Summary of Anatomy 1

8/8/2019 Summary of Anatomy 1

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Lecture 1

Human Body Terminology and Orientation

Anatomy: is the study of structure and the relationships among structures.

1) Chemical level : includes atoms, the smallest units of material that participate in

chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.

2) The cellular level : the cells are the basic structural and functional units of an

organism and are the smallest living units in the human body (muscle cells, nerve

cells and blood cells).

3) Tissue level : tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that

work together to perform a particular function. There are 4 basic types of tissues in

the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

4) The Organs: are structures composed of two or more different types of tissues,

they have specific function and usually have recognizable shapes (stomach, liver

and lungs).

5) The system level : consists of related organs that have a common function

(digestive system).

6) The organismal level : organism is any living individual.

•

• Integumentary system: the skin and structures derived from it such as hair, nails

and sweat and oil glands, its functions are :

1- protects the body.

2- regulate the body temperature . 3- eliminates some wastes

4- sensation.

Levels of body organization:

The principal systems of human body:



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• Skeletal system: all bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

• Muscular system: refers specifically to skeletal muscle tissue, which is muscle

attached to the bone. Other muscle tissue types are smooth and cardiac muscles.

• Cardiovascular system: Blood, heart and blood vessels.

• Lymphatic and Immune system: lymph, lymphatic vessels and structures or organs

containing lymphatic tissue such as spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.

• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs such as the

eyes and ear.

• Endocrine system: all hormone-producing cells and glands such as the pituitary

and thyroid glands and pancreas.

• Respiratory System: lungs and the airways leading into and out of them (pharynx,

larynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs).

• Digestive system: organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and the anus.

• Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra that together

produce, store and eliminate urine.

• Reproductive system: Gonads (testes or ovaries) and associated organs:

uterinetubes, uterus, and vagina in females and epididymis, ductus deferens, and

penis in males.

• Anatomical position: the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head

level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and

directed forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

The basic anatomical Terminology:



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• Prone position: if the body is lying face down.

• Supine position: if the body is lying face up.

• Regional Names:

- The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limp and the lower limbs.

- The head consists of skull (encloses and protects the brain) and face (is the anteriorportion of the head).



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- The neck supports the head and attached to the trunk.

- The trunk consists of the chest , abdomen and pelvis.

- Each upper limb (extremity) is attached to the trunk and consists of the shoulder,

armpit, arm (from shoulder to elbow), forearm (from elbow to wrist), wrist, and

hand.

- Each lower limb is also attached to the trunk and consists of buttock, thigh, leg,

ankle, and foot.

- The groin is an area on the anterior surface of the body marked by a crease on eachside where the trunk is attached to the thighs.

-



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The names of the major parts of the body and their corresponding form (adjective)

for each part:

Head Cephalic Upper limb

Skull cranial Armpit Axillary

Face Facial Arm Brachial

Forehead Frontal Front of elbow Antecubital

Eye Orbital Forearm Antebrachial

Ear Otic Wrist Carpal

cheek Buccal palm Palmar

Nose Nasal FingersDigital or

phalangeal

Chin Mental Bach of elbow Olecranal

Neck cervical Lower limb

Trunk Thigh Femoral

Chest ThoracicAnterior surface

of kneePatellar

Navel UmbilicalPosterior surface

of kneePopliteal

Groin Inguinal leg Crural

Pubis Pubic calf Sural

abdomen abdominal ankle Tarsal

Pelvis Pelvic heel Calcaneal

hip Coxal Top of foot Dorsum

loin Lumbar sole Plantar

Btw hips Sacral toes

buttock gluteal

Digital or

phalangeal

• Sagittal plane (midsagittal or median plane): is a vertical plane that divides the

body or organ into right and left sides or halves, passes through the midline of the

body and divides into equal R & L sides.

• Parasagittal plane: not pass through the midline and divides the body or organ

into unequal R & L sides.

Planes and Sections:



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• Frontal (Coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior

(back) portions.

• Transverse (horizontal or cross sectional) plane: divides the body or organ intosuperior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

- All of them are at right angles to each others.

• An oblique plane: passes through the body or organ at an angle between the

transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane.

- Each one above gives us section view, meaning that we look at only one flat surface of

three dimensional structures.

- They are words describe the position of one body part relative to another.

Superior (cranial or cephalic): toward the head, or the upper part of the structure.

Inferior (caudal): away from the head, or the lower part of the structure.

Directional Terms:



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Anterior (ventral): nearer to or at the front of the body. Posterior (dorsal): nearer to or at the back of the body.

Medial : nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane. Lateral : farther from the midline or sagittal plane.

Intermediate: between two structures.

Ipsilateral : on the same side of the body as another structure. Contralateral : on the opposite side of the body from another structure.

Proximal : nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the point of

origin.

Distal : farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the point of

origin.

Superficial : toward or on the surface of the body.

Deep: away from the surface of the body.



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- They are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal

organs.

- Bones, muscles and ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another.

Body cavities and their membranes

Cavity divisions subdivisions definition Contents

Cranial

Formed by cranial bone and

contains brain and its coverings.

Dorsal

Vertebral

Meninges

Formed by vertebral column and

contains spinal cord.

Two Pleural

Cavities

Each surrounds a lung, the serous

membrane of the pleural cavities

is the pleura

Pericardial

Surrounds the heart, the serous

membrane of the pericardialcavity is the pericardium.Thoracic

Mediastinum

Central region of the thoracic

cavity between the pleural cavities

extends from sternum to vertebral

column and from neck to

diaphragm.

Abdominal

Contains stomach, spleen, liver,

gallbladder, small intestine, and

most of large intestine, the serousmembrane of the abdominal

cavity is peritoneum.

Ventral

Abdominopelvic

PelvicContains urinary bladder. Portions

of large intestine, and internal

organs of reproduction.

- The Dorsal body cavity: is located near the dorsal (posterior) surface of the bodyand has two subdivisions (cranial and vertebral).

Body Cavities:



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- The Ventral body cavity: is located on the ventral (anterior) aspect of the body.

- The Diaphragm: is the large dome-shaped muscle that powers lung expansion

during breathing and it forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the roof of the

abdominopelvic cavity.

- The Viscera: are the organs inside the ventral body cavity.

- The thoracic cavity: is encircled by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum

(breastbone), and the backbone.

- The Mediastinum: is the central portion of thoracic cavity, it is located between

the pleural cavities and extends from the sternum and the vertebral column, and

from the neck to the diaphragm. It contains all thoracic viscera except the lungsthemselves.



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Thoracic and abdominal cavity Membranes:

- Serous membrane: is a thin, slippery membrane, covers the viscera of the within

thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the wall of the thorax and abdomen.- The parts of a serous membrane are:

• The parietal layer, which lines the wall of the cavity.

• The visceral layer, which covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.

• Serous fluid between the two layer reduces friction, allowing the viscera to slide

somewhat during movements.

- The serous membranes are:1. Pleura: consists of parietal pleura (lines the wall of chest) and visceral

pleura (lines the surface of the lungs), and between them is the pleural

cavity.

2. Pericardium: the same but as above but covers the heart.

3. Peritoneum:

- It is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. The visceral peritoneum covers the

abdominal viscera, whereas the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall.

- Between them is the peritoneal cavity.

-Most of abdominal organs are located in the peritoneal cavity, but some are

located behind the parietal peritoneum (they are between it and the posterior

abdominal wall.

- Such organs are said to be retroperitoneal (kidneys, adrenal glands,

pancreas, duodenum of small intestine, ascending and descending colons of large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.



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- To describe the location many human abdominal and pelvic organs more easily, we use

two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller compartments.

- The first method, two transverse and two horizontal lines, partition this cavity into nine

regions.

• The subcostal line (top transverse) is drawn just inferior to the rib cage, across the

inferior portion of the stomach.

• The transtubercular line (bottom transverse) is drawn just inferior to the tops of the

hip bones.

• The right and left midclavicular (two vertical) lines are drawn through the

midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones) just medial to the nipples.

Abdominopelvic region Regions an

Quadrants:



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-The name of these regions and the structures found in each region:Right

hypochondriac

region

Epigastric

Region

Left

hypochondriac

region

Right Lumbar

region

Umbilical

region

Left Lumbar

region

Right Iliac(inguinal) region

Hypogastric(pubic) region

Left Iliac(inguinal) region

1-Right lobe of the

liver.

2- gallbladder3-upper superior

third of right kidney

1-Left lobe and medial

part of right lobe of liver,

2- pyloric and lesser

curvature of stomach,

3- Duodenum,4- Body and superior part

of head of pancreas,

5- Right and left adrenal

glands.

1-Body and fundus of

stomach.

2- Spleen.

3- Left colic flexure.4- Superior two thirds

of left kidney.

4- The tail of pancreas.

1-Superior part of

cecum,

2- Ascending colon,

3- right colic

flexure,

4- inferior portion

of right kidney,

5- Part of small

intestine.

1-Middle portion of

transverse colon.2- Part of small intestine.

3- Bifurcations of

abdominal aorta andinferior vena cava.

1- Descending colon.

2- Inferior of left

kidney.

3- Part of small

intestine.

1-Lower end of the

cecum.

2- Appendix.

3- Part of smallintestine.

1- Urinary bladder when

full.

2- Small intestine.3- Part of sigmoid colon.

1- Junction of

descending and

sigmoid parts of colon

2-part of smallintestine.

- The second method is simpler and divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four

quadrants.

- The transverse plane and midsagittal plane are passed through the umbilicus or belly

button.



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-The names of these quadrants are:

1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ).2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ).

3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ).

4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ).

The End

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Summary of Anatomy 1

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