Subject Index

A abdominal fat 564 abscess - brain - dental

ll,586 133

- epidural 54 - intramucosal 300 - lacrimal duct 429 - orbital tissue 352 - periorbital 185 - subdural 54 - subperiostal 54,270,352,354,381,481 acetazolamide 454 acetylcholine 87 acromegaly 555 activating signal 329 acuity, visual 447 adenocarcinoma 120,418 adenoid facies 89 adenoid hyperplasia 128 adenoid tissue 36,411 adenoidectomy 258, 382, 383 adenoiditis 128 adenoma 549 - macro- / micro adenoma 531,532 - pituitary 557 - pleomorphic 120,499,500 adenoma theory, nasal polyp lll, ll2 adenosine monophosphate, cyclic (cAMP) 85 adenotonsillar hypertrophy 212 adenotonsillectomy 347,353 adenoviruses 98 adhesion 145,167,168,175,400,588 - fibrous 413 aditus, nasal 17 adrenal suppression 433 adrenocorticotropic hormone 558 adriamycin 520 age, nasal polyposis 289 agger nasi 5,19,28,29,37,63,191,205,207,224,227,230,

240,260 - enlarged cells 73 - pneumatisation 144 AIDS (aquired immunodeficiency syndrome) 129,313 air condition 164 Albright's syndrome 508 albumin 97,98 algorithm 53 "alio loco" 9

allergy 4,83-94,128,141,147,290,395 - challenge phase 85, 86 - complementary diagnostic protocol 89 - food 94 - "in vivo" tests 89,90 - late phase 86,87,91 - nasal 88,89 - - treatment 91-94 - sensitization phase 84,85 alotomy, lateral 548 alternaria 100 amphotericin 312 - liposomal 313 amplifier, rhinomanometry 47 anatomical factors, nasal polyposis 290,291 anatomy, three-dimensional 155 androgen 515 anemia 395 anesthesia 217,238,350,408 - hypotensive 2,186,201,212,317,426,588,591 - local 167,185,253 - neuroleptanalgesia 259 aneurysm 494,558 angiofibroma 365,395,485,492,500-502,511,569,573,578,

579 - juvenile 120,385,569

diagnosis 519 - - embolization 10,502,521 - - epidemiology 515

follow-up 525,526 - - histopathological findings 518,519 - - imaging studies 517, 518 - - intracranial invasion 516, 517 - - involution 525 - - mortality 525 - - origin / implantation 515,516 - - pathogenesis 515 - - recurrence 524, 525 - - signs / symptoms 516 - - staging 519, 520

treatment 520-525 - - vascular pedicle 516 angiogenesis 329 angiography 393,493,501,504 - digital subtraction 396,570 - electroencephalographic monitored 564 - superselective 518 angioleiomyoma 120 annulus, Zinn 435,444,446,447,537

596 Subject Index

anosmia 5,400,467,570 - recurrence 305 anterior-to-posterior dissection 186-188,228 anticholinergics 92, 166 anticoagulants 591 antifungal agent, oral 313 antihistamines 91,92,166 anti-hypertensives 208 anti-inflammatory drugs 133 anti-leukotrienes 92 anti-thyreoglobulin 433 Antoni A / B 511 antroscopy 131 antrostomy 218,262,300,524 - anterior 214 - combined 214 - endonasal 249 - inferior-meatus 214,219-221,251,254,255,347 - inframeatal 353 - intranasal 182 - maxillary 190 - middle-meatus 214,218,219,251,253,254,435,536 - - revision 372,373 - radical 56 - sub-labial 521 antrum-grasping punch 216 apex 17 apnea, sleep- 395 appendectomy 267 approach - combined 222 - craniofacial 385,512 - endonasal375 - endoscopic transnasal direct / transseptal 559--561 - ETA (endonasal, trans-septal, sphenoidal) 545-552 - external 301 - extra cranial 471 - fronto-orbital 340 - intracranial 470,471 - maxilla-premaxilla 547

midfacial degloving 365 - naso-orbital 529 - orbitozygomatic 574 - osteoplastic 147,486 - osteoplastic-flap 384,487 - STA (sub-labial, trans-septal, sphenoidal) 545--552 - sub-labial 147,359,531,555 - transantral 183,347 - trans ethmoid 231,458 - transmandibular 521 - trans nasal direct 214, 230, 231, 359, 458, 460, 4'74,539 - transpalatal 186 - transpharyngealsuprahyoid 521 - trans-septal 385,458,460, 531, 539, 544 - trans-septosphenoidal 366, 550, 551 - trans-sphenoidal 531,539,544 - trans zygomatic 521 arachidonic acid 85 arachnoid 442 - embryogenic cells 365 - cyst 477 arch, anterior 218,224,230 artery - basilar 68

- carotid, internal 30,68,73,155,157,187,198,199,204, 209,211,231,258,374,393,434,443,533,556,574,578,588

- - ligation 397 - central retinal 443 - cerebral, anterior 588 - ethmoidal - - anterior / posterior 4,23,136,153,155,196,197,202,

204,209,226,228,243,261,318,443 - cauterization 5,6,393

- - - electrocoagulation 398-400 - - - ligation 397,400 - - middle 23 . - facial 162,394 - infraorbital 33

maxillary 22,26,32,33,162,171,516 - - electrocoagulation 398 - - embolization 397 - - ligation 397 - nasal, posterior lateral 23, 162,394,398 - nasopalatine 23 - ophthalmic 23,26,198,442,443 - palatine 394 - septal 23,162,393,394,398,446,588 - sphenopalatine 261,515 ASA triad 188 aspergillosis, invasive 77 aspergillus 100,309,310,312 asphyxia 405,408 aspiration 395 aspirators, atraumatic 233 aspirin 591 - idiosyncrasy 4,290 - intolerance 129,141,181,264,289 astemizole 92 asthenic 295 asthma 4,5,83,103,141,142,181,212,264,287,289,290,353 atmospheric-pressure change, sudden 395 atopy 83,84 atrophy, optical-disk 444 autoimmune disorder 433 autonomic nervous system 87, 163,288 axial plane 53 azelastin 92

B backbiting forceps 216,436,533 bacteroides 99 ball point explorer 254 ballottement, orbital 316 barotrauma 97,128,264 basalioma 429 basophils 87, 107 beak, nasofrontal 380 Beck's burr-hole 9 beclomethasone dipropionate 93,121,166,292,297,342 Benfield maneuver 170,409 Bichat's fat 522 biopsy 55,484 - orbital apex 529,536,537 black spots 312 Blakesley'S forceps 216,374,377 bleeding 175,258,564,581 blind areas 574

blindness 258,447,521,583 - temporary 10,429 blockade theory, nasal polyp 113 blood transfusion 265 blue eye 242 blue line 243 Boeck's canal (pterygopalatine fossa) 31-33,201,213,393 bone forceps 255 bone graft 456,471,529 bone-cutting burrs 380 Boehdalek's valve 416 Bowman dilator 421 Bowman probe 416,427,428 brain - abscess 11,586 - cyst 452 - herniation 468 - injury 448,586,587 bromocriptin 558 bronchiectasis 143 bronchitis 353 bronchodilator 317 bronchopulmonary disturbance 89 budesonide 93,123,166,332,341,342 built-in irrigation 379 bulb-pressing test 262 bulbus pressure maneuver 242 bulla - ethmoid 20,28,36,61,191,206,228,242,246 - frontal 72 - lamella 284 bullectomy 252, 363 bullotomy 214 Bangerter probe 425 burr - bone-cutting 380 - mastoid 281 - nasal 383,384 buttress 199

C Ca2+, intracellular 85 cadaver dissection 154,159,179,390,423 Caldwell view 56,208,281 Caldwell-Lue surgery 1,3,99,148,182,249,332,353,434,

437,496,499,506,510,538 - mini- 301 canal - carotid 561 - craniopharyngeal 466 - infraorbital 26,348 - lacrimal-nasal 254 - optic 66,435, 556 - pterygoid 213,556 - vidian 69 canaliculitis 418 candida albicans 100 canine fossa puncture 222 canthal tendon, internal 416 canthotomy, lateral 318,583,584 carbon dioxide 412 carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor 454 carcinogens, environmental 147

carcinoma 40 - adenocarcinoma 120 - squamous cell carcinoma 120 cardiac defects 405. cardioarrhythmia 91 cardiopulmonary reserves 395 cardiorespiratory complications 185 cartilage graft 471 cartilaginous septum, anterior 3 cataract 433 cationic protein, eosinophilic 88 caucasian skulls 284,405 cauterization 6,7, 169 - chemical 393, 395 - electro 305,393,395 - submucosal 167,168 cavernous erectile tissue 163 cavity, nasal 17 CD4+ cells 84, 98 CD8+ cells 84 cell adhesion molecule (CAMs) 84 cellulitis, orbital 352 cephalgia, midfacial 318-320 cetirizine 92 cetoconazol 91 cGMP 87 challenge test, nasal 90 Charcot-Leyden crystals 311 CHARGE 405 chemotactic signal 329 chemotherapy 481,502,520 chewing gum 310 choana 3,18,209,261

Subject Index 597

choanal atresia 167,212,341,358,359,383,529,539 - diagnosis 405-407 - treatment 382,407-412 cholecystectomy,laparoscopic 387 choloboma 405 chondrosarcoma 311 chordoma 547 - clivus 485,552 chromosome 83 Churg-Strauss-syndrome 92, 103, III cicatrization 326,375 ciliary dysfunction syndrome 103, 129, 135, 142,289,349,

361 ciliary dyskinesia 10 1, 381 cisternography 452,455 - pneumocisternography 365 - radio nuclide cisternography 467 cleaning, atraumatic 341 clearance, mucociliary 180,181 clinoid process, anterior 69, 70 clivus 525, 569 - chordoma 485,552 - resection 570 clogging 378 clots 234 coagulation cascade 329 coagulopathy 367 coaxial illumination cocaine 129 cold 339 cold light 2

598 Subject Index

- extracorporal 347 collagen slurry, microfibrillar 318 collagen synthesis 330 collagen, typ III 330 collapse, valvular 51 colonizers, normal 99 columella 162,548 combined approach 222 complement 87 complementary diagnostic protocol 89 complications - micro-endoscopic sinus surgery 581-593 - microscope / endoscope 10-14 computed tomography (CT) 4,53,130,141,155,179,239,

258,281,332,347,350,378,406,434,582 axial 445

- biplanar 180 - contrast media 54,467 - coronal 445 - helical 209 - high-resolution 467 - three-dimensional 387 concha - bullosa 5,21,37,59,119,128,144,161,165,291 - nasomaxillary 20 conchotomy 262 condrovomeral junction 62 congenital defect, nasolacrimal system 418 conjunctival sac 418 connective-tissue graft 47l contrast substance, non-ionic hydro soluble 452 conventional technique, sinus surgery 182 corneal epithelium 416 coronal images 53 coronal incision, bitemporal 265,275 coronavirus 98 corticosteroids 92, 165, 166 - high-dose 445 - intravenous 318 corynebacteria 99 Cottle's sign 50 cough 353,361 - persistent 129 cranialization 268 craniofacial approach craniofacial resection - "en bloc" 570

385,512 148,150,312

craniofacial trauma 445,458 craniopharyngioma 120,365,494,500,519,547,558 craniotomy 366,454 - bifrontal 471 - frontal 7,451,529 - lateral 579 - transpalatine 579 Crawford catheter 420-422 crest - lacrimal 29 - maxillary 174, 417 cribriform plate 3,5,19,58,78,183,195,198,204,454,483 - fistula 457, 458, 461 Crigler dilator 422 crista galli 18, 204 cromolyn sodium 92, 166 crooked nose 173

cross-links 330,340 crowded housing 128 cruciate incision 562 crusting 145,150,234,413,461,588 - blood 333 cryosurgery 167,397 cryotherapy 167,169 CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) leakage 78-80,150,175,196,204,

213,228,274,318,320,354,365,366,398,434,584,585 - iatrogenic 429 - repair 529, 530 - spontaneous 7 "cul-de-sac" 415 cup-type forceps 325,377 cure 501 curtain maneuver 523 cutting forceps 325 cyanoacrylate 521 cyanosis 405 cycle, nasal 44 cyclic nucleotides 87 cyclo-oxygenase 85 cyst 74 - aneurysmal bone 493 - arachnoid 477 - brain 452 - cholesterol 300 - dermoid 120,360 - mucous-retention 364,492,493 - nasolacrimal duct 120,360,361 - submucous 252 - Thornwaldt 485,519 cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) 101,103,111,129,135,142,

189,264,289,290,297,349,353,361,362 cytokines 84,87,117,288,311,537 cytology, nasal 90 cytometry, nasal 130 cytotoxic effect 128

D dacryocystitis 150,361,415 - suppurative 418,423 dacryocystography 418 dacryocystorhinostomy 441,485,537 - endonasal 237,415 - endoscopic 384 - external 415 - trans nasal 590 dacryolith 427 dacryostenosis 417,423,428,431 debridement 292,390 - microdebriders 186,215,217,325,351,380,408,409,419,

477,481,491 decarbazine 520 decompression - orbital 4,318,387,529,534,535 - - non-surgical treatment 433 - - surgical treatment 433-438 - optic nerve 237,245,'384,484,537 - - traumatic optic neuropathy 441-448 decongestants 92, 165 - nasal 133 deep transantral microsurgery 521-524

degloving, midfacial 147,499,502,506,510,510 - microsurgical approach 569-579 Denny's marks 88 dental pain 590 dermoid cyst 120,360 dermoplasty, septal 397 detachment, orbital 444 diabetes insipidus 564, 565 diabetes mellitus 143,166,208, 313 diaphanoscopy l30 diaphragm, sella 564,565 dihydrotestosterone 515 dilator 420 - Bowman 421,422 - Crigler 422 diplopia 150,296,434,570,584 - postoperative 438,447 discharge - nasal 144,349,353 - postnasal 319,320 diseases (see syndromes) diuretics 475 dorsal flexion, head 253 double curve 62 double vision 198,447 douche, cold / cool 341 drainage, venous 24 drill 220,390 - bone-cutting 378,379,380 - diamond 409 - Stammberger 419 drilling of nasofrontal beak 279,282 - history 279-281 drugs, chronic use 212 duct - frontonasal 267 - naso-frontal 1,2,374 - naso-lacrimal 27,35,40,71, l37, 219, 428, 436 - - cyst 120,360,361 - Stensen's duct 98 dura 442 - allogenous 483 - defect 459 - lyophilized 471 - lesion 153 duraplasty 267-270,482,486 - endonasal 485 dysautonomia 290

E ears, small 405 ebastine 92 ecchymosis 219,448,582,588,589 eczema 83 edema 88,145,287,374,411 - facial 413 - gray 337 - lid 150,258 - mucosal 349 - periorbital 494,588, 589 - polypoid 296,306 education, how to improve 154-159 electrocauterization 305,393

electrocoagulation 5,397 -400,403 electron microscopy, scanning (SEM) 323 electronystagmography 43

Subject Index 599

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) 91 embolization 7 - angiofibroma 10,502,521 - selective 393, 395 emotional disturbance 166 emphysema - periorbital 589 - subcutaneous 592 empyema 4,185,213 ems brine 341 encephalocele 120,359,360,456,466,468-477,510 - traumatic / congenital 455 encephalomeningocele 359 enchondroses, multiple 499 endocrinologist 434,557 endonasalapproach 375 endonasal sinus surgery, microscopic (MESS) 189-192 endoscope 2,315 endoscopic diagnosis, nasosinus disorders 35-41 endoscopic surgical technique, combined functional

rhinologic 316-320 endoscopy - bimeatal 222 - flexible ll9, 233, 349 - nasosinus l33, 179, 180 - rhinosinusal 131 - rigid 141 - virtual 80 endoscrub 377,383 endosheat 377 enteric feeding 359 enterobacteriacea 100 eosinophil chemotactic factor 290 eosinophilia syndrome 88, 311 eosinophilia, mucosal 263 eosinophilic polyps 4 eosinophilic rhinitis syndrom, nonallergic (NARES) 90,288,

290 eosinophils 87,88,287,288 ephedrine, pseudo- 92 epidermoid tumors 494 epinastine 92 epinephrine 174,253 epiphora 150,361,415,417,428 epistaxis 4,150,365,367,500,511,512,516,590 - cauterization (see there) - classification 395 - micro-endoscopic surgical technique 393-403 - treatment 395-398 epithelial tumor 120 epithelial-rupture theory, nasal polyp ll4, ll5 epithelium - corneal 416 - pseudostratified 104, 106, 163,493 - stratified squamous, non-keratinized 104,106 - transitional 104, 106 esthesioneuroblastoma 5,368,518,519,569 esthesioneurocytoma 512 estrogen-hormone therapy 501 ETA (endonasal, trans-septal, sphenoidal approach)

545-552

600 Subject Index

- advantages 545,556 - disadvantages 546 - indications / contraindications 547 ethmoid - anterior area 2 - bone 161 - - perpendicular plate 18 - - power instrumentation 382 - cell - - anterior 429 - - prebullar 26 - - supra-orbital 187,202 - compounded disease 302 - forceps 242 - infundibulum 206 - labyrinth 135 - mucosa 290 - surgery 1, 4 ethmoid sinus 28-30,315 - anatomy 202-204,357 - anterior 347 - conventional operation 183, 184 - fistula 460 - roof 327 - surgery 214,228-230 - - combined microscopic and endoscopic surgery

237-246 ethmoid sinus-middle meatus complex 201 ethmoidal cleft, anterior 118 ethmoidectomy 123,190,212,213,228,362,363,399,454 - anterior 300 - antero-posterior 201 - classic 292 - endoscopically guided 316 - external 148,184,201,347,434,437,451,471,499,529 - intranasal 183,347 - partial 214, 491 - posterior 300,301,474 - radical 214, 230 - revision 373,374 - total 214,228 - trans maxillary 332 ethmoiditis, purulent 11 ethmomaxillary plate 65 Eustachian tube 35, 348 - catheter 188 - dysfunction 88 - ipsilateral orifice, deformity 405 euthyreoidism 433 evoked-response testing, visually 444 Ewing's papilloma (inverted papilloma) 64,103,119,120,

147,270,385,483,485,498,499,533,539,569,577,579 excretory duct, cystic dilatation 112 exocytosis 85 exophthalmometer, Hertel 434,437 exophthalmos 4, 10,365,507,508 exostoses, multiple 499 expansion, soft-tissue 350 external approach 301 external nose 17 extracellular matrix 288 extra cranial approach 471 extraocular muscle 447 extravasation 335

F facial deformity 365,516 facial pain 144, 397, 466, 590 facial paralysis 358,397,405,521 fascia lata 451,548 - graft 455,458,460,471,473 fenestration 4 - superior / inferior 12 ferromagnetic elements 311 FESS (functional endoscopic sinus surgery) 184,185,347,

377,529 fetid breath 129 fexofenadine 92 fiberoptic light fiber 537 fibrin 330 - exsudation 340 fibrin glue 267,274,411,483 fibrinolytics 591 fibroblastic cambium zone, capillary 525 fibroblasts 288,330,337,519 - endomysial 534 fibroma 120

chondromyxoid 493 non-ossifying 493 ossifying 120,482,485,508

- osteofibroma 264,270 fibroma theory, nasal polyp 111, 112 fibronectin matrix 337 fibrous dysplasia 264,270,485,493, 507,508 fibrous tissue 327 final common pathway 537 fistula - carotid-cavernous 445,448 - cribriform plate 457,458 - CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) 7,78-80,150,175,196,204,213,

228,274,318,320,354,365,366,398,429,434,469,470,584, 585

- - iatrogenic 477 - - repair 529, 530 - - spontaneous 470 - ethmoid sinus 460 - fovea ethmoidalis 455-458,477 - idiopathic 461 - oro antral 3, 182 - sphenoid sinus 458-461 flap - local 473 - Lopez Infante flap 5 - middle-turbinate pedicled 451 - mucoperichondrial 451,560 - mucoperiosteal 414,451,455,456,459,473,474,475 - osteoplastic 183 flare-up, inflammatory 306 flunisolide 342 fluorescein - intrathecal 452,462,474 - - endoscopy 469 - surgery 466 - test 418 fluoroscopy 551 fluticasone 166, 342 Foerster's forceps 523 Foley catheter 574 fontanelle, anterior / posterior 20,219,323,491

food allergy 94 foramen - cecum 359 - ethmoid, anterior 29 - palatine 434 - pterygopalatine 32 - rotundum 24,30,31 - sphenopalatine 20,31,32,65,262,398,500,515,573 foreign body 39,56, 127,208,213,367,368 fossa - anterior cranial 28 - canine 218 - lacrimal 29,427 - nasal 300 - olfactory 243 - pituitary 30 - pterygomaxillary 250,522,573 - pterygopalatine 31-33,201,213,393,398 - zygomatic 213,573 foul odor 170 fovea ethmoidalis 28,58,73,78, 183,202,228,584 - fistula 455,456,461,467,475 fracture 56,208,268-270 - frontal sinus 271 - lateral out-fracture 168 - maxillo-orbitozygomatic 569 Frankfurt plane 417 Friedman staging 141 frontobase, dorsal 245 frontal nails 298, 299 frontal pain 303 frontal sinus 10,25,26,136,137,144,494 - anatomy 205 - conventional operation 182, 183 - extension 72, 73 - fracture 271 - mucocele 494 - supernumerary 58 - surgery 213,214,223-227 - - endonasal and external micro-endoscopic 257-276 - - mini-anterior and combined sinusotomy (MAFS)

279-285 - - power instrumentation 384 frontal-sinus-drainage type 243,260,261,273 frontoethmoidectomy, external 147,150,224,496 frontonasal drainage surgery 279 fronto-orbital approach 340 frontotomy, external 301 frozen sections 486 fulguration, bipolar 455 fungal infection 4,77, 131,350,418 fungus ball 223,232,371 Furstenberg's sign 360,497 fusarium 100

G gadolinium diethylene triaminopentaacetic acid 468,518 ganglion

pterygopalatine 24 - stellate, block 10,431 - superior cervical 163 gastric feeding 359 Giraldes' ostia 26,250,254

glabella region 359 gland - intraepithelial 106 - lacrimal 415 - mucous 107 - tuboalveolar 114 glandular cyst theory, nasal polyp 112 glandular hyperplasia theory, nasal polyp 114 glas-ionomer cement 276,471 Gliklich and Metson staging 142 glioma 120,494 - nasal 360,510 goblet cell 104,105 glomus - jugulare 502 - nasopharyngis 503 - vagale 502 glucocorticoid steroids 121 glucose content 452 glucose oxidase 467 glycoproteins 97 grading - inflammatory sinus disease 141-145 - inverting papilloma 147-151 graft - bone 529 - cartilage 471 - connective-tissue 471 - fascia lata 455,458,460,471,473 - free septal-cartilage 460 - mucosal 471 - muscle 471 - overlay 471,472 - underlay 471,473,483 graft-positioning technique 471 granulation, exuberant 330

Subjectlndex 601

granulation tissue 234, 333 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

(GM-CSF) 84,85,288 granuloma 167,418 - paraffin 340 - pyogenic 519 Graves' orbitopathy 433,434, 534 green phase 154 Grocott stain 311 growth hormone 558 growth retardation 405 Guedel cannula 359,407 Gussenbauer's incision 10

H haemophilus influenzae 99, 100, 131 Haller's cell 63,64,144,155,206-208,218,219 hamartoma 499 hardware 159 Hashimoto's thyreoiditis 534 Hasner's valve 220, 262, 416, 417 headache 144,296,353,361,363,452,454,461,466,494,587 - intense 130, 133 - postoperative frontal 138 - retro-orbital 303 hearing loss 405 heart defect 358

602 Subject Index

Heermann concept 12 helical contiguous images 53 helix 265 hemangioma 120,360,364,418,500,503-505,517,519 hemangiopericytoma 500,505,506,517,519 hematologic malignancy 77 hematoma 296 - orbital 185,198,258,444,481,581,583,584 - periorbital 274 - postoperative 3 - subdural 445 hematopoetic disorder 367 hemiplegia 521 hemitransfixion incision 174 hemodynamic anomaly 493 hemodynamic change 395 hemophilia 395 hemorrhage 296,320,442,587,588 - intracranial 175,477 - intraorbital 198 - vitreous 444 hemostasis 524 hemostatic plug 329 heredity, nasal polyposis 289 herniation, brain 468 Hertel exophtalmometer 434,437 hiatus semilunaris 21,29,136,181,206,207,240,250,419 high-risk area, endoscopic sinus surgery 195-199 Hirtz-position 406 histamine 115,290 histiocytoma, malignant fibrous 520 Hochstetter membrane 405 Hodgkin's disease 395 hollow chisel 427 hollow punch 255 Hopkin's small-diameter 347,415 Hopkin's telescope 237,254,256,349 hormones 87 - therapy 520 Horner's muscle 416 hummer 260 hyalinization 525 hydrocephalus 470 hyperactivity, nasal (NHR) 89 hypereosinophilia 290 hyper-reactivity, inflammatory 287 hypersecretion 353 hypersensitivity 83,276 hypertension 166, 208, 212 - intracranial 452,475 hypesthesia 481 - transient 175 hyphema 444 hypogenitalism 405 hypophysectomy 544 - total 555 - trans-sphenoidal 552 hypophysis 155,238 hypopituitarism 495, 565 hyposmia 5,361,400,461 hypotensive anesthesia 2,186,201,212,317,426,588,

591 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 93 hypothalamus 564

hypothyreoidism 433 hypoxemia, serious 395

iatrogenic problems 304 ICAM-1 (intercellular cell-adhesion molecule 1) 87 image investigation 53-80 - examination technique 53, 54 - objectives 54-56 immune deficiency syndrome 349,353 - acquired (AIDS) 129,313 - congenital 289 immunocompetence 309,312 immunoglobulin (Ig) 88 - IgA 83,98 - IgE 83,84, 288 - - total serum level 90 - IgG 98 - IgM 83 immunology 83-94 immunopathology, nose 83 immunotherapy 93,166 "in vitro" laboratory test 90 "in vivo" tests 89,90 infarction, cerebral 521 infection 290,347,413,418 - fungal 4 infernal trio 99 inflammation 87,88 - neurogenic 290 - polypoid I granulomatous 312 inflammatory complications 347 inflammatory phase 329 influenza virus 98 infundibulotomy 242 infundibulum 21,136,186,206,250,485 - frontal recess 136 - frontal-sinus 260 injection, pterygopalatine-fossa 393,397 inspiratory peak flow 119 Instratrak surgical navigation system 387 integrin 88 interferon 87,99 interfrontal septum 10 interleukin 84,85,87,117,311,537 - interleukin-2 receptor 98 intermediate images 53 intersinus septum 268 intestinal peptide, vasoactive 115 intracranial approach 470,471 intracranial complications 581 intubation 350 iopamidol 452,467 ipatropium bromide 92 isoprenaline 289 isthmi, postoperative, development I prevention 138 isthmus surgery 135 itraconazole 312

Jansen-Middleton rongeur 169,560 Jansen-Ritter operation 264,268,270,340

JNA 518 Jones procedure 418 Jorgensen, scoring system 142

K Kartagener's syndrome 103, Ill, 189,264,290,349, 353 keel 417 Kennedy staging 141 keratopathy, exposure 433 Kerrison punch, micro- 228,230,231,398,533,549,559,560,

572 ketoconazole 312 keystone 162 Killian's polyp 37,75,364,492,500,519 Killian procedure 183,265 Kiesselbach's plexus 162,367,393,395 Kofler punch 237,240,245 Krause's valve 416 Kuhn curettes 187 Kuhn-Bolger giraffe forceps 191

L laceration, corneal! scleral 444 lacrimal bone 19,161,305 lacrimal canaliculi 416 lacrimal duct 27,35,40, 7l, 137,219 - aplasia, congenital 428,429,431 - cyst 120,360,361 - prosthesis 428 - stenosis 417,423,428,431 lacrimal gland 415 lacrimal pore 418 lacrimal sac 4,19,240,262,284,415,420 - endonasal surgery 427 - fornix 427 lacrimal semiology 40 lactoferrin 97,98 lamella, basal 20,186,373,388 lamina - cribrosa 54, 197,241 - elastic 330 - papyracea 21,59,155,180,183,195,204,224,228,262,

320,327,352,388,435,582,583 - perpendicularis 62 - propria 114, 11 5,330 - pterygoid, medial 516 laser 5,297,423 - vaporization 167 lavage, antral 347 learning curve 153, 154, 188 leiomyoma 120 leiomyosarcoma 505 Lemoyne's nail 298,299 lethargy 454 leukemia 395 leukocytes - multinucleated 326 - polymorphonuclear 329 leukoprotease inhibitors 97 leukotriene 85, 115 levator palpebrae superioris muscle 433 Levine and May staging 141

lid edema 150,258 lidocaine 174,253 ligation, vessel 393,397,400 limen, nasal 17 lipid layer, external 416 lipid-vacuole-rich tumor 429 lipiodal 521 lipoma 499 liquid stratum, trilaminar 416 liquorrhea 241 Little's area 163,367,393,395 liver disorders 395 L-nasal support 174 local anesthesia 167,185,253 local flap 473 Lopez Infante flap 5 loratadine 92 loss of tip projection 173

Subject Index 603

Lothrop procedure, modified transnasal 224, 284 L-shape 172 lumbar puncture 454 luminous probe 423 Lund-Mackay scoring system 142-145 lymph, cervical 163 lymph nodes 163 lymphangioma 360,504 lymphatic system, nasal septum 163 lymphocytes 87,98 lymphoma 74,368,395,418,429 Lynchprocedure 183,264,496,510 lysozyme 97

M macrolides 91 macrophage 329 MAFS (mini-anterior frontal sinusotomy) 279-285 - type A 281,282 - type B 282 magnetic resonance imaging 4,131,210,258,350,467-469,

517,582 malformation, congenital 358 mannitol 318 Marcus-Gunn pupil 444 marsupialization 298,496 mast cell 87,107,519 - nonimmune degranulation 87 - stabilizers 92 MAST-eLA (multiallergen specific test-chemiluminescent

assay) 91 mastoid surgery 378 maxilla 161 - frontal process 12 maxilla-premaxilla approach 547 maxillary line 419 maxillary palatine process 19 maxillary sinus 1,137,184,327 - anatomy 205, 249, 250, 357 - conventional operation 182 - endoscopic diagnosis 39,40 - extension 71, 72 - malformation 405 - mucocele 495 - surgery 3,4,213,214,218,249-256

604 Subject Index

maxillary window, anterior 222 maxillectomy 502 - medial 572,573 - partial 570,571 - radical 569-571 maxillofacial trauma 128 McGovern nipple 407 meatal route, inferior 316 meatotomy - inferior 218 - middle 292, 300 - wide 305 meatus, nasal - common 21,427 - inferior / middle 20,35,218 mediators, chemical 115-117 melanotic nevi 499 membrane - buconasal 405 - bucopharyngeal 405 - phospholipids 288 meningioma 120,365,494,506,507,558 - naso-sinus 576 meningitis 11,429,431,454,461,466,481,564,581,585,586 - bacterial 455 - chemical 469 - recurrent 452 meningocele 9,453,461,494 meningocytes 507 meningoencephalocele 359,360,467,492,496-498 - intranasal 497 menopause 289 mequitazine 92 merocel 396 MESS (microscopic endonasal sinus surgery) 189-192 Messerklinger's concepts 180, 181 ~-methasone 121 methylmethacrylate 270,276,471 metrizamide 452,467 Metzenbaum scissors 571 microcephaly 405 microdebriders 186,215,217,325,351,380,408,409,419,

477,481,491 micrognathia 405 microosteotome 220 microtia 358 midfacial degloving approach 365 minimal access surgery 181 mini-trephine 226 miscellaneous 418 mitose 330 mongoloid skulls 284 monitoring, nerve 391 moraxella catarrhalis 131 morphing 331 MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) 390 mucocele 4,10,59,72,76,77,150,171,185,213,268,363,

364,371,438,474,484,486,492,493-496,529,537-539 - ethmoidal 423 mucociliary function 127,323 mucolytic drugs 133 mucoperichondrial flap 451,560 mucoperiosteal flap 414,451,455,456,459,473,474,475 mucopolysaccharides 534

mucoproteins 98 mucopyoceles 270,271,481,487 mucor 313 mucosa - eosinophilia 263 - ethmoid 290 - hypertrophic 324 - olfactory 22, 458 - pituitary 22 - respiratory 127 - sinus, wound healing 323-327 mucosal exudate theory, nasal polyp 112 mucosal graft 471 mucosal hypertrophy 165 mucosal strips 340 mucositits, chronic respiratory 135 mucous blanket 181 mucoviscidosis (cystic fibrosis) lOl, lO3, 111, 129, 135, 142,

189,264,289,290,297,349,353,361,362 multimedia system 155 multiple myeloma 143 muscle graft 471 mycetoma 100,309,310 mycoplasma pneumoniae 98 myofibroblast 340

N nasal blood supply, anatomy 393-395 nasal bone 161 nasal mucosa, wound healing 330,332 nasal septum 172-177,412,414 - anatomy 161-164 - deviation 127" 128, 161,291,316,405 - microsurgery 3 - physiology 164 - surgery 172,383 nasal speculum, self-holding 237,259 nasal surgery, flanking 135 nasal valve angle 162, 164 nasal wall, lateral 36, 37 nasalization 292,298,301,305,306 nasal-tip surgery 10 nasal-valve collapse 173 nasoantral window 182 nasolacrimal system 415 - anatomy 415-417 - diagnosis 418 - pathology 417,418 - surgical technique 419-423 - - endonasal 425-431 nasolacrimal-duct injury 589,590 naso-orbital approach 529 nasopharyngeal mass 516 nasopharynx 35,36 natural-killer cells 326 navigation sinus surgery, image guided 188 - instrumentation, technology 387-391 necrotizing ethmoiditis theory, nasal polyp 112 neglected sinus 539 Nelaton catheter 191 neo-choana 411 neoplasm, benign 364, 365 nephritis, chronic 395

nerve - alveolar 249 - cranial 30,205 - - injury 586 - facial 163

infraorbital 249,250,437,535 - intermedius 33 - maxillary 24, 33, 73, 443 - olfactory 22 - optic 28,68,155,157,183,187,198,204,209,211,245,318,

434,441,533,574 - petrosal, greater superficial 163 - pterygoid 205 - sphenopalatine 186 - trigeminal 27,33,481 - vidian 73, 163 - zygomatic orbital 24 neuroblastoma, olfactory 517 neurofibroma 120,499 neurofibromatosis 494 neuroleptanalgesia 259 neurosurgery 390,543 neurotoxin, eosinophil 88 neurotransmitters 87 neurovascular bundle, supraorbital 268 neutropenia 77 neutrophil chemotactic factor, high molecular weight- 115 neutrophils 130 Newman, grading system 142 nipple - McGovern 407 - orthodontic 359 norepinephrine 87 nose - artificial 47 - surgical anatomy 17 - 24, 179

o obstruction - nasal 144,306,318,349,353,361,365,516

mixed type 51 - - mucous / functional 51 - - structural/anatomic 51 - tubal 395 - vessel 112 occipito-frontal view 258 occlusion, balloon 448, 564 ocular muscle 155 oculovagal reflex 583 odontogenetic causes, sinusitis 129 olfaction 164 olfactory bulb 197 olfactory mucosa 22,458 olfactory nerve 22 onlay technique 483 Onodi's cell 66,68, 198,204,228,232,239,244,523,556 operating microscope 1 ophthalmologist 390,429,434,557 ophthalmology, american academy 423 ophthalmoplegia 495, 582 optic canal 66,435,556 optic chiasma 533,565

Subject Index 605

optic nerve 28,68,155,157,183,187,198,204,209,211,245, 318,434,533,574

- decompression 237,245,384,441-448,484,537 optic neuropathy - ischemic 433 - traumatic - - anatomy 442-444 - - diagnosis 444,445 - - pathophysiology 441,442 - - therapy 445-448 optic protuberance 565 orbit 4,28 - lesions, endoscopic approach 529-540 orbital apex 535 - biopsy 529,536,537 - lesions 535-537 orbital complications 219,581-584 orbital fat, extraconal 59 orbital fissure, superior 24 orbital roof, pneumatization 58 orbitopathy - dysthyroid 433, 534 - Graves' 433,434, 534 orbitotomy, lateral 433,438 orbitozygomatic approach 574 orthopedics 390 oscillating saw 267 osteitis 227 osteocartilaginous skeleton 17 osteoclast 330 osteoclastoma 493 osteofibroma 264,270 osteoma 9,264,268,270,332,483-485,508-510,578 osteomyelitis 54, 185,353 - cranial 452 osteoplastic approach 147,486 osteoplastic flap 183 - approach 384,487 osteoplastic obliteration 264 osteoplastic surgery 201,224,496 osteoporosis 433 osteoradionecrosis 520 osteotome 572 osteotome, micro 409 ostia, accessory 26 ostiomeatal complex 43,128,130,171,180,315,335 - anatomy 205 - anatomic defects 128 - evaluation 56 ostioplasty 218f - frontal-sinus duct 202 - maxillary sinus 214 ostium - frontal 300,340,375 - maxillary-sinus 187,241,242,491 - sinus 127 - sphenoid-sinus 36 ostrom forceps 190 othodontic nipple 359 otitis media 88 otitis, secretory 395 otolaryngologist 434, 543 otosurgery, microscopic 317 out fracture, lateral 168

606 Subject Index

overlay graft 471,472 oxymetazoline 350

p

packing, nasal 255, 393, 395 pain - dental 590 - facial 144,397,466,590 - frontal 303 palatine bone 305 palatine process 19 pallor 444 palpator 216 palpebral ligament, medial 429 pansinusitis 361 papilloma 55,74,120,486 - basal cell 429 - columnar 147 - exophytic 147,485 - inverted (transitional cell) 64,103,119,120,147,270,385,

483,485,498,499,533,539,569,577,579 - - surgical grading 147-151 - squamous 364 papilloma virus, human 147 paradoxical curvature 416 paraganglioma 502, 503 parainfluenza virus 98, 99 paralysis, facial 358,397,405,521 paranasal sinuses and anterior skull base, compact disk 154 parasellar region - lesions, approach 543-552 - trans nasal endoscopic surgery 555-566 parasympathetic autonomic fibers 163 paresthesia, infraorbital/dental 578 pearly white color 88 pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery 347-354 peptic ulcer 166 peptococcus 99 perforation, septal 395, 551 periorbital fat 381 periosteum, nasopharyngeal 515 periphlebitis / perilymphangitis theory, nasal polyp 114 peroxidase, eosinophilic 88 petrous pyramid 213 pharyngitis, recurrent acute 129 photocoagulation 297,305 photodocumentation 2 phycomycetes 313 pia mater 442 pituitary 384,385 - mucosa 22 - surgery 441,466,530-533 - tumor 562 pituitary-gland surgery 4 planum sphenoidale 73 plasma proteins 97 plasmapheresis 433 plasmocytoma 517 - extramedullary 519 platelets 329 platelet activating factor (PAF) 115 platelet -derived growth factor (PDGF) 288 pneumatization 58, 59, 423

pneumatosinus 270 pneumocephalus 175,454,470,564,587 - tension 586 pneumocephalus 452 pneumocisternography 365 pneumococci 99,131,466 pneumoencephalocele 451 pneumotachymeter 47 pneumatization 171 polycytemia 395 polyethylene 415 polyp 74,138,171,212 - angiomatous 518,519 - antrochoanal (Killian's polyp) 37,75,364,492,500,519 - inflammatory 500, 519 - nasal 37,38,127,185,332,529 - - autopsy material 117 -119 - - chronic inflammatory 110 - - definition 103 - - diagnosis 119, 120 - - edematous 110 - - eosinophilic (allergic) 4,110 - - epithelium 104 - - etiology 111 - - histological classification 11 0, 111 - - incidence 103, 104

morphology 104-110 - - origin 117 - - pathogenesis 111-117 - - stroma 107 - - treatment 120-123 - power instrumentation 381,382 - sphenochoanal 75,539 polypectomy - laser 297 - medical 295,297,305 - simple 121,122 - surgical 297 polypoid reaction 310 polyposis 4,5,64,88,181,210,212,261,371 - recurrent 172,353 - - follow-up 305,306 - - localized 296 - - risk factors 287-295 - - treatment 295-305 - sino-nasal 362,489-492 positioning, patient 238, 239 - Hirtz-position 406 - semi-Fowler's position 2,425,426 - semi-recumbent position 398 - semi-sitting position 215 - Trendelenburg position 434,469 posterior-to anterior dissection 188,201 potassium titanyl phosphate 316,412 Pott's puffy tumor 353 power instrumentation 377-380 - clinical applications 380-385 prednisolone 121 prednisone 292 pregnancy 166,289 premaxillae 22 premedication 2 preoperative preparation 2 prick test 90

prime movers 295 PRIST (paper-radioimmunosorbent test) 91 prolactin 558 prolactinoma, cystic 558 proliferative phase 329 proliferative signal 329 propionibacterium 99, 100 propofol 426 proptosis 363,433,447,448,582 - bilateral 313 prostaglandin 85,87, 115, 117 proteic hormones 87 pseudomonas aeruginosa 129,390 pseudotumors 489 psychopathy 395 pterygoid / pharyngeal plexus 163 pterygoid plexus 24 pterygoid process 69,574 - vertical 18 pterygoid process, medial plate 20 pulsation, internal carotid artery 565 puncture - canine fossa 222 - maxillary sinus 133 pupillary function 444 purpura 395 pyocele 268,276 pyramid, nasal 17, 316 piriform aperture, stenosis 359

R radiofluoroscopy 531, 555 radiographs, plain 56, 130, 350 radiosurgery 466 radiotherapeutics 481 radiotherapy 422, 520 - megavoltage 501 RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed

and secreted) 85 raspberry appearance 50 RAST (radio allergosorbent test) 90 ratchet mechanism 329 recess - alveolar 71,72 - carotid-optic 204 - frontal 26,28,36,118,184,187,197,203,207,208,224,246,

375,389 - - dilation 243, 244

- stenosis 303 - - surgery 213,223-227 - frontoethmoidal 25 - infraorbital 71 - infundibular 26 - palatine 71 - prelacrimal 71 - piriform 17 - retrobulbar 206 - sphenoethmoidal 21,25,36,204,244,378,490,492,532 - suprabulbar 206

supraorbital 58 - terminalis 206,223 - zygomatic 71,72 recirculation phenomena 223

rectus muscle, medial 446, 582 recurrences, diffuse 302, 305 red cell concentrate 265,275 red phase 154 regeneration, glandular 330 Riedeloperation 183 remodeling 330 - mesenchymal 333 renal disease 166 resection, submucosal 169,372 resistance, nasal 43 respiratory distress 361 respiratory mucosa 127 - wound healing 330 respiratory reflex 358 respiratory syncytial virus 98 respiratory tract disease, upper 89 retardation, developmental 358 retarded growth 405 retractor, self- retaining 400 revision operation 214 rhabdomyosarcoma 120,360,368,519 rhinitis - acute viral 128 - allergic 48,83,88,94,97,212 - atrophic 167, 171 - dry 167 - hyperplastic 50 - hypertrophic 170

Subject Index 607

- nonallergic eosinophilic rhinitis syndrom (NARES) 90, 288,290

- obstructive 290 - vasomotor 167 rhinogram 48 rhinologist 306 rhino manometry - acoustic 43, 119 - active 44 - anterior 44, 45, 119 - binasal 44 - calibration 47 - cases 48-51 - computerized 46 - history 43,44 - hygiene 47 - with a mask 44 - methods 46,47 - with olives 44 - passive 44,45

posterior 44-46 - recording 48 - results 48 - techniques 44-46 - terminology / definitions 44 - uninasal 44 rhinoplasty 408 - aesthetic, microsurgery 10 rhinorrhea 349,361,501 - cerebrospinal fluid (see also fistula) 441,448 - - classification 452-454,465,466 - - clinical history 466,467 - - diagnosis 451,452,467-469 - - treatment 454-462,469-477 - clear 296

608 Subject Index

- little 133 rhinoscleroma 418 rhinoscopy - anterior 361 - posterior 208 rhino sino bronchial syndrome 44 rhinosinusitis 361 - bacterial infection 99, 100 - etiology 97 - fungal infection 100

viral infection 98, 99 rhinotomy - external 521 - lateral 147,148,499,510 - paralateral 512 rhinovirus 98 rhizopus 100,313 rod / lens system 347 root 17 Rosenmuller's valve 416 rostrum 533, 549 rubber finger packs 337

S saddling, dorsal 173, 175 saline solution 233,341 salivary gland tumor 55 sarcoidosis 120,143,418 scarring / scar tissue 145,327,330,429 Schneiderian papilloma (inverted papilloma) 64,103,119,

120,147,270,385,483,485,498,499,533,539,569,577,579 schwannoma 55,120,505,511 sclerosing, invasive 313 scout view 53 seagull incision 265 secretion, rhinosinus 97 seeker 216,390 E-selectin / P-selectin 87,88 sella turcica 79, 533 - anatomy 556,557 - empty sella 466,470, 558 - lesions, approach 543-552

opening / closure 561,562 - transnasal endoscopic surgery 555-566 SEM (scanning electron microscopy) 323 semi-Fowler's position 2,425,426 sensitivity, disturbed 397 septal deviation 50, 62, 212 septal-cartilage free graft 460 septal-displacement technique 551 septoplasty 135,172,366,367,393,457 - basic 174, 175 - localized 214,216 - complications 175 - limited 175 septorhinoplasty 51,423 septum - cartilaginous, anterior 3 - interfrontal 10 - intersinus septum 268 - nasal (see there) sequela, iatrogenic 294 sex, nasal polyposis 289

sharp cutting instruments 337 shaver 238,259,337 - soft tissue shaver 184,378-380 silastic tube 412 silicon tube 268 silicone catheter 454 sinobronchial-syndrome 317 sinonasal surgery 94 sinoscopy 4 sinus mucosa, wound healing 323-327 sinus ostium 127 sinus surgery - children 357-368 - complications 581-593 - endonasal 122, 123,258 - external frontal 258 - FESS (functional endoscopic sinus surgery) 184, 185,347,

377,529 - high-risk area 195-199 - navigation, image-guided 188,387-391 - pediatric 347-354 - power instrumentation 377-385 - radical 312 - revision 371-375 sinus system, developing 348 sinus - anatomy 179 - brain 25 - cavernous 54,205,209,312,517,523,578,588 - dental 25 - ethmoid (see there) - ethmoidofrontal 25 - ethmoidomaxillary 25 - ethmoidosphenoidal 25 - frontal (see there) - maxillary (see there) - occipital venous 30 - paranasal 24,25 - - anatomic development 357 - - micro-endoscopic surgery 201-234 - skull 25 - sphenoid (see there) sinus copy 39, 131 sinusitis 138,438 - acute, complications 352,353

bacteriology 131 chronic inflammatory, staging / grading / post -operative follow-up 141-145 chronic paranasal, biomechanical effect of the ethmoidal isthmi 135-139 chronic polypoid 271 chronic recurrent / persistent - pathophysiology 349 - signs and symptoms 348, 349 conchal 171

- diagnosis 130, 131 - etiology 128, 129 - examination,otorhinolaryngologic 129, 130 - fungal 39,100,185,213 - - allergic 103,310-312 - - classification 309 - - invasive 312,313 - - non-invasive 309,310 - history 129

- hyperplastic 222 - maxillary 251 - medical management 132, 133 - postoperative frontal 437 - purulent 264 - rhinogenic 239 - rhinosinusitis (see there) - secondary 461 - surgery 123 - - overview of technique 179-192 sinusotomy - frontal 136 - inferior trans nasal frontal 279 siphon 470 skiagram, sinus 258 skin cancer 418 skin test 90, 288 skull base 180, 261, 388, 569 - lesions - - endoscopic approach 529-540 - - power instrumentation 385 - tumors 441 slit-lamp examination 434 small-hole surgery 218 - power instrumentation 382 smell, sense of 144, 310 - disturbance 590 snapshot 331 sneezing 144 Snellen chart 444 snoring 119 soft tissue shaver 184,378-380 spasm, microvascular 442 speculum, self-retaining 215 speech resonation 97, 164 sphenoethmoidectomy 367,460,536 - endoscopic 434,437,446 - radical 123, 186 - total 445 sphenoid bone, inferior face 18 sphenoid lesions 539 sphenoid sinus 137,454,483 - anatomy 30,204,205 - conventional operation 184 - extensions 69-71 - fistula 458-461 - opening 244 - surgery 4,214,215,230,363 sphenoidectomy, intranasal 506 sphenoiditis 539 sphenoidotomy 213,374,384,560 - intranasal 538 - pediatric 382 - trans-septal 538 - wide 474 sphenomaxillary plate 65 spina nasalis anterior 243 spine, nasal 17,18,282 splint, nasal 175,562 splitscreen video technique 332 squamous cell carcinoma 120,270,368,569 STA (sub-labial, trans-septal, sphenoidal) 545-552 - advantages 546 - disadvantages 546

Stammberger -drill 419 Stamm-retractor, self-retaining 400 Stankiewicz maneuver 316 stapes surgery 1 staphylococci 99, 131,475

Subject Index 609

- MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) 390 stellate ganglion block 10 stenosis 377 - choanal atresia 407 - dacryostenosis 417,423,428,431

frontal recess 303-305 - ostial 188,291 - piriform aperture 359 - tracheal 341 - vestibular 578 Stensen's duct 98 stent 227,375,411 - intranasal 414 - silicon 341 stenting, mid-meatal 315-320 stereoscopic view, three dimensional 12, 318 stereotactic surgical navigation 389 steroids 287,317,447 - corticosteroids 92,165,166,318

glucocorticoid steroids 121 - systemic 92,93,121,232,433,591 - topical 93,121,312 Stevens tenotomy scissors 168 stones, lacrimal system 427 stool softener 475 streptococci, a-hemolytic 99 stress 289, 290 stroma removal, intra-turbinal 168 subarachnoid 462 sub-labial approach 147,359,531,555 subluxation, corneal 444 submucous cyst 252 subperiostal resection 149 substance P 87,115,290 suction forceps 377 supraorbital cell 26 supraorbital ridge 267,299 surgical planning 185 surgicel 460 swallowing problems 395 swelling - edematous 333, 335 - facial 182 - periorbital 447 swimming 127 swinging door technique 172 sympathetic fibers 163 sympathetic plexus, pericarotid 24 syndromes / diseases (names only) - Albright's syndrome 508 - Churg-Strauss-syndrome 92, 103, III - Hodgkin's disease 395 - Kartagener's syndrome 103, Ill, 189,264,290,349,353 - Young's syndrome 103,111,142 - Widal's disease 297 - Woake's syndrome 264 synechia 317,320,333,336,461,588 - middle meatus 305 - postoperative 5,188,223,232,291,298,302,413

610 Subject Index

- scarred 337 - septo-turbinal 305 syphilis 418 systemic disease, management 181,212

T Taillefer's valve 416 Takahashi forceps 169 tamponade 262,333,340 teaching software 159 tear pump 429 teeth, deciduous 492 telangiectasia 167,395 telescope, fiberoptic ! rigid 179 template 267 temporalis fascia 7,431 temporomandibular-joint surgery 260 tension - nasal 51 - ocular 444 terfenadine 91 testosterone 520 - dihydrotestosterone 515 tetracycline-labeling studies 382 Thornwaldt cyst 485,519 thrombosis 54, 442 - large veins 493 thrombosis, cavernous sinus 352 thromboxane 85 through-cutting 381 - forceps 324 thyreoiditis, Hashimoto 534 tics, facial 129 T-lymphocytes 87,98 tobacco 147,349 tonometry 434 Toti technique 428,429 trans antral approach 183,347 transductor, rhinomanometry 47 trans ethmoid approach 231,458 ~2-transferrin 466,467 transfixion - complete 571 - suture 415 transforming growth factor (TGF) 115,288 transition space 382 translucence 510 transmandibular approach 521 transnasal direct approach 214,230,231,359,458,460,474,

539 transnasal microsurgery 201 transpalatal approach 186 transpharyngeal suprahyoid approach 521 trans-septal approach 385,458,460,531,539,544 trans-septosphenoidal approach 366,550, 551 trans-sphenoidal approach 531,539,544 trans zygomatic approach 521 trauma - barotrauma 97,128,264 - craniofacial 445,458,469,470 - CSF fistula (see there) - epistaxis 395 - maxillofacial trauma 128

- nasolacrimal system 418 Trendelenburg position 434,469 trephination 182,191,224,226,253,257,279,282,311 - minimal technique 374 triamcinolone 166 trigeminal nerve 27, 481 - branches 33 trismus 397 true-cutting 382 tubercel, optic 435 tubercle, optical 446 tuberculosis 166, 3l3, 429 tuberosities, maxillary 571 tuberous sclerosis 499 tumefaction - frontal 494 - malar region 495 tumor necrosis factor ex (TNFex) 84,85, 115,311 tumor-capsule defect 533 tumors 4,270 - epithelial tumor 120 - Pott's puffy tumor 353 - salivary gland tumor 55 - sino-nasal, malignant 368 - nasal! paranasal, endonasal micro-endoscopic surgery

481-487 - sino-nasal, benign, micro-endoscopic surgery 489-512 tungsten powder 521 turbinate 523 - anatomy 161-164 - bullous 416 - diseases, treatment 164-172 - displacement 168 - hypertrophy 49,76,316 - inferior 19,161,220,417 - lower 3 - micro-endoscopic surgery 161-177 - middle 300,327,417 - - basal lamella 204 - - lateralization 227 - - meatal surface 207 - - paradoxical 61, 144, 165 - - preservation 5

resection 318 - - treatment 241 - mulberry-like posterior 171 - nasal, pneumatization 59 - physiology 164 - polypoid 165 - superior 21 - supreme 22 - surgery 366,367 turbinectomy - anterior 170 - inferior 292 - partial inferior 169, 170,382 - posterior 170 - total inferior 170, 171, 187 turbinoplasty 94,491 - inferior 168, 169 two-one-one-half rule 400

u U sign 50 ultrasound 130, 504 uncinate process 4,28,36,62,191,202,214,217,240,257,

372,382,419 - anatomy 206 - deformed 128 - everted 144 - lateralization 64 uncinectomy 186,214,218,219,362,491 underlay graft 471,473,483 unguis 416 URI (viral upper respiratory infection) 127 urticaria 83

V Valsalva maneuver 452 valve, nasal 43 vasoconstrictor 47 vein, facial 163 venous congestion, orbital 88 Venturi effect 291 vertex 265 vessel - ligation 393,397,400 - obstruction ll2 vestibules, nasal 17 video - animation 155 - documentation 420 video monitor, high-resolution 559 video-endoscopic technique 187 - continous 331 viral upper respiratory infection (URI) 127 visual acuity, loss of 365

visual loss 434, 444 voice, resonance 97,164 vomer 3,18,22,62,548,551 vomiting 454

W Wagner forceps 255 Wagner terminals 254 washout sign 467 Waters view 208 Wegener granulomatosis 120 Widal's disease 297 Wigand technique 188,201 Woake's syndrome 264 wound healing 138 - cutaneous 329,330 - nasal mucosa 330,332 - physiology / pathophysiology 337 - respiratory mucosa 330 - sinus mucosa, preservation 323-327

X xylometazolin 238

y

Yarsargil's ligature guide 522 yellow phase 154 Young's syndrome 103, ll1, 142

Z Zinn, annulus 435,444,446,447,537

Subject Index 6ll