how rice farms should be managed to maintain current levels of vertebrate biodiversity, and we are now in a position to test these hypotheses with ongoing work. We propose a mixed strategy for future work, which includes natural experiments utilising 'rarer habitat farming' in tandem with research and monitoring of species occupying rarer habitats. This on-farm approach focusing on restoration ecology, in combination with habitat conservation off-farms (reservation ecology), is the most likely means to achieving an environmentally sustainable rice-growing industry in Australia.


Project Title Waterfowl movements in agricultural and natural wetland

landscapes RIRDC Project No.:

UCS-34A

Start Date: 1/1/2003 Finish Date: 31/12/2006 Researcher: Dr. David Roshier Organisation: Charles Sturt University

Johnstone Centre School of Science & Technology Locked Bag 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678


• To determine the movement responses of waterbirds to changes in wetland availability

and analyse interactions with landscape structure at local and regional scales in the rice-growing region of New South Wales and at broad scales across inland Australia so that predictions may be made about likely damage to rice crops.

Current Progress

This project will track grey teal Anas gracilis using satellite transmitters and analyse landscape structure based on the distribution of wetlands-both natural and artificial. Trials of harness designs were completed in March and approval gained from the Animal Care and Ethics Committee (ACEC 01/061) to deploy transmitters on wild birds using a modified design made from teflon ribbon. Satellite transmitters have been ordered and eight will be deployed in July in the vicinity of Coongie Lake in northern South Australia. Scientific licences to trap wild birds have been approved by the relevant South Australian and NSW authorities, and ethics approval sort and granted by the South Australians (ref. no. 18/2003). Another eight transmitters will be deployed in the rice-growing districts in September if the growing season returns to 'normal'. In February, a casual Technical Officer was employed to develop a methodology for mapping wetlands using MODIS satellite imagery. In order to determine classification accuracy, wetlands in southern NSW and northern South Australia were visited in June and their status determined. Using negative Normalised Difference Vegetation Indices as a surrogate for water provided the most accurate classification of wetlands across large geographic areas.


Project Title Development of a passive sampler device for polar pesticides RIRDC Project No.:

UTS-5A

Start Date: 1/7/2002 Finish Date: 1/12/2004 Researcher: Dr. Ross Hyne Organisation: University of Technology, Sydney

EPA/UTS Centre for Ecotoxicology PO Box 29 LIDCOMBE NSW 1812


• To develop a new passive sampler device that can be applied to measure time-

integrated water concentrations of polar pesticides, including the herbicides molinate and thiobencarb.

• Using a laboratory continuous flow-through system, to determine the effectiveness of the new passive sampler device, to concentrate polar pesticides, and to estimate water concentrations of the pesticides.

• Optimise the application of the new device to estimate water concentrations of pesticides in irrigation regions operated by Murray Irrigation Limited (MIL) and Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA).

Current Progress

Laboratory studies on the uptake kinetics of the new passive sampler for polar pesticides continued. The new device consists of a low-density polyethylene membrane bag containing a mixture of the solvents 1-dodecanol and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane as the sequestering medium. The data indicates that uptake into the dodecanol/trimethylpentane mixture was linear up to 25 days. The extraction efficiency of the new device was acceptable for thiobencarb, chlorpyrifos, alpha endosulfan, beta endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate and molinate. The new device is also workable for malathion and metalochlor, although less efficient at low environmental concentrations. Another device consisting of a cellulose membrane bag containing the dodecanol/trimethylpentane mixture was also evaluated. The extraction efficiency for atrazine, diuron and fipronil by this cellulose membrane device was 4 to 20 times that of the polyethylene membrane device. A preliminary field trial in rice bays and irrigation canals of the MIA in 2002 evaluated the polyethylene membrane device protected with either 0.8 mm mesh bags or 10 mm mesh cages. Chemical analysis of pesticides taken up by the devices indicated that the extraction efficiency of the new device was only effective when the larger mesh cages were deployed, due to the high turbidity and low flow velocities. We have continued to have technical inquiries from other researchers in Victoria and Queensland on how to prepare and use the passive samplers for herbicides and insecticides. The Queensland group are currently deploying the previous described trimethylpentane-containing device for monitoring insecticides. The Victorian group are planning to use the new passive sampler device for herbicides this coming season.


Project Title Better extension programs for improved rice yields RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-162A

Start Date: 1/1/1998 Finish Date: 30/9/2003 Researcher: Mr. John Lacy Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

PO Box 108 FINLEY NSW 2713


• Improve yields, grain quality, profitability and sustainability of rice production by:

1. identifying the needs of ricegrowers and constraints to improvement in the rice production system; 2. developing crop management recommendations and best management practices from existing technology, current practices and new research and development outcomes; and 3. implementing effective extension programs to achieve better technology adoption on farm.

Current Progress

1. Identifying Needs and Constraints to Improvement The Ricecheck database evaluates adoption of the key yield checks for improving yields. Trends since 1994 show the adoption of deep water has levelled out at 70%. District Agronomist surveys indicate there are many legitimate factors preventing further improvement. The adoption of the recommended nitrogen uptake window is low. It is now recognised seasonal temperatures have a significant impact on this check. Crop establishment has improved. Crop yields were related to irrigation water use and rainfall to allow future benchmarking of yield per megalitre and $profit per megalitre. The Technical Officer assisted in the development of the new internet database. 2. Developing crop management recommendations Ricecheck database farmer results and new research findings were the basis for the updated Ricecheck Recommndations 2003 booklet mailed to all growers. It was also available on the internet for the first time. It contained new water use efficiency targets. There were substantial changes to the nutrition and water management sections. Dry sowing survey results collated from the District Agronomist districts were reported. Data analysis identified that 12t/ha yields are very difficult to achieve within 10 years of lasering a paddock because of large soil variation. 3. Implementing effective extension programs Programs were significantly impeded in the Murray Valley where there was little rice. However agronomists provided individual services to growers and some group meetings were conducted. A few growers in each district piloted the aerial imaging technology. In the Murrumbidgee Valley group meetings ran normally. NIR tissue tested crop numbers dropped because of the small crop size but the education of farmers in the aerial imaging technology was a major highlight. Considerable time was spent on water budgeting. For the first time farmers completing Ricecheck records( 568 crops) received comparative gross margin per hectare and per megalitre reports. All District Agronomists assisted in the presentatation of the major Rice Field day at McCaughey and pre-season meetings.


Project Title Quality rice production in South Eastern Australia RIRDC Project No.:

IRE-5A

Start Date: 1/1/1999 Finish Date: 31/7/2004 Researcher: Ms. Lucy Kealey Organisation: Irrigation Research & Extension Committee

PO Box 1775 GRIFFITH NSW 2680


• To improve the profitability and sustainability of rice growing and the rice industry in

NSW by producing a technical reference publication "Ricegrowing in New South Wales" for ricegrowers and industry service personnel.

Current Progress

Three chapters were completed in 2002 and distributed to readers in January 2003: • Chapter 2: Rice in the irrigated environment • Chapter 11: Maintaining disease-free crops • Chapter 16: The business of rice growing Submissions have been received and editing has commenced on the following chapters: • Chapter 5: Rice varieties • Chapter 6: Crop nutrition • Chapter 7: Crop establishment and management • Chapter 8: Irrigation and water management • Chapter 10: Pests of rice crops - vertebrate and invertebrate • Chapter 14: After the rice crop The Varieties, Nutrition, Irrigation and Pests chapters are the most advanced of the submitted group, with layout almost complete for Varieties, and the other three chapters at a second draft stage and hopefully soon available for circulation to reviewers. Submissions for two chapters remain outstanding: • Chapter 15: After the farm gate (rice products) • Chapter 3: The rice plant Despite the disappointing pace of the project, the recent chapters, as with the original distribution, have been well received by readers.


Project Title Capacity building for a productive and sustainable rice farming

system RIRDC Project No.:

IRE-6A

Start Date: 1/7/2002 Finish Date: 31/7/2007 Researcher: Mr. Peter Draper Organisation: Irrigation Research & Extension Committee

c/- CSIRO PMB No 3 GRIFFITH NSW 2680

Phone: (02) 6960 1550 Fax: (02) 6960 1600 Objectives

• To provide mechanisms to build the capacity of rice growers (including the transfer of

technology) for the rice R&D program which will lead to more profitable and sustainable rice and general irrigation farming systems in southern New South Wales.

Current Progress

Revision and publication of Ricecheck Recommendations Ricecheck is the rice industry's objective management system for achieving high yields of high quality grain. It facilitates crop management by setting targets, measuring crop performance and analysing results. Each year the targets and recommendations are reviewed and revised based on seasonal experiences, research, extension and farmer results.

Ricecheck recommendations, now numbering thirteen have been in place over the past year. Work is progressing toward making collated Ricecheck data available through a web page for more rapid transfer of information. Ricecheck recommendations will be finalised in September 2003 with a revised Ricecheck publication distributed to all rice growers in October 2003.

Farmers Newsletter Farmer’s Newsletter is the major technical journal for publication of research and extension articles for NSW irrigation farmers in the Murray and Murrumbidgee Valleys and rice growers in Northern Victoria. Since the last milestone report, three editions have been published:

• Large Area Rice Special – January 2003; • Large Area – April 2003;

Rice Field Days Each year a major rice field day or a series of smaller district field days are held to focus on new technology under trial in the R&D program and/or being adopted on-farm. The 2003 rice field day was held at Old Coree on Wednesday 26th February. This was an expanded event with national media coverage and featured the release of a new medium grain variety, Quest. This new variety has similar qualities to Amaroo but is 10% more water use efficient.

Grower email/internet service An important step forward in providing a fast, efficient medium for the exchange of information between rice producers, the industry, research extension personnel, government and others has been achieved through the introduction of a rice grower’s e-mail/Internet service. Rice growers have responded to this service positively, finding that the service; • Keeps them up to date in a timely manner; • Saves time • Provides a single abbreviated source of information linked to more detailed services. There are now close to 600 growers using the service and high levels of participation from contributors is being encountered.


Project Title New aeration controller for flat bed storage RIRDC Project No.:

CSE-88A

Start Date: 1/9/2001 Finish Date: 28/2/2004 Researcher: Mr. James Darby Organisation: CSIRO Entomology

Stored Grain Research Laboratory GPO Box 1700 CANBERRA ACT 2601


• Development of the new adaptive discounting aeration control (ADC) method for the

burner assisted paddy rice drying facilities at Ricegrowers' Co-operative Ltd (RCL) to improve the milling quality of the dried rice, increase aeration efficiency, enable chemical free insect control, and provide a user friendly operating interface.

Current Progress

This project involves developing a customised version of the Adaptive Discounting aeration control software module (ADC) for the advanced drying facilities of Sunrice Pty Ltd, and trialing this software over 2 seasons within Sunrice facilities. The last 12 months involved the following focuses. The ADC software was “installed” in Sunrice’s industrial equipment at shed 4, Gogeldrie whereas previously it had been run from CSIRO equipment during 2002 trials. This involved developing linkages for ADC within the CITECT programming environment of Sunrice gear and modifying the existing Sunrice PC screen operator interface. Various amendments to the ADC software identified during the 2002 trial were made including improved handling of burner system failures; an adjustment to the discounting action of ADC; and modifying the bad weather prevention approach. The 2003 trials were set up in four bins. Two bins used CSIRO instrumentation that comprehensively measured ADC performance with moisture, temperature, breakage, colour, and control performance against the Sunrice control (bins 1 and 9). In another two bins, ADC was run from the Sunrice shed instrumentation (bins 2 and 6) to validate Sunrice’s installation of ADC. All trial bins were all loaded with Amaroo paddy rice during April. Sunrice staff selected target moistures of 14% with a minimum limit of 12% for the four ADC controlled bins. A series of technical difficulties were experienced during the trial. LPG was not available to the shed for the entire trial due to negotiation problems between Sunrice and the supplier, so the burner control action of the controller was not tested. The CSIRO instrumented bins measured ADC performance with non-burner assisted drying that resulted in a single drying front with the final moisture achieved at the target. The ADC control result was very similar to the traditional “manual” Sunrice control approach. Currently, the cooling action of the ADC action is being measured. A series of software problems with the Sunrice control system (CITECT) meant that the ADC control performance was not logged adequately in the 2 Sunrice equipment bins (2 and 6). Overall, the ADC method has achieved the aeration aims sought, noting that a few more improvements in the ADC method and Sunrice operator interface have been established. However, the burner control action has not been trialed.


Project Title Production of novel rice flour fractions RIRDC Project No.:

BRE-3A

Start Date: 1/9/2001 Finish Date: 30/8/2003 Researcher: Dr. Michael Southan Organisation: BRI Australia Ltd

PO Box 7 NORTH RYDE NSW 1670


• The production of new types of rice flour for trialling in current rice flour food

products and the development of new rice flour based products.

Current Progress

Four rice varieties, Amaroo, Doongarra, Illabong and Langi were milled into fine flour on BRI Australia’s Pilot Mill. As for last year, the mill was set up to produce flour finer than 100 µm and finer than current commercial rice flour. Three of the varieties milled this year were the same as those milled last year to investigate whether different seasons affect flour yield and quality and whether genetic (variety) and environment interactions produce a wide range of flour qualities. Milling Results:

Amaroo Doongarra Illabong Langi 2001 Harvest Flour Yield (<100 µm)

54% 86% 57% N/A

2002 Harvest Flour Yield (<100 µm)

53% 75% 54% 47%

The above table shows that there are consistent results for flour yield for the varieties tested. The seasons in 2001 and 2002 were quite different so if there were to be any effects from environment they should be seen here. This work confirms that Doongarra produces the greatest yield of fine flour and that Langi produces the least. Analysis of flour oil content did not shed any light on the reason for Doongarra having the highest flour yield. Initial results from NSW Agriculture show that the starch properties are not only different in flours from the different varieties but also different between flour streams within varieties.


Project Title Development of improved molecular detection methods for

Bacillus cereus toxins RIRDC Project No.:

UJC-8A

Start Date: 1/7/2000 Finish Date: 31/7/2003 Researcher: Dr. Graham Burgess Organisation: James Cook University

Department of Microbiology and Immunology TOWNSVILLE QLD 4811


• To determine the prevalence of Bacillus cereus in food and other environmental

sources. • To develop improved toxin detection methods for toxigenic strains of Bacillus cereus. • To make the developed toxin assays available to the rice industry and to relevant

Australian health and food laboratories.

Current Progress During the last 12 months we have made significant breakthroughs in our research. We have cloned and sequenced the genes that are responsible for the production of the emetic toxin in Bacillus cereus. The toxin has been characterised into a group of peptides that are produced non-ribosomally by large enzymes called peptide synthetases. Compounds in this group include some antibiotics (eg. bacitracin and penicillin) and many other important products. Using the sequencing information from genes of the emetic toxin we have developed a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that rapidly detects emetic strains of B. cereus. Previously detection of the emetic toxin has relied upon cell cytotoxicity assays which are time consuming (>3 days), inaccurate and too subjective. The PCR method can sensitively detect emetic strains of Bacillus cereus in 4 hours. We believe this method will greatly enhance the detection of potentially dangerous strains of this organism in rice and other foods. The method has been validated using a large number of B. cereus and Bacillus sp. strains. Currently we are working upon making the PCR method into a marketable, easy-to-use format. The prevalence of the diarrhoeal toxins carried by foodborne and clinical strains of Bacillus cereus has been determined by testing a large number of isolates for toxin genes using PCR. We have found that clinical strains of B. cereus are no more toxigenic than strains commonly found in food.


Project Title Rice-based diets for protection against intestinal bacterial

infections RIRDC Project No.:

UMU-30A

Start Date: 1/7/2001 Finish Date: 31/7/2004 Researcher: Dr. John Pluske Organisation: Murdoch University

Division of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences MURDOCH WA 6150


• The major outcome of this project is the commercial development and uptake by the

Australian pig industry of specialty processed rice-based diets for protection against post-weaning diarrhoea caused by Escherichia coli and, in the future, other enteric pathogens. The major deliverable of the project is a potential new market for adding value to the Australian rice industry in both the pig and biomedical industries for control of intestinal bacterial pathogens.

Current Progress

Based on in vitro analysis of varieties from the 2002 harvest, a screening experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different rice types (medium-grain, long-grain, and waxy) on digestive and production indices in the post-weaned pig, and on their influence on the extent of post-weaning diarrhoea. These rice types were fed in a cooked (gelatinised) form to newly-weaned pigs for 14 days after weaning, and compared to a commercial wheat-based weaner diet. Feeding pigs rice was beneficial in the first week after weaning, and was associated with favourable changes in the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on these data, we have selected a medium-grain and long-grain rice to undergo extrusion and incorporation into a ‘standard’ weaner diet, because this will assess the commercial suitability of rice as a replacement for other cereals, such as wheat. However, and due to problems associated with the poor harvest, this experiment will not get underway until August 2003. Additionally, we have conducted experiments examining the mix of cooked white rice with either animal protein sources or vegetable protein sources in a complete diet, to develop guidelines for pig producers regarding diet composition when feeding rice.

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