Support of EC69 Skylight Study 02-26-05 - fenestration.com of EC69_ Skylight... · 18 Tanglewood...

18 Tanglewood Rd. TEL: (413) 256-4647 [email protected] Amherst, MA 01002 FAX: (413) 256-4823 http://www.fenestration.com

Carli, Inc. is Your Building Energy Systems and Technology Choice

Report:

Effect of skylight area and dayligting control on energy consumption in selected commercial buildings in four climatic zones of USA

Report prepared for: Support of EC69

February 26, 2005

Support of EC69_ Skylight Study_02-26-05.doc Page

2

2Carli, Inc. is Your Building Energy Systems and Technology Choice

Introduction:

This report presents the results of an energy analysis of three commercial buildings, Retail, School and Exercise (Health/Fitness Center), in four climatic zones (Zone 4, 5, 6 and 7 with zones 5 to 7 representing heating dominated Climatic zones and zone 4 representing both cooling and heating climate) in USA. The goal of the analysis is to compare the effect of skylight area i.e. 3% of roof area vs. 5% of roof area and with and without daylighting control on overall energy consumption of these buildings. The analysis was carried out using eQuest, a DOE2.2 based program. The detailed skylight thermal and optical properties calculated in WINDOW5 and THERM 5 were used as an input to eQuest. The description of the building and the assumptions used in the analysis are as follows and the rationale for using these assumptions is listed in the Table C1 and C2 in the Appendix C:

Climate Locations Zone 4: Baltimore, MD (HDD65 = 4707 and CDD50 = 3709) Zone 5: Boise, ID (HDD65 = 5861 and CDD50 = 2807) Zone 6: Burlington, VT (HDD65 = 7771 and CDD50 = 2228) Zone 7: Duluth, MN (HDD65 = 9818 and CDD50 = 1536)

Skylight Description Typical NFRC size (4’ x 4’) skylights were assumed in the buildings. The U-factor, SHGC and VT of the glazing systems and whole skylight products used in the analysis are given in Table 1. Table 1: The U-factor, SHGC and VT of the glazing systems and whole skylight products Glazing systems

ID Name Thickness c-o-g U-Factor SHGC Tvis(in) (Btu/hr-ft2-F)

1 clr-clr-air 0.97 0.56 0.70 0.792 SCowE-clr-Arg 0.97 0.35 0.43 0.663 HClowE-clr-Arg 0.97 0.40 0.62 0.734 Bronze-clr-air 0.97 0.56 0.50 0.47

Air(Gas) gap = 0.5" SC low E - emissivity = 0.034HC low E - emissivity = 0.215

Skylights with different glazing systems

ID Name Width Height U factor SHGC Tvis1 clr-air-clr - AL 47.24 47.24 0.82 0.66 0.642 clr-air-clr - TB 47.24 47.24 0.65 0.62 0.643 SClowE-arg-clr - AL 47.24 47.24 0.66 0.44 0.544 SClowE-arg-clr - TB 47.24 47.24 0.49 0.40 0.545 HClowE-arg-clr - AL 47.24 47.24 0.70 0.59 0.606 HClowE-arg-clr - TB 47.24 47.24 0.53 0.55 0.607 Brz-air-clr - AL 47.24 47.24 0.82 0.50 0.398 Brz-air-clr - TB 47.24 47.24 0.65 0.46 0.39

AL- AluminumTB - Thermally Broken Aluminum


3


Building Models

Retail Single story 80,000 ft2 rectangular building model with foot print of 400 ft x 200 ft with floor height of 15 ft was selected as a base model for retail building energy analysis. In general, a metal building frame construction was selected. The insulation levels were selected consistent with ASHRAE 90.1 for different locations. The buildings envelope consists of Aluminum windows with double clear glazing system and WWR of 15%. Peak lighting power density of 1.9 W/ft2 and peak plug load of 0.40 W/ft2 along with the design occupancy of 50 ft2 per person was assumed. A typical retail building schedule (8 am – 10 pm) was assumed. The infiltration rate of 1.82 cfm/ft2 based on external wall area was assumed. The nominal space temperature is 700F and 750F for heating and cooling respectively; the corresponding heating and cooling temperatures for unoccupied hours were 55oF and 90oF respectively. A Variable Air Volume System with Economizer was selected as an air side system type. Minimum ventilation air of 15 CFM/person was used as peak design occupancy. For water side heating and air conditioning system, both a chilled water and hot water system were utilized. All heating and cooling coil sizes will be automatically sized by the analysis software with an oversize factor of 1.1. The model created in eQuest is shown in Fig 1.

Fig. 1: Retail building model created in eQuest

School Single story 105,000 ft2 rectangular building model with foot print of 400 ft x 262 ft with floor height of 13 ft was selected as a base model for school building energy analysis. The building was divided into 4 perimeter zones with the depth of perimeter zone as 15 ft and a core zone. The construction and envelope characteristics were similar to the one chosen for retail building except the WWR of 20% in this case. Peak lighting power density of 1.5 W/ft2 and peak plug load of 0.90 W/ft2 along with the design occupancy of 50 ft2 per person was assumed. A typical school schedule (8 am – 3 pm) with school holidays, summer and winter breaks was assumed.


4


The infiltration rate of 0.77 cfm/ft2 based on external wall area was assumed. The nominal space temperature is 700F and 750F for heating and cooling respectively; the corresponding heating and cooling temperatures for unoccupied hours were 55oF and 90oF respectively. One Packaged Single Zone System with Economizer per zone was assumed. Minimum ventilation air of 15 CFM/person was used as peak design occupancy. For water side heating and air conditioning system, both a chilled water and hot water system were utilized. All heating and cooling coil sizes will be automatically sized by the analysis software with an oversize factor of 1.1. The model created in eQuest is shown in Fig 2.

Fig. 2: School building model created in eQuest

Exercise (Health/Fitness Center) Single story 20,000 ft2 L shape building model with foot print shown in Figure 3 (X1= 170, X2=76, Y1=170 and Y2=76) with floor height of 20 ft was selected as a base model for Exercise building energy analysis. The building was divided into 6 perimeter zones with the depth of perimeter zone as 15 ft and a core zone. The construction and envelope characteristics were similar to the one chosen for school building. Peak lighting power density of 1.0 W/ft2 and peak plug load of 0.50 W/ft2 along with the design occupancy of 750 ft2 per person was assumed. A typical exercise room (6 am – 10 pm) was assumed. The infiltration rate of 0.038 cfm/ft2 based on external wall area for the perimeter area and 0.001 cfm/ft2 for core area based on floor area was assumed. The nominal space temperature is 700F and 750F for heating and cooling respectively; the corresponding heating and cooling temperatures for unoccupied hours were


5


55oF and 90oF respectively. One Packaged Multi Zone System with furnace and with Economizer was assumed. Minimum ventilation air of 20 CFM/person was used as peak design occupancy. Auto sizing by the analysis software with an oversize factor of 1.1 of assumed. The model created in eQuest is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3: Foot print of Exercise building

Figure 4: Exercise building created in eQuest

Energy analysis

The results are presented in terms of annual heating and cooling energy consumption, total energy consumption and energy consumption per unit area (i.e. specific energy kWh/m2 per annum) for representative cities in the climatic zones 4, 5, 6 and 7. The gas consumption (1 therm (natural gas) = 100,000 Btu) was converted to kWh in order to provide common denominator and to facilitate comparisons. The conversion factor of 0.293 was used to convert from kBtus (1000 Btus) to kWh (1 kBtu=0.293 kWh). A simple energy cost, based on the average energy data from Table 2 below for different climatic zones has also been calculated. The cost analysis only takes into account the average energy cost and does not factor variable


6


demand charges. In order to utilize variable demand charges, specific building in a specific utility market would need to be analyzed, as there is too much variability between different utility markets and building use.

Table 2 : Simple Energy cost

Cities Baltimore, MD Boise, ID Burlington, VT Duluth, MN

Energy CostskWh $0.06 $0.07 $0.06 $0.06therm $0.90 $0.78 $0.71 $0.69

The analysis was carried out for the skylight area of 3% of roof area and 5% of roof area with and without delighting calculations. Continuous type of controller was used for the daylight control analysis. Lighting set point of 50 footcandle (fc) was assumed.

Tables 3-14 show the annual heating, cooling and total energy consumption for the representative cities in Zone 4, Zone 5, Zone 6 and Zone 7. Figures showing specific energy consumption are given in Appendix B for all the cities.


7


Retail Building Table 3: Energy consumption for the retail building with Aluminum skylights in Baltimore, MD (Zone 4) Skylight Day- Skylight Simple

Area lighting Glazing control description Lighting Space Heating Total Energy Cost

kWh kWh THERM kWh kWh kWh $3% No clr-air-clr 614,991 301,138 64,078 1,296,900 1,967,522 3,264,422 143,143

SClowE-arg-clr 614,991 277,888 61,343 1,257,303 1,887,388 3,144,691 138,239HClowE-arg-clr 614,991 294,332 62,921 1,285,327 1,933,610 3,218,937 141,430Brz-air-clr 614,991 285,421 62,875 1,270,922 1,932,291 3,203,213 140,387

Yes clr-air-clr 357,316 263,928 65,715 977,392 2,015,531 2,992,923 122,055SClowE-arg-clr 375,020 260,602 66,199 990,058 2,029,688 3,019,746 123,318HClowE-arg-clr 362,712 263,534 65,446 982,292 2,007,618 2,989,910 122,187Brz-air-clr 411,671 263,778 65,478 1,031,587 2,008,585 3,040,172 125,664

5% No clr-air-clr 614,991 328,930 66,306 1,345,999 2,032,824 3,378,823 148,318SClowE-arg-clr 614,991 290,497 61,693 1,279,593 1,897,617 3,177,210 140,071HClowE-arg-clr 614,991 317,731 64,354 1,326,178 1,975,611 3,301,789 145,408Brz-air-clr 614,991 302,950 64,298 1,300,099 1,973,999 3,274,098 143,539

Yes clr-air-clr 330,922 266,628 64,386 954,481 1,976,549 2,931,030 119,414SClowE-arg-clr 341,674 261,071 65,549 957,313 2,010,637 2,967,950 120,519HClowE-arg-clr 334,310 265,493 64,044 956,429 1,966,525 2,922,954 119,283Brz-air-clr 367,290 264,397 65,354 987,990 2,004,921 2,992,911 122,514

Total energy consumption Energy consumption

Space Cooling Electric Gas

Table 4: Energy consumption for the retail building with Aluminum skylights in Boise, ID (Zone 5) Skylight Daylighting Skylight

Area control Glazing Simpledescription Lighting Heating Total Energy Cost


SClowE-arg-c614,991 168,721 78,041 1,117,516 2,381,496 3,499,012 141,603HClowE-arg-c614,991 169,913 77,099 1,119,246 2,353,915 3,473,161 140,990Brz-air-clr 614,991 172,349 78,534 1,122,596 2,395,946 3,518,542 142,343

Yes clr-air-clr 376,249 168,158 84,070 877,941 2,558,235 3,436,176 129,536SClowE-arg-c396,629 167,372 84,544 897,129 2,572,099 3,469,228 131,248HClowE-arg-c382,779 168,076 83,739 884,355 2,548,505 3,432,860 129,726Brz-air-clr 434,098 168,097 83,794 935,699 2,550,146 3,485,845 133,364

`5% No clr-air-clr 614,991 183,445 76,352 1,147,848 2,331,992 3,479,840 142,409

SClowE-arg-c614,991 169,901 76,465 1,119,265 2,335,304 3,454,569 140,496HClowE-arg-c614,991 177,894 76,234 1,133,825 2,328,562 3,462,387 141,336Brz-air-clr 614,991 171,192 77,194 1,121,138 2,356,700 3,477,838 141,196

Yes clr-air-clr 338,200 169,266 82,782 841,528 2,520,455 3,361,983 125,982SClowE-arg-c355,465 167,418 83,903 856,034 2,553,311 3,409,345 127,871HClowE-arg-c344,046 168,887 82,341 846,840 2,507,558 3,354,398 126,010Brz-air-clr 388,393 168,740 83,601 890,968 2,544,460 3,435,428 130,081

Cooling Electric Gas

Total energy consumption Energy Consumption


8


Table 5: Energy consumption for the retail building with Aluminum skylights in Burlington, VT (Zone 6) Skylight Day- Skylight Simple






Yes clr-air-clr 337,325 200,922 126,554 908,296 3,809,538 4,717,834 146,779SClowE-arg-clr 348,065 199,430 127,787 916,572 3,845,677 4,762,249 148,151HClowE-arg-clr 340,866 200,922 126,202 911,810 3,799,221 4,711,031 146,740Brz-air-clr 372161 199112 127894 940267 3848813.3 4789080.34 149,649



Table 6: Energy consumption for the retail building with Aluminum skylights in Duluth, MN (Zone 7) Skylight Day- Skylight Simple









It can be inferred from Tables 3-6 that increasing the percentage of skylight area from 3% to 5% there is a slight increase, up to 3.5%, in the overall energy consumption in zone 4. This increase


9


in the consumption can be curtailed by using soft coat lowE glazing. Using soft coat lowE glass in this zone results in net energy savings. While in Zone 5, 6 and Zone 7; the increased skylight area results in slight decrease in energy consumption. However, use of daylighting control can reduce the lighting energy consumption by up to 45% which can result in between 2-10% savings in overall energy consumption.

Similar trends were obtained for the skylights with thermally broken Aluminum frames. The results are presented in Appendix A.

School Building Table 7: Energy consumption for the School building with Aluminum skylights in Baltimore, MD (Zone 4) Skylight Day- Skylight Simple


kWh kWh THERM kWh kWh kWh $3% No clr-air-clr 429,575 40,753 26,369 860,555 840,992 1,701,547 82,619

SClowE-arg-clr 429,575 36,785 26,669 856,039 849,814 1,705,853 82,538HClowE-arg-clr 429,575 39,798 26,309 859,436 839,263 1,698,699 82,495Brz-air-clr 429,575 37,854 26,797 857,302 853,537 1,710,839 82,726

Yes clr-air-clr 237,550 27,752 28,815 654,596 912,684 1,567,280 70,110SClowE-arg-clr 250,061 24,828 29,005 663,779 918,253 1,582,032 70,901HClowE-arg-clr 241,549 27,086 28,710 657,797 909,636 1,567,433 70,253Brz-air-clr 274,239 26,948 28,760 690,239 911,072 1,601,311 72,562

5% No clr-air-clr 429,575 49,219 25,741 870,110 822,585 1,692,695 82,798SClowE-arg-clr 429,575 42,550 26,195 862,533 835,892 1,698,425 82,622HClowE-arg-clr 429,575 47,652 25,622 868,272 819,097 1,687,369 82,577Brz-air-clr 429,575 44,338 26,422 864,642 842,545 1,707,187 82,947

Yesclr-air-clr 222,765 34,995 28,291 648,009 897,326 1,545,335 69,240SClowE-arg-clr 232,937 29,076 29,076 651,449 909,255 1,560,704 69,799HClowE-arg-clr 225,897 33,593 28,152 649,466 893,252 1,542,718 69,234Brz-air-clr 253,547 31,924 28,607 675,165 906,588 1,581,753 71,388




10


Table 8: Energy consumption for the School building with Aluminum skylights in Boise, ID (Zone 5) Skylight Day- Skylight Simple


kWh kWh THERM kWh kWh kWh $3% No clr-air-clr 429,575 11,691 35,026 831,046 1,098,304 1,929,350 87,401

SClowE-arg-cl 429,575 9,795 35,402 828,703 1,109,325 1,938,028 87,531HClowE-arg-cl 429,575 11,239 34,954 830,455 1,096,194 1,926,649 87,304Brz-air-clr 429,575 10,289 35,521 829,326 1,112,813 1,942,139 87,667

Yes clr-air-clr 248,143 7,346 37,831 644,432 1,180,519 1,824,951 76,526SClowE-arg-cl 260,600 6,099 38,077 655,291 1,187,758 1,843,049 77,479HClowE-arg-cl 252,266 7,057 37,710 648,151 1,177,002 1,825,153 76,693Brz-air-clr 281,344 6,798 37,823 676,862 1,180,314 1,857,176 78,791

5% No clr-air-clr 429,575 16,018 34,247 836,295 1,075,501 1,911,796 87,162SClowE-arg-cl 429,575 12,556 34,805 832,060 1,091,856 1,923,916 87,301HClowE-arg-cl 429,575 15,294 34,109 835,342 1,071,456 1,906,798 86,988Brz-air-clr 429,575 13,393 35,019 833,143 1,098,099 1,931,242 87,543

Yes clr-air-clr 231,353 10,611 37,205 631,607 1,162,171 1,793,778 75,140SClowE-arg-cl 243,476 8,123 37,725 640,657 1,177,412 1,818,069 76,179HClowE-arg-cl 235,306 10,023 37,047 634,780 1,157,569 1,792,349 75,240Brz-air-clr 264,973 9,324 37,584 663,566 1,173,309 1,836,875 77,674



Table 9: Energy consumption for the School building with Aluminum skylights in Burlington, VT (Zone 6)

Skylight Day- Skylight SimpleArea lighting Glazing

control description Lighting Space Heating Total Energy CostkWh kWh THERM kWh kWh kWh $

3% No clr-air-clr 429,575 4,056 47,161 827,674 1,458,671 2,286,345 84,995SClowE-arg-clr 429,575 3,358 47,683 826,887 1,473,971 2,300,858 85,318HClowE-arg-clr 429,575 3,845 47,121 827,388 1,457,498 2,284,886 84,949Brz-air-clr 429,575 3,534 47,798 827,167 1,477,341 2,304,508 85,417


3% No clr-air-clr 429,575 6,097 46,018 829,907 1,425,169 2,255,076 84,317SClowE-arg-clr 429,575 4,413 46,846 828,071 1,449,438 2,277,509 84,795HClowE-arg-clr 429,575 5,608 45,932 829,291 1,422,619 2,251,910 84,219Brz-air-clr 429,575 4,837 47,023 828,669 1,454,597 2,283,266 84,956





11


Table 10: Energy consumption for the School building with Aluminum skylights in Duluth, MN (Zone 7)



3% No clr-air-clr 429,575 818 65,116 827,238 1,991,058 2,818,296 103,300SClowE-arg-clr 429,575 697 65,617 827,005 2,005,713 2,832,718 103,681HClowE-arg-clr 429,575 778 65,024 827,113 1,988,361 2,815,474 103,220Brz-air-clr 429,575 725 65,799 827,150 2,011,076 2,838,226 103,834

Yes clr-air-clr 239,428 515 68,986 636,813 2,104,458 2,741,271 94,931SClowE-arg-clr 250,722 418 69,284 647,898 2,113,192 2,761,090 95,831HClowE-arg-clr 243,112 488 68,833 640,387 2,100,003 2,740,390 95,025Brz-air-clr 271,261 446 69,048 668,583 2,106,305 2,774,888 96,887

5% No clr-air-clr 429,575 1,128 63,995 827,788 1,958,201 2,785,989 102,447SClowE-arg-clr 429,575 876 64,803 827,350 1,981,884 2,809,234 103,059HClowE-arg-clr 429,575 1,059 63,830 827,580 1,953,336 2,780,916 102,304Brz-air-clr 429,575 937 65,106 827,608 1,990,735 2,818,343 103,313

Yesclr-air-clr 224,810 735 68,103 622,657 2,078,607 2,701,264 93,385SClowE-arg-clr 234,800 552 68,764 632,277 2,097,951 2,730,228 94,483HClowE-arg-clr 227,921 683 67,906 625,576 2,072,833 2,698,409 93,404Brz-air-clr 254,182 601 68,672 651,905 2,095,284 2,747,189 95,589



For School building (Tables 7-10) indicate that increasing the percentage of skylight area from 3% to 5% the overall energy consumption slightly decreases in all the climatic zones. However, use of daylighting control can save the lighting energy consumption by up to 45% which can result in between 2-10% savings in overall energy consumption. The lighting energy consumption in all the climatic zones decreases by 35-45% depending on the type of glazing with daylighting controls while the overall energy consumption is decreased by 2-8%.


12


Exercise (Health/Fitness Center) Building Table 11: Energy consumption for the Exercise building with Aluminum skylights in Baltimore, MD (Zone 4)



3% No clr-air-clr 107,504 31,833 17,715 215,587 729,760 945,347 34,512SClowE-arg-clr 107,504 28,599 17,791 211,569 731,988 943,557 34,290HClowE-arg-clr 107,504 30,380 17,644 213,912 727,679 941,591 34,339Brz-air-clr 107,504 29,986 17,930 213,248 736,062 949,310 34,516

Yes clr-air-clr 63,101 25,154 18,621 162,984 756,315 919,299 31,536SClowE-arg-clr 64,531 22,990 18,672 161,462 757,810 919,272 31,469HClowE-arg-clr 63,595 24,606 18,542 162,705 753,970 916,675 31,454Brz-air-clr 67,901 24,517 18,725 166,655 759,363 926,018 31,874

5% No clr-air-clr 107,504 36,261 17,596 221,327 726,243 947,570 34,820SClowE-arg-clr 107,504 32,342 17,706 216,185 729,497 945,682 34,546HClowE-arg-clr 107,504 35,287 17,479 220,006 722,843 942,849 34,637Brz-air-clr 107,504 33,277 17,929 217,575 736,033 953,608 34,818

Yesclr-air-clr 60,139 29,932 18,557 166,111 754,439 920,550 31,705SClowE-arg-clr 61,151 26,209 18,660 162,176 757,458 919,634 31,510HClowE-arg-clr 60,483 28,992 18,438 165,167 750,952 916,119 31,546Brz-air-clr 63,612 27,333 18,815 166,219 762,001 928,220 31,914

pace Cooli Electric Gas


Table 12: Energy consumption for the Exercise building with Aluminum skylights in Boise, ID (Zone 5) Skylight Day- Skylight Simple










13


Table 13: Energy consumption for the Exercise building with Aluminum skylights in Burlington, VT (Zone 6)

Skylight Day- Skylight Simple



SClowE-arg-c107,504 4,389 31,336 183,721 1,154,521 1,338,242 38,990HClowE-arg-c107,504 4,925 31,126 184,620 1,148,336 1,332,956 38,894Brz-air-clr 107,504 4,552 31,516 184,057 1,159,797 1,343,854 39,138

Yes clr-air-clr 63,135 3,484 32,507 137,952 1,188,843 1,326,795 37,075SClowE-arg-c 64,853 2,950 32,583 138,668 1,191,041 1,329,709 37,172HClowE-arg-c 63,635 3,337 32,397 138,135 1,185,619 1,323,754 37,008Brz-air-clr 68,113 3,101 32,654 142,269 1,193,151 1,335,420 37,439

5% No clr-air-clr 107,504 6,623 31,056 187,459 1,146,285 1,333,744 39,015SClowE-arg-c107,504 5,280 31,212 185,257 1,150,857 1,336,114 38,994HClowE-arg-c107,504 6,267 30,892 186,844 1,141,507 1,328,351 38,862Brz-air-clr 107,504 5,580 31,505 185,835 1,159,445 1,345,280 39,236

Yes clr-air-clr 60,216 4,623 32,396 137,097 1,185,590 1,322,687 36,945SClowE-arg-c 61,324 3,593 32,551 136,386 1,190,103 1,326,489 37,012HClowE-arg-c 60,557 4,337 32,230 136,884 1,180,695 1,317,579 36,814Brz-air-clr 63,518 3,841 32,766 139,123 1,196,405 1,335,528 37,329

Space Coolin Electric Gas


Table 14: Energy consumption for the Exercise building with Aluminum skylights in Duluth, MN (Zone 7) Skylight Day- Skylight Simple



SClowE-arg-c 107,504 1,147 41,611 180,487 1,474,645 1,655,132 50,576HClowE-arg-c 107,504 1,317 41,388 180,825 1,468,079 1,648,904 50,419Brz-air-clr 107,504 1,199 41,870 180,750 1,482,207 1,662,957 50,795

Yes clr-air-clr 63,685 903 42,951 136,606 1,513,891 1,650,497 49,001SClowE-arg-c 65,489 735 42,984 138,038 1,514,858 1,652,896 49,113HClowE-arg-c 64,204 857 42,791 136,926 1,509,231 1,646,157 48,894Brz-air-clr 68,719 777 43,135 141,527 1,519,284 1,660,811 49,441

5% No clr-air-clr 107,504 1,862 41,429 182,242 1,469,310 1,651,552 50,537SClowE-arg-c 107,504 1,432 41,546 181,198 1,472,710 1,653,908 50,566HClowE-arg-c 107,504 1,747 41,195 181,884 1,462,422 1,644,306 50,330Brz-air-clr 107,504 1,524 41,958 181,616 1,484,815 1,666,431 50,918

Yesclr-air-clr 60,600 1,274 42,920 134,312 1,513,012 1,647,324 48,839SClowE-arg-c 61,810 942 43,019 134,819 1,515,884 1,650,703 48,947HClowE-arg-c 60,966 1,182 42,677 134,317 1,505,889 1,640,206 48,648Brz-air-clr 64,087 1,020 43,354 137,511 1,525,703 1,663,214 49,373




14


It is evident from (Tables 11-14) that in the smaller buildings, like Exercise buildings in this analysis, there is no significant increase or decrease in overall energy consumption due to the increase in skylight area from 3% to 5% for all the climatic zones considered in this study. In all the building considered in this analysis in general and in this building in particular the increase in cooling energy consumption is compensated by the decrease in heating energy consumption due to higher solar gain.


15


Appendix – A Energy consumption for the Retail building with Thermally Broken Aluminum skylights Baltimore, MD - Zone 4Skylight Day- Skylight Simple



SClowE-arg-cl 614,991 273,422 60,574 1,249,243 1,864,819 3,114,062 132,216HClowE-arg-cl 614,991 289,850 62,144 1,278,632 1,910,865 3,189,497 135,393Brz-air-clr 614,991 280,953 62,097 1,262,864 1,909,459 3,172,323 134,404

Yes clr-air-clr 357,316 263,605 65,626 976,985 2,012,923 2,989,908 120,428SClowE-arg-cl 375,020 259,713 66,117 988,757 2,027,285 3,016,042 121,576HClowE-arg-cl 362,712 261,288 65,415 978,627 2,006,738 2,985,365 120,337Brz-air-clr 411,671 263,478 65,391 1,031,235 2,006,006 3,037,241 123,471

5% No clr-air-clr 614,991 328,930 66,306 1,345,999 2,032,824 3,378,823 143,180SClowE-arg-cl 614,991 290,497 61,693 1,279,593 1,897,617 3,177,210 135,044HClowE-arg-cl 614,991 317,731 64,354 1,326,178 1,975,611 3,301,789 140,234Brz-air-clr 614,991 302,950 64,298 1,300,099 1,973,999 3,274,098 138,620

Yes clr-air-clr 330,922 266,628 64,386 954,481 1,976,549 2,931,030 117,961SClowE-arg-cl 341,674 261,071 65,549 957,313 2,010,637 2,967,950 119,178HClowE-arg-cl 334,310 265,493 64,044 956,429 1,966,525 2,922,954 117,770Brz-air-clr 367290 264397 65354 987990 2004921.2 2992911.24 120,843



Boise, ID - Zone 5Skylight Day- Skylight Simple










16


Burlington, VT - Zone 6Skylight Day- Skylight Simple

Area lighting Glazing control description Lighting Space Heat Total Energy Cost




5% Noclr-air-clr 614,991 200,918 117,762 1,186,061 3,551,844 4,737,905 157,203SClowE-arg-clr 614,991 200,919 119,342 1,185,983 3,598,154 4,784,137 158,320HClowE-arg-clr 614,991 200,918 117,411 1,186,008 3,541,557 4,727,565 156,950Brz-air-clr 614,991 200,919 120,123 1,185,982 3,621,045 4,807,027 158,874

Yes clr-air-clr 337,335 200,922 126,554 908,306 3,809,538 4,717,844 146,780SClowE-arg-clr 348,065 199,430 127,787 916,572 3,845,677 4,762,249 148,151HClowE-arg-clr 340866 200922 126202 911810 3799220.8 4711030.82 146,740Brz-air-clr 372,161 199,112 127,894 940,267 3,848,813 4,789,080 149,649



Duluth, MN (Zone 7)Skylight Day- Skylight Simple






Yesclr-air-clr 335,802 173,013 166,355 894,078 4,984,166 5,878,244 187,984SClowE-arg-clr 347,693 171,330 167,111 903,152 5,006,295 5,909,447 189,125HClowE-arg-clr 339,696 173,013 165,773 898,000 4,967,107 5,865,107 187,760Brz-air-clr 373825 171518 167517 929621 5018223.7 5947844.72 191,035

pace Coolin Electric Gas



17


Appendix – B

Figures B1 to B4. Annual Specific Energy consumption (kWh/m2) for the Retail building with Aluminum skylights

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

Ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

(kW

h)

3% No Daylight 3% Daylight 5% No Daylight 5% Daylight

Annual Specific Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Retail Building - Baltimore, MD (Zone 4)

clr-air-clrSClowE-arg-clrHClowE-arg-clrBrz-air-clr

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

Ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Specific Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Retail Building- Boise, ID (Zone 5)



18


600

610

620

630

640

650

660

670

680

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Specific Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Retail Building- Burlington, VT (Zone 6)


760

770

780

790

800

810

820

830

840

Ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Specific Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Retail Building- Duluth, MN (Zone 7)


Figures B5 to B8. Annual Specific Energy consumption (kWh/m2) for the Retail building with Thermally Broken Aluminum skylights


19


380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)

3% NoDaylight

3% Daylight 5% NoDaylight

5% Daylight

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Retail Building - Baltimore, MD (Zone 4)

clr-air-clr

SClow E-arg-clr

HClow E-arg-clr

Brz-air-clr

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Retail Building - Boise, ID (Zone 5)

clr-air-clr

SClowE-arg-clr

HClowE-arg-clrHClowE-arg-clr


20


600

610

620

630

640

650

660

670

680

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Retail Building - Burlington, VT (Zone 6)

clr-air-clr

SClowE-arg-clr

HClowE-arg-clr

HClowE-arg-clr

760

770

780

790

800

810

820

830

840

Ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Retail Building - Duluth, MN ( Zone 7)

clr-air-clr

SClowE-arg-clrHClowE-arg-clr

Brz-air-clr


21


Figures B9 to B12. Annual Specific Energy consumption (kWh/m2) for the School building with Aluminum skylights

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for School Building - Baltimore, MD (Zone 4)


200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for School Building - Boise, ID (Zone 5)



22


260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)

3% NoDaylight

3% Daylight 5% NoDaylight

5% Daylight

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for School Building - Burlington, VT (Zone 6)

clr-air-clr

SClowE-arg-clr

HClowE-arg-clr

Brz-air-clr

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for School Building - Duluth, MN (Zone 7)



23


Figures B 13 to B18. Annual Specific Energy consumption (kWh/m2) for the Exercise building with Aluminum skylights

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

Ene

rgy

Con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Exercise Building - Baltimore, MD (Zone 4)


110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Exercise Building - Boise, ID (Zone 5)



24


120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Exercise Building - Burlington, VT (Zone 6)


180

190

200

210

220

230

240

Ene

rgy

Con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh)


Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/m2) for Exercise Building - Duluth, MN (Zone 7)



25


Appendix C: Table C1: Parameters used in the analysis for the retail building

Parameters Value Reference Set point Temperatures Heating: 21C (70F)

Cooling: 24 C (75F)

ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6.2.3.1: Zone Thermostatic Controls

Set back Temperatures Heating: 13C (55F) ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6.2.3.2.2: Setback Controls.

HVAC system type VAV with economizer Huang, and Franconi [1999] HVAC sizing Autosize with an oversize factor of 1.1 applied. HVAC Supply Flow 80,000 CFM (1cfm/ft2) Minimum Ventilation 30% (36,000 CFM using 15 cfm/person)

Using design occupancy (below) ASHRAE 62-1999 Table 2

Lighting power density 20.5 W/m2 (1.9 W/ft2) ASHRAE 90.1 Table 9.3.1.1: Lighting Power Densities

Plug load 0.40 W/ft2 Huang, and Franconi [1999] WWR 15 Approximation to the average

based on Huang, and Franconi [1999]

Orientation Longer axis N-S Building area (ft2) 80,000 Approximation to the average


Footprint (aspect ratio) 400 x 200 Assuming the ratio in Huang et al [1991]

No of Floors 1 Occupancy Design: 1,600 (30 people / 1000 ft2)

Actual Peak Hourly: 205 (390 ft2/person) ASHRAE 62-1999 Table 2 Huang, and Franconi [1999]


26


Table C1 ..contd Parameters Value Reference

Locations Zone 4: Baltimore, MD

Zone 5: Boise, ID Zone 6: Burlington, VT Zone 7: Duluth, MN

Briggs et al [2002]

Wall Insulation level Variable Zone 4: R13 Zone 5: R13 Zone 6: R13 Zone 7: R13 + R13

ASHRAE 90.1 (Table B1-B26) For metal building

Roof Insulation level Variable Zone 4: R19 Zone 5: R19 Zone 6: R19 Zone 7: R13 + R13


Floor Insulation level Variable Zone 4: R13 Zone 5: R13 Zone 6: R13 Zone 7: R13

ASHRAE 90.1 (Table B1-B26) Mass floor

Wall construction Metal frame Roof construction Metal frame Floor construction Mass Daylight dimming Continuous dimming over 50 fc Surface reflectance for daylight calculation

80% for ceiling, 50% for walls and 20% for floors

ASHRAE 90.1 C5.1 (C5-modeling assumptions)

Software used EQuest (based on DOE2.2 simulation engine)


27


Table C2: Parameters used in the analysis for the School building

Parameters Value Reference Set point Temperatures Heating: 21C (70F)

Cooling: 24 C (75F)

ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6.2.3.1: Zone Thermostatic Controls

Set back Temperatures Heating: 13C (55F) ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6.2.3.2.2: Setback Controls.

HVAC system type Packaged Single Zone Units with economizer Huang, and Franconi [1999] HVAC System Efficiency

Size Dependent: Based on Referenced standard ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6.2.1 Mechanical Equipment Efficiency.

HVAC sizing Autosize with an oversize factor of 1.1 applied. HVAC Supply Flow 21,000 CFM (1 cfm/ft2) Minimum Ventilation 15 cfm/person

ASHRAE 62-1999 Table 2

Perimeter and interior zone systems

Packaged single zone systems with individual thermostats for different zones (class room, Gym, auditorium, kitchen and dining)

Lighting power density 16.1 W/m2 (1.5 W/ft2) ASHRAE 90.1 Table 9.3.1.1: Lighting Power Densities

Plug load 0.8 W/ft2 Huang, and Franconi [1999] WWR 20 Approximation to the average


Orientation Longer axis N-S Building area 105,000 Approximation to the average


Footprint (aspect ratio) 400 x 262 Assuming the ratio in Huang et al [1991]

No of Floors 1 Occupancy 20 people / 1000 ft2

ASHRAE 62-1999 Table 2 Huang, and Franconi [1999]


28


Table C2. Continued Parameters Value Reference

Locations Zone 4: Baltimore, MD

Zone 5: Boise, ID Zone 6: Burlington, VT Zone 7: Duluth, MN

Briggs et al [2002]

Wall Insulation level Variable Zone 4: R13 Zone 5: R13 Zone 6: R13 Zone 7: R13 + R13


Roof Insulation level Variable Zone 4: R19 Zone 5: R19 Zone 6: R19 Zone 7: R13 + R13


Floor Insulation level Variable Zone 4: R13 Zone 5: R13 Zone 6: R13 Zone 7: R13

ASHRAE 90.1 (Table B1-B26) Mass floor

Daylight dimming Continuous dimming over 50 fc Surface reflectance for daylight calculation

80% for ceiling, 50% for walls and 20% for floors (applicable only for daylighting calcs)

ASHRAE 90.1 C5.1 (C5-modeling assumptions)

Software used EQuest (based on DOE2.2 simulation engine) Note: The Exercise (Health/Fitness Center) building was created based on the default values in eQuest . References:

1. Sezgen, Osman, Ellen M. Franconi, Jonathan G. Koomey, Steve E. Greenberg, Asim Afzal, and Leslie Shown, Technology Data Characterizing Space Conditioning In Commercial Buildings: Application To End-Use Forecasting With Commend 4.0. LBL-37065, LBNL, Berkeley, CA. December

2. Friedrich, M. and Messinger, M. T. 1995. Method to Assess the Gross Annual Energy Saving Potential of Energy Conservation Technologies Used in Commercial Buildings. ASHRAE Transactions 1995, V. 101, Pt. 1, pp. 444-453

3. Huang, J., H. Akbari, L. Raines and R. Ritschard, 481 Prototypical commercial buildings for 20 urban market areas, LBL-29798, April 1991.

4. Huang, J. and E. Franconi, Commercial Heating and Cooling Loads Component Analysis, Table 10, pp31, LBL-37028, November 1999.


29


5. Briggs, R., R.G. Lucas and Z.T. Tylor, Climate classification for building energy codes and standards, Technical paper final review draft, PNNL, March 26, 2002.

6. LBNL 2003, Commercial unitary air conditioner & heat pump – Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Power Point Presentation distributed by ASHRAE 90.1 Envelope subcommittee, July 2003.

7. 2003 Buildings Energy Data book, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, August 2003

Date post:	02-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	lediep
View:	214 times
Download:	0 times

Support of EC69 Skylight Study 02-26-05 - fenestration.com of EC69_ Skylight... · 18 Tanglewood...

Documents