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ANNUAL REFRESHER TEACHERS’ TRAINING SUMMER 2011

SUBJECT SPECIALIST MRS. AKHTAR BUKHARI

(DA DEGREE COLLEGE PHASE VII EXT.)

SYNDICATE LEADER MRS. GHAZALA FARHEEN

(DA MODEL HIGH SCHOOL PHASE VII)

PRESENTER’S NAME: MRS. RUBINA HAIDER

(DA MODEL HIGH SCHOOL PHASE IV)

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TOPIC: THE CRUSADE-WARS

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SYNOPSIS Introduction Background Muslims’ recovery of Bait-ul-Muqaddas Muslims’ treatment of the local Christians Declaration of war by Pope The Crusades (1095-1291) Christians’ captured Jerusalem Christians’ treatment of the Muslims Emad-ud-din Zangi Sultan Salah-ud-din Ayubi Recapturing Bait-ul-Muqaddas Sultan’s treatment of local Christians Crusades- An end The after-effects of Crusades An Analysis by a Western Author

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COVERAGE OF THE LESSON

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• INTRODUCTION

A chain of Religious wars (1095-1291)

Between Muslims and Christians of Europe

Over the occupation of Bait-ul-Muqaddas

Cross- the religious sign of Christians

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• BACKGROUND

The city of Jerusalem is sacred to both, the Muslims and the Christians.

Bait-ul-Muqaddas was the first Qibla of the Muslims.

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CONTINUED…

The Holy Land of Jerusalem is significant in Christianity because of the land's association as the place of nativity, ministry, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, whom Christians regard as the Savior or Messiah.

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MUSLIMS TOOK OVER BAIT-UL-MUQADDAS

The Muslim presence in the Holy Land began with the initial Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century under the Righteous Caliphs.

During the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar Farooq, Muslims took over Bait-ul-Muqaddas from the Christians in 638 AD.

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MUSLIMS’ TREATMENT OF THE LOCAL CHRISTIANS

The Muslim rulers of the Jerusalem treated the Christian public politely and provided all facilities to the pilgrims coming from different countries.

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DECLARATION OF WAR BY POPE

Despite the polite treatment of the Muslim rulers the Christians could not tolerate Muslim rule over Bait-ul-Muqaddas.

The religious leaders of the European Christians instigated them against the Muslims.

The highest leader, called Pope (Urban II) declared a religious war against the Muslims.

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CONTINUED….

As a result, Christians gathered in large numbers and attacked the Muslims in 1095 AD.

The Crusaders were told that who so ever takes part in this war against Muslims will get amnesty from all sins committed by him.

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• THE CRUSA

DES

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CHRISTIANS CAPTURED JERUSALEM

Pope Urban II defined and launched the crusades in 1095 AD.

On 15th July, 1099 AD, the Christians were able to capture the city of Jerusalem.

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CHRISTIANS’ TREATMENT OF THE MUSLIMS

They inflicted savage cruelties on the Muslim population.

Mosques were razed and houses were burnt.

Loot and Arson spread everywhere.

Human blood filled streets and quarters.

They killed every Muslim in the city, including women and children.

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EMAD-UD-DIN ZANGI (1085-1146)

After sometime of the first Crusade, the Muslims united and confronted the Christians.

At that time, their leader was Emad-ud-din Zangi.

He defeated the Christians.

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SULTAN SALAH-UD-DIN AYUBI (1138-1193)

Became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty.

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CONTINUED…

He was brave and courageous rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.

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RECAPTURING BAIT-UL-MUQADDAS IN 1187 AD

Under his personal leadership, his forces defeated the Crusaders leading the way to his re-capture of Palestine, which had been seized from the Fatimid Egyptians by the Crusaders 88 years earlier.

He advanced on Bait-ul-Muqaddas in 1187 AD and after re-capturing Bait-ul-Muqaddas, evacuated Christians from Palestine and Syria.

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SULTAN’S TREATMENT OF LOCAL CHRISTIANS

Sultan’s post-victory conduct with the Christians was exemplary.

He treated them with generosity and mildness.

He gave quarter to all the citizens. He provided them, the security of life

and property. Those who wanted to be repatriated,

were provided with transport. This stood in sharp contrast to the

conduct of the Christians at the time of their capture of Bait-ul-Muqaddas.

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CRUSADES- AN END

After sometime, the Christians united again under the kings of Germany, France and England; and attacked with a large army, but were defeated by Sultan Salahuddin Ayubi.

The chain of Crusade-wars continued even after the death of Sultan but the Muslims at long last, evacuated the Christians from Bait-ul-Muqaddas and Palestine and the Crusades came to an end.

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• THE AFTER-EFFECTS OF CRUSADES

The Crusades left deep impressions on the political, urban and community life of Europe.

New contacts were established between the East and the West.

Literary activities got a boost. The European Christians learnt art,

literature, architecture, agriculture, trade tactics, use of fire-arms, the techniques of siege, bunkers and many ways of comfortable life from the Muslims.

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CONTINUED…

The Europeans benefited in trade and industry as well.

The Europeans were introduced to cotton cloth, sugar, various spices and soft muslin (malmal) cloth.

The western European feudalism also suffered as a result of the Crusade wars, strong governments came into existence which led to the Western Europe’s imperialism.

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CONTINUED…

The Muslim inventions and products got into Europe and influenced its urban culture.

They also learnt from the Muslims to manufacture glass mirrors.

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• AN ANALYSIS BY A WESTERN AUTHOR

“It remains an indisputable fact that the Crusades were a brutal and petty act carried out by the greedy religious and temporal leaders of the West. However, one must never forget that, had the Euro centralism of Dark Age Europe never led to the Crusades, it is highly likely that Europe would never have emerged from that ignorant age.”

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• CONCLUSION

Thus, the Crusades were a brutal act of the Western leaders but eventually it proved to be a blessing for them by leading them to Renaissance.

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RESOURCES

Books Social Studies for Class VII, Sindh Text

Book Board Somerset, Fry Plantagenet. The History of

the World. London: Hamlyn, 1974. Print. Moss, Peter. Secondary Social Studies for

Pakistan. Oxford [England: Oxford UP, 2004. Print.

Internet linksi. Wikipedia

ii. Online Periodicals

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