Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25 Biology: science of life Properties of living things Order Sensitivity Regulation Growth, development,and reproduction Energy utilization Evolutionary adaptation Themes Unite Biology The cell theory Continuity of Life Diversity of Life Unity of Life Cell theory All living things consist of cells All cells come from cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Continuity of life Inheritance of information DNA Evolution Big Idea #1 Organisms change over time Diversity of new forms Natural selection Macroevolution Evolutionary change above a species Evolution over a large time Unity of Life Unifying themes among all living things DNA Flagella Diversity of Life Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia History of Life on Earth Fig 25-UN8 Millions of years ago (mya) 1.2 bya: First multicellular eukaryotes 2.1 bya: First eukaryotes (single-celled) 3.5 billion years ago (bya): First prokaryotes (single-celled) 535525 mya: Cambrian explosion (great increase in diversity of animal forms) 500 mya: Colonization of land by fungi, plants and animals Present 500 2,000 1,500 1,000 3,000 2,500 3,500 4,000 Early Earth Miller/Urey experiment: Created early earth atmosphere Produced aa Protobionts: Collections of abiotic materials Ribozymes: RNA enzymes Prokaryotes Stromatolites: Layers of rock Prokaryotes 3.5 billion years ago Oxygen Photosynthetic bacteria Cynobacteria 2.7 billion years ago Fig Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote Photosynthetic prokaryote Mitochondrion Plastid Nucleus Cytoplasm DNA Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Ancestral prokaryote Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Mitochondrion Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote Change in dominant groups 1. land movement 2. mass extinctions 3. adaptive radiation Fig South America Pangaea Millions of years ago Mesozoic 251 Paleozoic Gondwana Laurasia Eurasia India Africa Antarctica Australia North America Madagascar Cenozoic Present Mass extinctions 5 over past 500 mya Permian (251 mya) Eliminated 75% marine life Massive volcano eruptions Cretaceous (65.5 mya) Dinosaurs ?? asteroid Mass extinction Decrease diversity Change ecological communities Allows some species to thrive Humans evolved Adaptive radiation Organisms form new species Evolve to fill new communities Occurred after extinctions Now vacant niches Mammals Hawaii The cell Membrane Separates living cell from its surroundings Two layers Phospholipids & proteins Nucleus DNA, chromosomes Nucleolus: Synthesis of rRNA Nuclear envelope-double membrane Nuclear pores: Surface of the nucleus function like channels. Endoplasmic Reticulum Endomembrane system Rough ER: Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Smooth ER: Synthesis of carbohydrates &lipids Golgi bodies Flattened stack of membranes Collection, packaging & distribution of molecules Proteins & lipids enter apparatus Modified Distributed to new location Lysosomes Digestive vesicles Breakdown proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids & lipids Break down old organelles Ex: mitochondria are replaced in some tissues every 10 days Mitochondria Tubular or sausage shaped organelles Power house of the cell Own DNA Make proteins needed for metabolism Chloroplasts Light energy to manufacture organic molecules Chlorophyll give plants green color Contain DNA Centrioles Barrel shaped organelles Right angles near the nucleus Help assemble the cells microtubules Cytoskeleton Supports the shape of the cell Contain 3 types of fibers Microfilaments (actin fibers) Microtubules Intermediate filaments