12 Oceanographic Literature Review (I 979) 26 (1)

79:83 ZURCHER, FRITZ and MARKUS THUER, 1978. Rapid

weathering processes of fuel oil in natural waters: analyses and interpretations. Environ. Sci. Technoi., 12(7): 838-843.

In model experiments employing capillary column gas chromatography and infrared absorption measure- ments, dissolution, adsorption, and agglomeration constitute the initial rapid weathering processes affecting No. 2 fuel oil distribution in water with suspended particulates. Proper sample preparation with prior separation of particulates is stressed as dissolved, adsorbed, and coiloidaily dispersed oils all evoke varying ecological responses: water soluble fractions are responsible for acute toxicity while oil adsorbed on particulates may disrupt chemotaxis. CIBA-GEIGY AG, Environmental-Technology Dept., C H-4000 Basel, Switzerland. [izs ]

19. Miscellaneous

79:84 YAYANOS, A. A. and J. C. NEVENZEL, 1978. Rising-

particle hypothesis: rapid ascent of matter from the d~p ocean. Naturwissenschaften, 65(5): 255-256.

It is hypothesized that lipids released from abyssal benthic amphipods during feeding and/or decomposition can rapidly transport matter to the ocean surface (5000 m in one week). Implications of the rising-particle hypothesis for oceanic waste disposal are considerable; the hypothesis may contribute to the understanding of the oceanic flux of carbon of differing ages. One bottom photograph. Scripps Institution of oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A. [Izs]

C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics

1. Apparatus and methods

79:85 CLARKE, T. L., 1978. An oblique factor analysis solu-

tion for the analysis of mixtures. J. int. Ass. math. Geol., 10(2): 225-242. Atlantic Oceano- graphic and Meteorological Labs, 15 Ricken- backer Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, U.S.A.

79:86 FORDHAM, B. G. and G. D. BELL, 1978. An empirical

assessment and illustration of some multi- variate morphometric techniques. J. int. Ass. math. Geol., 10(2): l ! 1-140. Department of

Geology and Mineralogy, University of Queens- land, St. Lucia, Australia 4067.

79:87 HAKANSON, LARS, 1978. The length of closed geo-

morphic lines. J. int. Ass. math. Geol., 10(2): 141-168. National Swedish Environment Pro- tection Board, Limnologicai Survey, Box 557, S-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden.

79:88 ROKSANDIC, M. M., 1978. Seismic facies analysis

concepts. Geophys. Prospect., 26(2): 383-398.

The state of the art in seismic facies analysis and seismic signal processing is reviewed, particularly as it applies to oil exploration. Figs. include seismic profiles of various sediment types. SOQUIP, 3340 de la P~rade, Ste-Foy, Quebec GIX 2L7, Canada. [FCS]

79:89 STow, D. A. V. and A. E. AKSU, 1978. Disturbances

in soft sediments due to piston coring. Mar. Geol., 28(1/2): 135-144.

Previously documented sediment disturbances due to the piston coring process itself are reviewed, and some new ones described. For example: (l) sand is shown to have migrated along the core perimeter, leaving voids at the original location and re-depositing at another; and (2) incipient flow-in can be misinterpreted as slump bedding. Figs. include core X-radiographs. The British National Oil Corporation, Glasgow, Great Britain. [Fcs]

79:90 TLFEKCIC, D., 1978. A prediction of sedimentary

environment from marine seismic data. Geophys. Prospect., 26(2): 329-336.

Sedimentological inferences based on paleorelief surfaces, in conjunction with seismic signatures enhanced by control gain processing and relative amplitude preservation, sometimes allow sophisti- cated identifications of sedimentary types and paleoenvironments from seismic data alone. Examples from the Adriatic Sea are discussed. Computing Center of INA--Industrija Nafte, Zagreb, P.O. Box 02-1014, Yugoslavia. [FCS]

3. Bathymetry and general geology

79:91 DINGLE, R. V., S. W. GOODLAD and A. K. MARTIN,

1978. Bathymetry and stratigraphy of the northern Natal Valley (SW Indian Ocean): a pre- liminary account. Mar. Geol., 28(1/2): 89-106.

A synthesis of published and unpublished data on the tectonic and sedimentary history of the Natal Valley

Oceanographic Literature Review (I 979) 26 (I) 13

has been undertaken. This preliminary report presents and interprets bathymetric and acoustic stratigraphic data. Figs. include fold-out bathymetry, geological map, and geological sections. Joint UCT/Geoiogical Survey Marine Geology Unit, Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. [SWM]

79:92 EvSrUKOV, IL. D., 1978. Relief and sedimentary

basins of the Straits of Tunis. (In Russian.) Dokl. A kad. Nauk SSSR, 240(I): 189-192.

79:93 HA.NER, B. E. and D. S. GORSLINE, 1978. Processes

and morphology of continental slope between Santa Monica and Dume submarine canyons, southern California. Mar. Geol., 28( !/2): 77-87.

Tectonics, sedimentation rate, sediment availability and texture, along with sea level oscillations, are the dominant factors controlling submarine shelf morphology. Through use of 3.5 kHz seismic profiles, three contrasting areas of slope morphology have been identified in Santa Monica Bay, each of which can be correlated with areas of low and high sediment supply rates and with effects of lower stands of sea level. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:94 IONIN, A. S., L. I. GOVBERG, Z. T. NOVIKOVA,

M. G. YURKEVICH and D. PRLICHEV, 1978. Results of morpholithodynamic studies on the northern Bulgarian shelf. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanoiogiia, 18(2): 283-287.

Based on field work in 1975, some peculiarities of bottom relief structure and the character of sediments of the northern Bulgarian shelf are discussed. Typical zones and subzones on the shelf surface are distinguished. [SWM]

79.-95 KUMPAS, MICHAEL, 1977/78. A Devonian submarine

clint SE of Gotland, central Baltic. Stockholm Contr. Geol., 31: 81-94.

The Lower and Middle Devonian in the Baltic have been studied within an area dominated by an erosional clint (southeast of Gotland, midway to the Latvian coast) with continuous sediment seismic reflection profiling and sampling. A tentative correlation between the seismic sections of the clint area and borehole sections in northwest Latvia is proposed. Lithology of the samples dredged from the clint is described. ? figs., including seismic section and bathymetry (56:46-56:58 N, 19:33-19:47 E); 3 tables,

including stratigraphy. Geologiska Institutionen, University of Stockholm, Sweden.

79.-96 LITVIN, V. M., A. E. SUZlMOV and E. G. MIRLIN,

1978. Results of geomagnetic and geomorpho- logical investigations of the south part of the Kolbejnsey Ridge. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 240(1): 193-196.

79.'97 MATISHOV, G. G., 1978. Bottom geomorphology

and some glacial morphogenetic peculiarities of west Spitsbergen underwater margin. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 18(2): 255-262.

The marginal formations of the outer shelf and trough valleys are traces of old glacial (Upper Rissian) activity. The series of morainic ridges on the narrow shelf northwest of west Spitsbergen, as well as other features, were formed during the maximum development of Wurmian (Belsun stage) glaciation. The peculiar network of the erosional valleys was formed during degradation of the glaciation by the activity of streams. [SWM]

79:98 MISAWA, YOSHIFUMI, 1978. Submarine topography

and geology off south-western area of Izu Peninsula. (In Japanese; English abstract.) J. Fac. mar. Sci. Technol., Tokai Univ., 1978(11): 39-55.

Seismic profiling was used to identify active faults and to map submarine topography between the Izu Peninsula and Oshima-Niizima Ridge. Two types of submarine canyons are identified, and their morphology is discussed in terms of local geological history. Figs. include bathymetry and seismic profiles. [SWM]

79.-99 MIsawa, YOSHIFUM! and ICHIRO NOMURA, 1978.

Submarine geology of the continental shelf off Hamatombetsu, Hokkaido. (In Japanese; English abstract.)J. Fac. mar. Sci. Technol., Tokai Univ., 1978(11): 57-62.

Topographic survey and bottom sampling were conducted on the continental shelf off Hamatombetsu, Hokkaido. With regard to the depth of the seabottom and thickness of sediments on the continental shelf, the area can be divided into three zones whose distribution can be explained with wave bases depending upon present sea level and sea level during the Wiirm glacial period. Figs. include bathymetry.

14 Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (!)

4, Subsurface structure of the ocean bottom based chiefly on geophysical methods

79:100 ANDERSON, R. N., M. A. HOBART, R. P. VON

HERZEN and D. J. FORNARI, 1978. Geophysi- cal surveys on the East Pacific Rise--Galapagos Rise system. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 54(1): 141-166.

To identify differences between active and fossil mid- ocean ridges and examine the process of ridge extinction during plate boundary reorganization, a detailed comparison of the Galapagos Rise and the East Pacific Rise was undertaken in terms of topography, magnetics, heat flow, and basalt chemical composition. Scatter in heat flow values is attributed to variations in sediment thickness. Figs. include seismic reflection profiles and photomicro- graphs of dredge samples. Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A. [FCS]

79:103 FOWLER, C. M. R., 1978. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge:

structure at 450N. Geophys. JI R. astr. Soc., 54(1): 167-183.

On the basis of synthetic seismograms, amplitude and and travel time data, the structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45°N appears similar to that of the FAMOUS area. Specifically, shear wave velocity of the uppermost mantle is 4.35 kin/s; propagation of shear waves across the ridge axis suggests there is no sizeable crustal magma chamber; the ridge axis is marked by an absorptive zone beginning about 6 km down; and away from the axis there is a positive velocity gradient of 0.04-0.05 km/(s kin) in the top few kilometers of mantle. Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, Madingley Rise, Cambridge, England. [FCS]

79:104 SVIRIDOV, N. I. and V. M. LITVIN, 1978. Structure of

the south-western portion of the Baltic Sea floor. (In Russian.) Soy. Geol., 1978(4): 27-41.

79:101 BULIN, N. K., 1978. Abyssal structure of Kamchatka

and the Kuril Islands from seismic data. Int. geol. Rev., 20(7): 777-784.

Data based on converted refracted earthquake waves (CREW) is combined with data from deep seismic sounding (DSS) in an examination of the deep structure of Kamchatka, and the Kuril and Komandorskiye islands. Regional seismic sections and an isodepth map of the Mohorovi][i~ discontinuity were developed. Information presented indicates the discrepancy of the DSS and CREW data and underscores the importance of developing additional criteria for the identification of boundaries in deep sections, particularly the Moho surface. [SWM]

79:102 DAMUTH, J. E., 1978. Echo character of the

Norwegian-Greenland Sea: relationship to Quaternary sedimentation. Mar. Geol., 28( l/2): 1-36.

Ten distinct types of echoes from 3.5 kHz echograms are identified, and several of them correlated to sediment type by the use of piston cores and bottom photos. Quaternary sedimentation is largely ascribed to downslope processes (e.g. mass flows) and ice rafting. Figs. include physiography and bathymetry and about forty reflection profiles. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A. [yes]

7. Historical geology (also see Biological Oceanography for fossil systematics)

79:105 BEATY, C. B., 1978. The causes of glaciation.

Am. Scient., 66(4): 452-459.

Major glaciations have been caused not by dramatic changes in the Earth's climate, but by the conjunction of several discrete factors at times when the continents were located at high latitudes. Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada TI K 3M4.

79:106 CARTER, A. N., 1978. Contrasts between oceanic and

continental 'unconformities' in the Oligocene of the Australian region. Nature, Lond.. 274(5667): i 52-153.

Ocean floor unconformities around Australia are satisfactorily explained by current action. However, their irregular spatial distribution and variations in time offer no parallels to the widespread Early Oligocene unconformity on the continent. Several hypotheses for this event are reviewed and compared with new evidence, including results from DSDP cores, but firm conclusions are not yet possible. Sedgwick Museum, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom. [FCS]

Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (!) 15

79:107 CHAPRONIERE, G. C. H., 1978. A record of

"Lepidocycfina" (Foraminiferida) from DSDP Leg 30, Site 286, western Pacific Ocean. J. Paleomol., 52(4): 938-939.

A specimen identified as Lepidocyclina by Andrew et al. (1975) from the New Hebrides Trench of th~ southwestern Pacific has been reclassified as Asterocyclina sp.cf. A. centripilaris. The only undoubted Eocene records of LepidocycHna are from the Americas (Adams, 1973). Figs. include 3 micro- graphs, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra City, Australia 2601 [swx~]

79:111 HALL, C. M. and DEREK YORK, 1978. K-At and

' °Ar / "Ar age of the Laschamp geomagnetic polarity reversal. Nature, Lend., 274(5670): 462-464.

Uncertainty in the age of the Laschamp polarity reversal, given by Bonhommet and Zahringer (1969) as <20,000 yr B.P., helps explain the inconsistency in attempts to identify this event at various locales. New K-At and Ar-40/Ar-39 analyses, and new correction values for initial atmospheric argon contamination, yield an age of about 47,000 yr B.P. Geophysics Division, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S IA7. [FCS]

79:108 DOUGLAS, R. G. and S. M. SAVIN, 1978. Oxygen

isotopic evidence for the depth stratification of Tertiary and Cretaceous planktic foramini- nifera. Mar. Micropaleont., 3(2): 175-196.

Oxygen isotope analyses indicate planktic foraminiferal species' depth stratification since at least Albian time. Morphology, habitat depth, and shell dissolution are related with morphologically globigerine species occupying shallower depths and being less well preserved than morphologically globorotalid species. Implications of this "relative preservability" for paleoecological interpretations are considered. Changes in thermocline structure rather than temperature per se may control planktic foraminiferal diversity. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, U.S.A. []zsl

79:109 FOCKE, J. W., 1978. Holocene development of

coral fringing reefs, leeward off Curaqao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles). Mar. Geol., 28(1/2): M31-M41.

The first data published on the internal structure of the fringing reefs of the Netherlands Antilles indicates Holocene reef accumulation of at least 16 m. Accumulation rates in the head-coral reef varied from about 1 mm/yr to about 4 ram/yr. Geologisch I nstituut, Leiden, The Netherlands. [SWM]

79:110 FROIDEVAUX, C. M., 1978. Tertiary tectonic history

of Salawati area, lrian Jaya, Indonesia. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 62(7): 1127-1150.

The original pattern of Miocene hydrocarbon bearing reefs is reconstructed as an aid in the paleogeographic interpretation of the Salawati area for oil exploration purposes. Figs. include many maps of structural and geological features. Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74004, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:112 HOGAN, L. G., K. F. SCHEIDEGGER, L. D. KULM,

J. DYMOND and N. MIKKELSEN, 1978. Biostrati- graphic and tectonic implications of 4°Ar-"Ar dates of ash layers from the northeast Gulf of Alaska. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 89(8): 1259-1264.

Ash layers from DSDP Site 178 in the northeast Pacific Ocean have been dated through use of argon isotopes. In this area ashfall deposition extends back at least 6.5 m.y., indicating that motion between the Pacific and North American litbospheric plates was probably continuous throughout Late Cenozoic time. School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:113 KELLER, GERTA, 1978. Late Neogene biostratigraphy

and paleoceanography of DSDP Site 310 central North Pacific and correlation with the southwest Pacific. Mar. Micropaleont., 3(2): 97-119.

Stratigraphic ranges and frequencies of Late Neogene planktonic foraminifera from DSDP Site 310 in the North Pacific are presented. New index taxa are developed for zonal subdivisions which correlate well with other sites and seem to be fairly consistent biostratigraphic markers for temperate regions in both the North and South Pacific oceans. Results indicate four major cold events during Early, Middle, and Late Pliocene, and Early Pleistocene. Figs. include 5 SEM plates. Geology Department, School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:114 Ku, TEH-LUNG and TADAMICHI OBA, 1978. A method

for quantitative evaluation of carbonate dissolu- tion in deep-sea sediments and its application to paleoceanographic reconstruction. Quat. Res., 10(l): 112-129.

An empirical relationship is established between the relative abundance of perfect tests of one or more

16 (keanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (I)

foraminiferai species and the CaCOs weight loss from foraminiferal ooze containing those species. The method could be useful in estimating calcareous organism production rates, comparing CaCO3 accumulation and dissolution rates during glacial and interglacial periods, reconstructing paleotemperature regimes, and determining oceanic mixing rate changes with climate. Some problems still exist in evaluating CaCO s deposition rate variations across glacial/interglacial transitions. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, U.S.A. [,zs]

79:! 15 PIPER, D. J. W. and G. G. PE, 1977. Cenozoic clay

mineralogy from DSDP holes on the continental margin of the Australia-- New Zealand sector of Antarctica. N. Z. Jl Geol. Geophys., 20(5): 905-917.

Additional samples from three deep holes on the outer continental margin of the Wilkes Land sector of Antarctica were analyzed to expand on the results of Cook et ai. (1975). Comparison of the clay content of turbidites, contour current deposits, and pelagic sediment is utilized in the study of the sources of clay minerals from Antarctica. Analysis concentrated on those intervals for which Cook ct al. detected considerable variation in mineralogy. Department of Geology and Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. [SWM]

79:116 PIRAZZOLI, P. A., 1978. High stands of Hoiocene

sea levels in the northwest Pacific. Quat. Res., 10(1): 1-29.

Many authors have interpreted the evidence of higher Holocene sea levels in the northwest Pacific as an eustatic process. Each analysis propounds a different age and level of maximum transgression. However, the extreme diversity in reported data indicates that local changes in sea level were probably due to differential movement of a series of large crustal blocks during periods of Hoiocene tectonic activity. Laboratoire de Geomorphologie, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 92120-Montrouge, France. [SWM]

79:117 SETZER, F. M., 1975. Small Eocene Wilcox [Forma-

tion] Foraminifera from the subsurface Texas Gulf coast, Houston, Texas. Trans. Gulf Coast Ass. geol. Soc., 25: 342-349.

Four new species and two new varieties of foraminifera from the Middle Marine Wilcox Formation are described; their geographic and stratigraphic correlations are discussed. All species were diminutive possibly due to a high sulfide, low

oxygen, reducing environment. 2 figs.: Pseudoepo- nides and Rotorbineila illustrations. Amoco lnc., U.S.A. [IZS]

79:118 SIMONOV, A. P., 1978. History of the World Ocean

water activity. (In Russian.)Soy. Geol., 1978(4): 77-85.

79:119 SMITH, C. C., 1975. Upper Cretaceous calcareous

nannoplankton zonation and stage boundaries. Trans. Gulf Coast Ass. geol. Soc., 25: 263-278.

Previous reports on Upper Cretaceous nannoplankton zonation (P. Cepek and W. W. Hay, 1969) did not relate zonation to reference sections of European stages or provincial stages of the U.S. Gulf Coastal province. The zonal scheme of Cepek and Hay is evaluated, integrated with zones based on other fossil groups, and discussed in relation to their age assignments within the standard European framework. The succession stratigraphically terminates in Russell County, Kansas, in strata of early middle Turonian Age; and is resumed in Dallas County, Alabama, in strata assignable to the middle early Campanian. Figs. include stratigraphic tables. U.S. Geological Survey, Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. [SWM]

79:120 STANLEY, D. J., 1978. Ionian Sea sapropel distri-

bution and Late Quaternary palaeoceanography in the eastern Mediterranean. Nature, Lond., 274(5667): 149-152.

Sapropels, dark organic-rich mud layers observed in deep sea cores of the eastern Mediterranean, indicate that oceanographic conditions during portions of the Pliocene and Quaternary were significantly different from those observed at present. The regional distribution of Late Quaternary sapropels is outlined and their significance discussed. It is suggested that distribution of sapropeis in the Ionian Sea is directly related to episodes of what may be recognized as estuarine circulation. Division of Sedimentology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:121 THOMSON, M. R. A., 1977. An annotated bibliog-

raphy of the paleontology of Lesser Antarctica and the Scotia Ridge. N. Z. Jl Geol. Geophys., 20(5): 865-904.

From the onset of the twentieth century, the Antarctic Peninsula has been the basis of a wealth of studies concerning Mesozoic and Tertiary fossils. This annotated bibliography (1833-1975) lists 166 ref- erences on the paleontology of Lesser Antarctica and

Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (I) 17

the Scotia Ridge, lists species described, and is followed by an index subdivided by stratigraphical age. British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB30ET, England. [SWM]

79:!22 TODD, R. G. and R. M. MITCHUM JR., 1975.

Seismic stratigraphic identification of eustatic cycles in Late Triassic, Jurassic, and Early Creta- ceous rocks, Gulf of Mexico and west Africa. Trans. Gulf Coast Ass. geol. Soc., 25: 41-43.

In conjunction with other data, seismic stratigraphic techniques have permitted the identification of remarkably persistent sequences extending from the Florida Panhandle around the perimeter of the Gulf Coast into northern Mexico (1500 mi). The same Late Triassic, Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous sequences seem to be present in offshore west Africa. Both are interpreted to be eustaticaily controlled because they occupy the same time-stratigraphic positions and display coastal onlap patterns similar to those previously recognized elsewhere in the world. Exxon Production Research Company, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:123 VEEH, H. H. and W. C. BURNETT, 1978. Uranium-

series dating of insular phosphorite from Ebon Atoll, Micronesia. Nature, Lond., 274(5670): 460-462.

This first attempt at an age determination of both the apatite component and associated coral material of a phosphorite deposit demonstrates the suitability of the uranium series method for insular phosphorite dating, thus providing a new tool for paleoolimatic research. School of Earth Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. lms]

79:124 WILLIAMS, D. F., R. C. THUNELL and J. P. KENNETT,

1978. Periodic freshwater flooding and stag- nation of the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the Late Quaternary. Science, 201(4352): 252-254.

Oxygen isotope anomalies from tests of planktonic foraminifera associated with anoxic sapropols in the eastern Mediterranean Basin indicate that isotopic depletion is greater for surface species than for mesopelagic species. This tends to confirm that the anoxic conditions necessary for saprop¢l formation were caused by the inhibition of thermohaline vertical circulation due to a low-salinity surface layer. Thus it is suggested that the sapropol layers may reflect intermittent melting of the Eurasian iec sheets during the interglaciais. Department of Geology and Belie W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal

Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, U.S.A. [vcs]

79:125 WILSO.'~, H. H., 1975. Sub-salt origin of exotic

blocks in picrccment domes reveals the proba- bility of Oligo-Miocenc salt in the Gulf of Mexico region. Trans. Gulf Coast Ass. geol. Soc., 25: 1-19.

Due to dating problems inherent in the composition of salt structures, minimum ages for salt have frequently been inferred from the age of presumed roof rock fragments carried to the surface in piercement diapirs. Evidence from the Persian Gulf area suggests that cap rock material is derived either from rock interbedded with the evaporite, or as a result of glacier-like plucking from the salt sub-crop. If this is the case, exotics indicate maximum, ÷uther than minimum ages; and salt in the Gulf region, previously supposed to be Jurassic, may well be Oligo-Miooene. Louisiana Land & Exploration Co., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. [~WM]

79:126 WIND, F. H., 1975. Affinity of Lucianorhabdus and

species of Tetralithus in Late Cretaceous Gulf coast samples. Trans. Gulf Coast Ass. geol. Soc., 25: 350-361.

Phylogenetic relationships between the cosmopolitan, Late Cretaceous, calcareous nannoplankton, Lucianorhabdus and Tetralithus, are studied on DSDP samples from Alabama and the Gulf of Mexico using light and scanning electron microscopy. Several previously named genera and species may be lucianorhabdids whose basal symmetry became modified by different preservation techniques. Figs. include 3 plates of micrographs. Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A. [lzs]

79:127 WRUCKE, C. T., MICHAEL CHURKIN JR. and

CHRIS HEROPOULOS, 1978. Deep-sea origin of Ordovician pillow basalt and associated sedimen- tary rooks, northern Nevada. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 89(8): 1272-1280. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, U.S.A.

79:128 ZHARKOV, M. A., T. M. ZHARKOVA and G. A.

M ERZLYAKOV, 1978. On the evolution of the salt composition of the World Ocean waters in the Paleozoic. (In Russian; English abstract.) Geologiya Geofi=., 3(219): 3-18.

The relationship between sulphate-talc (gypsum, anhydritic) rooks, rock salt, and the total silvite and carnailite is discussed for Paleozoic salt-bearing

18 Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (I)

basids. The rocks are deficient in rock salt versus the total volume of sulphate-calc rocks as well as deficient in K-salts versus fixed volume of the rock salt. Evolution of the matter composition of halogen rock series is investigated relevant to the evolution of the water composition of the World's Ocean.

8. Sedimentation, sedimentary processes and diagenesis

79:129 BELDERSON, R. H., M. A. JOHNSO~ and A. H.

STg[OE, 1978. Bed-load partings and con- vergences at the entrance to the White Sea, U.S.S.R., and between Cape Cod and Georges Bank, U.S.A. Mar. Geol., 280/2): 65-75.

Tidal current data are used to predict the probable location of bed-load partings and convergences. In relation to these features predictions are made concerning the asymmetry of sand waves, and the existence of sand ribbons and banks. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Surrey, United Kingdom. [swM]

79:130 McGoogEY, D. P., 1975. Gulf coast Cenozoic

sediments and structure: an excellent example of extra-continental sedimentation. Trans. Gulf Coast Ass. geol. Soc., 25: 104-120.

Although previous refraction data arc not conclusive, abrupt stratigraphic and structural changes reflect the transition from oceanic to continental crust in the Gulf of Mexico. This transition is coincident with the hinge line where the thick Cenozoic elastic section progrades basinward from Mesozoic carbonate shelves. The area is marked by a complex interrelation of structural and sedimentation events that may be present worldwide, where deltaic progradation causes significant loading of oceanic crust. 17 figs., including maps, sections and seismic profiles. Texaco, Inc., U.S.A. [swM]

79:131 NmOUL, J. C. J. et F. GULLE~TOPS, eds., 1977.

Sedimentologie. [Sedimentotogy.] Proj. Mer, (Rapp. final) 4:240 pp.

Three French papers and two Dutch papers discuss physical and chemical properties of North Sea sediments and suspensions: and a model of sediment erosion, diagenesis and sediment transport. Universit6 de Liege, Liege, Belgium. [[zs]

79:132 OWEN, R. M. and J. R, MooRE, 1978. Textural and

mineralogical variations in the surficial sedi- ments of Chagvan Bay, Alaska: some strati-

graphic implications of a subarctic bay. Mar. Geol., 28(1/2): 145-161.

The texture, mineralogy, source, and mode of deposition of the "neotcric" sediments of Chagvan Bay are described: The sediments are at or near an equilibrium state, which should lead to an unconformity in the stratigraphic record. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A. IswM}

79:133 SAWHNEY, 8. L. and C. R. FRINK, 1978. Clay miner-

als as indicators of sediment source in tidal estuaries of Long Island Sound. Clays Clay Miner., 26(3): 227-230.

Knowledge of the characteristics and source of frequently dredged harbor bottom sediments is essential to ensure their disposal by an environmentally acceptable means. Amount and characteristics of clay minerals from harbors on Long Island Sound were compared with surrounding soils in the watershed, from which they differed. Thus, results indicate that the main source of the channel deposits is the bottom sediment of Long Island Sound which is transported by tidal action. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:!34 ST.XXI.F~, D. J. and C. M. WEAR, 1978. The "mud-

line": an erosion-deposition boundary on the upper continental slope. Mar. Geol., 28(I/2): M 19-M29.

Surficiai sediments on the outer shelf, shelf break and upper slope between Norfolk and Wilmington canyons were studied. The "'mud-line", located at depths of roughly 300 m, identifies a long-term separation of erosion versus deposition and serves as a major energy level boundary on the upper continental slope. Division of Sedimentology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:135 STOW, D. A. V. and A. J. BOWEN, 1978. Origin of

lamination in deep sea, fine-grained sediments. Nature, Lond., 274(5669): 324-328.

Silt laminated muds are common in the marine environment. Various conflicting hypotheses for these laminae are reviewed, after which a quantitative particle flow model for laminae formation in fine- grained turbidites is presented. The model fits a previously published numerical relationship between dispersed grain size distribution and flocculated particle size distribution. Figs. include X-radiographs of a core. British National Oil Corporation, 150 St Vincent Street, Glasgow, U.K. [Fcs]

Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (I) 19

79:136 STKASS, I. F., 1978. Microtextures of quartz sand

grains in coastal and shelf sediments, M@re, western Norway. Mur. Geol., 28(1/2): 107-134.

investigations indicate that shelf sediments off western Norway are resedimented tills. Evidence of Late Tertiary glaciation and lower Weichselian sea levels is presented. Institute of Biology and Geology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway. [SWM]

79:137 ZAVKE, ULRICH, 1977. Neuer Ansatz zur Berechnung

des Transportbeginns von Sedimenten untcr Stromungseinfluss. [A formula for determination of sediment-transport in a flow.] Mix Frunzius- Inst. Univ. Hannover, 46: 157-178.

It is possible to calculate the critical velocities for coarse and fine sands with good agreement to the values of Hjulstrom. The formula has dimensional homogeneity. The grain-size distribution should not be smaller than dw/dio = 1.5 nor larger than deo/dlo=4. Grain shape factor should be about 0.7. Franzius-lnstitut fur Wasserbau and Kiistenin- genieurwesen der Technischen Universitat Hannover, Hannover. W. Germany.

79:138 ZAUKE, ULRICH, 1977. Berechnung der Sink-

geschwindigkeiten von Sedimenten. [Detcrmina- tion of settling velocities of sediments.] Mitt. Franzius-Inst. Univ. Hatmover, 46: 230-245.

A formula for determination of settling velocities is presented. Settling velocities can be determined for various particle and fluid densities for various particle shapes. Franzius-Institut fur Wasserbau und Kiisteningenieurwesen der Technischen Universitlt Hannover, Hannover, W. Germany.

9. Bottom sediments, sedimentary rocks and formations (type, composition, etc.)

79:139 BRISKIN, MADELEINE and B. C. SCHREIBER, 1978.

Authigenic gypsum in marine sediments. Mur. Geol., 28( l/2): 37-49.

Two types of authigenic gypsum crystals have been identified in a Pleistocene core from the Rio Grande Rise. Climatic amelioration results in an influx of undersaturated bottom water which dissolves the foraminiferal ooze, supplying the Ca ions necessary for gypsum precipitation. Classic models of marine gypsum formation must be extended to include conditions periodically occurring on the ocean floor. Figs. include 3 SEM micrographs. Department of

Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:140 KAZAKOV, 0. V., 1978. Buried reef massifs in the

abyssal part of the lonian Sea. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. NaukSSSR, 240(l): 159-161.

79:141 KCMPAS. MICIIAEL, 1977/78. Distribution of sedi-

mentary rocks in the Hano Bay and S. of Oland, S. Baltic. Srockholm Contr. Geol., 31: 95- 103.

Sedimentary rocks in the Hanii Bay and adjacent areas of the south Baltic were investigated by seismic reflection profiling. Lower Paleozoic boundaries and the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary were identified by correlation with known sections on the islands at Oland and Gotland. Geologiska Institutionen, University of Stockholm, Sweden. [SWM]

79:142 POPOV, V. P. and D. E. GERSHANOVICH, 1978. Terri-

genous-mineralogical provinces of Recent sedi- ments on the continental margins in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeunologiiu, 18(t): 269-275.

Studies by immersion of the mineral composition of 125 samples of the coarse-aleuritic sediment fraction have made it possible to distinguish 10 coastal terrigenous mineralogical provinces, most of which correspond to the petrographic composition of rocks of the source provinces drained by the Indus, Narmada, and Tapti rivers. [SWM]

79:143 PRELL, W. L., 1978. Upper Quaternary sediments of

the Colombia Basin: spatial and stratigraphic variation. Bull. Geol. Sot. Am., 89(8): 1241-1255.

Variations of Upper Holocene and Upper Quaternary sediments in the Colombia Basin reflect the terrigenous influx from South America and Panama. Carbonate accumulation remains relatively constant with climatic change, whereas clay accumulation varies widely with glacial changes in sea level. Thus, the sediments of the Colombia Basin (and most marginal basins) record both oceanographic (pelagic) and continental responses to glacial- interglacial ciimatic change. Figs. include bathymetry, isopachs, and stratigraphic zonations. Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, U.S.A. [=“Ml

79:144 PL.RDY, G. M. and D. C. TWICHELL, 1978. Sedi-

20 Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (I)

merit distribution around the Bouvet triple junc- tion. Mar. Geol.. 28(1/2): M53-M57.

About 8000 km of seismic reflection profiles in the vicinity of the Bouvet triple junction are used to map sediment distribution and infer sedimentary history. It is suggested that the thick accumulation northeast of the Bouvet fracture zone is due to a sediment laden bottom water flow (possibly Antarctic) which decelerates after emerging from the fracture zone. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, U.S.A. [FCS]

79:145 SVAL'NOV, V. N., A. N. RUDAKOVA and V. P.

KAZAKOVA, 1978. Minerals of metamorphic rocks in the Indian Ocean sediments. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, 18(2): 263-268.

Mineralogical study of the coarse-aleuritic fraction of deep sea sediments has shown that edaphogenic minerals of metamorphic rocks accumulate in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean. Parent rock (crystalline schist, green schist facies) apparently outcropped five to fifteen thousand years ago as a result of the displacement of blocks along fractures in the slopes and foothills of the East Indian and West Australian ridges. [swM]

79:!46 THUNELL, R. C., 1978. Distribution of Recent plank-

tonic foraminifera in surface sediments of the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Micropaleont., 3(2): 147-173.

Due to distinct environmental preferences, the distribution of planktonic foraminifera can be used to reconstruct past oceanographic conditions. The distribution of 16 foraminiferal species in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean Sea was mapped, and the faunal data was subjected to cluster, factor, and species diversity analyses. The clustering of species yields assemblages that are clearly temperature related. Figs. include 2 SEM plates. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 0288 I, U.S.A. [SWM]

10. Coasts, beaches and marshes

79:147 DOLOTOV, Yu. S., R. B. JAROMSKIS and V. I.

KYRLIS, 1978. On [Baltic Sea] beach sediment differentiation and beach lamination under dif- ferent dynamic conditions. (In Russian; Eng- lish abstract.) Okeanologiia, 18(2): 288-297.

Results of repeated stationary investigations of Baltic Sea beaches during summer and late autumn are analyzed. Peculiarities of beach sediment

differentiation and the formation of lamination under different combinations of factors are considered. Box- type sediment-coring devices for obtaining samples with undisturbed laminated sedimentary structures and peels from sediment cores were used for the first time in the USSR.

79:148 Dugols, R. N., 1978. Beach topography and beach

cusps. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.. 89(8): i 133-1139.

Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the formation of beach cusps. The influence of beach topography on the formation of cusps was studied along the northern shore of Delaware. In this area the formation of cusps appears dependent upon the existence of a tidal berm in the developing stage and a favorable backshore topography. Additional observations suggest there may be other causes of cusp formation as well. Department of Geography, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, U.S.A. [sw ~t I

79:149 McCAvE, I. N., 1978. Grain-size trends and transport

along beaches: example fro.m eastern England. Mar. Geol., 28(1/2): M43-M51.

In a deviation from the norm, some beaches show a coarsening in grain size in the direction of net wave- driven transport. This is possibly due to progressive winnowing out of the finer fraction and its dispersal offshore by strong coastal currents. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:150 STARNS, R. C. and R. C. GLASSEN, 1975. Optimi-

zation of wave parameters in the " a - b - c - . . . " model. Tram. Gulf Coast Ass. geol. Soc., 25:279-28 I.

The computer program WAVENRG (J. P. May) can bring "sample" waves ashore over a hathymetric grid. The computed longshore component of wave power, when used in conjunction with the "a-b-c" model, can then be used to determine sediment transport rates and regimes. As the program can only operate with one wave type at a time, the primary obstacle to modeling a real shore is expense. This study explores methods to reduce a wave climate to as few waves as possible, but still duplicate a natural system. Florida Resources and Environmental Analysis Center, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A. [Fcs]

79:151 TANNER, W. F. et al., 1975. [Symposium on beach

erosion in Middle America.} (8 papers.)

Oceanographic Literature Review (! 979) 26 (I) 21

In: Trans. Gulf Coast Ass. geol. Soc., 25: 365-395.

This symposium (part of an IGU regional series) brings together information (much of it quantitative) on shoreline advance, retreat, growth, and erosion in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, the Atlantic (off the southeastern U.S.), and the Pacific (off Mexico and Central America). In general, erosion predominates, even at the mouths of several large rivers. Six possible causes are examined; the two believed most important are a post-Holocene change in wave climate and the maturation of the shore system. Geology Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A. [Fcs]

79:152 WOOD, A., 1978. Coast erosion at Aberystwyth

[Cardigan Bay, Wales]; geological and human factors involved. Geol. J., 13(1): 61-72.

The northern portion of the promenade at Aberystwyth is dangerously vulnerable to wave attack. The main factor involved is the geological evolution of the coastline which now strictly limits the available protective shingle and sand cover. The action of man, in building harbour protection works, protective sea walls, and groynes, has had unforeseen consequences. Geology Department, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DB, Wales.

12. Plate tectonics, global tectonics, etc.

79:153 CHUNG, WAI-YING and HIRoo KANAMORI, 1978.

Subduction process of a fracture zone and aseismic ridges-the focal mechanism and source characteristics of the New Hebrides earthquake of 1969 January 19 and some related events. Geophys. J! R. astr. Soc., 54(1 ): 221-240.

Seismic data from the New Hebrides earthquake of 19 January 1969, which occurred near the intersection of the D'Entrecasteaux Fracture Zone and the New Hebrides Trench, is used to study the subduction process of a fracture zone and &seismic ridge complex. Results suggest highly heterogeneous stress distribution along the fracture zone, and differential subduction and local Benioff zone uplift caused by buoyancy associated with the low-density aseismic ridge. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, U.S.A. [FCS]

79:154 COLLETTE, B. J., A. P. SLOOTWEG and R. C.

SEARLE (comments), and T. ATWATER(reply), 1978. Matters arising: oblique spreading and

fracture zones. Nature, Lond., 274(5667): 187- 188.

79:155 Cox, K. G., 1978. Flood basalts, subduction and

and the break-up of Gondwanaland. Nature. Lond., 274(5666): 47-49.

Relationships between the Gondwanide orogeny and its foreland are examined geologically and found to support DuToit's hypothesis of a continuous zone of orogeny along the Pacific side of Gondwanaland in the Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. The orogeny is discussed within a plate tectonic framework, particularly with regard to subduction processes and their consequences. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom. [rcs]

79:156 FLEMMING, N. C., 1978. Holocene eustatic changes

and coastal tectonics in the northeast Mediter- ranean: implications for models of crustal consumption. Phil. Tram. R. Soc. Lond., (A)289(1362): 405-458.

Relative vertical tectonic movement is established at 202 ancient harbor sites, and corrected for eustatic changes by 175 independent sea level estimates. These observations are then combined with information on strike-slip motion, subduction rates, and other geophysical parameters to enable the identification, and to describe the motion, of rigid crustal blocks (50- 100 km scale) in the northeastern Mediterranean; to establish probable plate boundaries and events; and to model the subduction zone beneath the Hellenic Arc. It is suggested that there is no Aegean plate, and that incipient continental collision has brought the Hellenic Arc to a late phase of destruction as a true island arc/back arc system. Nineteen figs., 3 tables, 5 pp. bibliography. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Brook Road, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey, U.K. [FCS]

79:157 RONA, P. A. and E. S. RICUARDSON, 1978. Early

Cenozoic global plate reorganization. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 40(1): 1-11.

A synthesis of information on regional sea floor spreading and orogeny reveals a global plate reorganization in the Early Cenozoic marked by plate motions with much larger E-W components, a decrease in spreading rates and the widespread obduction of ophiolites; and caused by an increasing resistance to N-S-trending motions which forced reorganization along lines of less resistance. The major plate tectonic reorganizations at both the beginning of the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic may suggest a tectonic basis for the division of the

22 Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (I)

Phanerozoic into eras. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceano- graphic and Meteorological Laboratories, Miami, Florida 33149, U.S.A. [Ecs]

79:158 SIBUET, J.-C. and JEAN MASCLE, 1978. Plate kine-

matic implications of Atlantic equatorial fracture zone trends. J. geophys. Res., 83(B7): 3401-3421..

Following the proposal of Morgan (1968), detailed plate kinematics for the South Atlantic are established by the analysis of fracture zone trends and the fit of magnetic isochrons. Four main opening phases are identified, dated, and correlated with tectonic events in South America and Africa. Figs. include gravity and magnetic anomalies, fracture zone locations and seismic reflection profiles, mostly from the Gulf of Guinea. Centre Oc~nologique de Bretagne, B.P. 337, 29273 Brest Cedex, France. Eves]

79:159 UTKIN, V. P., 1978. The East.Asian global dis-

placement zone, volcanic belt and marginal seas. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk $SSR, 240(2): 400-403.

79:160 YCEN, D. A., L. FLEITOUT, G. SCHUBERT and

C. FROIDEVAUX, 1978. Shear deformation zones along major transform faults and subducting slabs. Geophys. JI R. astr. Soc., 54(1): 93-119.

Viscous slip zones, narrow and marked by intense shear deformation, are analyzed with a one- dimensional time-dependent model, which is then applied to the slip zone on a descending lithosphere, ridge and plate boundary transform faults, and continental strike-slip faults. Two conclusions are that frictional heating of a descending lithospheric slab is insufficient, by itself, to cause melting; and that because of rapid increases in mantle temperature oceanic slip zones cannot exist beneath about 100 kin. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, U.S.A. Eves]

13. Volcanism and magmatism; igneous rocks, minerals, etc.

79:161 DEARGOLLO R. and J.-G. SCHILLING, 1978. Ge-Si

and Ga-AI fractionation in Hawaiian volcanic rocks. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 42(6): 623-630.

In an analysis of nineteen Hawaiian volcanic rock sites, no systematic variations of Ga/AI and Ge/Si

ratios with pressure regime or degree of partial melting could be inferred. Thus the constancy of these ratios during various magmatic processes suggests their profitable use in detecting mantle source heterogeneities. Programa de Pesquisa e Pos- Graduacao era Geofisica. Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal de Bahia, 40.000 Salvador Bahia, Brasil. [FCS]

79:162 DELANEY, J. R., D. W. MUFNOW and D. G.

GRAHAM, 1978. Abundance and distribution of water, carbon and sulfur in the glassy rims of submarine pillow basalts. Geochim. cosmochim. Acla, 42(6): 581-594.

Chemical compositions of the glassy rims of sub- marine pillow basaits were compared with the com- position of vapor inclusions contained therein to gain insight into volatile abundance patterns of the basalts at or near their source. Mass spectrometric analyses of Hawaiian basalts indicate a water- depleted source mass and an influx of water into the melt after the formation of inclusions, but before ocean floor quenching. Vesicles in glasses from the Marianas lnterarc Basin are probably formed by a CO2- dominated vapor phase. The sulfur content of the inclusion glasses is very close to that of the en- closing matrix. Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. Isw~1]

79:!63 DUFFIELD, W. A., 1978. Vesicularity of basalt

erupted at Reykjanes Ridge crest. Nature, Load., 274(5668): 2 i 7-220.

Average vesicularity of basalt drilled at three sites on the west flank of the Reykjanes Ridge increases with decreasing age. This change apparently records concomitant decrease in water depth at the ridge crest where the basalt was erupted and suggests substantial upward growth of the crest during the past 35 m. y. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94O25, U.S.A.

79:164 GERASIMOVSKIY, V. I. and L. I. NESMEYANOVA, 1977.

Geochemistry of alkalis in Icelandic lavas. Geochem. int. (a translation of Geokhimiya): 14(4): 61-69.

Based on flame photometry determinations, Na, K, Li, and Rb levels were shown to gradually increase in the Icelandic lava series from basalt to rhyolite. Basalts and acid lavas occurring in the same areas are compositionally correlated. Genetic correlation of the lava series rocks and their production by differentiation are indicated. Vernadskiy Institute of

Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (I) 23

Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences oftbe USSR, Moscow, USSR. [izs]

79:165 LARSEN, H. C., 1978. Offshore continuation of

east Greenland dyke swarm and North Atlantic Ocean formation. Nature, Lend., 274(5668): 220-223.

Offshore aeromagnetic data show that the coast- parallel dyke swarm of east Greenland continues on the continental shelf as a broad coast-parallel belt. A continental spreading center at anomaly 24 has implications for the suggested origin of the North Atlantic. The Geological Survey of Greenland, Copenhagen K, Denmark.

79:166 LUDDEN, J. N. and GEOFFREY THOMPSON, 1978.

Behaviour of rare earth elements during sub- marine weathering of tholeiitic basalt. Nature, Lend., 274(5667): 147-149.

Studies of basalts dredged near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge median valley indicate that rare earth elements (REE) are affected by low temperature weathering processes: a significant uptake of the REE La-Sm occurs during low temperature seafloor basalt weathering. As caution is urged in interpreting REE data in weathered seafloor basalts, petrological inferences would be better based on fresh glass samples. Department of Chemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts 02543, U.S.A. [Izs]

79:167 MCCALLUM, I. S. and M. P. CHARETTE, 1978.

Zr and Nb partition coefficients: implications for the genesis of mare basalts, KREEP, and sea floor basalts. Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, 42(6A): 859-869.

The crystal/liquid distribution coefficients for Zr and Nb were determined experimentally between armalcolite, ilmenite, clinopyroxene, futile, plagioclase, and a coexisting synthetic high Ti mare basalt. Results are discussed in terms of lunar and mid- ocean ridge basalts. Of the latter, type II (anomalous) basalts may have been generated by small degrees of partial melting of a largely undepleted mantle with clinopyroxene remaining in the residuum. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. [Fcs]

79:168 PARMENTIER, E. M. and E. T. C. SPOONER, 1978.

A theoretical study of hydrothermal convection and the origin of the ophiolitic sulphide ore

deposits of Cyprus. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 40(I ): 33-44.

Geological inferences as to the features of fluid circulation within the ophiolites of the Troodos Massif of Cyprus are compared by finite difference approximations with a numerical model for thermal convection in a permeable medium of cylindrical geometry at moderate Rayleigh numbers. Results are qualitatively consistent with regard to such features as plume spacing, rates of fluid flow, and volumes of mineralization. Factors responsible for confining the ore deposits to narrowly defined zones are identified. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Oxford, Oxford OXI 3PR, Great Britain. [FCS]

79:169 POPEKO, V. A., A. F. MARCHENKO, V. V. ZUENKO

and I. P. VOI~OVA, 1978. Analysis of the trend of petrochemical characteristics of Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Kamchatka Penin- sula. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 239(5): 1182-1185.

79:170 SIGURDSSON, HARALDUR and S. R. J. SPARKS, 1978.

Lateral magma flow within rifted Icelandic crust. Nature, Lond., 274(5667): 126-130.

It is proposed that some fissure eruptions result from the extension of crustal fractures during rifting episodes into high-level magma reservoirs in central volcanoes and the subsequent lateral flow of fractionated magmas into fissure swarms. The current rifting episode in the northeastern volcanic zone of Iceland demonstrates lateral flow with injections of magma into fissure swarms up to 10 km north and south of the central volcano. These results indicate that geochemistry of fissure-erupted basalts does not necessarily reflect that of the immediately underlying mantle. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02835, U.S.A. [SWM]

14. Oil and gas

79:171 ZHIZHCHENKO, B. P., 1978. Generation of hydro-

carbonaceous gasses in Recent sediments. (In Russian.) Soy. Geol., 1978(4): 65-76.

15, Manganese nodules, etc.

79:172 ADDY, S. K., 1978. Distribution of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni

24 Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (1)

and Co in coexisting manganese nodules and micronodules. Mar. Geol.. 28(I/2): M9-M 17.

In forty-four coexisting pairs of manganese nodules and micronodules, Mn/Fe ratios and Ni, Co, and Cu concentrations were lower in approximately 60% of the pairs; similar in approximately 20%; and higher in the remaining 20%. The low Mn/Fe ratio in the majority of micronodules was probably due to an incipient coating of iron hydroxide on the nuclei indicating a size dependency for micronodule bulk compositions. Geophysics Laboratory, Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A. [Izs]

79:173 GLASBY, G. P., 1978. Deep-sea manganese nodules

in the stratigraphic record: evidence from DSDP cores. Mar. Geol., 28(1/2): 51-64.

To find out if manganese nodules cease growth upon burial, core records from the first 370 DSDP holes were examined. Nodules are relatively uncommon in the stratigraphic column; at least 42% of the nodules occur in Pleistocene deposits; nodules appear to be more widespread at present. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand. [Izs]

79:174 GLASBV, G. P. and J. E. AnDrEWS, 1977. Manganese

crusts and nodules from the Hawaiian Ridge. Pacif Sci., 31(4): 363-379.

Crusts occur mainly from 400-2000 m on submarine terraces, vary in thickness from stains to 5 cm, exhibit an essentially featureless internal structure, accrete at rates similar to those of deep sea nodules and do not require iron oxide to initiate growth; crustal thickness increases with increasing substrate age. Diagenetic processes appear unimportant in determining the composition of this potential economic resource. Figs. include ca. 40 illustrations of manganese nodules-- from bottom photographs to micrographs. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand. [lzs]

79:175 KRISHNASWAMI, S. and J. K. CocHrAN, 1978.

Uranium and thorium series nuclides in oriented ferromanganese nodules: growth rates, turnover times and nuclide behavior. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 40(1): 45-62.

Chemical and chronometric properties of uranium and thorium decay series nuclides in three oriented ferromanganese nodules were studied to help resolve the disparity between rates of sediment accumulation and nodule growth. Th-230 profiles indicate episodic

nodule growth; top sides of the nodules exhibited growth rates of 1.8-4.6 mm/10 ' yr and bottom sides, 1.5-3.3 ram/106 yr. Figs. include nodule photosand sections. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A. [Izsl

16. Local and regional tectonics, earthquakes and seismicity

79:176 BONATTi, ENRICO and p. R. HAmLYN, 1978. Mantle

uplifted block in the western Indian Ocean. Science, 201 (4352): 249-25 I.

Field, petrological and chemical studies indicate the presence of an uplifted block of mantle, 2 km thick, in the Owen Fracture Zone close to its intersection with the Mid-lndian Ridge. The ultramafic rocks show no cumulate textures, but do display protogranular and porphyroclastic textures. They consist of partly serpcntinized spinel Iherzolites with harzl~urgites and dunites. Findings indicate partial reequilibration and recrystallization during the upwelling which preceded uplift. Figs. include seismic profiles. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A. [rcs]

79:!77 BOURROL'ILH, ROBERT, 1978. Coulissages de plus de

700 km en Mediterran~e occidental¢: une tec- tonique de type californien, pr~c~dant les set- rages miocenes. [California-type rifting of more than 700 km in western Mediterranean: Califor- nian tectonics, occurring before the Miocenic collision tectonics.] C. r. hebd. S#anc. acad. Sci., Paris, (D)286( 19): 1339-1342.

The Alboran block, a sliver of the Iberian block, is attached to the Iberian block along the Balearic Islands. During the Alpine orogeny, the Alboran block slid along the Iberian block. Two oceanic plates, the Antioco and Alboran plates, disappearing by subduction in the western Mediterranean, represent the remains of the Tethysian plates. D@artement de G~ologie structurale, Universit~ Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 4, place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.

79:178 Bt:RNS, K. L. and R. W. R. RUTLAND, eds., 1978.

Structural characteristics of tectonic zones. (Papers presented at the Symposium on Struc- tural Characteristics of Tectonic Zones, held at the 25th International Geological Congress, Sydney, August 1976.)(I1 papers.) Tectono- physics," 47(3/4): 419 pp. Division of Mineral Physics, Minerals Research Laboratories, C.S.I.R.O., North Ryde, N.S.W., Australia.

Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (I) 25

79:179 HICKMAN, R. G., CAMPBEI.L CR s,l)l)t')('K and K. W.

SHERWOOD, 1978. The Denali fault system and the tectonic development of southern Alaska. Tectonophysics, 47(3/4): 247-273.

Southern Alaska presents an unusual area for tectonic study in that it is characterized.by (I) the intersection of an island arc/trench system with a continental area, and (2) the presence of major arcuate longitudinal faults. Study of a segment of the Denali fault system indicates a possible Paleozoic and Mesozoic setting dominated by plate convergence, despite possible pro--Late Cretaceous lateral movement. Field results suggest that the Denali fault may mark the northern edge of a small plate caught between the Pacific and American plates, rather than being part of a major transform fault. 7 figs., including fold-out geological map, Healy Quadrangle. Union Oil Company of California Research Center, Brea, California 92621, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:180 JONES, D. L., M. C. BLAKE JR., E. H. BAILEY and

R. J. MCLAUGHLIN, 1978. Distribution and character of Upper Mesozoic subduction com- plexes along the west coast of North America. Tectonophysics, 47(3/4): 207-222.

A narrow band consisting of complex sequences of either melange or coherent units of flyschlike graywacke and argillite has been identified along most of the Pacific coast of North America. It is believed that these sequences were formed during Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary subduction. Study of the complexes indicates that: (1): accretion due to subduction probably has added a large area of new land to North America (est. 200,000 kin2); and (2) an enormous amount of northward plate movement would seem to have occurred. However, the origin of the melanges, and the emplacement of exotic tectonic blocks, is not understood. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, U.S.A. [SWM]

79:i81 JONES, P. R. and S. H. JoggsoN, 1978. Sonobuoy

array measurements of active faulting on the Gorda Ridge. J. geophys. Res., 83(B7): 3435-3440.

A microearthquake survey of the northern Gorda Ridge using two quadripartite sonobuoy arrays indicates: (1) an average of 3.5 events/h; (2) hypocenter locations on valley floor, walls, and crestal mountains; (3) deeper foci for events at the intersection with the Blanco Fracture Zone than elsewhere on the ridge (which may imply more rapid cooling near fracture zones); and (4) high angle uplift of the median valley walls. The authors concur that teleseismically located epicenters away from the

appropriate ridge features are in systematic error. School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, U.S.A. Ires]

79:182 McKENzIE, DAN, 1978. Some remarks on the

development of sedimentary basins. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 40(1): 25-32.

A thermal model is proposed which produces a sedimentary basin by sudden stretching followed by slow cooling of the lower part of the plate. Stretching could occur at rifted margins and behind island arcs. Preliminary investigations of the Great Basin, the Aegean, the North Sea, and the Michigan Basin indicate that the model can account for the major events in their early evolution. Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, Madingley Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge, England. [SWM]

79:!g3 MILANOVSKIY, YE. YE., 1978. Faults of rift zones.

Int. geol. Rev.. 20(7): 757-769.

The principal tectonic forms of rift zones are described. Most arise from a combination of horizontal tension with differentiated vertical movement of different sign and amplitude, and have a block character. The characteristics of the morphology and distribution patterns of the three main types of rift zones (intracontinentai, intercontinental, and intraoc'eanic) are presented. Data suggest an association between the origin of earthquakes in active rift zones and deformations of normal, parting, and thrust types. [SWM]

79:184 MILNES, A. G., 1978. Structural zones and conti-

nental collision, central Alps. Tectonophysics, 47(3/4): 369-392.

A cross-section of the central Alps (from Lake Constance to Lake Como) is analyzed as to structure, rock mechanics, and petrology within a plate tectonic framework (at convergent plate boundaries). A detailed history of the central Alps is then reconstructed which indicates that the final locking of the two plates was preceded by a long hi'story (as far back as mid-Cretaceous) of unsettled and surficiai tectonic activity at the boundary. 3 figs., mostly structural sections. Geologisches lnstitut, Eid- gen6ssische Technische Hochschule, 8092 Ziirich, Switzerland. [ECS]

79:185 OGAWA, YUJIRO, 1978. Structural characteristics

and tectonisms around the microcontinent in the outer margin of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic

26 Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (1)

geosyncline of Japan. Tectonophysics, 47(3/4): 295-310.

A detailed analysis of palcogeography, and major and minor structures of the Sakawa Fold Belt (the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Japan Geosyncline) indicates that the Japanese Islands have grown from a marginal sea basin and microcontinent system, rather than from an arc-trench system. Department of Earth Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui, Sctagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156, Japan. [~=cs]

79:186 PFRFIT, M. R. and B. C. H,-~zE~x, 1978. The geology

and evolution of the Cayman Trench. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 89(8): 1155-1174.

Eighty dredge hauls from the Cayman Trench are analyzed, dated, and related to previous geophysical data in order to more fully detail a structural and historical model of the region, including the Cayman Ridge, the mid-Cayman spreading center, and the Nicaraguan Plateau. Figs. include bathymetry, seismic profiles, section illustrations, and stratigraphy. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observa- tory, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A. [FCS]

79:187 SI~:OSlAN, K. O. and I. G. GASS, 1978. Arakapas

fault belt, Cyprus: a fossil transform fault. Bull. Geol. So(:. Am., 89(8): 1220-1230. Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, England.

19. Crust, mantle, core: includes petrology and seismology (also see Physical Oceanography for gonerai fluid mechanics)

79:188 BECK, A. E., ed., 1978. Laboratory measurements of

physical properties under mantle conditions. (A collection of the papers presented at IASPEI/IAVCEI Assembly Symposium Sl held in Durham, Great Britain, August 12, 1977.) (6 papers.) Phys. Earth planet. Int., (spec. iss.) 17(1): !-53.

The main objective of this symposium was to bring together those few workers attempting physical measurements at very high pressures and temperaturzs in order to compare techniques and results, explore the possibilities of interlaboratory comparisons, and establish universal standard materials. Little emphasis was placed on the geophysical interpretation of results. Department of Geophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada. [l=cs]

79:!89 C(;ws~:, P. and A. NICOLAS, 1978. Regional struc-

ture and geodynamics of the upper mantle beneath the Massif Central. Nature, Lond., 274(5670): 429-432. Laboratoire de tectono- physique, 38, Bd Michelet, 44072 Nantes C&lex, France.

79:190 DMITRIEV, L. V., A. V. SOBOLEV and N. M. SUSH-

CHEVSKAZA, 1978. Primary fusion of oceanic tholeiite and the composition of ocean upper mantle. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 240(1): 17%180.

79:191 FURLONG, K. P. and D. S. CHAPMAN, 1978. Roll cell

mantle convection under the Pacific plate. Nature, Lond., 274(5667): 145-147.

To test the hypothesis of Richter and Parsons (1975) of a roll cell form for small-scale mantle convection, spectral analysis of bathymetry and heat flow was undertaken for selected areas of the Pacific. Preliminary results confirm the hypothesis: anomalies trend in the direction of absolute plate motion and have wavelengths of about 1000 kin. Amplitudes were about 300 m and 10 mW/m 2, respectively. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. [FCS]

79:192 GREGERSES;, SOREN, 1978. Possible mode conversion

between Love and Rayleigh waves at a conti- nental margin. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 54(1): 121-127.

A method to compute the transmission coefficients of energy and amplitude for Love waves at continental margins is generalized to cover a larger number of normal Love modes, and extended to include Rayleigh waves. Love wave reflection is also treated. One finding is that a small conversion occurs between Love and Rayleigh fundamental modes around 20-s periods. Department of Seismology, Geodetic Institute, Gamlehave AIle 22, DK 2920 Chariottenlund, Denmark. [FCS]

79:193 MCADOO, D. C., J. G. CALDWELL and D. L. TLTR -

COTTE, 1978. On the elastic-perfectly plastic bending of the lithosphere under generalized loading with application to the Kuril Trench. Geophys. JI R. astr. Soc., 54( 1 ): 11-26.

An elastic-perfectly plastic analysis of lithospheric bending is extended to include horizontal loading, which is shown at compressive stresses of several kilobars to significantly displace the region of high

Oceanographic Literature Review (1979) 26 (1) 27

curvature. Good agreement with topographic and free air gravity profiles across the Kuril Trench is obtained with a compressive load of 2.6-5.0 kbar. Department of Geological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. [FCS]

79:194 NI~PROCHNOV, It:. P. and G. L. KASHINTSE'¢, 1978.

On the composition of basic layers of the earth crust of the eastern-Pacific uplift. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 239(5): 1222-1225.

morphism and subduction.] C. r. hebd. S#anc. acad. Sci., Paris, (D)286(21): 1491-1494.

Metamorphic slices outcrop beneath the ophiolitic nappe of the northern Pindos; their position and iithology are very similar to those of Turkey and Syria. They result from a metamorphism of oceanic volcanic and sedimentary formations in an intraoceanic subduction zone. Laboratoire de P6trographie, 1, rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.

79:195 PoPov, A. A. and G. I. Axosov, 1978. New data on

the earth crust structure of the Kuril Trough. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 240(I): 166-168. 21. Miscellaneous

79:!% RFZANOX', I. A., 1978. On the relationship between

the upper mantle and tectonics heterogeneity. (In Russian.)Soy. Geol., 1978(4): 51-64.

79:!97 SAFO.~O~', V. G., 1978. Some types of elastic rocks

from the Marcus-Necker Submarine Moun- tains. (In Russian: English abstract.) Okeano- logiia, 18(2): 276-282.

Breccias of dredged volcanic rocks are described. Three types are distinguished: lava elastic, tuff- turbidites, and slope type.

79:198 TURCOTTE, D. L., D. C. MCADOO and J. G. CALD-

WELL, 1978. An elastic-perfectly plastic analysis of the bending of the lithosphere at a trench. Tectonophysics. 47(3/4): 193-205.

Previous models of the lithosphere (at an oceanic trench) as a thin elastic plate with a hydrostatic restoring force have sometimes indicated too small a lithospberic slope within the trench. An elastic- perfectly plastic model shows elastic behavior seaward of the trench; however plasticity decreases the curvature radius within the trench, and demonstrates good agreement with trench profiles that do not fit the elastic model. Department of Geological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. [vcs]

79:199 WHITECHURCH, HUBERT et J.-F. PARROT, 1978.

Ecailles m~tamorphiques infrap~ridotitiques dans le Pinde septentrional (Grec¢): crofite occhanique, m6tamorphisme et subduction. [Metamorphic slices beneath peridotites in the northern Pindos (Greece): oceanic crust, meta-

79:200 DRAKE, M. J. and J. R. HOLLOWAY, 1977/78.

Experimental trace element geochemistry. (Proceedings of an International Conference held in Sedona, Arizona, 12-16 September 1977.) (21 papers.) Geochim. cosmochim. Acta, (Spec. lss.)42(6A): 657-943.

79".201 ORFORD, J. D. and PETER WRIGHT, 1978. What's in a

name?-Descriptive or genetic implications of 'ridge and runnel' topography. Mar. Geol., 28(I/2): MI-M8. Department of Geography, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, U.K.

79:202 PAL•CZ, IVAN, 1978. English language publi-

cations of the French school of geo- statistics. J. int. Ass. math. Geol., 10(2): 253-260.

This compilation of the geostatistical literature that is published in English and accessible (at least) in Australia is intended for use as a research resource tool. Computer Applications Research Group, School of Applied Geology, University of New South Wales, P.O. Box !, Kensington, N.S.W., 2033, Australia. [s~lr]

79:203 WILKNISS, PETER, 1978. Deep ocean drilling--what

future? NewScient., 79(1 ! 10): 10-17.

After nearly a decade of successful operation, it is timely to review the achievements of the international scientific deep ocean drilling programme, and to consider the future needs and justifications of the vast expenditure that may be required. Ocean Sediment Coring Program, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

D.S.R.(B) 26-I--c