Submarine geology and geophysics

526 OLR(1980) 27(8)

mineral grains in contrast to open ocean values of 90%, 8% and 2%, respectively. Includes 9 micrographs. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- tion, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (izs)

80:3644 Naruse, Yoji, Ryo Ando, Fumi Tsuchiyama and

Hiroo Sugiyama, 1979. Adsorption of heavy metals on suspended solids. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 45(11): 1417-1421.

The adsorption of heavy metals on suspended solids in estuarine waters was studied and the removal of these elements from aqueous solution was found to depend on the nature of the suspended material, solution pH and the presence of competing cations. The affinity order of adsorption is given. Environmental Pollution Research Institute, Nagoya 467, Japan. (bwt)

80:3645 Saino, Toshiro and Akihiko Hattori, 1980. ~N

natural abundance in oceanic suspended particulate matter. Nature, Lond., 283(5749): 752-754.

The first comprehensive data on the vertical distribution of ~'~N in suspended particulate organic matter collected at a station in the northeastern Indian Ocean are reported. Use of nitrogen isotopic analysis for the identification and quantification of vertical transport processes is discussed. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Nakano- ku, Tokyo 164, Japan.

80:3646 Sholkovitz, E. R. and N. B. Price, 1980. The

major-element chemistry of suspended matter in the Amazon Estuary. Geochim. cosmochim. Acts, 44(2): 163-171.

The major element composition (Si, A1, Ti, Fe, Mn, K, Ca, Mg and P) of surface water suspended matter in the Amazon Estuary is reported and these data are used to elucidate the biological, chemical and physical processes occurring in the estuarine environment. The chemical composition of river- introduced material is significantly altered by biological activity as major elements are incor- porated into skeletal and organic phases of marine phytoplankton. Grant Institute of Geology, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, U.K. (bwt)

C. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

1. Apparatus and methods 80:3647

Birch, Gavin, 1978/79. The Karbonat-Bombe: a precise, rapid and cheap instrument for determining calcium carbonate in sediments and rocks. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 122-126 + 4 pp. of figures.

A small, simple-to-operate instrument for the direct analysis (10 samples per hour, ±2% ac- curacy) of CaCO3 in rock and sediment samples is described. Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (bwt)

80:3648 Dayal, Umesh, 1980. Free fall penetrometer: a

performance evaluation. Appl. Ocean Res., 2(1): 39-43.

In-situ strength profiles, soil type, and depth and location of stratigraphic layers can be obtained

with the free fall penetrometer which is simple and fast in operation (about 20 min total is required for deployment, testing and retrieval). Penetrations to 4 m are presently possible with estimations run- ning to 15 m with some design modifications. The instrument may prove especially useful in the reconnaissance of vast areas. Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanput-208016, U.P., India. (izs)

2. Areas of characteristic geo- morphology

80:3649 Lonsdale, Peter and S. M. Smith, 1980. 'Lower in-

sular rise hills' shaped by a bottom boundary current in the mid-Pacific. Mar. Geol, 34(1/2): M19-M25.

A field of upslope-migrating waves composed of partly reworked pelagic sediment, and occurring at

0LR(1980)27(8) C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 527

5000-5250 m depth, on the margin of the central basin is described, and is attributed to the current of Pacific Bottom Water flowing along the western boundary of the central basin between the Samoan and Wake Island passages. Mention is made of the similarity between these sediment waves and the 'lower continental rise hills' under the Western Boundary Undercurrent on the North American continental rise. Includes acoustic and seismic profiles. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (smf)

80:3650 Normark, W. R., D. J. W. Piper and G. R. Hess,

1979. Distributary channels , sand lobes, and mesotopography of Navy Submarine Fan, California borderland, with applications to ancient fan sediments. Sedimentology, 26(6): 749-774.

A deep-tow side-scan sonar survey of the Navy Submarine Fan provided improved resolution of the major morphologic features. The fan is divided into three morphologic units: upper fan, mid-fan (suprafan), and lower fan. The upper fan has a single leveed channel, mid-fan is a region of moderate relief and active sand deposition, while the lower fan is a region of mud and silt deposition. Many features observed on the side-scan record, such as channels, levees, and scours, are on a scale small enough that they can be studied in outcrops of ancient submarine fans. Includes seismic reflection profiles, side-scan sonar and echosounding reconstructions. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (kmk)

80:3651 Renger, Eberhard, 1979. Zweidimensionale Sta-

bilitatsanalyse von Tidebecken und Watt- einzugsgebietengrosserer Ausdehnung. [Two- dimensional stability analysis of the extent of spreading in tidal basins and shal low river basins.] Kuste, 34: 226-239.

Morphometrie analysis of tidal basins promises to be a useful tool in forecasting changes in tidal flats and basin shapes caused by construction and other human activities. Wolfskamp 8, 2300 Kiel- Molfsee, F.R.G. (fes)

3. Bathymetry and general geology 80:3652

Almagor, Gideon and J. K. Hall, 1978. Mor- phology of the continental margin off NE Sinai and southern Israel. Israel J. Earth- Sei., 27(3/4): 128-132.

Recent geophysical surveys have allowed the preparation of a detailed bathymetric map. The continental slope and rise are highly disturbed and present a fault block and slump scar topography. Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malchei Israel Street, Jerusalem, Israel 95501.

80:3653 Birch, G. F., 1978/79. The bathymetry and geo-

morphology of the innershelf between Cape Seal and Cape Recife [South Africa]. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 118-121 + 4 pp. of figures. Includes 2 bathymetric maps.

80:3654 Bishop, W. F., 1980. Structure, stratigraphy,

and h y d r o c a r b o n s o f f shore s o u t h e r n Kalimantan, Indonesia. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 64(1): 37-58.

Some petroleum-generating potential was indicated in the analysis of Tertiary carbonate and clastic strata from 12 dry holes drilled in the Java Sea. Structural and stratigraphic data, maps and interpretations are presented. Tenneco Oil Co., Houston, Tex. 77001, U.S.A. (sir)

80:3655 Field, M. E. and W. C. Richmond, 1980. Sedimen-

tary and structural patterns on the northern Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge, southern Califor- nia. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): 79-98.

Geophysical profiling and samples from the Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge off southern California indicate tectonism together with currents has controlled post-Miocene deposition. Modern sediments exceeding 20 m in thickness will probably be sites of future slumping. Includes 1 side-scan sonograph and 1 bathymetric map. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3656 Grippi, J. and K. Burke, 1980. Submarine-canyon

complex among Cretaceous i s land-arc sediments, western Jamaica. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 91(3)(I): 179-184.

A catastrophically-filled canyon complex is described which cuts across regional stratigraphy and is incised up to 500 m into a shelf sequence of thinly-bedded shale and reef-type limestone. The canyon fill (volcanic conglomerate) appears struc- tureless suggesting that it was emplaced en masse. Such canyons may be fairly common in sedimentary basins associated with volcanic arcs due to features (rapid erosion, great relief, and the availability of volcanic detritus) conducive to

528 C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics OLR(1980)27(8)

catastrophic depositional events. Includes cross- sections and 1 geological map. Amoco Production Co., 500 Jefferson Street, Houston, Tex. 77001, U.S.A. (smf)

(> 1700 m thick, deeper marine mudstones, Early Eocene and younger). Includes cross-sections, stratigraphic tables and evolutionary diagrams. (sir)

80:3657 Marsh, B. D. and R. E. Leitz, 1979. Geology of

Amak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. J. Geol., 87(6): 715-723. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 21218, U.S.A.

4. Subsurface structure of the ocean bottom based chiefly on geophysical methods

80:3658 Schuttenhelm, R. T. E., 1980. The superficial

geology of the Dutch sector of the North Sea. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): M27-M37.

A study of superficial deposits was initiated to produce a map for use in considering relationships between fish fauna and surface sediments. Com- position, distribution and origin of the different sediment types are considered. Includes 1 fold-out geological map. Geological Survey of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 157, 2000 AD Haarlem, The Netherlands. (smf)

80:3659 Tzur, Y. and U. N. Safriel, 1978. Vermetid plat-

forms as indicators of coastal movements. IsraelJ. Earth-Sci., 27(3/4): 124-127.

Vermetid-covered platforms, common on the coast of Israel but rare globally, can exist only where the coastal rocks are sufficiently erodable and the coast is rising at an appropriate rate relative to the rate of marine erosion; characteristics are preserved by a balance between erosion controlled by vermetid growth and coastal uplift. Licensing Division, Israel Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box 17120, Tel Aviv, Israel.

80:3660 Umpleby, D. C., 1979. Geology of the Labrador

Shelf. Geol. Surv. Pap., Can., 79-13:34 pp.

Two superimposed basins led the author to pro- pose an alternative (to seafloor spreading) origin for the Labrador Sea: 'the collapse of a minor undation in lowermost Cretaceous times followed by the collapse of a major undation in Late Cretaceous.' Four formal formation names are proposed: the Berriasian-Valanginian Alexis formation (-260 m thick, subaerially extruded basalt and associated sediments overlying Precambrian basement); overlain by the Bjarni Formation (-<1130 m thick, continental coarse clastics, Hauterivian to Early Neocomian); overlain by the Cartwright Formation (unconformity, -<1200 m thick, shallow marine shales, Turonian to Early Eocene); and the overlying Saglek Formation

80:3661 Ibrahim, A. K. et al., 1980. Structure of the New

Hebrides arc-trench system. J. Geophys. Res., 85(B1): 253-266.

A preliminary model indicates maximum crustal thickness (about 28 km) beneath the island ridge, and about 10 km in the zone seaward of the trench, where the velocity of the deepest layer is 7.0 km/s. Crustal thickness of the Fiji plateau varies between 5 and 7 kin. Velocities of the inner trench wall are similar to those in the island ridge; a zone of relatively high velocity (4.1 kin/s) occurs about 1 km beneath the arc-trench slope, thickens toward the trench, and is overlain by material with velocity typical of surficial sediments (~2 kin/s) of ac- cretionary or volcanic origin. Includes seismic reflection profiles. Marine Science Institute, Geophysics Laboratory, University of Texas, Galveston, Tex., U.S.A.

80:3662 Le Quellec, Patrick, Jean Mascle, Henri Got and

Jacques Vittori, 1980. Seismic structure of the southwestern Peloponnesus continental margin. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 64(2): 242-263.

Approximately 3000 km of sparker and airgun profiles show that the main margin depocenters lie on the upper slope and are represented by tec- tonically bounded plateaus and basins. The mid- to lower slope is an area of numerous ridges with little but deformed sediments and the base of the margin is characterized by discontinuous, deep, sediment-filled depressions. Main structural trends of the margin are oriented N 140 ° and N 70- 80 ° , and are explained by the compression and subduction tectonics of the Ionian margin. Includes a structural map and seismic profiles. Laboratoire de Geodynamique Sous-Marine, Villefranche sur Mer, France. (drh)

80:3663 Sato, Tadashi, 1979. La structure du Japon: ses

grandes lignes et ses problemes. [Structure of Japan: its great lines and problems.] Revue Geol. dynam. Geogr. phys., 21(3): 161-190.

OLR(1980)27(8) C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 529

The Japanese Island Arc consists of a northeastern arc of Upper Cenozoic age which obliquely in- tersects a southwestern arc of Upper Paleozoic- Mesozoic age. The northern arc consists of an inner volcanic and outer nonvolcanic zone; the southern arc is entirely volcanic. The structural imprint of the northern on the southern arc has created complex folding and faulting on the already tectonical- ly deformed terrain. Includes stratigraphic tables, cross-sections and tectonic maps. Institut de Geoscience, Universite de Tsukuba, Sakura-mura, Ibaraki, 300-31, Japan. (drh)

80:3664 Yoshii, Toshikatsu, 1979. Compilation of geo-

physical data around the Japanese islands. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 54(1): 75-117.

Geophysical data from the Japanese islands in the region from 25°N to 28°N and 125°E to 150°E are compiled. Included are digitized topography and gravity anomalies, heat flow, and earthquake events. Cluster earthquake events are given in stereographic projection, and earthquake mechanism solutions, including 16 new ones, are displayed on maps. Includes ca. 80 references. Earthquake Research Institute, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. (soc)

explained. Recent work is reviewed. Observations and two dimensional modeling suggest that a possible cause may be induction in large vertical loops involving seawater, the oceanic lithosphere, and the conductosphere; that is, the mantle region below 400-800 km where there is a rapid rise in con- duction with depth. Includes ca. 180 references. Department of Geology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia. (soc)

80:3667 Vogt, P.R., 1979. Amplitudes of oceanic magnetic

anomalies and the chemistry of oceanic crust: synthesis and review of 'magnetic telechemistry.' Can. J. Earth Sci., 16(12): 2236-2262.

A world-wide tabulation of areas of high-amplitude sea-floor spreading-type magnetic anomalies, together with relevant geochemical, rock magnetic and deep-tow data, suggests the anomalies can be associated with Fe-Ti-enriched basalts of high remanent magnetization. These basalts seem to reflect increased fractional crystallization in shallow magma chambers, rather than mantle enrichment. They are generally found associated with spreading axes near hotspots, or along the edges of some fracture zones. Includes ca. 80 references. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, U.S.A. (drh)

5. Gravity, geodesy and magnet ism

80:3665 Hibberd, F. H., 1979. The origin of the Earth's

magnet ic field. Proc. R. Soc., Lond., (A)369(1736): 31-45.

The Nernst effect, in which a flow of heat across a magnetic field in an electrical conductor gives rise to an e.m.f, perpendicular to the temperature gradient and the magnetic field, is the basis for a new theory describing the generation of the Earth's field. The thermomagnetic e.m.f, drives two azimuthal current shells, one nested in the other; results in an external field approximating a dipole; undergoes reversals on an appropriate time-scale; and is not restricted by Cowling's theorem. Depart- ment of Physics, University of New England, Ar- midale, N.S.W. 2351, Australia. (fcs)

80:3666 Parkinson, W. D. and F. W. Jones, 1979. The

geomagnetic coast effect. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 17(8): 1999-2015.

The coast effect, in which the geomagnetic variation field at the coastline has an abnormally large vertical component that correlates positively with the inland horizontal component, is yet to be fully

6. Heat in the ocean bottom

80:3668 Davis, E. E., C. R. B. Lister, U. S. Wade and R. D.

H y n d m a n , 1980. D e t a i l e d h e a t f low measurements over the Juan de Fuea Ridge system. J. Geophys. Res., 85(B1): 299-310.

Eleven detailed heat flow profiles from young oceanic crust near the Juan de Fuca Ridge system show that absolute levels of heat flow are low compared to expected values from young crust and that large variability occurs. These observations are attributed to hydrothermal circulation. Effects of large-scale normal faults, the presence of both large- and small-scale variability, evidence for hydrothermal circulation over distances of at least 15 km, the efficiency of seamounts in ventilating circulation, and the reliability of upper crust temperature estimates are discussed. Pacific Geoscience Centre, Earth Physics Branch, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada. (drh)

80:3669 Kutsas, R. I., M. I. Bevzyuk and V. F. Vygovsky,

1979. Heat flow and heat transfer conditions

530 ('. Submarine Geology and Geophysics OLR(1980)27(8)

in the bottom sediments of the equatorial In- dian Ocean. Geothermics, 8(1): 31-36.

Twenty-one new heat flow measurements from the equatorial Indian Ocean suggest that sediment type affects the heat flow values: high values come from zones rich in the pelitic fraction and poor in Foraminifera. Low values are due to a long term effect of ascending hydrothermal flow. Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukrainian S.S.R. (drh)

80:3670 Matsubayashi, Osamu and Seiya Uyeda, 1979.

Estimation of heat flow in certain exploration wells in offshore areas of Malaysia. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 54(1): 31-44.

Heat flow estimates, based on existing data and newly measured thermal conductivity of 152 core samples from exploration wells, show that the regional heat flow is anomalously high in the Malay Basin (located on a now stable continental shelf); in contrast, the heat flow off the shore of Sabah is subnormal to normal. Geological Survey of Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, Japan.

7. Historical geology (also s e e Biologi- cal Oceanography for fossil systematics)

80:3671 Aharon, Paul, John Chappell and William

Compston, 1980. Stable isotope and sea-level data from New Guinea supports Antarctic ice-surge theory of ice ages. Nature, Lond., 283(5748): 649-651.

Oxygen isotope and sea-level data from the Huon Peninsula (Papua New Guinea) support the An- tarctic surge hypothesis of glaciation rather than the Milankovitch theory. The surge theory predicts that the Antarctic ice sheet 'surges' into the Southern Ocean, increasing the Earth's albedo, causing cooling, rapid sea-level rise, and ice growth in the Northern Hemisphere. Institute of Ad- vanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. (drh)

80:3672 Azzaroli, A. and G. Guazzone, 1978/79/80.

Terrestrial mammals and land connections in the Mediterranean before and during the Messinian. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 29(1/2): 155-167.

Evidence provided by the Tertiary distributions of terrestrial mammals supports paleogeographic reconstructions which establish repeated land con-

nections between Europe, northern Africa and several Mediterranean islands. Eastern Mediterra- nean interpretations remain more conjectural. Istituto di Geologia e Paleontologia, Universita di Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy. (izs)

80:3673 Birch, Gavin, 1978/79. Nearshore Quaternary

sedimentation off the south coast of South Africa (Cape Town to Port Elizabeth). Tech Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 127-146.

Quaternary sediment deposits located by continuous seismic reflection profiling and sidescan sonar exhibit a non-uniform distribution (4 sedimentary compartments are described) with the majority unrelated to points of fluvial supply. The actions of transgressive seas on the flat shallow shelf, longshore drift, estuarine silting and aeolian transport were the major factors controlling Quaternary sedimentation in southern Africa's nearshore zone. Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (izs)

80:3674 Blanc, P.-I .... D. Rabussier, C. Vergnaud-Grazzini

and J.-C. Duplessy, 1980. North Atlantic Deep Water formed by the later Middle Miocene. Nature, Lond., 283(5747): 553-555.

New evidence from isotope analyses of benthic Foraminifera from DSDP site 116 (Rockall Plateau) indicates that production of oxygenated deep water in the North Atlantic began about 12 m.y.a. Although interpretation of the fossil record was different, the date is in remarkable agreement with that assumed for the subsidence below sea level of the main platform of the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge; this suggests that the area of cold dense water production must have been north of the ridge and that the appearance of the water south of the ridge was largely the result of tectonic processes and not a climatic event. Centre des Faibles Radioactivites, Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France. (smf)

80:3675 Blank, R. G., 1979. Applications of probabilistic

biostratigraphy to chronostratigraphy. J. Geol., 87(6): 647-670.

Quantification, standardization, and enhanced resolution and communication are realized with this alternative approach to chronostratigraphy which incorporates paleontologists' 'intuitive con- sideration of probability.' A new concept, the probable range of a taxon, is introduced and the 'definition of chronostratigraphy is generalized to refer to the demonstration of contemporaneity


among geologic sections by any operation.' The method is applied to equatorial Pacific DSDP data and a precise, internally consistent, global reference system is envisioned. Stratigraphic Ser- vices Company, 1305 N.E. 43rd Street, Suite 406, Seattle, Wash. 98105, U.S.A. (izs)

80:3676 Boltovskoy, Esteban, 1978. Estudio bioestrati-

grafico y paleontologico (foraminiferos ben- tonicos) del Cenozoico Superior al este de las Islas Malvinas (DSDP, crucero 36, sitios 327 y 329). [Biostratigraphy and paleontology of Upper Cenozoic benthic Foraminifera from east of Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands) D S D P leg 36, sites 327 and 329.] Revta Mus. argent. Cienc. nat. Inst. nac. Invest. Cienc. nat., (Geol)8(2): 19-70 + 12 plates.

Site 327 yielded Quaternary deposits; Site 329, despite results of the Paleontological Staff of Leg 36 characterizing the deposits as Miocene, yielded typical Lower Pliocene assemblages and no Miocene guide fossils. An additional planktonic foraminiferal study confirmed the Lower Pliocene determination. Kalosha oceanica n.gen., n.sp. was described. Includes ca. 275 micrographs. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardina Rivadavia,' Argentina. (slr)

80:3677 Chamley, Herve, 1979. Les successions argileuses

de l'Atlantique Nord, echo des changements mesozoiques et cenozoiques de l ' en- vironnement: exemple du bassin du Cap Vert. [Mesozoic and Cenozoic env ironmenta l changes expressed by North Atlantic clay successions: example of site 367 DSDP, Cape Verde Basin.] C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, (D)289(11): 769-772.

The study of site 367 terrigenous clays deposited since the late Jurassic leads to information on past climate, morphology, tectonics, eustasy, currents, the formation of river basin systems and the latitudinal migration of the African plate. Sedimentologie et Geochimie, E.R.A. no. 764, Universite de Lille-I, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.

80:3678 Cita, M. B. and Ramil Wright, eds., 1978/79/80.

Geodynamic and biodynamie effects of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterra- n e a n . (Spec ia l issue.) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 29(1/2): 222 pp.; 11 papers.

This sixth working conference (Rome, Oct. 1978, Inter-Union on Geodynamics) on the Messinian salinity crisis addressed the setting of the

Mediterranean evaporite deposition and its b i o g e o d y n a m i c imp l i ca t i ons . The mul- tidisciplinary approach to this Late Miocene event is evident from the papers which cover Balearic and Tyrrhenian bathyal plain upper mantle structure, paleogeography of the Messinian Durance Canyon, hydrocarbons in the Po Basin, fossil ichthyofauna, terrestrial mammals and land connections, western Mediterranean coral reefs, post- Messinian benthic foraminiferal repopulation, Black Sea Mess in ian , and the i so topic geochemistry of cyclic diatomite-claystones and evaporites. Department of Geology and Paleon- tology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. (izs)

80:3679 Clauzon, Georges, 1978/79/80. Le canyon messi-

nien de la Durance (Provence, France): un preuve paleogeographique du bassin profond de dessiccation. [The Messinian Durance Canyon, Provence, France: palaecgeo- graphic evidence for a desiccated deep basin.] Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeo- ecol., 29(1/2): 15-40.

An 'extraordinary' deepening reaching :>1000 m downstream in the canyon, coupled with evidence for oscillatory movement, leads to a eustatic interpretation; the desiccated deep basin model alone can reasonably account for the Messinian salinity phenomena. Includes ca. 120 references. Laboratoire de Geographie Physique, Universite d'Aix-Marseille II, Aix-en-Provence, France. (slr)

80:3680 Colombo, M. R. and M. B. Cita, 1980. Changes in

size and test porosity of Orbulina universa d'Orbigny in the Pleistocene record of Cape Bojador (DSDP site 397, eastern North Atlantic). Mar. Micropaleont., 5(1): 13-29.

Curves of the mean and maximum diameters of O. universa correlated fairly well with a carbonate curve (bulk sediment) and isotopic oxygen curve calculated from the same sample set; however, a time lag (up to 30,000 years) was noted between the isotopic signal and the faunal signal {mean diameter O. universa), with the isotopic signal coming first. Although previous studies have shown test porosity to be climatically significant, results here indicated test size changes were more meaningful. Includes 6 micrographs. Department of Geology and Paleontology, University of Milano, Piazzale Gorini 15, Milano, Italy. (slr)

80:3681 Danilov, I. D., G. N. Nedesheva, E. I. Poliakova

and T. I. Smirmova, 1979. Holecene history of the Chukotsk [Chukchi] Sea coast. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 249(6): 1416-1420.

532 (3. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 0LR(1980)27(8)

80:3682 Delteil, Jean and Michel Lamboy, 1979. Alter-

nance de niveaux continentaux et marins dans le Tyrrhenien des ties Kerkennah (Tunisie): elements de datation neotectonique. [Tyrrhe- nian succession of continental and marine deposits in the Kerkennah Islands, Tunisia: first principles of neotectonic dating.] C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, (D)289(13): 883-886. Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, B.P. W, Sfax, Tunisie.

80:3683 Doyle, P. S. and W. R. Riedel, 1979. Cretaceous to

Neogene ichthyoliths in a giant piston core from the central North Pacific. Micropaleon- tology, 25(4): 337-364.

A 24-m core of brown pelagic clay yielded ichthyoliths indicating probably continuous sedimentation (0.2-0.3 m/m.y.) from Late Cretaceous to Late Neogene. Near the boundary between Eocene and Paleocene, ichthyoliths are almost an order of magnitude more concentrated. Includes ca. 300 micrographs. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A.

80:3684 Esteban, Mateu, 1978/79/80. Significance of the

Upper Miocene coral reefs of the western Mediterranean. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 29(1/2): 169-188.

The present knowledge of Late Miocene reefs is reviewed; the importance of Upper Miocene coral reef building seems to have previously been un- derestimated. Messinian reefs, although existing for a relatively short span and consisting of few species (primarily Porites), appear to have had growth rates similar to those of many modem reefs. A generalized Messinian reef model for the western Mediterranean incorporates features directly related to an interpretation of the widely debated Messinian salinity crisis. Institut Jaume Almera, C.S.I.C., Departament de Petrologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. (smf)

80:3685 Goll, R. M., 1979. The Neegene evolution of

Zygocircus, Neosemantis and Cailimitra: their bearing on nassellarian [Radiolaria] c l a s s i f i c a t i o n (a r e v i s i o n of the Plagiacanthoidea). Mieropaleontology, 25(4): 365-396.

Pacific DSDP site 77 sediments were examined to elucidate the origin and evolution of Neosemantis distephanus, a unique polycystine nassellarian widely occurring in temperate and tropical

p lankton assemblages . An 'essent ia l ly monophyletic lineage' is shown for Neosemantis, a new family level hierarchy is proposed, and 3 new species and 5 new subspecies are described. Includes species lists, ca. 75 drawings and stratigraphic tables. Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, N.C. 28516, U.S.A. (izs)

80:3686 Goodney, D. E., S. V. Margolis, W. C. Dudley, P.

Kroopnick and D. F. Williams, 1980. Oxygen and carbon isotopes of Recent calcareous nannofossi ls as paleoceanographic indicators. Mar. Micropaleont., 5(1): 31-42.

Comparative isotopic analyses of planktonic Foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils from Re- cent deep-sea sediments reveal nannofossils to have heavier (by 0.5-1%0) 5~80 values and isotopic temperatures as warm as or warmer than shallow- dwelling Foraminifera. Nannofossil 5~80 values depart from thermodynamic equilibrium with oceanic surface water temperatures (a trend paralleling that of surface-dwelling planktonic Foraminifera) and their 5~C values depart from equilibrium with surface water 5~3C-ZCO2 values. The rate of primary productivity in different water masses is suggested to influence the 6z3C of carbonate-secreting planktonic organisms. Depart- ment of Chemistry, Willamette University, Salem, Oreg. 97301, U.S.A. (izs)

80:3687 Greischar, L. L. and C. R. Bentley, 1980. Isostatic

equilibrium grounding line between the west Antarctic inland ice sheet and the Ross Ice Shelf. Nature, Lond., 283(5748): 651-654.

Seismic soundings of submarine topography, radar soundings of ice thickness, mean isostatic gravity values, and recent evidence from cores on the Ross Ice Shelf suggest that an extended grounded ice sheet may have been isostatically compensated about 10,000 yr ago. Rapid ice removal between 5000 and 10,000 yr ago has not been compensated, and isostatic uplift of up to several tens of meters can be expected to occur. Geophysical and Polar Research Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wis. 53706, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3688 Hollin, J. T., 1980. Climate and sea level in

isotope stage 5: an east Antarctic ice surge at ---95,000 BP? Nature, Lond., 283(5748): 629-633.

Six high-resolution records correlated with marine isotope stage 5 suggest that substage 5c was essen- tially interglacial, terminated by a catastrophic cooling. Over sixty 23°Th dates indicate that the


sea level in substage 5c rose to at least - 2 m. Amino acid ratios, archaeology, pollen and litho- stratigraphy suggest that the sea level later jumped to about + 16 m. The combination of the cooling and the large jump points to an east Ant- arctic ice surge at 295,000 B.P. Includes 88 references. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80309, U.S.A.

80:3689 Hsu, K. J. and Federico Giovanoli, 1978/79/80.

Mess in ian event in the B lack Sea. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 29(1/2): 75-93.

An 'unusual' episode of sedimentation in the Black Sea is linked to the desiccation of the Mediterra- nean by evidence ga thered from fossil, paleomagnetic, correlative climatic change and sedimentation rate investigations. A drastic lowering of the Black Sea level during the Messi- nian is suggested by the intercalation of shallow- water and subaerial sediments in a deep-water sequence. This evaporative draw-down phase existed some 100,000 years during the Lago-Mare stage of the salinity crisis. Includes stratigraphic tables. Geological Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. (izs)

80:3690 Longinelli, A., 1978/79/80. Isotope geochemistry

of some Messinian evaporites: paleoenvironmental implications. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 29(1/2): 95-123.

Stable isotope measurements have been carried out on carbonate and sulfate samples from different Messinian age Mediterranean areas. The data show evidence for an almost continuous and ubiquitous contribution of meteoric water to the basin. This suggests that instead of being a dry warm period, the Messinian had a rainfall quite close to that of today, the widespread evaporative conditions being caused by the flow changes through the Gibraltar sill. Selenite beds are thought to be the result of primary deposition with syngenetic recrystallization. No hypothesis to explain the interbedded gypsum and calcite or dolomite is presented. Includes ca. 75 references. Istituto di Mineralogia, Petrografia e Geochimica, Universita de Palermo, Palermo, Italy. (soc)

80:3691 Lord, A. R., 1978/79. An investigation of the

micropalaeontology of superficial sediments from the continental shelf of southern Africa. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 99-106.

The micropalaeontological teaching and research program conducted by London's University College as it pertains to material collected in conjunction with the Geological Survey of South Africa is described. Micropalaeontology Unit, Department of Geology, University College, Lon- don, England. (slr)

80:3692 Panza, G. F. and Gildo Calcagnile, 1978/79/80.

The upper mantle structure in Balearic and Tyrrhenian bathyal plains and the Messi- nian salinity crisis. Palaeogeogr. Palaeo- climatol. Palaeoecol., 29(1/2): 3-14.

Seismic inversion techniques were used to investigate reflection and refraction data. Similar seismic profiles were obtained, with Balearic Sea sedimentary sequences being thicker than those of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Distinctive differences are present between these basins and the Baltic Sea. The proposed model suggests a crustal opening in the Tertiary pre-dating the Messinian salinity crisis. Istituto di Geodesia e Geofisica, Universita di Bari, Italy. (soc)

80:3693 Poag, C. W., H. J. Knebel and Ruth Todd, 1980.

Distribution of modern benthic foraminifers on the New Jersey outer continental shelf. Mar. Micropaleont., 5(1): 43-69.

The predominant genera (Elphidium, Cibicides, and Saccammina) were the same as previously reported by other investigators, but with un- expectedly complex generic distribution patterns associated with hydrographic and sedimentological patterns, and especially with topography. The six predominant species were cryophilic forms. Species distributions were affected by seasonal fluctuations and redistribution of dead tests. Ac- cumulation of modern sediments appears negligi- ble based on the distribution of sessile species. Includes a species list and 22 micrographs. U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (mjj)

80:3694 Rottman, M. L., 1980. Net tow and surface sedi-

ment distributions of pteropods in the South China Sea reg ion: c o m p a r i s o n and oceanographic implications. Mar. Micro- paleont., 5(1): 71-110.

Differences in pteropod distributions in sediments and as determined by net tows are used to provide insights into fluctuations in oceanographic conditions. The significant distributional differences discussed are related to monsoons or monsoon-


related events. Includes 4 micrographs and 48 distribution maps. Geology Department, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Calif. 95521, U.S.A. (smf)

80:3695 Ruddiman, W. F., A. McIntyre, V. Niebler-Hunt

and J. T. Durazzi, 1980. Oceanic evidence for the m e c h a n i s m of rapid N o r t h e r n Hemisphere glaciation. Quat. Res., 13(1): 33- 64.

Analysis of 51~O data from the stage 5/4 ice growth interval (75,000 yr B.P.) off the east coast of North America suggests that rapid glaciation was caused by (1) low summer insolation levels in the Northern Hemisphere (enhancing snow preser- vation), (2) a warm ocean at high latitudes (con- tributing moisture to nearby ice sheets), and (3) little ice calving from the ice sheets (minimizing ice loss). These results pertain to the Laurentide Ice Sheet and are not strictly applicable to other regions or time periods. Lamont-Doher ty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3696 Salmon, D. A., 1978/79. Micropalaeontological

investigations of piston cores from the S.W. Indian Ocean: some preliminary results and implications. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 63-71 + 8 pp. of figures.

Three of twenty cores have been examined for their content of planktonic and benthic foraminifers and nannofossils, and to a lesser extent for diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates and ostracods. The three cores could be correlated, and in two cores the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary could be defined. There was some suggestion of sediment transport and dissolution. Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (mjj)

80:3697 Salmon, D. A., 1978/79. Quaternary foraminifers

in piston cores from the S.W. Indian Ocean. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 72-79 + 8 pp. of figures.

Single species investigations and total planktonic foraminiferal analyses of deep-sea cores from the S.W. Indian Ocean prescribe some micropaleon- tological definitions for the Quaternary; boundary problems are considered. Includes a species list and 42 micrographs. Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (izs)

80:3698 Salmon, D. A., 1978/79. Some Tertiary fora-

minifers in deep sea piston cores from the Central Terrace and Agulhas Passage, S.W. Indian Ocean. Tech Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 80-88 + 7 pp. of figures.

Middle Eocene and Lower Miocene foraminifers are recorded from cores taken on the continental slope (2850 m depth, on the landward side of the Agulhas Passage) and Central Terrace (1800 m depth); the study contributes to micropaleon- tological investigations of the South African seaboard and adjacent deep water areas, which have been heretofore largely neglected. Includes species lists, 30 micrographs and ca. 60 references. Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (smf)

80:3699 Snavely, P. D. Jr., H. C. Wagner and D. L. Lander,

1980. Interpretation of the Cenozoic geologic history, central Oregon continental margin: cross-section summary. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 91(3)(I): 143-146.

A working model of the Oregon continental margin suggests that the leading edge of the North American Plate was underthrust by the Pacific Plate, resulting in uplift and compression along the slope and outer shelf, subsidence along the inner shelf, and uplift in the Coast Range. U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (slr)

80:3700 Sorbini, L. and R. Tirapelle Ranean, 1978/79/80.

Messinian fossil fish of the Mediterranean. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 29(1/2): 143-154.

The Mediterranean desiccation hypothesis is supported by analyses of Upper Miocene, Lower Pliocene and present-day ichthyofauna from 21 localities which reveal two significant environmental changes: (1) an Early-Middle Messinian replacement of exclusively marine forms by euryhaline species and some very rare marine and freshwater species, and (2) an Early Pliocene restoration of an exclusively marine fauna. The limited degree of endemism of present marine forms further supports the disruption of the normal salinity of the Mediterranean. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Verona, Italy. (izs)

80:3701 Soto, L. A., 1979. Discussion on the origin and

paleogeography of the Brachyura. An. Cent.


Cienc. Mar. Limnol., Univ. nac. auton. Mex., 6(1): 121-124.

The evolutionary process known as brachyuriza- tion began during the Jurassic and by the Cretaceous had produced the true crabs. Due to high diversity and convergent and regressive cases of evolution, clear pathways of evolution can not be established. Dispersion of ancient Brachyura is reviewed in light of major paleogeographic changes. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Mexico. (mjj)

80:3704 van der Hammen, Thomas, 1979. Changes in life

conditions on Earth during the past one million years. Biol. Skr., 22(6): 32 pp.

Recent advances in our knowledge of environmental history, enabled by microfossil and isotope analyses and by absolute and paleomagnetic dating, are discussed in the context of climatic change; speculations on future developments are presented. Department for Palaeoecology, Hugo de Vries-Laboratorium, University of Amsterdam, NL-1018 BX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (izs)

80:3702 Thornton, S. E., O. H. Pilkey, L. J. Doyle and P. J.

Whaling, 1980. Holocene evolution of a coastal lagoon, Lake of Tunis, Tunisia. Sedimentology, 27(1): 79-91.

The Lake of Tunis, which has a 2800-year history of contamination and modification by human activity, was closed off from the Mediterranean in the 1500's due to increased sedimentation caused by Roman deforestation of the Medjerda River drainage basin to the north and subsequent accelerated longshore transport. Core stratigraphy and seismic data reveal three depositional environments: (1) an arid, subaerial continental environment of latest Pleistocene age; (2) an open marine bay; and (3) the present brackish to hyper- saline eutrophic lagoon. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, U.S.A. (smf)

80:3703 Thunell, R. C., 1979. Mediterranean Neegene

planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy: quantitative results from D S D P sites 125, 132 and 372. Micropaleontology, 25(4): 412- 437.

A quantitative biostratigraphic framework has been constructed for the Early Miocene- Pleistocene period from Mediterranean deep-sea cores; biochronology is based on correlation with Pacific sequences, and many foraminiferal datum events previously noted in Caribbean and Atlantic basin material are also recognized in the Mediterranean cores. The framework enables the correlation of Neogene stratotypes from local land sections with global biochronology. Includes species lists, stratigraphic tables, ca. 100 micrographs and ca. 80 references. Department of Geology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. 29208, U.S.A. (sir)

80:3705 Veuille, Michel, 1979. L'evolution du genre Jaera

Leach (Isopodes; Asellotes) et ses rapports avec l'histoire de la Mediterranee. [The evolution of the genus Jaera Leach (Isopoda; Asellota) in relation to the history of the Mediterranean.] Bijdr. Dierk., 49(2): 195-217.

The new forms Jaera istri, J. nordmanni nordmanni, J. n. occidentalis, and J. n. iUyrica are described. The phylogeny of Jaera, largely endemic to Europe, can be inferred; cladogenetic events leading to its differentiation appear closely correlated to the origin of the Mediterranean basin and to the glacial periods. Includes ca. 40 drawings. Laboratoire de Biologie et de Genetique Evolutives, C.N.R.S., 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

80:3706 Volat, J.-L., Leo Pastouret and Colette Vergnaud-

Grazzini, 1980. Dissolution and carbonate fluctuations in Pleistocene deep-sea cores: a review. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): 1-28.

The calcium content in deep-sea sediments is controlled by terrigenous dilution, productivity fluctuations of calcareous organisms, and calcium carbonate dissolution. New data from the equatorial Pacific and previous work from the equatorial In- dian and Atlantic oceans show that cyclic calcite content fluctuates with glacial and interglacial phases, and that dissolution plays an important role. Weak glacial bottom-water circulation could account for the differences between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean cores. Includes ca. 180 references. SNEA(P) Boussens, 31360 St. Martory, France. (drh)

80:3707 Williams, D. F. and Nancy Healy-Williams, 1980.

Oxygen isotopic-hydrographic relationships among recent planktonic Foraminifera from the Indian Ocean. Nature, Lond., 283(5750): 848-852.


Oxygen isotopic da ta on e ight species (Globigerinoides spp.) of planktonic Foraminifera from 52 Indian Ocean surface sediment samples permit a comprehensive comparison of the isotopic-temperature trends. Results show that the isotopic difference between shallow and deep dwelling species is directly related to the temperature difference between the surface waters and the depth of the permanent thermocline. This relationship suggests that isotopic analyses of species from different water depths may be used to determine the thermal gradient of the upper water column during the Cenozoic. Includes a species list. Department of Geology, University of South Carolina, S.C. 29208, U.S.A. (bwt)

80:3708 Woodruff, Fay, S. M. Savin and R. G. Douglas,

1980. Biological fractionation of oxygen and carbon i s o t o p e s by R e c e n t b e n t h i c Foraminifera. Mar. Micropaleont., 5(1): 3-11.

Oxygen and carbon i so topes in ben th ic Foraminifera from 5 East Pacific Rise box cores show that most of the benthic taxa were not in isotopic equilibrium with the surrounding seawater. Only one of the 14 taxa was close to '80 equilibrium. None of the carbon in the CaCO~ was secreted in isotopic equilibrium with dissolved HCO~. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, U.S.A. (soc)

80:3709 Wray, J. L., 1979. Paleoenvironmental recon-

structions using benthic calcareous algae. Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor-Prod. Elf-Aquitaine, 3(2): 873-879.

Fossil benthic calcareous algae are abundant and widespread in marine strata, but of only limited utility in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, because of incomplete taxonomic and distributional data, even for modern forms. Current paleoecological approaches (and their limitations) are outlined. Many more recent forms are obvious- ly of greater utility in making linkages with present-day depositional environments. Marathon Oil Company, Denver Research Center, Littleton, Colorado 80160, U.S.A. (soc)

80:3710 Wright, Ramil, 1978/79/80. Benthic forami-

niferal repopulation of the Mediterranean after the Messinian (Late Miocene) event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 29(1/2): 189-214.

Migration patterns (primarily west-east) and source waters (Atlantic, with some weak indication

of Indo-Pacific) of the Pliocene faunas (a surprising 82% of those present prior to the Messinian salinity crisis) are examined; pre-Messinian population structure levels were established within 0.5 m.y. of the onset of the Pliocene. Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, U.S.A. (slr)

8. Sedimentation, sedimentary processes and diagenesis

80:3711 Alexandersson, E. T., 1979. Marine maceration of

skeletal carbonates in the Skagerrak, North Sea. Sedimentology, 26(6):845-852.

The destructive, diagenetic regime of the cold- water, higher latitude eastern Skagerrak contrasts completely with the constructive, classical, warm, shallow water carbonate regime. North Sea skeletal carbonates are, thus, disintegrated by 'natural maceration' into microscopic constituen- cies and transformed into cryptic lime mud. This process has rendered the local fossil record severely depleted in calcareous organisms. Includes 12 micrographs. Department of Quaternary Geology, Uppsala University, Box 555, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden. (izs)

80:3712 Allen, J. R. L., 1979. Initiation of transverse bed-

forms in oscillatory bottom boundary layers. Sedimentology, 26(6): 863-865.

The curvature-related mass transport current is responsible for conventional wave-related ripple marks and also possibly for sand waves. Its magnitude is due to the viscous forces acting in non-uniform oscillatory bottom boundary layers, and it is likely to offer sedimentologists a clearer insight into the origin and nature of bedforms in oscillatory bottom boundary layers than the purely kinematic concept of particle waves. Department of Geology, The University, Reading, U.K. (drh)

80:3713 Allison, H. and E. D. Gill, 1979. A possible

method for measurements of velocities of sediment transport in coastal zones. Speculations Sci. Technol., 2(5): 487-498.

Almometers (which measure absorption of light by particles suspended in water) are currently being used only to ascertain suspended load sediment concentrations. However, analysis of output voltage spectra shows a high frequency, fluctuating component previously suppressed as a nuisance.


With suitable instrument modification this component can be used to ascertain instantaneous sediment particle velocities, thus allowing direct calculation of kinetic energies. Institute of Earth Resources, Division of Land Resources Manage- ment, CSIRO, Private Bag, P.O., Wembley 6014, Western Australia. (soc)

80:3714 Aloisi, J.-C., Claude MiUot, Andre Monaco and

Henri Pauc, 1979. Dynamique des suspensions et mecanismes sedimentogenetiques sur le plateau continental du Golfe du Lion. [Suspensate dynamics and mechanisms of sediment genesis on the Gulf of Lion continental shelf.] C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, (D)289(13): 879-882.

Sediment suspensates are multilayered, with the solid load concentrated in a bottom nepheloid layer generated near the river mouth and spilled out on the bottom; beyond the thermocline (25 m), it is distributed on the continental shelf mostly by general circulation. Centre de Recherches de Sedimentologie marine de Perpignan, avenue de Villeneuve, 66025 Perpignan, France.

80:3715 Culver, S. J., 1980. Differential two-way sedi-

ment transport in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, U.K. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): M39-M43.

Results of sediment studies in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary indicate a westward sediment transport of coarse sediments and an eastward transport of fine sediments. The concept of two- way sediment transport is thought to be important to the interpretation of both modern and ancient sedimentary regimes. Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. (kink)

80:3716 Dacey, M. F., 1979. Models of bed formation. J.

int. Ass. math. Geol., 11(6): 655-668.

Mathematical analysis of the thickness of sediment beds which have undergone cycles of erosion and deposition indicates that the residual bed thicknesses will obey exponential or geometric probability laws and distributions provided that the amounts deposited and eroded in the cycles follow the same laws. This analysis relates Kolmogorov's model of random variables to the Markovian (exponential and geometric) theory of sedimentary structure during cycles of deposition and erosion. Department of Geological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. 60201, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3717 Dalrymple, R. W., 1979. Wave-induced liquefac-

tion: a modern example from the Bay of Fundy. Sedimentology, 26(6): 835-844.

Calculations and field observations indicate that the soft-sediment deformation features (slump-like bodies 1-3 m 2 occurring on the crest and upper stoss side of ebb megaripples) on intertidal sand bars are produced by'localized wave-induced liquefaction of sand under fair weather conditions;' rapid drawdown of the water level and earthquake shocks are discounted as plausible explanations. Department of Geological Sciences, Brock Univer- sity, St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1. (izs)

80:3718 de Gennes, P.-G., 1979. Erosion et sedimentation:

un regime simple. [Erosion and sedimentation: a simple regime.] C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, (B)289(14): 265-268.

A thick water film in turbulent flow over an impermeable slope will be perturbed by a local bump on the slope, with subsequent effects on surrounding erosion and deposition patterns. Some theo- re t ica l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are ou t l ined and experiments suggested. Matiere condensee, College de France, 11, place Marcelin-Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. (fcs)

80:3719 Dickson, J. A. D. and M. L. Coleman, 1980.

Changes in carbon and oxygen isotope composition during l imestone diagenesis. Sedimentology, 27(1): 107-118.

Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of calcite fossils from the Isle of Man are reported as are in- t r a c r y s t a l l i n e va r i a t i ons , r a t h e r t han measurements of bulk rock sample. Analysis of bulk samples disguises an array of different values which are important to the understanding of limestone diagenesis at this site. This diagenesis is discussed in detail. Department of Geology, The University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. (bwt)

80:3720 Dingle, R. V., 1978/79. Large allechthonous sedi-

ment masses and their role in the construction of the continental slope and rise off southwestern Africa. Tech. rept. mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 1-15 + 12 pp. of figures.

Southern Africa is typified by large allochthonous sediment blocks on its continental margin and adjacent Cape Basin. Seismic reflection profiles (and a DSDP drill sample) clearly demonstrate


huge, rotated blocks several km across and 1/2 km thick, and suggest four cycles of slumping begin- ning in the Upper Cretaceous, and perhaps related to low sea level stands. Bottom current erosion may also undercut the beds, which are thought to slump when triggered by earthquakes. Includes bathymetric maps and seismic profiles. Depart- ment of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (fcs)

80:3721 Fitzgerald, M. G., C. M. Parmenter and J. D.

Milliman, 1979. Particulate calcium carbonate in New England shelf waters: results of shell degradation and resuspension. Sedimentology, 26(6): 853-857.

The 'visually prominent' needles and needle aggregates of calcite and aragonite in New England shelf and coastal waters during winter were found to be laths resulting from the degradation of mollusc shells resuspended during storms. Existence of the needles (30-500 #m long, 2-10 ~m wide) might explain the small amounts of calcium carbonate in the shelf sediments. Includes 6 micrographs. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- tion, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (izs)

80:3722 Flemming, B. W., 1978/79. Continental margin

sediment dynamics. I. A generalized model of material transfer. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progm., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 49-56 + 1 p. of figures.

To provide a framework for discussion in re the Cont inen ta l Margin Sediment Dynamics Programme 'major relationships between various factors controlling material transfer at specified levels within the sedimentary cycle' are modelled in flow-chart form. It is hoped the model will aid the identification of key problems in understanding these dynamics. Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. (fcs)

80:3723 Hammond, T. M. and M. B. Collins, 1979. On the

threshold of transport of sand-sized sediment under the combined influence of unidirectional and oscillatory flow. Sedimen- tology, 26(6): 795-812.

Using the Yalin Criterion, visual assessments of transport thresholds were made on cohesionless, sand-sized quartz grains in a unidirectional flume subject to a combination of wave-induced currents 0-35 cm/s (5 and 15 s periods) and unidirectional flows 0-27 cm/s. Thresholds increased with increasing grain size and decreasing period. Grain

size-critical threshold velocity combination graphs are presented as aids for sedimentological interpretations. Collins: Department of Oceanography, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, S. Wales, U.K. (izs)

80:3724 Karl, H. A., 1980. Speculations on processes

responsible for mesoscale current lineations on the continental shelf, southern Califor- nia. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): M9-M18.

Lineations observed on side-scan sonar records of San Pedro Bay, California, are interpreted as longitudinal bedforms composed of alternate bands of coarse and fine sediment. The fine sediments are constructional sand ribbons while the coarse sediments indicate areas of erosion. The pattern is thought to have formed due to Langmuir circulation caused by interfering wind and wave energy. The lineations indicate that sediment drift is normal to the coastline although the direction and magnitude of transport have not been determined. Includes sonograph reconstructions and 1 bottom photo of ripples. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (kmk)

80:3725 Karl, H. A., 1980. Influence of San Gabriel Sub-

marine Canyon on narrow-shelf sediment dynamics, southern California. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): 61-78.

A conceptual model is developed to explain the dis- proportionate effect of the San Gabriel Canyon (heading 10-15 km from shore) on the shelf's sediment dynamics. (Studied canyons heading within 1 km of shore and those heading > 100 km from shore have relatively less influence.) The canyon modifies shelf currents to form a preferential (sediment) transport corridor (t~C), seasonally extend- ing from shore face to canyon head; the increased sediment load affects a large area and suggests that canyons heading several km from shore may be ira- portant in narrow-shelf sediment dynamics. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (sir)

80:3726 Miller, M. C. and P. D. Komar, 1979. Measure-

ments of sand spreading rates under near- bottom wave orbital motions. J. Geol., 87(6): 593-608.

Laboratory and field data were used to determine the mass spreading coefficient of sand under near- bottom wave orbital motions; the model developed showed only marginal agreement with field data, indicating the need for more information on two- dimensional and superimposed advection


spreading. Improvement of the model has implications for the management of dredging and dumping. Science Applications, Inc., Suite 255, 4900 Water's Edge Drive, Raleigh, N.C. 27606, U.S.A. (slr)

80:3727 O'Brien, N. R., Keiji Nakazawa and Shuichi

Tokuhashi, 1980. Use of clay fabric to dis- t i n g u i s h turb id i t i c and h e m i p e l a g i c siltstones and silts. Sedimentology, 27(1): 47- 61.

Clay fabric differences (as revealed by SEM) were marked, perhaps indicating usefulness as a characteristic to distinguish between turbiditic and hemipelagic units. Turbiditic siltstones and silts exhibited random clay flake orientation reflecting rapid deposition in the flocculated state; hemipelagic material exhibited preferred clay flake orientation, indicating slower deposition of dominantly dispersed clay in the absence of strong turbidity. Includes 15 micrographs. Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York, Potsdam, N.Y., U.S.A. (slr)

80:3728 Smith, J. N. and A. Walton, 1980. Sediment ac-

cumulation rates and geochronologies measured in the Saguenay Fjord using the Pb- 210 dating method. Geochim. cosrnochim. Ac- ta, 44(2): 225-240.

Pb-210, in conjunction with other radioactive tracers and pollen, and site specific, t ime stratigraphic markers, has become a useful tool for the determination of time-stratigraphies in un- disturbed sediments. These methods were applied to the more disturbed fjord environment, and showed sediment accumulation rates decreased with increasing water depth and distance from the mouth of the river, layered sediment structures that could be identified as related to a recent landslide, and large scale sediment redistribution processes. The Pb-210 chronologies were in good agreement with the other dating methods. Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, N.S., Canada B2Y 4A2. (soc)

80:3729 Stow, D. A. V. and A. J. Bowen, 1980. A physical

model for the transport and sorting of fine- grained sediment by turbidity currents. Sedimentology, 27(1): 31-46.

The importance of turbidity currents as a transport mechanism of fine sediment into deeper water is shown from the sedimentary characteristics of the silt laminated muds on the outer Scotian margin.

A physical model is developed to explain the observed sorting and to derive general estimates of the turbidity current flow parameters. Evidence indicates that low-concentration, slow-moving, thick turbidity flows are responsible for the transport of large quantities of fine-grained sediment to the deep-sea floor. Includes core X- radiographs, schematics and ca. 90 references. British National Oil Corporation, 150 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow, Scotland. (bwt)

9. Bottom sediments, sedimentary rocks and formations (type, composition, etc.)

80:3730 Alba Cornejo, V. M. et al., 1979. Estudio sedimen-

tologico de la Bahia de Puerto Viejo, Mazatlan, Sinaloa. [Sedimentology of Puerto Viejo Bay, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, western Mexico.] An. Cent. Cienc. Mar. Limnol., Univ. nac. auton. Mex., 6(1): 97-119. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Estacion de Investigaciones Marinas 'El Carmen' Cd. del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico.

80:3731 Blanchard, M. B., D. E. Brownlee, T. E. Bunch, P.

W. Hodge and F. T. Kyte, 1980. Meteoroid ablation spheres from deep-sea sediments. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 46(2): 178-190.

The mineralogy and composition of spheres magnetically extracted from mid-Pacific abyssal clays are identical in many respects to natural (e.g., meteorite fusion crusts, ablated in- terplanetary dust particles) and laboratory-created ablation debris. All types of spheres (iron, glassy, and silicate or 'stony' spheres) analyzed seem to have originated during ablation of large meteoroids by a combination of fragmentation, melting and vaporization. The possible genetic significance of the three sphere types and their potential contribution to the study of the composition of Earth- crossing meteoroids as a function of time (perhaps 2 x l0 s yr) are considered. Includes 15 micrographs. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex. 77058, U.S.A. (smf)

80:3732 Bohlke, B. M. and R. H. Bennett, 1980. Missis-

sippi prodelta crusts: a clay fabric and geotechnical analysis. Mar. Geotechnol., 4(1): 55-82.

540 ('. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 0LR(1980)27(8)

A study of Mississippi prodelta 'crust ' zones (defined by shear strength profiles) indicated probable formation by shearing and remolding of surficial muds during flows and slumps resulting in destruction of internal spaces and densification by preferential alignment of formerly randomly oriented clay particles; shear strengths should be directly related to duration of flow in these deformation deposits. Includes sediment and macrovoid micrographs. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A. (slr)

80:3733 Chibisov, N. P. and V. M. Shibanov, 1978. Pore

solutions of bottom sediments of the shelf in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h m a r i n e g e o c h e m i c a l prospecting. Geochem. int. (a translation of Geokhimiya), 15(5): 98-100.

Gold is slightly soluble in water, especially in the presence of ions of O, CI, I, and Mg. Marine sediments, as they increase in thickness and become compacted, force low level pore fluids to the more surficial layers. This, in conjunction with element diffusion in response to a concentration gradient, would force dissolved gold from an un- derlying deposit into the surficial pore fluid where it could be sampled and used for prospecting. All- Union Scientific-Research Insti tute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, U.S.S.R. (soc)

80:3734 Dickinson, W. R. and Renzo Valloni, 1980. Plate

sett ings and provenance of sands in modern ocean basins. Geology, geol. Soe. Am., 8(2): 82-86.

Present day sand compositions in ocean basins are classified according to their known source regions and their dispersal paths over the distinctive topographies of the various continental margin types. This information can be used to interpret the origin of sediments, part icularly turbidites, exposed in folded mountain belts. Includes a schematic global transect of generic compartments in modern ocean basins. Depar tment of Geo- sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721, U.S.A. (soc)

80:3735 Guieu, Gerard, 1979. Comment se prolonge vers

l 'Ouest le bassin senegalomauritanien? [How t h e S e n e g a l o - M a u r i t a n i a n B a s i n i s extended wes tward based on J O I D E S data.] C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, (D)289(15) : 1117-1120. Laboratoire de Geologie appl iquee, Univers i te de Provence, Aix- Marseille-I, France.

80:3736 Horn, I. W., 1980. Some laboratory experiments

on shear wave propagation in uncon- solidated sands. Mar. Geotechnol., 4(1): 31- 54.

A new laboratory experiment which can be applied to in-situ measurements is described in which shear waves can be t ransmit ted and measured in dry and saturated sand sediments. Monitoring a suddenly stressed sample of saturated sand in the laboratory shows that the disappearance of the shear wave coincides with the onset of liquefaction. Similar measurements at the seafloor would give the geotechnical engineer a relative est imate of the prevailing conditions of effective stress at any time. Ocean Engineering Research Group, Univer- sity of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. (drh/

80:3737 Hutson, W. H., 1980. B io tu rba t ion of deep-sea

sediments: oxygen isotopes and stratigraphic uncertainty. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 8(3): 127-130.

The oxygen isotope record of a section of a deep-sea core taken off' the coast of Durban, South Africa, il- lustrates the offsetting effect of bioturbation. An 8 cm discrepancy (indicating a 4500 yr stratigraphic variation) in the depth of Termination II is explained with a bioturbation model which incorporates variations in species abundance. Caution is advised for interpretation of isotopic records based on species of relatively low abundance. School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, U.S.A. (bwt)

80:3738 Kalesha, M., K. S. Rao and B. L. K. Somayajulu,

1980. Deposi t ion rates in the Godavari Delta . Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): M57-M66.

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine detri tal accumulations of 16 elements in the Godavari Delta; these and clay deposition rates (~'°Pb technique) were then compared with those of the Bay of Bengal and the World Ocean. Geology Department, Andhra University, Walta i r 530003, India. (slr)

80:3739 Kitano, Yasushi, 1979. Carbonate sediments .

(Review.) Rec. Prog. nat. Sci. Japan, 4: 11-18.

Physical and chemical properties of ancient carbonates are potential ly good signals for establishing paleoenvironmental parameters at the t ime of deposition. Of part icular importance are crystal form and minor element concentrations.


Recent work in the field is reviewed with special emphasis on laboratory studies in Japan. Water Research Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa- ku, Nagoya 464, Japan. (fcs)

80:3740 Scholle, P. A. and M. A. Arthur, 1980. Carbon

isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic l imestones: potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 64(1): 67-87.

Significant, short-term carbon isotope fluctuations are demonstrated in North Atlantic and Tethyan seawater from analyses of more than 1000 whole- rock samples. The short-lived 5'3C excursions are correlated stratigraphically over distances of thousands of kilometers; appear 'relatively in- dependent of paleoenvironment or paleolatitude;' and are associated with stage boundaries, global sea- leve l va r i a t i ons , and anoxic even t s . Significance of the temporal association of carbon isotope variations with anoxic events for es- timating hydrocarbon potentials in oceanic basins or along continental margins is considered. Includes ca. 100 references. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo. 80225, U.S.A. (izs)

80:3741 Stoffers, Peter, C. P. Summerhayes and Janusz

Dominik, 1980. Recent pelletoidal carbonate sediments off Alexandria, Egypt. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): M1-M8.

Oolitic and pseudo-oolitic sands have been reported from the continental shelf off Egypt; however, the present study showed that the sampled aragonite pellets were modern lithified fecal pellets, presumably derived from the aragonitic mud which is prevalent in the area. Includes 6 sediment micrographs. Institut fur Sedi- mentforschung, Universitat Heidelberg, F.R.G. (slr)

10. Coasts, beaches and marshes

80:3742 Flemming, B. W., 1978/79. Underwater obser-

v a t i o n s a l o n g a h i g h - e n e r g y , c l i f fed coastl ine (Tsitsikama) [South Africa[. Tech. Rept, mar. Geol. Progrn., Univ. Cape Town, 11(1978): 57-62 + 5 pp. of figures. Department of Geology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

80:3743 Herron, W. J., 1980. Artificial beaches in south-

ern California. Shore Beach, 48(1): 3-12.

Sand added to California's beaches from various coastal development projects has resulted in the best beach conditions in 60 years; however, surplus sand is being increasingly dumped elsewhere (canyons, land fills, etc.) because of concern for temporary turbidity or other detriment to shellfish, grunions, etc. Better coordination is needed among the various agencies involved in coastal resources use; 'no single agency should have the power of veto or the ability to delay decis ions . . , as is now being done.' A much-needed public resource is going to waste, in most cases expensively. Includes 10 aerial photos. (slr)

80:3744 Jones, C. P. and A. J. Mehta, 1980. Inlet sand

bypassing systems in Florida. Shore Beach, 48(1): 25-34.

An examination of the history, economics and effectiveness of nine Florida inlet sand bypassing systems revealed their importance in shoaling reduction and beach erosion problems. The state's role in coordinating inlet dredging with beach replenishment is discussed. Suboceanic Con- sultants, Inc., Naples, Fla., U.S.A. (sir)

80:3745 King, C. J. H., 1980. A small cliff-bound es-

tuarine environment: Sandyhaven Pill in south Wales. Sedimentology, 27(1): 93-105.

Deposits in this, a 'drowned valley' type of estuary, differ from those of most estuaries which are of the 'tidally influenced river' type. Surface sediments are broadly divided into wave-dominated deposits (22%), tide-dominated deposits (65%), those related to marginal cliff collapse (12%) and river- dominated deposits (1%). Subenvironments, tidal cycle and wave height effects, and the probable development of sediment sequences (due to gradual sediment build-up) are considered. Includes stratigraphic tables and depositional subenvironments. 23 Elm Road, Hale, Altrincham, Cheshire, WA15 9QP, U.K. (smf)

80:3746 Rosen, P. S., 1980. Erosion susceptibility of the

Virginia Chesapeake Bay shoreline. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): 45-59.

Three morphological ly dist inct beach environments comprise 80% of the Chesapeake Bay shoreline. Permeable sand beaches, with large vertical and horizontal dimensions, are well-buffered and only moderately susceptible to erosion (mean = 0.85 m/yr). Impermeable beaches, with a thin sand layer over pre-Holocene sediments, are highly erodable (1.14 m/yr). Salt marshes, with thick rhizome networks and wave-damping qualities, are

542 C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics 0LR(1980)27(8)

the least erodable shore type (.66 m/y r for marsh barrier beaches, 0.54 m / y r for marsh margins). Salt marsh development, occurring as it does in areas of high local submergence, yet providing the greatest res is tance to erosion, cont r ibu tes significantly to shoreline stabili ty. Depar tment of Earth Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Mass. 02115, U.S.A. (slr)

12. Plate tectonics, global tectonics, etc.

80:3747 Garland, G. D., 1979. Seventy years of isostatic

theories. (Review.) Suorn. geod. Lait. Julk., 89: 48-55.

The complementary influence of' Mohorovicic's 1910 crust-mantle seismological distinction studies and Hayford's 1909 continental isostasy investigations on recent developments in isostatic theory is highlighted. A discussion of various com- p e n s a t i o n m e c h a n i s m s is c o n c l u d e d wi th recommendations for future research including a more detailed lithospheric rheology and the con- sideration of controls in addition to flexure in determining Mohorovicic discontinuity deformation. (izs)

80:3748 Kato, Teruyuki , Kunih iko Sh imazak i and

Ken'ichiro Yamashina, 1980. State of stress within a thin elastic wedge: a model of internal deformation of the continental plate at are-are junctions. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 60(3): 377-390.

Analysis of the theoretical stress distribution around arc-arc junctions suggests that a thin elastic wedge with two straight edges which meet at the vertex best explains the observed anomalous stress distr ibutions at these locations. The largest stress occurs when symmetrical shear stresses are applied to the two edges and when the two edges meet at greater than 90 ° geometry. The anomalous stress pat tern disappears when the components of stress along the two edges are parallel and of the same strength. Earthquake Research Insti tute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 113. (drh)

80:3749 Kerr, R. A., 1980. The bits and pieces of plate tec-

tonics. Science, 207(4435): 1059-1061.

Paleomagnetic evidence from parts of North America shows that large plates can incorporate bits and pieces of crust in collision with other large plates. Specifically, paleomagnetism has con- f i rmed ea r l i e r geologic and pa l eon to log i c

suggestions that Wrangellia (in British Columbia and southern Alaska), the Avalon block (in New England and the Canadian Marit imes) and central Florida probably originate from parts of Asia, Europe and Africa, respectively. (drh)

80:3750 Marsh, B. D., 1979. Island arc development:

some o b s e r v a t i o n s , e x p e r i m e n t s , and speculations. J. Geol., 87(6): 687-713.

The spacing of volcanic centers and lava chemistry along numerous world-distr ibuted island arcs can be explained by a fairly simple set of equations describing the spacing, volume, dimensions, and viscosity of the magma source and its diapirs. The solutions suggest that the observed volcanic distribution results from the gravitational instabil i ty of a ribbon-like region of magma inclined at the angle of the Benioff zone, and that the source probably undergoes diapirism after a relatively minor amount of melt ing. Includes ca. 75 references. Department of Earth and Planetary Sc iences , The Johns H opk ins Un ive r s i t y , Baltimore, Md. 21218, U.S,A. (drh)

80:3751 Mascle, J. and P. Le Quellec, 1980. Matapan

Trench (Ionian Sea): example of trench dis- organization? Geology, Geol. Soc. Am., 8(2): 77-81.

Drill cores, sidescan sonar, and narrow mult ibeam surveys show that, locally, the Matapan Trench outer slope consists of a complex and deformed transition zone. Deformation increases from the fiat-lying southern trench sediments to the Northern Mediterranean Ridge. The thicker forearc crust suggests that it is transit ional between continental and oceanic types. The evidence is taken to confirm the previous hypothesis that subduction is ending as continental collision begins. Includes schematic sections, a structural sketch and seismic profiles. Laboratoire de G e o d y n a m i q u e S o u s - M a r i n e 06230 Villefranche/Mer, France. (soc)

80:3752 McNutt , Marcia, 1979. Compensation of oceanic

topography: an application of the response function technique to the Surveyor area. J. geophys. Res., 84(B13): 7589-7598.

Application of the response function technique to the topography along the Juan de Fuca ridge suggests that the first order relation between gravity and topography is best explained by an elastic plate (regional) compensation model with flexural rigidity of 5 x 10 ~° Nm and a 10-km thick crust. Certain non-linear terms indicate some local compensation occurs. The similarities between this


study and one on the longer and more rapidly spreading East Pacific Rise do not support the hypothesis that apparent plate thickness varies with spreading rate. Includes gravity anomaly and bathymetric maps. United States Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 77, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3753 Melosh, H. J. and Arthur Raefsky, 1980. The

dynamical origin of subduction zone topography. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 60(3): 333-354.

Stress models of subduction zones show that the topography of a subduction zone depends on the geometry of the subducting slab (dip, curvature), rather than its rheology. The stress models are computed using a finite element technique, the Maxwell viscoelastic constitutive relation, a viscous lower lithosphere and a thin elastic upper lithosphere. Observed subduction zone dimensions agree with calculations of the model, including some dynamically supported platforms between the trench and island arc. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3754 Seyfert, C. K., 1980. Paleomagnetic evidence in

support of a Middle Proterozoic (Helikian) col l is ion between North America and G o n d w a n a l a n d as a c a u s e of the metamorphism and deformation in the Adirondacks: summary. Bull. geol. Soc. Am., 91(2)(I): 118-120.

Paleomagnetic reconstructions show that North America and Gondwanaland were widely separated between 1250 and 1300 m.y.B.P., but became joined during a continent-continent collision between 1250 and 1150 m.y.B.P. The Gren- ville orogeny was probably the result of this collision in which Gondwanaland overrode North America in a process similar to that proposed for the Tibetan Plateau. Department of Geosciences, Buffalo State University College, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, N.Y. 14222, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3755 Watts, A. B., J. H. Bodine and N. M. Ribe, 1980.

Observations of flexure and the geological evolution of the Pacific Ocean Basin. Nature, Lond., 283(5747): 532-537.

Response of the Pacific Plate to island and seamount loads has been used to estimate the distribution of ridge crest and off-ridge volcanism on the plate since the Late Jurassic. The most exten- sive event, forming the Hess Rise, Line Islands Ridge, Necker Ridge, and Robbie Ridge, occurred

on the Pacific/Farallon and Pacific/Phoenix ridge crests 90-120 m yr BP (Barremian to Turonian) over a much larger area than comparable volcanism on the continents. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A.

80:3756 White, G. W., 1980. Permian-Triassic continen-

tal reconstruction of the Gulf of Mexico- Caribbean area. Nature, Lond., 283(5750): 823-826.

A reconstruction of the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic margins of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea is presented which includes the geometrical constraints imposed by the surrounding continents. The distribution of Jurassic evaporites in the gulf and post-Paleozoic arcs in the Caribbean can be explained by the reconstructed geometry and proposed timing of basin development in the Jurassic. Cities Service Company, Energy Resources Group, Cities Service Building, 5100 Southwest Freeway, Box 27570, Houston, Tex. 77027, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3757 Zonenshain, L. P., L. I. Kogan, L. A. Savostin, A.

J. Golmshtok and A. M. Gorodnitskii, 1979. Deep structure of the triple junction of the lithosphere plates: Pacific, Cocos and Naz- ca. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 249(6): 1331-1335.

13. Volcanism and magmatism; ig- neous rocks, minerals, etc.

80:3758 Chow, T. J., R. J. Stern and T. H. Dixon, 1980.

Absolute and relative abundances of K, Rb, Sr and Ba in circum-Pacific island-arc magmas, with special reference to the Marianas. Chem. Geol., 28(1/2): 111-121.

The absolute and relative abundances of K, Rb, Sr and Ba from six of the ten active and dormant subaerial volcanoes in the northern Mariana Island Arc indicate that the magmas are intermediate between mid-ocean ridge basalt and alkali basalt. These rocks seem to be derived from fractional fusion of a mantle source intermediate in incompati- ble element and isotope characteristics between the source for mid-ocean ridge basalts and that for oceanic alkalic rocks. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (drh)

544 ('. Submarine Geoh)gy and Geophysics OLR(1980)27(8)

80:3759 Jacobsen, S. B. and G. J. Wasserburg, 1979. Nd

and Sr isotopic study of the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex and the evolution of the source of midocean ridge basaits. J. geophys. Res., 84(B13): 7429-7445.

The first Nd and Sr isotopic study of a Paleozoic ophiolite shows that the distinction between oceanic and cont inenta l basa l t is present throughout Phanerozoic time. Sr ratios and variabil i ty at the Bay of Islands Complex are typical of recent oceanic basalts. And, although the initial ~N~ values are smaller than present-day MORB, indicating possible differential evolution of the oceanic mantle relative to the bulk Earth during the past 500 m.y., they are still distinctive enough to identify ancient obducted oceanic lithosphere where metamorphism may have obliterated other evidence of an oceanic origin. Includes ca. 100 references. Charles Arms Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Insti tute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, U.S.A. (soc)

80:3760 Juteau, Thierry, 1979. Ophiolites des Taurides: es-

sai sur leur histoire oceanique. [Ophiolites of Taurids, Turkey: essay about their oceanic history.] Revue Geol. dynam. Geogr. phys., 21(3): 191-214.

The major features of the 3 Turkish ophiolite belts in the T a u r u s Range are de sc r i bed . The assemblages contain complex fragments of: (1) a Triassic (paleontological age) volcanic and sed imenta ry unit ; (2) a me tamorph ic unit (amphibolites, with quartzites and marbles) typically located as a tectonic sole; and (3) a c o a r s e - g r a i n e d un i t i nc lud ing u n d e f o r m e d cumulates and harzburgitic tectonite. Units (1) and (2) give a Cretaceous K / A r age. Structural orientations suggest a N70°E paleo-spreading center. Includes ca. 115 references. Laboratoire de Cristallographie, Mineralogie et Petrographie, 1, rue Blessig, IF) 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France. (soc)

80:3761 Kharin, G. S., 1978. Halmyrolysis and hydro-

thermal leaching in oceanic ore-element input. Geochem. int. (a translat ion of Geok- him@a), 15(4): 41-55.

Dredge and drill samples (Atlantic) in various stages of alteration have been chemically analyzed as sources of ore deposits and Fe-Mn nodules. Both low T (halmyrolysis) and high T (hydrothermal leaching) products are examined. The author con- cludes that the basalts cannot be the source.

At lant ic Division, Ins t i tu te of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Kaliningrad, U.S.S.R. (soc)

80:3762 Kieffer, Guy, 1979. Apercu sur la volcanologie de

File de la Reunion. [Reunion Island, Indian Ocean volcanology.] Bull. Soc. geol. Ft., (7)21(4): 419-425.

The extinct Piton des Neiges volcano had a long initial basaltic phase, at first characterized by submarine activity, then by a huge shield volcano forming a caldera; a second phase, with a differen- t ia ted magma, built a more explosive apparatus and emitted pyroclastic flows. The still active Piton de la Fournaise volcano appears to have the same evolution, but has merely reached the stage of the basalt ic shield volcano with a summital caldera system. Departement de Geologic et Mineralogie, 5, rue Kessler, 63000 Clermont- Ferrand, France.

80:3763 Lauer, J.-P. and Patrick Barry, 1979. Etude

paleomagnetique des ophiolites du Troodos (Chypre). [Paleomagnetic study of ophiolites from Troodos, Cyprus.] C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris. (D)289(14): 977-980. Laboratoire de Paleomagnetisme, Inst i tut de Physique du Globe, 5, rue Rene-Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France.

80:3764 McCulloch, M. T., R. T. Gregory, G. J. Wasser-

burg and H. P. T a y l o r Jr . , 1980. A neodymium, strontium, and oxygen isotopic study of the Cretaceous Samail Ophiolite and implications for the petrogenesis and s e a w a t e r - h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n of oceanic crust. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 46(2): 201-211.

Isotopic data are used to determine the ophiolite age and distinguish between sea-floor hydrothermal a l te ra t ion and p r imary magmat i c isotopic variations. Coexisting plagioclase and pyroxene give 147Sm-~4:~Nd crystallization ages of 130 4- 12 m.y. and 100 4- 20 m.y. The initial '4:~Nd/~44Nd ratios from the different lithologies give a l imited end of 7.5-8.6 demonstrat ing oceanic affinities. The sTSr/86Sr and 5180 values show wide variations consistent with hydrothermal circulation of seawater. In a closed system the Sr data may be utilized to est imate water /rock ratios and evaluate the equilibrium temperature between water and silicates from the 180/'60 water-rock fractionation. Includes 50 references. The Charles Arms Labora- tory, C.I.T., Pasadena, Calif. 91125 U.S.A. (soc)


80:3765 Seyfried, W. E. Jr. and W. E. Dibble Jr., 1980.

Seawater-peridotite interaction at 300°C and 500 bars: implications for the origin of oceanic serpentinites. Geochim. cosmochim. Acts, 44(2): 309-321.

Serpentinized peridotites are frequently recovered from oceanic fracture zones. An experiment was undertaken to study the seawater-peridotite interaction at 300°C and 500 bars, with a water/rock ratio of 20. The seawater composition was ap- preciably modified with large changes in pH. Complex chemical and redox processes occurred. Alteration processes in the MgO-SiO2-H20 system were in good agreement with theoretical predic- tions, those in the Fe-O-S system were not. Changes in boron suggest its high peridotite concentrations may reflect retrograde reaction with cold seawater. Depar tment of Geology and Geophys ics , Un ive r s i ty of Minneso ta , Minneapolis, Minn. 55455, U.S.A. (soc)

80:3766 Thompson, Geoffrey, W. B. Bryan and W. G.

Melson, 1980. Geological and geophysical in- v e s t i g a t i o n o f the M i d - C a y m a n Rise spreading center: geochemical variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses. J. Geol., 88(1): 41-55.

Basalt glasses from the spreading center located in the Cayman Trough have certain unique major and trace element compositional features (e.g., enrichment in TiO2, Na20, K20, P20~, Zr, Y, Sr, and Ba) which are different from typical mid- ocean ridge basalts. The geochemical peculiarities are probably caused by a combination of local characteristics of the mantle source and the special tectonic setting of the Cayman Trough. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (drh)

14. Oil and gas

80:3767 Basu, D. N., A. Banerjee and D.M. Tamhane,

1980. Source areas and migration trends of oil and gas in Bombay Offshore Basin, In- dia. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 64(2): 209- 220.

Paleogene and Miocene prodelta muds deposited in local depressions (notably the Dahanu) appear to be the main source for oil and gas although Paleogene and Lower Miocene shales on the Bombay-Ratnagiri Shelf and in the western clastic basin may also have contributed. Migration trends

from the Dahanu depression towards offshore fields are southwest, south and north. The high wax content of genetically related oils from onshore and offshore fields suggests common source beds rich in terrestrial organic matter. Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Dehra Dun 248195, India. (smf)

80:3768 Royden, Leigh, J. G. Sclater and R. P. yon Herzen,

1980. Continental margin subsidence and heat flow: important parameters in formation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 64(2): 173-187.

Two rifting models--attenuation of continental lithosphere and intrusion of mantle diapirs--yield a direct relation between passive margin subsidence and heat flow through time and allow the development of a method for reconstructing the thermal history of sedimentary strata. In addition to their applicability for petroleum exploration in frontier regions, time-temperature-depth plots, thus reconstructed, suggest a significant potential for oil and gas in deep-sea sedimentary basins and on the outer continental rise. Hydrocarbon maturi- ty estimates are presented for one Falkland Plateau site and 3 North Atlantic sites near Cape Hatteras. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, U.S.A. (izs)

15. Manganese nodules, etc.

80:3769 Pettis, R. W. and A. de Forest, 1979. Chemical

composition of ferromanganese nodules from the Southern Ocean. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 30(4): 535-539.

Ferromanganese nodules from south-west of Cape Leeuwin, W.A., were analyzed for A1, Ag, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ca, Fe, K, Mo, Ni, Pb, Mg, Mn, Sr, Ti, V and Zn. Preliminary attempts were made to compare the analyses with nodules from other fields in the South Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Materials Research Laboratories, Defense Science and Technology Organization, P.O. Box 50, Ascot Vale, Vic. 3032, Australia.

16. Local and regional tectonics, earthquakes and seismicity

80:3770 Ando, Masataka, 1979. The Hawai i earthquake

of November 29, 1975: low dip angle faulting


due to forceful injection of magma. J. geophys. Res., 84(B13): 7616-7626.

Analysis of body wave and surface wave data, aftershock distribution, tsunami information and crustal deformation data indicates that this earthquake occurred on a low angle fault striking N70°E, dip SSE and located 10 km beneath the south flank of Kilauea. The earthquake was related to magma activity and coincided with the boundary separating old ocean bottom from the pile of lava flows. Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan. (drh)

80:3771 Andrews, J. E., 1980. Morphologic evidence for

reorientation of sea-floor spreading in the West Philippine Basin. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 8(3): 140-143.

Long-range side-scan sonar mapping in the West Philippine Basin shows a regular pattern of linear abyssal hills which parallel the extinct Central Basin spreading center. Sea-floor spreading was oriented northeast-southwest, until anomaly 21 time (54 m.y.B.P.) when it changed to nearly north-south, possibly in response to the onset of the northward movement of Australia. Depart- ment of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3772 Baldi, P., G. Ferrari and F. Mantovani, 1979.

Evidence of rifting in the Tyrrhenian Sea by observing Rayleigh wave dispersion. Boll. Geofis. teor. appl.. 21(82): 94-104.

Rayleigh wave dispersion was observed in the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Italian peninsula. In the Tyrrhenian the phase velocities were in the range of values characteristic of rift zones; a well developed low velocity channel (up to a depth of 180 km) is required to fit the data. The lower part of the basin presents very low short period velocities compatible only with the presence of a low velocity zone in the crust. Istituto di Geofisica, Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

80:3773 Chinn, D. S., B. L. Isacks and Muawia Barazangi,

1980. H i g h - f r e q u e n c y s e i s m i c w a v e propagation in western South America along the continental margin, in the Nazca Plate and across the Altiplano. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 60(2): 209-244.

The propagation of high-frequency shear waves (0.5-2 Hz) recorded in western South America from regional shallow and intermediate depth earthquakes is markedly different from that observed in the western Pacific and Atlantic. For

example, the velocity and propagation distance of the Sn phase are significantly less; the large change in crustal thickness across the margin is particularly conducive to the conversion of oceanic Sn into crustal Lg or Sg waves; and some propagation does occur in the wedge-shaped region above the descending Nazca Plate. Department of Geological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3774 Christie, P. A. F. and J. G. Sclater, 1980. An

extensional origin for the Buchan and Witchground Graben in the North Sea. Nature, Lond., 283(5749): 729-732.

A model of North Sea Basin subsidence is proposed which is similar to McKenzie's model for the Aegean. Specifically, large-scale extension of the lithosphere as it moves away from a spreading center results in crustal thinning and initially high heat flow followed by cooling and isostatic subsidence. For the North Sea, crustal stretching by a factor of 1.5 to 2.0 in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous can explain the shallow Moho, subsidence history and present heat flow values. Pur- suit of this model may have value in oil prospecting because it has promise in establishing the thermal history of sedimentary beds. Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, Madingley Rise, Madingley Road, Cambridge BC3 0EZ, U.K. (fcs)

80:3775 Garde, S. C. and J. E. Berinyuy, 1979. Thermal

regime of the nascent island arc between Ceylon and Cocos Islands. Boll. Geofis. teor. appl., 21(82): 135-139.

Seismicity of the Ceylon-Cocos Zone is correlated with adiabatic heat production due to a downgoing slab. Vertical velocity of the downgoing slab, assuming a temperature of 1040°C at 70 km (the depth of focus of most earthquakes recorded in this zone), is in the same range as the rate of sea floor spreading in the area, supporting the suggestion of Sykes (1970) that Ceylon-Cocos Zone is a possible nascent island arc. Department of Physics, Uni- versity of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

80:3776 Garfunkel, Z., A. Arad and G. Almagor, 1979. The

Palmahim disturbance [Israel] and its regional setting. Bull. geol. Surv. Israel, 72: 56 pp.

The Palmahim and two other disturbances along the continental margin of Israel appear to originate from large-scale seaward sliding of material overlying the Mavqi'im Formation. These disturbances are landward extensions of the zone of non-


tectonic deformation of the deep-sea province and as such are not seismogenic or a threat to nearby nuclear power plant siting. Includes seismic profiles, 1 bathymetric map and cross sections. Department of Geology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. (drh)

80:3777 Hamilton, Warren, 1979. Tectonics of the Indone-

sian region. Prof. Pap. U.S. geol. Surv., 1078: 345 pp.

Indonesia is a region in which active subduction, strike slip faulting and spreading define both modern and fossil plate boundaries reasonably clearly. The importance in recognizing these tectonic features is that many ancient tectonic belts p r o b a b l y con ta in the ' m a s h e d t o g e t h e r ' equivalents of this island-arc-continental setting. Present plate motions indicate that Indonesia is fated to be squashed between Australia and Asia. Includes 1 full-size, color, tectonic map of the In- donesian region in pocket; regional tectonic, lithological, magnetic anomaly, bathymetric, structural and paleogeographic maps; seismic reflection profiles; satellite and aerial photos; an index and ca. 1300 references. (drh)

80:3778 Hanus, V. and J. Vanek, 1979. Northern part of

the Tonga region: a complicated subduction closure. J. Geophys. (Z. Geophys.), 46(4): 385- 395.

The deep structure of the northern part of the Tonga region, as determined from the geometry of earthquake epicenters, can be described by the complex interaction of three subduction zones and two deep-seated fracture zones. The Lau and Home paleoplates have probably been activated during the recent subduction of the Pacific Plate. The deep transform faults are active at depths exceeding 400 km. Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 141 31 Praha 4-Sporilov, Bocni, 1401, Czechoslovakia. (drh)

80:3779 Okal, E. A., 1980. The Bellingshausen Sea

earthquake of February 5, 1977: evidence for ridge-generated compression in the Antarc- tic Plate. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 46(2): 306- 310.

The Bellingshausen Sea earthquake provides a significant break-through in the understanding of stress within the otherwise aseismic Antarctic Plate. Body- and surface-wave data from the magnitude Ms = 6.4 event suggest a thrust-fault mechanism with compressional stress in the direction of ridge-push at the nearby rapidly spreading

Pacific Ridge. The mechanism is not compatible with stresses generated by asthenospheric drag at the base of the plate, suggesting that stresses are indeed transmitted from the surrounding ridges. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Box 2161, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 06520, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3780 Orwig, T. L. and L. W. Kroenke, 1980. Tectonics

of the eastern Central Pacific Basin. Mar. Geol., 34(1/2): 29-43.

New and existing bathymetric data from the eastern Central Pacific Basin support the hypothesis that it formed by sea-floor spreading. DSDP site 66 indicates that spreading occurred between 100 and 85 m.y. ago, just prior to volcanism along the Line Islands Ridge. Includes residual magnetic anomaly, bathymetric and structural maps. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A. (drh)

17. Erosion

80:3781 Almagor, Gideon, 1980. Halokinetic deep-seated

slumping on the Mediterranean slope of northern Sinai and southern Israel. Mar. Geotechnol., 4(1): 83-105.

The continental shelf and slope of the northern Sinai Peninsula and southern Israel consist of Messinian evaporites overlain by Nile-derived clastics. New seismic profiles indicate that the complex block topography of the region is the result of large-scale rotational slumping induced by seaward flow of the evaporites under pressure of the overlying beds. Includes block diagrams, seismic profiles and 1 bathymetric map. Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel. (fcs)

80:3782 Herzer, R. H., 1979. Submarine slides and sub-

marine canyons on the continental slope off Canterbury, New Zealand. N.Z. Jl Geol. Geophys., 22(3): 391-406.

Critical in the development of the canyons and slides on this progradational continental slope is the dispersal pattern of shelf sand. Less active now than during lower sea levels, the canyons on the northern slope are presumed the result of erosion caused by coarse sediments moving downslope as debris flows, turbidity currents, or traction carpets; mud deposition on the southern slope was

548 (~ Submarine (;eotogy and (leophysics OLR(1980)27(8)

apparently rapid enough to create a sedimentary regime prone to sliding. Results have applicability for New Zealand's offshore petroleum exploration and production activities. Includes seismic profiles. New Zealand Geological Survey, DSIR, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. (izs)

19. Crust, mantle, core; includes petrology and seismology (also see

Physical Oceanography for general fluid

mechanics)

80:3783 Cesnokov, E. M. and M. Baumbach, 1979. Seis-

miche Anisotropie der Lithosphare unter Ozeanen und ihr Einfluss auf Laufzeitkurven seismischer Wellen. [The seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere beneath the ocean and its influence on the travel-time curves of seismic waves.] Gerl. Beitr. Geophys., 88(5): 377-386.

A statistical analysis of P-wave velocities determined from refraction measurements shows global seismic anisotropy occurs in the oceanic crust and upper mantle. Specific studies from the Pacific Ocean suggest that anisotropy influences both the azimuth dependence of the travel-time curves and the distance of the critical arrivals. Moskva D-242, U.S.S.R. (drh)

80:3784 Cochran, J. R., 1980. Some remarks on isostasy

and the long-term behavior of the continental lithosphere. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 46(2): 266-274.

The transfer function technique (admittance) is a means of relating gravity anomalies to topography and its isostatic compensation without specific assumptions of how isostasy is accomplished; however, assumptions in the analysis procedure can clearly affect the results. These assumptions may help explain why the estimates of flexural rigidity from continent-wide admittance studies of the United States and Australia are considerably less than estimates from flexural studies of in- dividual features by other more reliable methods. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3785 Del Pezzo, E., G. Luongo and R. Scarpa, 1979.

Seismic wave transmission in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Boll. Geofis. teor. appl., 21(81): 53-66.

Examination reveals high S wave damping from local and deep earthquakes. Teleseismic P residuals confirm that an anomalous Q zone exists above the subducting lithosphere to a depth of about 100 km. Pg residuals from sea shots data show a shallow anomalous zone near Lipari and Salina Islands. Is t i tuto Internazionale di Vulcanologia, CNR, Viale R. Margherita, 6 Catania, Sicily.

80:3786 Filloux, J. H., 1980. Magnetotelluric soundings

over the northeast Pacific may reveal spatial dependence of depth and conduc- tance of the asthenosphere. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 46(2): 244-252.

A seafloor electrical conductivity profile located 800 km NNE of Hawaii shows a high-conductivity body at depth which agrees with a similarly postulated layer in an earlier station located over the same interfracture zone but approximately 700 km off the coast of California. Such consistent measurements suggest that the magnetotelluric method can be a useful seafloor exploration tool. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3787 Houtz, R., C. Windisch and S. Murauchi, 1980.

Changes in the crust and upper mantle near the Japan-Bonin Trench. J. Geophys. Res., 85(B1): 267-274.

A comparison of velocity information from refraction and multichannel reflection seismic data in the western Pacific indicates that velocities along reflectors near the active Japan-Bonin Trench vary in such a way that correlating sections with similar velocities is not valid. Crustal velocities cluster near 6.53 km/s but mantle velocities which are about 8.2 km/s disappear near the Bonin Trench, where a 7.3 km/s layer is observed. Includes seismic reflection and refraction profiles. Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3788 Kanestrom, Reidar and Ove Ovrebo, 1978. Seismic

measurements of large underwater shots. Geophysics, 15(2): 215-229.

Amplitude spectra calculated from nine TNT charges detonated at various water depths and recorded at the Scandinavian Seismograph Network (NORSAR) show that the spectral maximum was close to the theoretical fundamen- tal resonance frequency and that the bubble pulse period agreed with that predicted by the Willis bubble formula. Spectral properties of shot locations can be estimated when planning seismic


refraction experiments of the crust and upper mantle structure. Seismological Observatory, Universi- ty of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. (drh)

80:3789 Lilwall, R. C., 1980. Fault mechanisms and sub-

crustal seismic velocities on the Mid- Atlantic Ridge. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 60(2): 245-262.

Ocean bottom hydrophone records of swarm microearthquakes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are interpreted in terms of a direct arrival followed by reflections from an interface beneath the events. Amplitude ratios and polarities of the direct and reflected P-waves, together with pulse durations, are consistent only with horizontal faulting above a zone with low shear wave velocity. A high fracture velocity approaching that of the P-waves is required to model the seismograms. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Blacknest, Brimpton, Reading, Berkshire, U.K.

80:3790 Menzies, Martin and V. Rama Murthy, 1980.

Enriched mantle: Nd and Sr isotopes in diopsides from kimberlite nodules. Nature, Lond., 283(5748): 634-636.

Diopsides from micaceous garnet lherzolite nodules in kimberlite (South Africa) extend the mantle array, as defined by uncontaminated oceanic and continental basalts, to radiogenic s7Sr/S6Sr values. These data are used to demonstrate the ancient enriched, grossly heterogeneous nature of the sub-continental mantle, which complements the predominantly depleted nature of the sub-oceanic mantle. Depart- ment of Geology and Geophysics, 108 Pillsbury Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455, U.S.A.

80:3791 Rohr, K. and W. Twigt, 1980. Mesozoic com-

plementary crust in the North Atlantic. Nature, Lond., 283(5749): 758-761.

Uncertainties in the correct matching of sections in previous Mesozoic North Atlantic reconstructions are removed using the unique local pattern of magnetic anomalies (M4-M0) and their offsets in crustal sections from the North American and African plates. The reconstructions, based on eye and least squares techniques, provide a test of plate rigidity and a refinement of the reconstruction of the entire North Atlantic ~116-110 m.y. B.P. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (izs)

80:3792 Stephen, R. A., K. E. Louden and D. H.

Matthews, 1980. The Oblique Se ismic Experiment on D S D P leg 52. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 60(2): 289-300.

The Oblique Seismic Experiment (OSE) consists of generating shots at surface ranges of 1 to 10 km from a receiver in an IPOD crustal borehole in order to investigate the local lateral and vertical velocity structure of layer 2 crust. The first such experiment (conducted 650 km north of Puerto Rico) indicates that crack density decreases with depth in layer 2, but no convincing evidence for anisotropy emerged nor were meaningful attenuation measu remen t s made. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3793 Stoffa, P. L. and Peter Buhl, 1979. Two-ship mul-

tichannel seismic experiments for deep crustal studies: expanded spread and con- s tant offset profiles. J. geophys. Res., 84(B13): 7645-7660.

Expanding spread profiles are a means of recording refractions and wide-angle reflections using two ships and a multichannel array, thereby enhancing the coverage and quality of deep crustal information. Unique to this method is that detailed information about the lateral variability of the deep ocean crust is possible because of the continuous nature of the data. Sample results from the western Pacific and Caribbean are discussed. Includes seismic profiles. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, N.Y. 10964, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3794 Zielinski, G. W., 1979. On the thermal evolution

of passive continental margins, thermal depth anomal ies , and the Norweg ian- Greenland Sea. J. geophys. Res., 84(B13): 7577-7588.

A computer-generated, time-dependent, thermal model of seafloor spreading simulates the evolution of an oceanic region and specifically the thermal evolution of an Atlantic-type margin. Thermal depth anomalies may reflect differences in the ratio of heat entering the lithosphere to the spreading rate, rather than increased heat input. This concept may help explain areas which depart from the normal age-depth curve. The model satisfies geophysical data and accurately reproduces the shallow oceanic depths of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Geological Sciences Department, Gulf Science & Technology Com- pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15230, U.S.A. (drh)


21. Books, collations (general)

80:3795 Oele, E., ed., 1979. Proceedings of the sym-

posium on the engineering and geological aspects of deltaic areas (Renesse, Denmark, 1979. Specia l issue.) Geologic Mijnb., 58(4): 385-480; 11 papers.

Symposium proceedings include contributions on the following: hydrology, construction problems, tunnels and excavations, soil investigations, the Thames Barrier Project, storm-surge barriers, geophysical methods and monitoring, and modern river deltas. (smf)

22. Miscellaneous

80:3796 Melosh, H. J., 1979. Acoustic fluidization: a new

geologic process? J. geophys. Res., 84(B13): 7513-7520.

Acoustic fluidization, a geologic process in which a strong acoustic wave field causes failure of geologic materials at stresses much smaller than expected from conventional rock mechanics, may explain some seismic faulting, impact crater slumping, and long runout landslides. Fluidization occurs when sufficiently strong acoustic waves in rock debris momentari ly relieve the static overburden pressure, thus allowing sliding to occur. Many details need further examination. Includes appen- dix: Theory of acoustic waves in a granular material. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Inst i tute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., U.S.A. (drh)

80:3797 O'Connor, W. P., 1980. Estimate of wind stressed

sea level excitation of the Earth's annual wobble. Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 60(2): 187- 207.

Wind stressed uncompensated sea-level variations in the oceans contribute to the Ear th 's annual wobble with a phase and magnitude which can explain the discrepancy between the astronomically observed excitation and the calculated geophysical excitations caused by air mass redistribution, con- t inental water storage, and mountain torque. The major contribution to the sea level excitation probably comes from the set up in the western Pacific. Depar tment of Meteorology and Center for Climatic Research, Inst i tute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 53706, U.S.A. (drh)

80:3798 Streif, Hansjorg, 1979. Die Profil typenkarte des

Holozan: eine neue geologische Karte zur Dar- stellung yon Schichtenfolgen im Kustenraum fur praktische und wissenschaftliche Zwecke. [The profile-type-map of the Holocene: a new geological map representing North Sea and Baltic Sea coastal zone sedimentary sequences for practical and scientif ic applications.] Kuste. 34: 79-86.

A system of classification and representation is presented for mapping Holocene sedimentary sequences in the North Sea and Baltic Sea coastal zones. Regionally uniform geological elements can be r e g i s t e r e d a n d h i g h l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d classifications can be carried out. In combination with data bank management systems for geological field data, the sequence map forms an important basis for planning in coastal engineering. Stilleweg 2, 3000 Hannover 51, F.R.G.

80:3799 Vanney, J. R. and M. Gennesseaux, 1979. Proposi-

tions relatives a la toponymie marine de la Mediterranee occidentale. [Proposals relative to the marine toponymy of the western Mediterranean Sea.] Annls Inst. oceanogr., Paris, (N.S.)55(2): 185-194.

Following the preparation of a new bathymetr ic char t of the Algero-Provencal Basin, new toponyms for the main bottom features of the Western Mediterranean Sea were selected from the geography and history of the neighbouring coun- tries. Inst i tut de Geographie, Universite de Paris- Sorbonne, 191, rue Saint-Jacques, F 75005 Paris, France.

80:3800 Wakita, Hiroshi, Yuji Nakamura, Kenji Notsu,

Masayasu Noguchi and Toshi Asada, 1980. Radon anomaly: a possible precursor of the 1978 I z u - O s h i m a - k i n k a i ear thquake . Science, 207(4433): 882-883.

Radon concentrations at a monitor station 25 km from the epicenter of a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in Japan showed a sudden drop and subsequent increase five days prior to the earthquake, and a remarkable increase after the earthquake. While the relation between the mechanism of radon emis- sion and the deformation associated with the earthquake remains unclear, measuring radon concentrations in groundwater at carefully chosen wells should offer definitive information on the likelihood of an earthquake. Laboratory for Earthquake Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113 Japan. (drh)

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