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substationBackground
A substation is a part of an electricalgeneration, transmission, anddistribution system. Substationstransform voltage from high to low,or the reverse, or perform any ofseveral other important functions.Electric power may flow throughseveral substations betweengenerating plant and consumer, andits voltage may change in severalsteps.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation8/22/2019 Substations Bus Arrangements
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Types of electric substations
There are four major types ofelectric substations
1-The first type is the switchyard at agenerating station.
2-the system substation.
3-the customer substation.4-the distribution station.
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System requirements including
Load growth
System stability
System reliability System capacity
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Customer requirements
including
Additional load
Power quality
Reliability Customer relations
Neighborhood impact
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Site Selection
the following site evaluation criteriacould be used
Economical evaluation
1-return on investment
2-initial capital cost
3-life cycle cost.
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Technical evaluation
1-Land: choose areas that minimize the
need for earth movement and soildisposal.
2-Water: avoid interference with the naturaldrainage network.
3-Vegetation: choose low productivityfarming areas or uncultivated land.
4-Protected areas: avoid any areas or spotslisted as protected areas.
5-Community planning: avoid urban areas,development land, or land held in reservefor future development
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6-Community involvement: engagecommunity in the approval process.
7-Soil: suitable for construction ofroads and foundations; low soilresistivity is desirable.
8-Access: easy access to and from the
site for transportation of largeequipment, operators, andmaintenance teams
9-Pollution: risk of equipment failureand maintenance costs increase withpollution level.
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Design, Construction, and
Commissioning Process
Design
Site Preparation
Drainage, earth work , roads ,access Foundations and concretedesign
StructuresMaterials (electrical , mechanical andchemical effects)
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Buildings
Control, metering, relaying, andannunciation buildings andswitchgear buildings
Mechanical Systems
1- HVAC2- Switchgear building ventilation
3- Fire fighting system
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Electrical Systems
1-Incoming(Transmission line cable )
2-Transformer
2-Ac/Dc room
3-Charger room
4-Battary room
5-General alarm and contol panels6-Protection panels
7-Switch gear and local control panels
8-Interface panels9-Transformer
10-Outgoing(transmission cable)
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Some factors takes into account in electricaldesign
1-insulators(types-rated voltage-switching impulse
level
factors affecting insulators)2-overvoltages(reasons: Atmospheric and switchingovervoltages protective element: surgearresters and skywires)
3- Grounding (Allowable limits of body current-
Allowable limits of step and touch voltages-Soilresistivity-type of earthing method)
4- Neutral Systems(grounded_ungrounded)
Communication system
1-Battery charger2-Battery
3-Communication panels
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Station Construction
With permits in hand and drawings
published, the construction of thestation can begin All the civil,electrical, and electronic systems are
installed at this time. Properattention should also be paid to sitesecurity during the construction
phase not only to safeguard thematerial and equipment, but also toprotect the public.
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Station Commissioning
Once construction is complete, testing of varioussystems can commence and all punch-list items
addressed. To avoid duplication of testing, it isrecommended to develop an inspection, testingand acceptance plan (ITAP). Elements of ITAPinclude
1-Factory acceptance tests (FAT)
2-Site delivery acceptance test (SDAT)3-Site acceptance tests (SAT)
Final tests of the completed substation in apartially energized environment to determine
acceptabilityand conformance to customer requirementsunder conditions as close as possible to normaloperation
conditions will finalize the in-service tests and
turn-over to operations.
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Types of substations according
to its configuration
Outdoor type with air insulatedequipment
Indoor type with air insulated
equipment Outdoor type with gas insulated
equipment
Indoor type with gas insulatedequipment
Mixed technology substations
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Switchgear components
Circuit Breaker
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformers
Disconnect Switches Ground Switches
Surge Arrester
Control System Power Cable Connections
Air Connection
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Bus bar arrangement
1- Single bus
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2- Double busdouble breaker
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3-Main and Transfer Bus
Arrangement
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4-Double bus single breaker
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5-Breaker-and-a-Half
Arrangement
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Thanks