List the appropriate sequence of events which happen after you eat a plain white bagel
I Starch starts to breakdown into maltose in the mouth
II Maltose breaks down into glucose in the small intestines
III Glucose is absorbed from the small intestines into the bloodstream
IV The pancreas secretes insulin in response to high blood glucose
V Insulin transports glucose from the bloodstream into cells
VI Blood glucose decreases
>
Diabetes (Type I amp II)
Onset
bull Type 1bull Type 2
>
Diabetes (Type I amp II)
Onset
bull Type 1-typically childhoodbull Type 2-typically adulthood
>
Diabetes (Type I amp II)
Causebull Type 1bull Type 2
>
Diabetes (Type I amp II)
Causebull Type 1 - autoimmune diseasebull insulin secreting cells
impairedbull Type 2 - acquiredbull insulin resistance obesity
genetics diet
>
Diabetes (Type I amp II)
Insulin Secretion
bull Type 1bull Type 2
>
Diabetes (Type I amp II)
Insulin Secretionbull Type 1 - no natural insulinbull Type 2 - enough or too much insulin
>
Lipids
P
LIP
IDS Triglycerides (TG)
asymp95 of all lipids in foods and the human
body
Phospholipids For example lecithin
Sterols For example cholesterol
>
Fats
>
Percent of Calories from Fat
bull Hamburger ndash 500 caloriesndash 25 g saturated fat
>
Percent of Calories from Fat
bull Hamburger ndash 500 calories
ndash 25 g saturated fat
25 g X 9 caloriesg = 225 calories
>
Percent of Calories from Fat
bull Hamburger ndash 500 caloriesndash 25 g saturated fat
25 g X 9 caloriesg = 225 sf calories225 sf calories 500 calories =
45 = 45
>
Percent of Calories from Fat
bull Hamburger ndash 500 caloriesndash 25 g saturated fat
25 g X 9 caloriesg = 225 calories225 calories 500 calories = 45 = 45
45 of the calories in the burger are from saturated fat
>
LDL and HDL
What is LDL
What is HDL
>
LDL and HDL
What is LDLbull Low density
lipoprotein
What is HDLbull High density
lipoprotein
NOT ACTUALLY CHOLESTEROL
>
LDL and HDL
What is LDLbull Low density lipoproteinbull Transports cholesterol to
tissuesbull ldquobadrdquo cholesterol
What is HDLbull High density lipoproteinbull Scavenges cholesterolbull ldquogoodrdquo cholesterol
>
LDL and HDL
How do you lower LDL
How do you increase HDL
>
LDL and HDL
bull Lower your intake of saturated fat and trans fat
How do you lower LDL
bull Exercise
How do you increase HDL
>
Trans Fats
>
Essential Fatty Acids
EFAs are which type of fatty acid
Saturated fatty acid
Monounsaturated fatty acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
>
Essential Fatty Acids
EFAs are which type of fatty acid
Saturated fatty acid
Monounsaturated fatty acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
>
Structure of Proteins
Peptide Bond
>
Structure of Proteins
>
Roles of Proteins
Enzymes
Structural
Hormones
Precursors (neurotransmittersvitamins)
Antibodies
Fluid Balance
Buffers
Blood Clotting
Provide Energy
>
Protein digestibility
Which types of proteins are best absorbed by the body
>
Protein digestibility
Which types of proteins are best absorbed by the body
bull Animal sources asymp 90+bull Legumes asymp 80-90bull Grains asymp 70-90
bull Moist heat increases digestibilitybull Dry heat decreases digestibility
Digestion and absorption
>
Complementary Proteins
Amino acids from one protein source complement the amino acids from another protein source to form a complete protein
>
Wasting
bull When the amine group has been removed it means the amino acid has been wasted
>
Protein Energy Malnutrition
>
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Marasmus
Chronic protein and energy deficiency
Severe wasting
Matchstick arms
>
Protein Energy Malnutrition
>
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
Protein malnutrition
Acute onset (1-3 yr)
Edema (legsbelly)
Fatty liver
>
DRI Protein
bull DRI protein examplendash 130 lb sedentary 35 yr femalendash 130 lb X 1kg22 lb = 59 kg
>
DRI Protein
bull DRI protein examplendash 130 lb sedentary 35 yr femalendash 130 lb X 1kg22 lb = 59 kgndash 59kg X 08gkg = 47g proteinday
>
DRI Protein
bull DRI protein examplendash 130 lb sedentary 35 yr femalendash 130 lb X 1kg22 lb = 59 kgndash 59kg X 08gkg = 47g proteinday
ndash 47g X 4 calg = 188 caloriesndash 188 cal1800 calories = 10 total calories
>
DRI Protein
bull DRI protein examplendash 130 lb sedentary 35 yr femalendash 130 lb X 1kg22 lb = 59 kgndash 59kg X 08gkg = 47g proteinday
ndash 47g X 4 calg = 188 caloriesndash 188 cal1800 calories = 10 total calories
ndash 10-15 of total calories from protein-most Americans
ndash 10-35 of total calories
>
Vitamins
bull Dissolve in waterbull Easily absorbed and transportedbull Not stored in significant quantitiesbull Rarely toxic from food sources
Water Soluble ndash Vitamin C amp B
bull Do not dissolve in waterbull Need fat to be absorbedbull Stored extensivelybull Can reach toxic levels
Fat Soluble ndash Vitamin A D E amp K
>
What are the main functions of Vitamin A
>
What are the main functions of Vitamin A
Vision
bull body linings and skinbull For growth of bones and teeth
Growth and maintenance
Immune defenses
>
bull What happens in Vitamin A deficiency
>
bull What happens in Vitamin A deficiency
night blindness
Keratinization
>
Can toxicity develop from Vitamin A Beta-carotene
>
Vitamin A YESbull From supplements or fortified foods
Beta-carotene NO
Can toxicity develop from Vitamin A
>
What are the roles of Vitamin D in the body
>
What are the roles of Vitamin D in the body
Regulation of blood calcium
Regulation of phosphorus
Raises blood calcium levels
>
What happens in Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D Deficiency
>
RICKETS
Most people are not receiving ENOUGH vitamin D because of the lack of sun exposure
Vitamin D Deficiency
>
What are the best sources of Vitamin D
>
What are the best sources of Vitamin D
Sunshine
Fortified milk
Mushrooms
>
What is the main function of Vitamin E
>
What is the main function of Vitamin E
Antioxidant bull quenches free radicals
bull protects cellular structures from oxidative damage
>
What is the main function of Vitamin K
>
What is the main function of Vitamin K
Synthesis of blood clotting proteinsbull Interferes with function of blood
thinnersSynthesis of bone proteinsbull Adequate intake may reduce risk of hip
fracture
>
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the intestines
Vitamin K is given at birth because the intestines are sterile
>
What are the roles of Vitamin C in the body
>
What are the roles of Vitamin C in the body
Maintenance of connective tissuesbull Formation of collagen
Cofactor in the production of carnitine
Antioxidant
Restores Vitamin E to itrsquos active form
Supports the immune system
Boosts Iron absorption
>
What condition develops in Vitamin C deficiency
>
Scurvy
Vitamin C Deficiency
>
Vitamin C
Does not prevent colds
Vitamin C reduces histamine
>
What is the main function of the B vitamins
>
What is the main function of the B vitamins
Part of coenzymes
Energy metabolism
New cell synthesis
>
Thiamin deficiency results in what condition
>
Thiamin deficiency results in what condition
Beriberi (affects nerves)
Loss of sensation in hands and feet
muscular weakness
advancing paralysis
>
What condition develops in Niacin deficiency
>
What condition develops in Niacin deficiency
Pellagra
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
>
Source of Niacin
Tryptophan can be converted to niacin
Tryptophan is in most proteins
>
What condition results from folate deficiency in pregnancy
Folate Deficiency
>
Neural tube defects
Fortification of food is important - Most women donrsquot know they are pregnant for weeks
Folate Deficiency
>
What condition results from Vitamin B12 deficiency
>
What condition results from Vitamin B12 deficiency
bull Pernicious Anemia
Is Pernicious Anemia more likely to develop from lack of intake or malabsorption
>
What condition results from Vitamin B12 deficiency
bull Pernicious Anemia
Is Pernicious Anemia more likely to develop from lack of intake or malabsorption
bull Malabsorption
bull Absorption of Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor (IF)
>
Who is at risk for Pernicious anemia
>
Who is at risk for Pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 is only found in animal sources
Elderly - most at risk
Strict Vegetarians
>
Can Vitamin B6 can be toxic from supplements
>
Can Vitamin B6 can be toxic from supplements Yes
A single B6 supplement can deliver 2 grams of the vitamin the equivalent of bull 3000 bananasbull 3800 chicken breasts
Toxicity UL O1 gram
bull numb hands and feet
>
>
>
Calcium
What other function does calcium have besides formation and maintenance of bone structure
>
Most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
Nerve transmission
Transport of ions
Blood pressure
Blood clotting
Muscle contraction
>
Which mineral assists with muscle relaxation
>
Which mineral assists with muscle relaxation
Magnesium