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SUMMARY COMMENTS ON SUMMARY COMMENTS ON REPORT BY DR. G. THYNEREPORT BY DR. G. THYNE
Anthony W. Gorody Ph. D., P.G.Anthony W. Gorody Ph. D., P.G.PresidentPresident
Universal Geoscience Consulting, Inc.Universal Geoscience Consulting, Inc.
ASSERTIONS COVEREDASSERTIONS COVERED
Dissolved methane in groundwater is increasingDissolved methane in groundwater is increasing Biogenic methane is actually thermogenicBiogenic methane is actually thermogenic Williams Fork is the only source of thermogenic Williams Fork is the only source of thermogenic
gasgas Chloride concentrations are increasingChloride concentrations are increasing Chloride is derived from produced watersChloride is derived from produced waters
DUPLICATE ANALYSESDUPLICATE ANALYSESNOT CONSIDEREDNOT CONSIDERED
SAMPLING VARIATION*SAMPLING VARIATION*
Dissolved methane concentration in duplicateDissolved methane concentration in duplicatesamples varies by 9% samples varies by 9% plus or minusplus or minus 90 ug/L) 90 ug/L)
*Collected from water wells only *Collected from water wells only
FIGURE 1
* ug/L = micrograms per liter or .001 milligrams per liter
PAGE 5PAGE 5
GAS COMPOSITIONGAS COMPOSITIONNOT CONSIDEREDNOT CONSIDERED
SOPHISTICATED FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF GASES SOPHISTICATED FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF GASES FINGERPRINTING GAS SOURCESFINGERPRINTING GAS SOURCES
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION• NON HYDROCARBONS:NON HYDROCARBONS:
NN22, Ar, O, Ar, O22, CO, CO22, H, H22S, He, HS, He, H22
GAS RATIOSGAS RATIOS• Relative abundance of non-Relative abundance of non-
hydrocarbons to hydrocarbonshydrocarbons to hydrocarbons• Ratios relative to ArgonRatios relative to Argon
• HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS: :
CC11, C, C22, C, C33, nC, nC44, iC, iC44, nC, nC55, iC, iC55
GAS RATIOSGAS RATIOS• Relative abundanceRelative abundance
STABLE ISOTOPESSTABLE ISOTOPES• CARBONCARBON• DEUTERIUMDEUTERIUM
DID YOU KNOW? BULK OF EARTH’S ORGANIC DID YOU KNOW? BULK OF EARTH’S ORGANIC CARBON LOCKED UP AS BIOGENIC METHANE? CARBON LOCKED UP AS BIOGENIC METHANE?
20% OF THE WORLD’S COMMERCIAL GAS RESERVES 20% OF THE WORLD’S COMMERCIAL GAS RESERVES ARE COMPOSED OF BIOGENIC METHANEARE COMPOSED OF BIOGENIC METHANE
METHANE SOURCES ARE IDENTIFIEDMETHANE SOURCES ARE IDENTIFIEDON BASIS OF DIFFERING ATOMIC WEIGHTON BASIS OF DIFFERING ATOMIC WEIGHT
THERMOGENICTHERMOGENIC
BIOGENICBIOGENIC
BIOGENIC GAS SIGNATUREBIOGENIC GAS SIGNATURE
Light MethaneEthane
MAMM CREEK FIELD PRODUCED GAS COMPOSITIONMAMM CREEK FIELD PRODUCED GAS COMPOSITIONAVAILABLE BUT NOT CONSIDEREDAVAILABLE BUT NOT CONSIDERED
Average CO2 = 0.84% (max 3.5%)Average CH4/CO2 = 115 (min 34)
Average C1/C2 = 22 (max 31)Average C2/C3 = 2.5 (max 3.1)
Table 110
DID YOU KNOW? THERMOGENIC METHANE IS DID YOU KNOW? THERMOGENIC METHANE IS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER GASESASSOCIATED WITH OTHER GASES
Heavy MethaneHeavy Methane
EthaneEthane
PropanePropaneButaneButane
PentanePentane
Carbon DioxideCarbon DioxideLight BiogenicLight Biogenic
MethaneMethane
OTHER SOURCES OF OTHER SOURCES OF THERMOGENIC HYDROCARBONSTHERMOGENIC HYDROCARBONS
NOT CONSIDEREDNOT CONSIDERED
DID YOU KNOW? COMMERCIAL WELLS PRODUCEDID YOU KNOW? COMMERCIAL WELLS PRODUCE NATURAL GAS FROM THE WASATCH FM IN RULISON NATURAL GAS FROM THE WASATCH FM IN RULISON
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
C2
/C3
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C1/C2
W 27-3
W 46-11
W 86-29
W 13-3
W 14-24W 14-34W 15-5
W 18-27
W 19-28
PA 21-34PA 24-21
PA 32-29PA 312-21
RMV 37-33
RMV 43-28A
GV 21-35
GV 25-27
GV 75-3
LANGSTAFF 109
Wasatch Williams Fork
+ BacterialMethane Trend
Maturity Trend
Source Rock Trend
2
2.5
3
3.5
Su
mC
4/S
um
C5
3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 C2/C3
W 27-3
W 46-11
W 86-29
W 13-3 W 14-24W 14-34
W 15-5
W 18-27W 19-28
PA 21-34
PA 24-21
PA 32-29PA 312-21
RMV 37-33
RMV 43-28A
GV 21-35
GV 25-27
GV 75-3
LANGSTAFF 109
Wasatch Williams Fork
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
iC5
/nC
5
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 iC4/nC4
W 27-3W 46-11
W 86-29
W 13-3
W 14-24W 14-34W 15-5
W 18-27
W 19-28
PA 21-34
PA 24-21
PA 32-29PA 312-21
RMV 37-33
RMV 43-28AGV 21-35
GV 25-27
GV 75-3
LANGSTAFF 109
Wasatch Williams Fork
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
Dry
ne
ss
(C
1/C
1+
)
0 1 2 3 4 % Non Hydrocarbons
W 27-3W 46-11
W 86-29
W 13-3
W 14-24W 14-34
W 15-5
W 18-27
W 19-28
PA 21-34
PA 24-21
PA 32-29
PA 312-21
RMV 37-33
RMV 43-28A
GV 21-35
GV 25-27
GV 75-3
LANGSTAFF 109
Wasatch Williams ForkFIGURE 813
PAGE 18PAGE 18
SHALLOW GAS SHALLOW GAS WIRELINE LOGWIRELINE LOGG33 PAD WITHG33 PAD WITH
THERMOGENIC GASTHERMOGENIC GASCOMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
TABLE TABLE
SANDSAND GASGAS
GASGASSANDSAND
FIGURE 5
PAGE 15PAGE 15
MANY MAMM CREEK FIELD BRADENHEAD GASES MANY MAMM CREEK FIELD BRADENHEAD GASES DIFFER FROM UNDERLYING WILLIAMS FORKDIFFER FROM UNDERLYING WILLIAMS FORK
FIGURE 7PAGE 17PAGE 17
CHLORIDE DATA NOT CONSIDEREDCHLORIDE DATA NOT CONSIDERED
DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW? CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN WELLSCHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN WELLS
THROUGH TIME IS VARIABLE THROUGH TIME IS VARIABLE
Line of no difference
Line of no differenceUpper concentration limit
Cut off for illustration
FIGURE 9PAGE 23PAGE 23
Of 5 wells with the longest sampling history, Of 5 wells with the longest sampling history, four show an average four show an average decreasedecrease with time with time
FIGURE 10PAGE 24PAGE 24
CHLORIDE SOURCES CHLORIDE SOURCES NOT CONSIDEREDNOT CONSIDERED
DID YOU KNOW? THERE ARE CHLORIDE DID YOU KNOW? THERE ARE CHLORIDE SALTS IN THE GREEN RIVER SALTS IN THE GREEN RIVER
FORMATIONFORMATION
FISH TRAPPED IN EVAPORATING POOLS OF WATERFISH TRAPPED IN EVAPORATING POOLS OF WATERGREEN RIVER FORMATIONGREEN RIVER FORMATION
http://www.blackhawkfossils.com/Fish/fde101.jpghttp://www.blackhawkfossils.com/Fish/fde101.jpg
0 2 4 6 81Miles
THE DIVIDE CREEK RECHARGE ZONE DRAINS FROM THE OVERLYING THE DIVIDE CREEK RECHARGE ZONE DRAINS FROM THE OVERLYING GREEN RIVER OUTCROP WHICH CONTAINS CHLORIDE SALTSGREEN RIVER OUTCROP WHICH CONTAINS CHLORIDE SALTS
URS STUDYURS STUDYAREAAREA
Battlement MesaBattlement Mesa
Lava flowLava flowbasaltsbasalts
GarfieldGarfield
MesaMesaGreen RiverGreen RiverFormationFormation
WasatchWasatchFormationFormation
Adapted from 1:250,000 CO geologic mapAdapted from 1:250,000 CO geologic mapPAGE 26PAGE 26
GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS BELOW GROUNDGEOTHERMAL FLUIDS BELOW GROUND
FIGURE 12FIGURE 12PAGE 27PAGE 27
ADAPTED FROM Idaho National ADAPTED FROM Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Environmental
Laboratory 2003 MAPLaboratory 2003 MAP
BASALTS ERODEDBASALTS ERODED
WATER ISOTOPE DATA NOT CONSIDEREDWATER ISOTOPE DATA NOT CONSIDERED
Modern global
Modern global
precipitation line
precipitation line
ALL WATER SAMPLES FALLON MODERN METEORIC
WATER LINE
FIGURE 13FIGURE 13
WATER WELLSWATER WELLSSURFACE WATERSURFACE WATERMONITOR WELLS (DIVIDE CREEK)MONITOR WELLS (DIVIDE CREEK)
PAGE 29PAGE 29
SOLUTE FOR SODIUM CHLORIDE IS MODERN RAIN SOLUTE FOR SODIUM CHLORIDE IS MODERN RAIN WATERWATER
WELLS WITH UP TO WELLS WITH UP TO 500 mg/L Cl are derived500 mg/L Cl are derivedfrom rain dissolving saltsfrom rain dissolving salts
FIGURE 14FIGURE 14
SeaSeaWaterWater
PAGE 30PAGE 30
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
No one can reproduce resultsNo one can reproduce results Available data not honoredAvailable data not honored Multiple hypotheses not considered or Multiple hypotheses not considered or
discusseddiscussed