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Polish kermes lives in the roots of Scleranthus perennis L. Polish kermes are found from eastern Germany to the Ukraine . This shield louse, or scale insect, is a parasite on the roots of Scleranthus perennis. The female insects are collected in June, killed in a vinegar solution, dried, and marketed in this form as the raw material for the dyestuff. From a single plant, 40 to 50 insects can be collected. After they are taken from the roots of the host plant, it is replanted.
The Cochineal bug is found in desert locations in Arizona, New Mexico, and California to Montana, Colorado, Texas, Florida and North Carolina. They feed on the juices of the cacti plant, especially the prickly pear cacti.
elements compoundshomogeneous heterogeneous copper, Cu vermilion, red lead blue frit
blue frit + ochre
Sulfur, S8
Visualizing the atomic and molecular level
elements compoundshomogeneous heterogeneous copper vermilion blue frit
blue frit + ochre
Red LeadPb3O4, or 2PbO·PbO2
Cinnabar (natural mineral)Vermilion (synthetic)HgS
elements compoundshomogeneous heterogeneous copper vermilion, red lead blue frit
blue frit + ochre
Ochres: a mixture ofIron oxides
Iron oxide Hematite, Fe2O3
Iron oxide Magnetite, Fe3O4
The blue color of faience is chemically the same ‘stuff’ as the pigment blue frit
Egyptian Faience sculpture
and
beads
elements compoundshomogeneous heterogeneous copper vermilion, red lead blue frit
blue frit + ochre
blue frit
ochre
Solid State Structures of copper, Cu
Face Centered Cubic (fcc) view
Face CenteredCubic Unit Cell
Cubic ClosestPacked(ccp) view
Structures of brass layer on Cu: Zinc (Zn) atoms replace Cu (randomly) in lattice
Start with Cu lattice:
