Subject Index

Page numbers in italics refer to figures; page num­bers followed by "t" refer to tables

Acanthamoeba 336 animal models 338 keratitis 336

diagnosis Acanthamoeba astronyxis 338 Acanthamoeba castellanii 338, 339 Accuprobe 291 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, see AIDS Actinomyces 152 Actinomyces israelii 131 Acyclovir 140, 420 Adenoviruses 143,216,246, 383t, 388-389

epidemiology 389 diagnosis 389 treatment 420

Aeromonas 280 clinical significance 281 diagnosis 281 microbiology 280

Aeromonas caviae 281 Aeromonas hydrophila 281 Aeromonas veronii 281 Aeromonas media 281 AIDS 39

aspergillosis 363 epidemiological data 42, 118 gastrointestinal disease incidence trends 119 human herpesvirus 373 immunopathogenesis 47-54 intestinal pathogens 139t mycosis 361, 467 neoplasia 264 opportunistic infections 40t, 79, 138,264,362,373 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 362 pneumocystosis as cause of death 84 seroconversion to 40 strongyloidiasis 367, 467 tumors defining 40t typhoid fever 467 unusual clinical cases 467-478 wasting syndrome 68

AIDS infection, epidemiology 117-120 estimated death 2, 3, 4 estimated infected 2, 3, 4 worldwide impact 1

Albendazole 180, 184, 188,318,428 Alberto Magno 10 Alcian blue method 211 Amebiasis 172, 332

aetiological agent 332 biomolecular diagnosis 337 extraintestinal335 liver abscess 173, 335 microscopic diagnosis 332, 338 in vitro culture 332 intestinal 335 therapy 174 transmission 332

Amikacin 154, 157 Amoeba coli 16 Amoeba dissenterica 16 Amoebae 14,221

encephalitis 336 free-living 336

Amoxicillin 414 Amphotericin B 159, 160, 161, 184,432 Ampicillin 414, 416 Ancylostoma 15 Ancylostomum duodena Ie 18,440

life cycle 452 AndryN 12 Angiomatosis, bacillary 131, 147 Anguillula stercoralis 16 Anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia 106 Animaletti 13 Animalicula 13, 18 Antigen, processing 60 Aretus of Cappadocia 9 Ascaride 24 Ascaris 9, 14,2022 Ascaris lumbricoides 19,440, 447t

life cycle 451 Aspergillosis 129, 164, 363 Aspergillus 259, 363 Aspergillus flavus 363

492 Subject Index

Aspergillus fumigatus 363 Astrovirus 217, 248, 383t, 389-390

diagnosis 390 epidemiology 390 treatment 390

Atovaquone 428, 430 Avicenna 9 Azithromicin 80, 417, 427

P-2 macroglobulins 68 Bactec system 288, 296 Bacteria 13,271-283

enteroadherent 147 Bacterial infections 144-147,272-283, 413t

oral 130 prophylaxis 414t

Bacterial overgrowth 145 Bacterium 17 Baglivi G 21 Baker H 14 Balamuthia mandrillaris 336, 337

animal models 338 in vitro culture 337 life cycle 337

Balanitis carcinata erosiva 145 Balantidium 16 Balantidium coli 19 Baricelli GC 20 Barium, small bowel follow-through 265, 267 Bartonella henselae 147 Bartonella quintana 147 Bcg gene 107 Beninvieni A 8 Berne virus 393 Beta-chemokines 41, 50, 52 Biliary infections 256 Bills of Mortality 22 Biochip 409 Blastoconidia 227 Blastocystis hominis 169,341

laboratory diagnosis 341 life cycle 202 treatment 429

Blastocystosis 169 Bodo 16 Boerhave H 12 Book of Deaths 22, 26 Bothriocephalus 10 Bothriocephalus latus 12, 19, 21 Bovin viral diarrhea virus 144 Bowel ache 24 Brachiola algerae 306t, 309 Brachiola connori 306t, Brachiola vesicularum 306t, 309 Brachyspira aalborgi 282

Brachyspira pilosicoli 282 Breda virus 393 Brown-Brenn stain 211 Burkitt's lymphoma 380 Buruli ulcer 90, 105 Butyrate, serum 66 BVD, see bovine viral diarrhea virus

Calicivirus 383t, 390-392 detection in feces 392t diagnosis 392 epidemiology 391 genogroups 39lt pathogenesis 391 treatment 392

Campylobacter 66, 146,217,276 bacteremia 276 clinical significance 276, 414 co infections 146 culture 277

from blood 278 from stool 277 media 277

diagnosis 277 ELISA 278 enteritis 276 fecal samples 277 identification 278 microbiology 276 PCR 278 serological methods 278 therapy 415 typing methods 278

Campylobaeter coli 146,276,277,278 Campylobaeter coneisus 277 Campylobacter curvus 277 Campylobacter foetus 146,254,277,278 Campylobacter gracilis 276 Campylobacter hyointestinalis 277 Campylobaeter jejuni 146,276,277,278 Campylobacter mucosalis 277 Campylobacter rectus 277 Campylobacter sputorum 277 Campylobacter upsaliensis 276, 277, 278 Campylobacteriosis 146 Candida albieans 129, 130, 157,227,234,254,359

staining 228 Candida dubliniensis 127, 129 Candida glabrata 129, 158 Candida krusei 129, 158 Candida tropiealis 158 Candida, co infections 141,256 Candidiasis 127-129, 157,227,359-360

disseminated 227 erythematous 128

oral 127 diagnosis 128 therapy 128

locally invasive 227 prophylaxis 431 pseudomembranous 127 superficial 227 treatment 431

Caos infusoria 22 Caprine-arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) 35 Casagrandi 0 16 Caspofungin acetate 431 CCRs receptor 38, 38, 41, 61, 487 CD4 receptor 36, 37 CD; lymphocytes,

count 48, 68, 484 CDAD 279 Clostridium difficile 416 cryptococcosis 360, 432 cryptosporidiosis 80, 164 cytomegalovirus 140 histoplasmosis 361 leishmaniasis 83 Listeria 283 microsporidiosis 175,310 mycobacteria 153, 156,417,418 periodontitis 131 pneumocystosis 160,432 toxoplasmosis 430

depletion of 37,38,40, dynamic of 53, causes of 53t

mucosal immunity 61 mycobacteria 107 naive cells 53 T receptor excision circles (TRECs) 53

CD8+ T lymphocytes 40 mycobacteria 107

Ceftriazone 151,414 Celsus 17, 18 Census AAC 9 Cephalocystes 21 Cephalosporins 279 Cercaria 22 Cercarie 15 Cercosoma 22 Cestodes 10 Chaos 14 Charcot-Leyden crystals 183 Cheilitis 128 Chemokine receptors 38, 61

importance of 66 Chemokines 38 Chilomonas 16 Chimeric viruses, SIV -HIV 62 Chlamydia 247

Chlamydia trachomatis 150,282 Chloroquine 428 Cholangiography 254 Cholangiopathy 256 Cholangitis, AIDS-related 254

cytomegalovirus 379 micropsoridiosis 311 sonographic features 254, 256t, 266

Cholecystitis 145 acalculous 146, 254, 255 micropsoridiosis 311

Subject Index 493

so no graphic features 256t Chromatography, mycolic acids analysis 293 Chronic granulomatous disease 106 Cidofovir 419 Ciprofloxacin 145, 154, 169,414,416,417,428 Cisticerchi 14 Clarithromycin 155,417 Clindamycin 279, 430 Clofazimine 157 Clostridium difficile 147,257,269,278

associated diarrhea (CDAD) 279 clinical significance 279, 416 cytotoxins 278 diagnosis 279 media 279 microbiology 278 treatment 416 typing 280

Clostridium perfringens 279 Clotrimazole 431 CMV, see Cytomegalovirus Coccidian infections 80t, 347-356 Coccidioidomycoses 129, 432

prophylaxis 432 treatment 432

Coccobacilli 218 Colitis 257, 332

Candida 359 sonographic features 257

Colitis, bacterial 219, 269 Clostridium 278 HIV-related 137 non-specific 218 pseudomembranous 145,269

Colon, adenovirus infections 246 bacterial infections 247 imaging findings 269 infections 246 mucosa 244 ultrastructure 244

Computed tomography 254, 263 abnormal findings 264-270 lymphadenopathy 264 hepatosplenomegaly 264

494 Subject Index

gastrointestinal masses 264 small bowel disease 2665

Convulsion 25 Coracidio 15 Cord factor 104t Coreceptors 61, 137 Coronavirus 383t, 392 Corpora 22 Cotrimoxazole 82, 146,279,428,429,464 Cowdry inclusions 214 Crohn's disease 153,256,258,259 Cryptococcosis 129, 160,360

hepatic 477 prophylaxis 432 treatment 432

Cryptococcus 71, 227, 228 diagnostic marker 228

Cryptococcus neoformans 160,360-361 Cryptosporidiosis 79-81, 164,265

aetiological agents 328 barium studies 265 CD4+ T cell count 80, 164,265 computer tomography 265, 266 diagnosis 165,327 esophageal 164 gastric 165 malabsorption 265 prevention of exposure 428 prophylaxis 427 stool examination 329 treatment 427 ultrastructural pathology 237

Cryptosporidium 66, 79, 80t, 223, 238, 239, 253, 257,259 biomolecular diagnosis 331 in co infections 142, 164, 165,256 immunological diagnosis 331 life cycle 79, 200, 328 oocysts 164,329,330,331 serological diagnosis 331 staining techniques 330

Cryptosporidium baileyi 328 Cryptosporidium felis 79, 164, 328 Cryptosporidium meleagridis 79, 164, 328 Cryptosporidium muris 79, 328 Cryptosporidium nasorum 328 Cryptosporidium parvum 79, 164,253, 254, 265, 328 Cryptosporidium serpentis 328 Cryptosporidium wrairi 328 Curcubitini 10, 14, 16 Cusso powder 21 CXCR4 receptor 38, 38, 61 Cyclospora 80t, 82, 224

detection of oocysts 350 diagnosis 349

biomolecular 354

intestinal biopsy 354 microscopic examination 349

life cycle 201,348 oocysts 348, 353 specimen collection 349 treatment 429

Cyclospora cayetanensis 82, 167,253,348 life cycle 83 oocysts 167,353

Cyclosporiasis 82, 167 symptoms 83 transmission 83

Cysticercus 21 Cystis 22 Cytochines 60

pro inflammatory 61 Cytomegalovirus 71, 132, 140,214,234,254,259,

373,374 co infections 141 detection 216 diagnosis 142,376 esophagitis 215, 377 hepatobiliary infections 379 infection 215, 378 intestinal localization 378-379 oral lesions 377 PCR 376 prophylaxis 419 pseudo-kidney images 258, 259 rectum 247 symptoms 140 therapy 142,419

Cytospin method 326 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) 47

response 48, 51

Dactylius aculeatus 21 Dapsone 430 De Filippi F 15 De Urso, NA 10 Dendritic cells 60

non-follicular 60 follicular 60

Diaconthis 22 Diarrhea 24, 26, 71, 145, 146, 147, 152, 155, 164, 166,

167, 169, 171, 181, 184, 186,220,237,253,257, 272,275,278,281,415 acute dehydrating watery 386 adenovirus 389 Aeromonas 281 aspergillosis 363 causes of 264t, 461-462 chronic, causes of 462t Clostridium difficile associated (CDAD) 279, 416 coccidiosis 347

complications 463 dehydratation 463 diagnosis 462 empiric therapies 430 enteroviruses 383 epidemiology 461 etiology 461 infantile 387 in early HIV infection 462 in late HIV infection 462 medical management 463 microsporidiosis 310 mortality 28t mycobacteria 299 nutritional support 464 parasites associated 439-447 patient education 464 prophylaxis 464 psychosocial support 465 rotavirus 144,384,386 treatment 71, 414t

antiretroviral465 fluid replacement 463 specific 463 symptomatic 464;

Diceras 22 Diclazuril184, 428 Diphenoxylate 71 Diphyllobotrium 14 Diphyllobotrium latum 441, 447t

life cycle 453 Distom 11 Distomum haematobium 18 Distomum hepaticum 18 Distomum heterophies 18 DNA chip 409 DNA micro arrays technology 409 DNA polymerase 398-399

Pfu 399 RNA dependent 399 Taq 398 Vent 398

Doxycycline 147, 151,416,428 Drug susceptibility test (DST) 97-99

hybridization protection assay 99 luciferin-luciferase method 99 mycobacteria growth indicator tube method (MGIT) 99 recent techniques 99 traditional 97

Drug use, intravenous (IVNU) 68 Dubini A 15 Duno T 10 Dysentery 24

classification 9

EBV, see Epstein-Barr virus Echinococcus granulosus 442

life cycle 457 treatment 447t

Echinococcus hominis 18,21 Ectoparasites 8 EGD, see Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Ehrenberg CG 16 Eimeridae 82

Subject Index 495

Elminthiasi, see helminthiasis Encephalitozoon cuniculi 81, 239, 306t, 307

reservoirs 312 Encephalitozoon hellem 81, 239, 306t, 308

reservoirs 313 Encephalitozoon intestinalis 81, 175, 180,223,239,

240, 306t, 308 reservoirs 312

Endolimax nana 445 life cycle 459

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 254,266

Energy expenditure, resting (REE) 68 total (RTE) 70

Entamoeba 16 Entamoeba coli 18, 332, 444, 445

life cycle 459 Entamoeba dispar 172, 332, 333 Entamoeba hartmanni 332, 334, 446

life cycle 459 Entamoeba histolytica 172,332,333,443

biomolecular diagnosis 334 cysts 332 differentiation from commensal species 332 differentiation from E. dispar 334 immunological diagnosis 334 isoenzyme electrophoresis 334 life cycle 204 pathogenicity 334 serological diagnosis 335 SREHP antigen 334 stool antigen detection 334 treatment 429, 447t

Enteritis 257 sonographic features 257

Enterobacter cloacae 131 Enterobacteria 145 Enterobius vermicularis 439, 447t

life cycle 449 Enterocytozoon bieneusi 81,172,175,223,239,240,

305, 306t, 307, 311 genotypes 312 in humans 319 reservoirs 311 spore 178, 180 treatment 428

496 Subject Index

Enteropathy, bacterial 147, 148 HIV-related 67,137,211, 213t, 257 methods of investigation 211 nonspecific 213, 214t, 233, 237, 247, 249, 250 protein losing 186

Enteroviruses 142, 383-393 features 383t

Env glycoprotein 36 Enzyme dysregulation 65 Eosinophilia 187 Epstein-Barr virus 132,216,373,374

diagnosis 376-380 Equine infectious anemia virus (ErA V) 35 Escherichia coli 131, 147, 188,274

bioassay 276 clinical significance 274, 416 diagnosis 275 diarrheagenic strains 274 enterohemorrhagic 274, 275 enteroaggregative 274, 275, 417 enteroinvasive 274, 417 enteropathogenic strains 149,274,275,417 enterotoxigenic 274, 417 identification 275 isolation 275 microbiology 274 0157 strains 275 sereny test 276 serotyping 275 virulence 275 virulence genes 276

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 340, 360 Esophagus,

ultrastructure 234 infections 234

Ethambutol lOOt, 298 Exanthema subitum 375 Exochelins104t

Famcyclovir 420 Febbre 24

e bachi 24 e andata 24

Febris bellica 23 Febris putrida 23 Febris verminosa 24 Fenbendazole 318 Fever 24

petechial 24 putrid 24 spotted 24

Filaria medinensis 20 Fischeriamus 21 Fish tapeworm 441

Flubendazole 428 Fluconazole 160,431,432,464 Fluorescent dyes 404-408 Fluoroquinolones lOOt, 147 Flux 24,

mortality from 28t Folinic acid 430 Follicle associated epithelium cells 60 Foodborne infections, prevention 414t Foscarnet 140, 142,377,419 Fracastoro G 10 FRET probes 404

assay 406 Fumagallin 82, 318, 428 Fungal infections 359-364 Furazolidone 180

GAE, see Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis Gag gene 36 Galactosyl-ceramide receptor 65, 487 Gancyclovir 142, 377, 419 Garlic 17 Gastrointestinal infections 138-189

adenovirus 143 AIDS-related 139t amebiasis 172 angiomatosis 147 anti-helminthic 20 anti-parasite therapies 19 bacterial 144-151, 413, 479 blastocystosis 169 Book of Deaths 22, 26 candidiasis 157 cause of death 27t chlamydial 150 clinical manifestations 254-260 coccidian 80t, 347-356 colon 246 cryptococcosis 160 cryptosporidiosis 481 cyclosporiasis 167 cytomegalovirus 140 enterobacteria 145 enterovirus 142 fungal 157-164,359-364 gastric 235 giardiasis 171 gonorrhea 151 Greek medicine 9 helminthiasis 26 herpesvirus 139,377 history of scientific progress 7-29 histoplasmosis 158 HIV 65-70 HIV-related other than opportunistic 138

idiopathic esophageal ulcer 138 imaging 263 in Latin America 467 in Europe 22-23 isosporiasis 181-184 leishmaniasis 184 lymphoid hyperplasia 139 malabsorption 71 malnutrition 25 microsporidiosis 175-181 mortality 25, 28t mucormicosis 164 mycobacterial 152-157 nocardiasis 151 obsolete terminology 23 opportunistic 138,214 pathology 211 penicilliosis 160 picobirnavirus 142 pneumocystosis 160 prophylaxis 413, 414t protozoal 164-186,325-342,481-483 Roman's doctors 17 rotavirus 144 shigellosis 147 small intestine 237 social classes 27, 28t so no graphic features 253-260 spirochetosis 149 strongyloidiasis 186-188 toxoplasmosis 185 Trichomonas 151 tuberculosis 152 unidentified parasites 188 viral 139-144, 413t, 479 wasting 61 weight loss 68

Gastrointestinal mucosa 59, 234, 235 antigen handling 59-60 functional alterations 62 HIV-infection 59 immune response 59-61 interaction of microorganisms 60 intracellular leukocytes 60 lamina propria 59, 137 loss of immune cells 65 T cells 60

Gastrointestinal tract 137 HIV-infection 65-70 inflammatory conditions 137 loss of immunological function 65-66 lymphoid hyperplasia 138 malnutrition 69 pathology 211

bacterial 221 t fungal 229

helminthes 229 MAl221t protozoal 227t

ultrastructural pathology 233-251 colon 244 esophagus 234, protozoal infections 237, 429 stomach 234 strongyloidiasis 242 viral 217t

Gentamicin 416 Geotrichum candidum 129 Giardia intestinalis 13, 16, 19,339,340

life cycle 203, 339 oocysts 331

Giardia lamblia 171,221,242 Giardiasis 171,242

diagnosis biomolecular 340 endoscopic 339 immunological 340 microscopic 339 serological 341

treatment 429 Giemsa method 211 Gingivitis 130

necrotizing ulcerative 130 Glycopeptidolipid antigens (GPLs) 105

metabolites 105 Goldfuss GA 16 Gp120 36, 37 Gp4136,212

Subject Index 497

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 60 Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis 336

diagnosis 337, 337 Grascia, Ufficio della 23 Grassi GB 16 Grocott's method 211, 227 Growth index (GI) 296 Guild of Doctors 22 Guillain-Barre syndrome 277 Gut associated lymphoid tissue 65 Gut, griping of the 24, 25 Gut, see gastrointestinal tract

HAART, see highly active antiretroviral therapy Harris-Benedict, equation 71 HarveyW 12 Helicobacter cinaedi 276 Helicobacter fennelliae 276 Helminthes, 229

classification of 9 cycles of21 seeds 11

Helminthiasis 10,26

498 Subject Index

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) 273 Hepatitis, microsporidia associated 311

herpesvirus 379 Herpes simplex virus (HSV-l, -2) 131, 139,214,234,

247,373 diagnosis 140,375 PCR 375 prophylaxis 419 treatment 420 typing 375

Herpesvirus 373-380 alpha 373 beta 373 gamma 373

HHV-l,-2, see herpes simplex virus HHV -3, see varicella-zoster virus HHV -4, see Epstein-Barr virus HHV -5, see cytomegalovirus HHV -6, see human herpesvirus 6 HHV-7, see human herpesvirus 7 HHV -8, see human herpesvirus 8 High endothelial venules 60 Highly active antiretroviral therapy 1, 51, 66, 119,

263,373,486 bacterial pathogens 413-419 cryptococcosis 360 effect of 483-485 intestinal infections 138 opportunistic infections 427-433 oral infections 134 Salmonella 415 Shigella 415 tuberculosis 419 viral pathogens 419-420

Hippocrates 9 Histoplasma capsulatum 221, 227, 361 Histoplasmosis 129, 158,227,361

disseminated 362 hepatic 476f imaging findings 267 mistaken with Crohn's disease 362 prophylaxis 432 treatment 432

HIV 35 anal intercourse 282 enteropathy 67, 137 incidence trends 119 infection

beta-chemokines 41, 66 CD: cells 40, 120 clinical latency 40 condom promotion 124 cytokine patterns 41 epidemic trend 120 esophagus mucosa 234 future perspective in treatment 485-486

gastric 234 human herpesvirus 373 immunological response 40 in Africa 41 leishmaniosis 327 mycobacterial lipids 105 opportunistic infections 79, 137, 373 polysaccharide vaccines 121 primary 39 progression 40 resistance to 41 seroconversion to AIDS 40 small intestine 235 symptomatic 40 symptoms 39 travel restrictions 120, 123 viral hepatitis 121, 122t viral load 39, 120 viral replication 40 way of transmission 119 worldwide impact 1

nef-deleted strains 41 minimal nutritional assessment 70t oral infections 127-134, 377 regional statistics 119t typhoid fever 475f unusual clinical cases 467-478 vaccines 120-121

HIV travelers behavioral prophylaxis 123 chemoprophylaxis 123 health risk abroad 123 malaria 123 vaccinations 120, 122t

HIV-1 35, 35f cellular tropism 37 cytopathic effects 37 DNA micro array detection 409 escape from immune response 51

virological mechanisms 51 immunological mechanisms 51

genetic variability 36-37 infection 39, 47

antibodies 50 antigen presenting cell 49 antiviral factors 50 CCRs receptor 49,61 CD. receptor 49 CD: cells 50 CD8+ cells 50 chronic 49 classification 39 clinical latency 47 CTL response 51 CXCR4 receptor 49, 61 disease progression 48

gastrointestinal dysfunctions 65, 68 host factors 52t IgA response 51, 66 immunological markers SOt initial target 49 Langheran's cells 49 lymphoid tissue 48 main phases 47-48, 48 mucosal immunity 61-62 neutralizing antibodies 50 susceptibility 52 tissue sanctuaries 49t viral reservoirs 49 virus distribution 49

membrane receptors 38 mistakes in transcription 37 natural history 38, 47 progressors, typical 40 rapid 40 recombination 37 replication 36 RNA splicing 36 syncytia formation 37 viral reservoirs 37 viral structure 35-36

HIV1-NDK viral strain 65 HIV-2 35, 35 Hookworms 440, 447t Houllier J 10 HT29 epithelial cell line 65 HTLV, see Human T-cell leukemia virus Human herpesvirus 373-380 Human herpesvirus-6 373, 375

diagnosis 377 Human herpesvirus-7 373, 375

diagnosis 377 Human herpesvirus-8 144,373,375

diagnosis 377 Human immunodeficiency virus, see HIV Human leukocyte antigen DR2 and DR3 (HLA-DR2,

HLA-DR3) 106-107 Human lomb rico ides 13 Human papilloma virus 216 Human T-cell leukemia virus 35 Hydrometra 21 Hymenolepis nana 442, 447t

life cycle 456f Hyper IgE syndrome 106 Hyper IgM syndrome 106 Hypericon 19

Idiopathic esophageal ulcers 137 IFN-y 59,61,66, 105

microsporidiosis 317 IL-1 66, 105

IL-1 ~ 66 IL-461 IL-561 IL-6 66,105 IL-753 IL-10 61

microsporidiosis 317 IL-1260,

deficiency 105 IL-12R (~1 ~2) 61 Imaging findings 264 Immune response

mechanisms 51 mucosal 59-61

Infusoria 14 INNO LiP A assay 291 Integrase 36 Intestinal parasites 8

associated with AIDS infections 447t Intracellular adhesion molecules 60 Inward complaints 24 Ipecacuana 20 Isoniazid lOOt, 157 Isospora 66, 7l, 80t Isospora belli 181,222,241,253, 347

diagnosis 221, 349 biomolecular 354 intestinal biopsy 354 microscopic examination 349

life cycle 82, 206, 347-348 oocysts 347, 350, 351

detection 350 prevention of exposure 429 prophylaxis 429 specimen collection 349 treatment 428

Isospora hominis 347 Isosporiasis 82, 181,222,241,476

symptoms 82 transmission 82

Itraconazole 82, 159, 161,428,431432 Ivermectin 188,430

Janicki C 14 Jaundice 24 Jejunitis 145 Jennerian principle 388 John's disease 108

Kanagawa phenomenon 280 Kaolin 464 Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) 7l, 133,375-377 Ketoconazole 161,464 Kircher A 13

Subject Index 499

500 Subject Index

Klebsiella 131 bacteremia 188

Klebsiella pneumoniae 131, 145 Kuchenmeister GF 14

Lagovirus 390 Lambl V 16 Latex agglutination 273, 276, 387 Leech 24 Leewenhoek A van 13 Leishmania 83

co infection 184 life cycle 83

Leishmania aethiopica 83 Leishmania donovani 83

life cycle 207 Leishmania infantum 83, 184,221

life cycle 207, 431 Leishmania tropica 83 Leishmaniasis 83, 153, 184

aetiology 325 biomolecular diagnosis 327 CD4+ T cell count 83, 184 coinfections 84 cutaneous (CL) 325, 326 in vitro culture 326 isoenzymes electrophoresis 326 microscopic diagnosis 325 mucocutaneous (MCL) 326 serological diagnosis 327 symptoms 84 visceral (VL) 226, 325, 431

prophylaxis 431 treatment 431

xenodiagnosis 327 Lentivirinae 35 Lentivirus 35 Leukocyte function-associated antigen 60 Lewis T 16 LightCycler FRET probe assay 406 Linear gingival erythema 130 Linne C 14 Lior scheme 278 Lipoarabinomannans 94, 96, 104 Lipstorp G D 12 Listeria monocytogenes 282

clinical significance 416 Liver, obstruction of 24 Liverish 24 Lombricus lato 11 Lombrico 24 Long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) 41,47,50 Loperamide 7l, 464 Losch F 16 Lymphoid hyperplasia 138

M cells 60 MAC,

colonies 298, 299 in environment 298 infection 152-155, 234, 257, 260 microbiology 297 non-AIDS patients 299 prophylaxis 417 susceptibility test 296t treatment 417

MAl 66, 71, 131,218,219,264 animal infection 108 coinfection 184 distinction from Whipple's disease 267

Mal di pondi 24 Malabsorption 67, 145,212,220

enteric pathogens 7l fat 68 intestinal morphology 68 strongyloidiasis 186 sugar 68 treatment 70

Malignant humors 9 Malnutrition 25, 68

HlV patient 68 Malpighi M 11 Marasma 24 Mayer's musicarmine 228 Mebendazole 150 Megacolon 145 Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease 106 Mercury 20 Methanamine silver method 211 Metronidazole 147, 150, 170, 174,282,416,428,429

5-nitroimidazole derivative 429 Microcosmus 14 Microfold cells 60 Microsporidia 81, 8 It, 223, 305-319

affected tissues 8It CD4+ T cell count 81 cell lines 316 clinical manifestations 306t description 305 detection 314

immuno- 315 microscopy 314,315,316 PCR-based methods 314

diagnosis 224, 314 genera of 81 t, 305 intestinal disease 310 life cycle 205, 305 reservoirs 311, 312t species 306t spore 307 taxonomy 305 way of transmission 313

Weber's stain 314 Microsporidiosis 175-181,482

animal source 179 diagnosis 177 epidemiology 310 gastrointestinal manifestations 310-311 immunology 317 in animals 318 in humans 319 prevention 313, 428 prophylaxis 319, 428 risk factors 313 symptoms 8It treatment 318, 428 ultrastuctural pathology 239

Microsporidium 66, 257, 259 Microsporidium africanum 306t, 310 Microsporidium ceylonensis 3061, 310 Mignatti 24 Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) 296

for Mycobacterium avium complex 297t Molluscum contagiosum 134 Mondini de' Luzzi 10 Mucoraceae 362 Mucormicosis 164,363 Muller OF 15 Multilocus-enzyme electrophoresis 274 Muramyl-dipeptide 104t Mycobacteria 89,152-157,286-301

animal model of immunity 106 biochemical features 292-293t capsular structure 96 cell envelope 91, 94 cell wall 94-96, 104t

permeability barrier 97 clinical significance 90 collection of specimen 287 compounds 104t cultural features 292-293t cultural test 288, 290 cytoplasmic membrane 92 DNA probes 291 drugs lOOt drug resistance 97, lOOt

mechanisms 101 drug susceptibility tests 97-99 gastrointestinal tract 152 glycolipids 105 human models of immunity 106 identification 91, 93t, 290 imaging findings 267 immunity 107 in animals 107 isolation 288 lipids 94, 96, 105 macrophage interactions 102, 103

microbiology 297-301 molecular epidemiology 297 mutations 99 mycolic acids 293-295 noncaseous 219 nontuberculous 90, 10,287,296 nucleotide sequencing 292 phenotypic characteristics 90 phylogenesis 91, 92 PCR 91, 296 rare 301 reservoirs 107 resistance to rifampin 100 serotyping 297 staining 287 strains 107 susceptibility test 106,296, 296t taxonomy 89 therapy 297 transmission 107

Subject Index 501

transmission electron microscopy 94, 96 vacuoles 102 virulence factors 104

Mycobacterins 104t Mycobacterium 66, 257 Mycobacterium abscessus 90 Mycobacterium africanum 90 Mycobacterium avium 90, 101, 102, 104, 107,219,

289,290 restriction fragments 298t

Mycobacterium avium complex, see MAC Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, see MAl Mycobacterium bovis 90, 102 Mycobacterium celatum 90 Mycobacterium chelonae 90, 97, 101, 107 Mycobacterium fortuitum 90, 107, 157 Mycobacterium genavense 90, 91, 156,214,218,221,

289,299 clinical manifestations 299 differentiation from M. tuberculosis 301 prevalence 301

Mycobacterium gordonae 107, 157,221 Mycobacterium haemophilum 90 Mycobacterium interjectum 91 Mycobacterium intermedium 91 Mycobacterium intracellulare 107,218 Mycobacterium kansasii 90, 101, 155,218,301 '

colonies 300t Mycobacterium leprae 102 Mycobacterium lepraemurinum 107 Mycobacterium malmoense 90 Mycobacterium marinum 90, 107 Mycobacterium microti 90, 107 Mycobacterium paratubercolosis 107 Mycobacterium phlei 90 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum 90, 107

502 Subject Index

Mycobacterium simiae 90 Mycobacterium smegmatis 90, 97, 105 Mycobacterium sylvaticum 107 Mycobacterium szulgai 90, 107 Mycobacterium trivia Ie 91 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 90, 97,100-102,131,

152,217,296,301,418 complex 90 pathogenicity 102

Mycobacterium ulcerans 90 Mycobacterium vaccae 107 Mycobacterium xenopi 107 Mycolactone 105 Mycolic acids 90, 91, 101, 104t, 293

chromatographic analysis 293 HPLC 294

Mycoses, oral 129 Mycosides 104t

Naegleria fowleri 336 animal models 338 in vitro culture 337

NAP-test, for mycobacteria 301 Necator american us 440

life cycle 452 Nefprotein 51 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 151,247,282

diagnosis 282 Nematoda 9

infections 242 Neoplastic diseases 374 Neopterin 68 Nettrochynchus 22 Nifuroxazide 428 Nikkomycin Z 318 Nitazoxanide 80,172,427,428 Nocardia asteroides 151 N ocardiasis 151 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) 374,379 Non-syncytium-inducing strains 37, 52 Norfloxacin 414, 416 Norwalk-like virus 390, 39lt Nosema connori 81, 306t, 309 Nosema ocularis 306t, 308 Nramp 1 gene 107 Nutrient deficiency 68, 70 Nystatin 431

Oddities 255, 256t Ogilvie's syndrome 144 Ophystoma 22 Opium tincture 71 Opportunistic infections 40t, 66, 79-85, 138-188, 214,

217,264,271,336,362,373,378

bacteria as 217-221 fungi as 227-229, 359, 362 gut 138-189 other than 137 prevention of exposure 428-433 protozoa as 221-226 sonographic features 259t treatment 427-433 viruses as 214

Oral hairy leukoplakia 132, 377 Oral infections 127-134

bacterial 130 classification 127 HAART 134 herpesvirus 377 viral 131

Ornidazole 184, 428 Oxyuris vermicularis 19,20

P24 antigen 137 PAM, see primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Pancreatitis 259, 260

cytomegalovirus 379 HIV -related infections 259 micro sporidia associated 311 sonographic features 260, 261 t

Papillomavirus 133, 144 Paranuclear region 36 Parasite 8, 11 Paratubercolosis 108 Paromomycin 80, 427, 428 Parva particula 10 PCP see Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia PCR 397-409

arbitrarily primed (AP-PCR) 400 cross-contamination 402 detection of microorganisms 399

in stool 403 detection of microsporidia 314 false positive 401 fluorescent-based 404, 405, 406 inhibitors 403 isolation of DNA 403 molecular beacons 407, 408 multiple 400 nested 399, 400 potassium dichromate, use of 403 real-time 404, 405, 406, 407, 408 related technologies 404 reverse-transcriptase, see RT -PCR semi-nested 399, 401 TaqMan 407 template preparation 402 uracyl-N-glycosylase, use of 402

Pelletierina 21

Penicillin G 416 Penicilliosis 160,432 Penicillium marneffei 129, 160,432 Penner scheme 278 Pentamidine 84 Pentastomum constrictum 18 Perihepatitis 151 Periodic acid-Schiff method 211 Periodontitis 130

necrotizing ulcerative 130 Pestivirus 383t, 393 Petroffs sodium hydroxide method 289 Peyer's patches 60

cytochines 61 Phlebotomus perniciosus 327 Phospholipids, mannose-containing 104t Phthisis 89 Picobirnavirus 142, 217, 246, 383t 393 Picotrirnavirus 393 Pinworms 9-10, 439 Platter F 10 Platyhelminthes 9 Pleistophora 3061, 308 Plerocercoide 15 Plesiomonas 281

biochemical properties 282 clinical significance 281 microbiology 281 neutropenia 281

Plesiomonas shigelloides 281 Pneumocystis 162

life cycle 163 Pneumocystis carinii 84, 146, 160,227,362432

pneumonia 362 Pneumocystosis 84, 160

extrapulmonary 160 prophylaxis 432 treatment 432

Pneumonia, lymphocytic 374 Pol precursor 36 Polymerase chain reaction, see PCR Polymorphism 52 Polyoxin D 318 Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis 336

diagnosis 337 Pringle J 15 Probes, fluorescent resonance energy transfer 404

for mycobacterial DNA 291 Procercoide 15 Proctitis 150 Prophylaxis 413, 414t

bacterial pathogens 413-419 fungal infections 431-433 opportunistic pathogens 427-433 intestinal protozoa 427 -431 viral pathogens 419-420

Subject Index 503

Protease 36 inhibitors, human immunodeficiency virus 134

Protease inhibitor therapy 427 Protein intake 71 Proteus 14 Protozoa 13, 16

infections 164 intestinal 221, 427

Pseudo-Crohn's disease 258 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 131 Pulsed filed gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 273,274,

279,313 Pylorus, sickness of 24 Pyrazinamide lOOt Pyridoxine 155 Pyrimethamine 85, 184, 428, 430 Pytiriasis rosea 375

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) 400

Rapisardi PB 16 Raw oyster, as risk factor 280, 281 Rectum,

CMV infection 247 spirochetes 248 ultrastructure 247

Redi F 11,21 REE, see energy expenditure Reiter's syndrome 145 Reovirus 254 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

292,312,401 Rev protein 36 Reverse transcriptase (RT) 35

diversity of retroviruses 37 error frequency 37

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, see RT-PCR

Rhizipus esophagitis 363 Rhodococcus equi 214,221 Rifabutin 80,154,155,417 Rifampin lOOt, 154, 155 Rifamycin 157 Rifaximin 170 RNA polymerase, inhibition 100 Rochalimaea henselae 131 Roseola infantum 375 Rotavirus 144,217,246, 383t, 384

diagnosis 387 antigen detection 387 electron microscopy 387 genome 387

electropherotypes 386 epidemiological markers 385 genotypes 385t

504 Subject Index

pathogenesis 387 prevention 388 serotypes 385t treatment 388

Roundworms 9, 440 Roxithromycin 427 RT-PCR 399

detection of rotavirus 387

Sagittula 22 Salando F 20 Salmonella 66, 145,217,271

clinical significance 272, 413 cultures 272 gastroenteritis 272 identification 273 isolation 272 microbiology 271 nontyphoidal 272 serology 273 serotypes 272 treatment 414 typing methods 273

Salmonella bongori 271 Salmonella enterica 271 Salmonella paratyphi 414 Salmonella typhi 414 Salmonella typhimurium 146,414 Salmonellosis 145,272

APACHE II score 272 clinical manifestations 272 diagnosis 272 frequency 272

Santinelli B 20 Sapporo-like virus 390, 39lt Sarafiun 9 Sarcocystis hominis 347 Scanning electron microscopy 251 Schilling test 68 Schistosoma haematobium 229 Schistosoma japonicum 229 Schistosoma mansoni 146, 229, 229, 443

life cycle 458 treatment 447t

Schistosomiasis 146 Scouring 24 Seminaria 10 Septata, see Encephalitozoon intestinalis Serapion 9 Serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein 334 Serpents 8 Serratia marcescens 145 Severe combined immunodeficiency 106 Severino MA 13 Sexually transmitted infections 117

SHERP, see Serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica pro­tein

Shigella 66, 145, 147,217,273 bacteremia 273 diagnosis 274 clinical significance 273, 415 isolation 274 therapy 415 typing methods 274

Shigella boydii 147 Shigella dysenteriae 147 Shigella flexnerii 147 Shigella sonnei 147 Shigellosis 147,273 Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) 49, 61 Slow progressors 47

naturally attenuated virus 52 Small bowel disease 264, 269 Small intestine

cryptosporidiosis 237 giardiasis 242 isosporiasis 241 infections 237 microsporidiosis 239 mucosa 235 strongyloidiasis 242 ultrastructure 235

Spallanzani L 14 Sparfloxacin 428 Spigelius 10 Spiramycin 80 Spirilla 13 Spirillum 17 Spirochaeta 17 Spirochetosis 149,282

diagnosis 282 Spiroptera 20 Spiroptera hominis 22 Spontaneous generation 11 Sporotrichosis 129 SRSV, see Norwalk-like virus Staphylococcus aureus 145 STAT- 4 transcription factor 61 Steroid, anabolic 71 Stomach 24

heaviness 24 obstruction 24

Stomach, ultrastructure 234 infections 235

Streptomycin 89, lOOt Stromal-ceIl-derived factor 1a 61 Strongyloides 16 Strongyloides stercoralis 186,229,242,243,367-371

bacteremia associated with 188 filariform larva 370 Harada Mori method 370

infective larvae 370 intestinal mucosa 371 life cycle 209 lung 371 rhabditiform larva 187, 369

Strongyloidiasis 186,242, 367,467 chronic 368 complication 369 diagnosis 369 severe 368 treatment 430

Strongylus 20 Sulfadiazine 428 Sulfadoxine 428 Sulfamethoxazole 155, 428 Sulfatides 104t Sulfonamides 85 SYBR green dye 404

real-time PCR 405 Syncytium-inducing strains 37, 521 Syphilis 282 Systema naturae 14

Taenia 14 Taenia fenestrata 21 Taenia nana 18 Taenia saginata 442, 447t

life cycle 454 Taenia soliuml9, 20, 442, 447t

life cycle 455 TAMRA dye 406 Tanret C 21 Tapeworms 9-10, 442 Taq DNA polymerase 398 TaqMan assay 405-406

real-time PCR 407 Tat protein 36 TEE, see energy expenditure Tenesmus 9 TGF-~ 61 Thalidomide 318 Therapy, evolution of 17 Thermus termophilus polymerase 399 Thiabendazole 188,430 Thrush 127 Tinidazole 174,429 TNF-~ 60, 61, 66, 106 TNP-470 318,428 Toll-like receptor 486 Torovirus 383t, 393 Torulopsis glabrata 164 Toxoplasma 80t, 84 Toxoplasma gondii 84, 185, 226

life cycle 208f Toxoplasmosis 84, 185

association with malignancy 84-85 diagnosis 185 prevention of exposure 430 prophylaxis 430 treatment 85, 186,430

Subject Index 505

Trachipleistophora anthropophthera 306t, 308 Trachipleistophora hominis 82, 306t, 308 Transmission electron microscopy 251 Treponema pallidum 282 Trichina spiralis19 Trichocephalus 20 Trichocephalus dispar 19 Trichomonas vaginalis 151 Trichuris trichiura 440, 447t

life cycle 450 Trimetroprin-sulfamethoxazole 82, 84, 151, 167, 183,

414,428,430,432 Tuberculosis 89, 152,418

appendix 152 colonic 152 drug susceptibility tests 97, 98t esophageal 152 fibronectin binding protein 101 hepatic 474 imaging findings 267-268 jejunal 152 prophylaxis 418 small intestinal 152 treatment 418t vaccine 122t

Tympany 24

Ulcer 9,137 Buruli 90, 105 idiopathic esophageal 137

Ulceration, cytomegalovirus 141 Ultrasonography 254

oddities 255 Ultrasound 266 UNAIDS 117

Vaccines 122t Valacyclovir 420 Vallisneri A 12, 14 Vancomycin 147,416 Varicella-zoster virus 131, 144,216

234,373,374 diagnosis 375, 377

Varrone T 10 Vermes 14 Vermi lati 14 Vermi piatti 9 Vermi tondi 9 Verminale

506 Subject Index

malattia 24 colica 24

Vesivirus 390 Vibrio 17,280

clinical significance 280 diagnosis 280 microbiology 280 raw oyster 280

Vibrio cholerae 280 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 280

haemolysin 280 Vibrio vulnificus 280 Vidarabine 140 Viral cytopathic effect 214 Viral infections 139-144,373-394, 413t

oral 131 prophylaxis 414t

Visna 35 Vitamin B12, deficiency 68 Vittaforma corneae 82, 306t, 310 Vomiting 24 Von Stein F 16 VZV, see Varicella-Zoster virus

Wall thickening, small-bowel 264 Warthin-Starry method 211

Wasting syndrome 68, 310 treatment 70

Wax-D 104t Weight loss 68, 145, 152, 182,310 Whipple's disease, mimicking 220 Whipworm 440 White plague 89 Wind 24 Worm oil 18 Worms 8-9

bladder 14 classification of 9 fantastic 8, 11

Wrisbesrg HA 14

Yersinia 66 Yersinia enterocolitica 416

Ziehl-Nielsen method 211,287 Zygomycosis 363 Zymodeme analysis 326, 334