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AREPORT
ON
(Surge in FII Boon or Bane)
l investor holding more than 10% shares or units of the fund) , are also eligible to be registered as
FIIs:
1. Asset Management Companies
2. Institutional Portfolio Managers3. Trustees
4. Power of Attorney Holders
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR FIIs
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The following financial instruments are available for FII investments:
a) Securities in primary and secondary markets including shares, debentures and warrants of
companies, unlisted, listed or to be listed on a recognized stock exchange in India;
b) Units of mutual funds;
c) Dated Government Securities;
d) Derivatives traded on a recognized stock exchange;
e) Commercial papers.
Investment limits on equity investments
a) FII, on its own behalf, shall not invest in equity more than 10% of total issued capital of an
Indian company.
b) Investment on behalf of each sub-account shall not exceed 10% of total issued capital of an
India company.
c) For the sub-account registered under Foreign Companies/Individual category, the investment
limit is fixed at 5% of issued capital.
These limits are within overall limit of 24% / 49 % / or the sectoral caps a prescribed by
Government of India / Reserve Bank of India.
Investment limits on debt investments
The FII investments in debt securities are governed by the policy if the Government of India.
Currently following limits are in effect:
For corporate debt the investment limit is fixed at US $ 500 million.
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TAXATION
The taxation norms available to a FII is shown in the table below.
Nature of Income Tax Rate
Long-term capital gains 10%
Short-term capital gains 30%
Dividend Income Nil
Interest Income 20%
Long term capital gain: Capital gain on sale of securities held for a period of more than one year.
Short term capital gain: Capital gain on sale of securities held for a period of less than one year.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Management ideas without any action based on them mean nothing. That is why practical
experience is vital for any management studies. Theoretical studies in the class room are not
sufficient to understand the functioning climate and the real problems coming in the way of
management. So, practical exposures are indispensable to such courses. Thus, practical
experience acts as a supplement to the classroom studies. This report deals with Impact of FIIs
And FDIs On Indian Stock Market has been completed. I have learnt a lot of new things which
could never been learnt from theory classes. The next part include whole of research process
used for the project. It contains research methodology, research objective, scope analysis and
interpretation of the data, collected from secondary resources. It also consists limitations of the
study.
In this study I have collected data from secondary source. In this study in used
descriptive research design is used. This part includes observations analysis and discussion on
collected data then suggestions are given these are based are on the usefulness of the study,applicability in the business industry, in decision making, in system development so far.
INDUSTRY PROFILE
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BRIEF PROFILE OF IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS:
A brief profile of important institutions included in the study is given below.
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
India's Central Bank - the RBI - was established on 1 April 1935 and was nationalized on 1
January 1949. Some of its main objectives are regulating the issue of bank notes, managing
India's foreign exchange reserves, operating India's currency and credit system with a view to
securing monetary stability and developing India's financial structure in line with national socio-
economic objectives and policies.The RBI acts as a banker to Central/State governments, commercial banks, state cooperative
banks and some financial institutions. It formulates and administers monetary policy with a view
to promoting stability of prices while encouraging higher production through appropriate
deployment of credit. The RBI plays an important role in maintaining the exchange value of the
Rupee and acts as an agent of the government in respect of India's membership of IMF. The RBI
also performs a variety of developmental and promotional functions.
The first concern of a central bank is the maintenance of a soundly based commercial banking
structure. While this concern has grown to comprehend the operations of all financial
institutions, including the several groups of non-bank financial intermediaries, the commercial
banks remain the core of the banking system. A central bank must also cooperate closely with
the national government. Indeed, most governments and central banks have become intimately
associated in the formulation of policy.
They are often responsible for formulating and implementing monetary and credit policies,
usually in cooperation with the government. they have been established specifically to lead or
regulate the banking system.
SECURITUIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA
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In 1988 the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established by the Government
of India through an executive resolution, and was subsequently upgraded as a fully autonomous
body (a statutory Board) in the year 1992 with the passing of the Securities and Exchange Board
of India Act (SEBI Act) on 30th January 1992. In place of Government Control, a statutory and
autonomous regulatory board with defined responsibilities, to cover both development &
regulation of the market, and independent powers has been set up.
The basic objectives of the Board were identified as:
To protect the interests of investors in securities; To promote the development of Securities Market; To regulate the securities market and For matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Since its inception SEBI has been working targeting the securities and is attending to the
fulfillment of its objectives with commendable zeal and dexterity. The improvements in the
securities markets like capitalization requirements, margining, establishment of clearing
corporations etc. reduced the risk of credit and also reduced the market.
SEBI has introduced the comprehensive regulatory measures, prescribed registration norms, theeligibility criteria, the code of obligations and the code of conduct for different intermediaries
like, bankers to issue, merchant bankers, brokers and sub-brokers, registrars, portfolio managers,
credit rating agencies, underwriters and others. It has framed bye-laws, risk identification and
risk management systems for Clearing houses of stock exchanges, surveillance system etc. which
has made dealing in securities both safe and transparent to the end investor.
Another significant event is the approval of trading in stock indices (like S&P CNX Nifty &
Sensex) in 2000. A market Index is a convenient and effective product because of the following
reasons:
It acts as a barometer for market behavior;
It is used to benchmark portfolio performance;
It is used in derivative instruments like index futures and index options;
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It can be used for passive fund management as in case of Index Funds.
Two broad approaches of SEBI is to integrate the securities market at the national level, and also
to diversify the trading products, so that there is an increase in number of traders including
banks, financial institutions, insurance companies, mutual funds, primary dealers etc. to transact
through the Exchanges. In this context the introduction of derivatives trading through Indian
Stock Exchanges permitted by SEBI in 2000 AD is a real landmark.
BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE:
Of the 22 stock exchanges in the country, Mumbai's (earlier known as Bombay), Bombay Stock
Exchange is the largest, with over 6,000 stocks listed. The BSE accounts for over two thirds of
the total trading volume in the country. Established in 1875, the exchange is also the oldest in
Asia. Among the twenty-two Stock Exchanges recognized by the Government of India under the
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, it was the first one to be recognized and it is the
only one that had the privilege of getting permanent recognition ab-initio.
Approximately 70,000 deals are executed on a daily basis, giving it one of the highest per hour
rates of trading in the world. There are around 3,500 companies in the country which are listed
and have a serious trading volume. The market capitalization of the BSE is Rs.5 trillion. The
BSE `Sensex' is a widely used market index for the BSE.
The main aims and objectives of the BSE are to provide a market place for the purchase and sale
of security evidencing the ownership of business property or of a public or business debt. It aims
to promote, develop and maintain a well-regulated market for dealing in securities and to
safeguard the interest of members and the investing public having dealings on the Exchange. It
helps industrial development of the country through efficient resource mobilization. To establish
and promote honorable and just practices in securities transactions
BSE Sensex
The BSE Sensex is a value-weighted index composed of 30 companies with the base April 1979
= 100. It has grown by more than four times from January 1990 till date. The set of companies in
the index is essentially fixed. These companies account for around one-fifth of the market
capitalization of the BSE.
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NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA
The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has genesis in the report of the High Powered
Study Group on Establishment of New Stock Exchanges, which recommended promotion of a
National Stock Exchange by financial institutions (FIs) to provide access to investors from all
across the country on an equal footing. Based on the recommendations, NSE was promoted by
leading Financial Institutions at the behest of the Government of India and was incorporated in
November 1992 as a tax-paying company unlike other stock exchanges in the country.
On its recognition as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 in
April 1993, NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June
1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment commenced operations in November 1994 and
operations in Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.
S&P CNX Nifty
S&P CNX Nifty is a well-diversified 50 stock index accounting for 23 sectors of the economy. It
is used for a variety of purposes such as benchmarking fund portfolios, index based derivatives
and index funds.
S&P CNX Nifty is owned and managed by India Index Services and Products Ltd. (IISL), which
is a joint venture between NSE and CRISIL. IISL is India's first specialized company focused
upon the index as a core product. IISL have a consulting and licensing agreement with Standard
& Poor's (S&P), who are world leaders in index services.
The average total traded value for the last six months of all Nifty stocks is approximately 58% of
the traded value of all stocks on the NSE
Nifty stocks represent about 60% of the total market capitalization as on March 31, 2005.
Impact cost of the S&P CNX Nifty for a portfolio size of Rs.5 million is 0.07%
S&P CNX Nifty is professionally maintained and is ideal for derivatives trading.
OBJECTIVE, SCOPE AND PURPOSE
Objectives:
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Influence of FII on movement of Indian stock exchange. To understand the FII & FDI policy in India. To know the performance of Indian stock market. To know the impact of FIIs on Indian stock market.
SCOPE:
The report examines The Impact of Foreign Institutional Investments and Foreign Direct
Investment on Equity Stock Market in India. The scope of the research comprises of information
derived from secondary data from various websites. The various information and statistics were
derived from the websites of BSE, NSE, Money Control, RBI and SEBI. Sensex and Nifty was a
natural choice for inclusion in the study, as it is the most popular market indices and widely used
by market participants for benchmarking.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methodology:
The lifeblood of business and commerce in the modern world is information. The ability to
gather, analyze, evaluate, present and utilize information is therefore is a vital skill for the
manager of today.
In order to accomplish this project successfully I will take following steps.
1) Sampling- The study is limited to a sample of top 10 investing countries e.g. Mauritius,USA etc. and top 10 sectors e.g. electrical instruments, telecommunications etc. whichhad attracted larger inflow of FDI and data of NSE stock exchange will be taken to know
the impact of FII.
2) Data Collection:
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The research will be done with the help Secondary data (from internet site andjournals).
The data is collected mainly from websites, annual reports, World Bank reports,research reports, already conducted survey analysis, database available etc.
3) Analysis:
Appropriate Statistical tools like correlation and regression will be used to analyze the
data like to analyze the growth and patterns of the FDI and FII flows in India during the
post liberalization period, the liner trend model will be used. Further the percentage
analysis will be used to measure the share of each investing countries and the share of
each sectors in the overall flow of FDI and FII into India.
Correlation: We have used the Correlation tool to determine whether two ranges of datamove together that is, how the Sensex, Bankex, IT, Power and Capital Goods are
related to the FII which may be positive relation, negative relation or no relation.
We will use this model for understanding the relationship between FII and stock indices
returns. FII is taken as independent variable. Stock indices are taken as dependent
variable
Recording of observation:
I have taken the monthly closing index of all the indices. For FIIs I have recorded monthly
average of the net investments made by them in the Indian capital market.
Net Investments = gross purchasesgross sales (fig. is in Rs crore)
Use of Model: A simple linear relationship has been shown between two variables using
correlation and regression as the data analysis tools. One variable is dependent and the other is
independent. I have taken FII as the independent variable while the stock index has been taken as
dependent variable. The impact of FII has been separately analyzed with each of the index. So,
correlation and regression has been separately run between FII and six indices taking one index
at a time with help of Microsoft excel.
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Results of this study show that not only the FIIs are the major players in the domestic stock
market in India, but their influence on the domestic markets is also growing. Data on trading
activity of FIIs and domestic stock market turnover suggest that FIIs are becoming more
important at the margin as an increasingly higher share of stock market turnover is accounted for
by FII trading. Moreover, the findings of this study also indicate that Foreign Institutional
Investors have emerged as the most dominant investor group in the domestic stock market in
India. Particularly, in the companies that constitute the Bombay Stock Market Sensitivity Index
(Sensex) and NSE Nifty, their level of control is very high. Dominant position of FIIs in the
Sensex companies, it is not surprising that FIIs are in a position to influence the movement of
Sensex and Nifty in a significant way.
Since FIIs are dominating the Indian Market, individual investors are forced to accept the
dictates of major FIIs and hence join the group by entering the Mutual Fund group. Many Mutual
Funds floated specific funds for the sectors favoured by the FIIs. An implication of MFs gaining
strength in the Indian stock market could be that unlike individual investors, whose monies they
manage, MFs can create market trends whereas the small individual investors can only follow
the trends. The situation becomes quite difficult if the funds gain a vested interest in certain
sectors by floating sector specific funds. One can even venture to say that the behavior of MFs in
India has turned the very logic that mutual funds invest wisely on the basis of well-researched
strategies and individual investors do not have the time and resources to study and monitor
corporate performance, upside down. Thus, the entry of FIIs has not resulted in greater depth in
Indian stock market; instead it led to focussing on only a few sectors. Ultimately to provide a
level playing field, even the domestic investors had to be offered lower rates of capital gains tax.
While it can be expected that foreign affiliated mutual funds would follow the investment pattern
of FIIs, it is important to note that many domestic ones also followed FIIs. The sectors favoured
by FIIs account for a substantial portion of the net assets under control of many Mutual Funds.
The Mutual funds are gaining prominence in the Indian Stock market and that the share of
foreign affiliated MFs is growing, a number of Indian funds are following the investment
strategies of the foreign ones.
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On the other hand if FII investments constitute a large share of the equity capital of a financial
entity, an FII pullout, even if driven by development outside the country can have significant
implications for the financial health of what is an important institution in the financial sector of
this country.
Similarly, if any set of developments encourages an unusually high outflow of FII capital from
the market, it can impact adversely on the value of the rupee and set of speculation in the
currency that can in special circumstances result in a currency crisis. There are now too many
instances of such effects worldwide for it be dismissed on the ground that India's reserves are
adequate to manage the situation.
FII investments, seem to have influenced the Indian stock market to a considerable extent. FIIs
are interested in the Indian stock market increases its vulnerability to fluctuations. Analysis
suggested a strong influence of FII investment on the Sensex and Nifty index. This finding takes
quite further the general understanding that net FII investments influences stock prices in India
as it traces the relationship.
KEY FINDING:
correlation and regression matrix
Correlation with FII Multiple R R2 Standard Error observation
S&P CNX NIFTY 0.651 0.651 0.423 575.658 180
BANK NIFTY 0.634 0.634 0.402 1229.644 87
CNX 100 -0.159 0.159 0.025 898.820 51
CNX IT -0.191 0.191 0.036 12896.703 135
CNX NIFTY JUNIOR 0.656 0.656 0.431 1319.629 138
S&P CNX 500 0.540 0.540 0.292 670.583 94
1. Impact of FII on S&P CNX Nifty: The effect of FII on Nifty is positive and the co-efficient
of correlation is high so the effect is also high. The standard error comes out to be 575.658 which
are high. This does not mean the relation is false but we can say that the error in linear relation is
high.
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2. Impact of FII on Bank Nifty: The effect of FII on Bank Nifty is positive. So, FII is directly
related to Bank Nifty. But the co-efficient of correlation is high so the effect is also high. The
standard error comes out to be 1229.644 which are very high. This means that the deviation from
the mean value is high. This does not mean the relation is false but we can say that the error in
linear relation is high. The value of multiple-R is also high. We can say that FII have significant
impact on Bank Nifty during the period of 31-January-2000- 30-March-07.
3. Impact of FII on CNX 100: CNX 100 is inversely related to FII for the period of 31-January-
03- 30-March-2007. But the extent of impact is low as co-efficient of correlation is -0.159.
4. Impact of FII on CNX IT: FII has inversely little significant relation with CNX IT, as the
value of correlation is -0.191. This does not mean that there is no relation at all between them. It
shows the absence of linear relation between the two variables but not a lack of relationship
altogether.
5. Impact of FII on CNX NIFTY JUNIOR: CNX NIFTY JUNIOR directly related to FII for
the period of 31-Oct-1995- 30-March-2007. But the value of R is high so the degree of relation
is also high low. Standard error in this case is 1319.6 which is high compared to other standard
errors between FII and other stock indices.
6. Impact of FII on S&P CNX 500: S&P CNX 500 is also highly correlated with FII. In this
case again the degree of relation is high.
Analysis of trends in FII investment
Trends in FII Investment
Year
Gross Purchases
(a) (Rs.crore)
Gross Sales (b)
(Rs.crore)
Net Investment (a-b)
(Rs.crore) % increase
1992-93 17 4 131993-94 5593 466 5127 39338.46154
1994-95 7631 2835 4796 -6.456017164
1995-96 9694 2752 6942 44.74562135
1996-97 15554 6979 8575 23.52348027
1997-98 18695 12737 5958 -30.51895044
1998-99 16115 17699 -1584 -126.5861027
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1999-00 56856 46734 10122 739.0151515
2000-01 74051 64116 9935 -1.847460976
2001-02 49920 41165 8755 -11.87720181
2002-03 47061 44373 2688 -69.29754426
2003-04 144858 99094 45764 1602.529762
2004-05 216953 171072 45881 0.25565947
2005-06 346978 305512 41466 -9.622719644
2006-07 520508 489667 30841 -25.62340231
During the initial year 1992-93, the FII flows started in September, 1992 which amounted to Rs.
13 crore because at this moment government was framing policy guidelines for FIIs. However,
within a year, the FIIs rose 39338.46% of 1992-93 during 1993-94 because government had
opened door for investment in India. Thereafter, the FII inflows witnessed a dip of 6.45%. The
year 1995-1996 witnessed a turnaround, gliding up the contribution of FII to a massive of Rs.
6942 crore. Investment by FIIs during 1996-1997 rose a little i.e. 23.52% of the preceding year.This period was ripe enough for FII Investments because at that time where international capital
markets were in the phase of overheating; the Indian economy posted strong fundamentals, stable
exchange rate expectations and offered investment incentives and congenial climate for
investment of these funds in India. During 1997-98, FII inflows posted a fall of 30.51%. This
slack in investments by FIIs was primarily due to the South-East Asian Crisis and the period of
volatility experienced between November 1997 and February 1998. The net investment flows by
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FIIs have always been positive from the year of their entry. Only in the year 1998-99, an outflow
to the tune of Rs. 17699 crore was witnessed for the first time. This was primarily because of the
economic sanctions imposed on India by the US, Japan and other industrialized economies.
These economic sanctions were the result of the testing of series of nuclear bombs by India in
May 1998. Thereafter, the FII portfolios investments quickly recovered and showed positive net
investments for all the subsequent years.
FIIs investments declined from Rs. 10122 crore during 1999-2000 to Rs. 9935 crore during
2000-01. FII investment posted a year-on-year decline of 1.8 % in 2000-01, 11.87 % in 2001-02
and 69.29 % in 2002-03. Investments by FII posted a fall of 80 % in 2002-03 as compared with
investments in the period of 1999-00. Investments by FIIs rebounded from depressed levels from
the year 2003-04 and witnessed an unprecedented surge. FIIs flows were recycled to India
following readjustment of global portfolios of institutional investors, triggered by robust growth
in Indian economy and attractive valuations in the Indian equity market as compared with other
emerging market economies in Asia. The slowdown in 2004-05 was on account of globaluncertainties caused by hardening of crude oil prices and the upturn in the interest rate cycle. The
resumption in the net FII inflows to India from August 2004 continued till end 2004-05. The
inflows of FIIs during the year 2004-05 was Rs. 45881 crore. During 2006-07 the foreign
institutional investors continued to invest large funds in Indian securities market. However, due
to global developments like meltdown in global commodities markets and equity market during
the three month period between May 2006 to July 2006, fall in Asian Equity markets, tightening
of capital controls in Thailand and its spillover effects, there was a slack in FII investments.
PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN STOCK MARKET
Indices : sensex For the period : from year 1991 To year 2008
year Open High low close Price/earnings Price/bookvalue
Dividendyield
1991 1027.38 19554.81.29 947.14 1908.85 22.30 3.58 1.24
1992 1957.33 4546.58 1945.48 2615.37 36.19 6.35 .80
1993 2617.78 3459.07 1980.6 3346.06 31.78 4.81 .98
1994 3436.87 4643.31 3405.88 3926.90 45.45 6.07 .68
1995 3910.16 3943.66 2891.45 3110.49 23.63 3.81 1.13
1996 3114.08 4131.22 2713.12 3085.20 16.07 3.02 1.50
1997 3096.65 4605.41 3096.65 3658.98 14.45 2.80 1.52
1998 3658.34 4322.00 2741.22 3055.41 13.00 2.25 1.80
1999 3064.95 5150.99 3042.25 5005.82 17.35 3.07 1.38
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2000 9209.54 6150.69 3491.55 3972.12 24.48 3.81 1.14
2001 3990.65 4462.11 2594.87 3262.33 17.60 2.51 1.83
2002 3262.01 3758.27 2828.48 3377.28 15.22 2.30 2.14
2003 3383.85 5920.76 2904.44 5838.96 15.02 2.49 2.14
2004 5872.48 6617.15 4227.50 6602.69 17.26 3.28 2.01
2005 6626.8 9442.98 6069.33 9397.93 16.21 3.94 1.582006 9422.49 14035.30 8799.01 13786.91 20.18 4.75 1.35
2007 83827.77 20498.11 12316.10 20286.99 22.25 5.32 1.10
2008 20325.27 21206.77 14677.24 16481.20 22.44 5.71 .98
FOREIGN INVESTMENT FLOWS IN INDIA:
One of the most important distinctions between Portfolio and Direct investment to have emerged
from this young era of globalisation is that portfolio investment can be much more volatile.
Foreign Investment Flows in India
YearA. DirectInvestment
B. PortfolioInvestment Total (A + B)
(US $ million) (US $ million) (US $ million)
1990-91 97 6 1031991-92 129 4 1331992-93 315 244 5591993-94 586 3567 41531994-95 1314 3824 51381995-96 2144 2748 48921996-97 2821 3312 61331997-98 3557 1828 53851998-99 2462 61 25231999-00 2155 3026 51812000-01 4029 2760 67892001-02 6131 2021 81522002-03 4660 979 56392003-04 4675 11377 16052
From a net foreign investment inflow of US $ 5.3 billion in 1997-98, such inflows declined toUS $ 2.4 billion in 1998-99. This is because of the lower portfolio inflows, as a result of whichthe net investment has dropped. The changes in the investment conditions in a country or regioncan lead to dramatic swings in portfolio investment. For a country on the rise, in other words for
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developing countries, FPI can bring about rapid development, helping an emerging economymove quickly to take advantage of economic opportunity, creating many new jobs andsignificant wealth. However, when a country's economic situation takes a downturn, sometimesjust by failing to meet the expectations of international investors, the large flow of money into acountry can turn into a stampede away from it.
CHART: FOREIGN INVESTMENT FLOWS
FOREIGN PORTFOLIO FLOWS TO INDIA
Foreign portfolio investments have been allowed in India on the basis of the recommendations ofthe Narasimham committee which stated:The committee would also suggest that the capital markets should be gradually opened up toforeign portfolio investments and simultaneously efforts should be initiated to improve the depth
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of the market by facilitating the issue of new types of equities and innovative debt instruments.(Narasimham committee report)Prior to 1992, only non-resident Indians (NRIs) and Overseas corporate bodies (OCBs) wereallowed to undertake portfolio investment in India. Only on September 14, 1992 the Governmentof India issued guidelines on FII investments in India which was followed by a notification by
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) three years later in November 1995.
TRENDS IN FII INVESTMENT IN INDIA
TABLE: Trends in FII investment
Year FII PURCHASE FII SALES FII NET FII NET CUM FII NET
in crores in crores in crores US$ million US$ million
1993-94 5593 466 5126 1634 1638
1994-95 7631 2835 4796 1528 3167
1995-96 9694 2752 6942 2036 5202
1996-97 15554 6979 8575 2432 7634
1997-98 18695 12737 5958 1649 92841998-99 16115 17699 -1584 -386 8898
1999-00 56856 46734 10122 2339 11237
2000-01 74051 64116 9934 2160 13396
2001-02 49920 41165 8755 1846 15242
2002-03 47060 44371 2689 562 15804
2003-04 144858 99094 45765 9949 25754
Source: Reserve Bank of India Annual Report 2004
INFERENCE: The investments by FIIs have been registering a steady growth since the opening
of the Indian capital markets in September 1992. Their investments have always been net
positive, but for 1998-99, when their sales were more than their purchases.
It can be observed from the above table that the portfolio investment inflows have always been
on the increase. But the years 2001-02 and 2002-03 saw some reversal in the trend. From a net
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inflow of US $ 2.1 billion in 2000-01, such inflows declined to US $ 1.8 billion in 2001-02, and
further dropped to US $ 0.562 billion in 2002-03. The decline is because of the lower portfolio
inflows, as a result of which the net investment has dropped in these years. However, this decline
witnessed a sharp reversal in the year 2003-04. FIIs have made a net investment of Rs. 45,764
crores during this year registering a growth of 1602% over the previous year, creating a record in
the history of FII investment in India. Gross purchases in this year amounted to Rs.144,857
crores, a growth rate of 208% compared to the year before. This trend continued in April 2004,
only to suffer reversal again during May and June 2004, when the net investment became
negative. Fortunately, the year from July 2004 has been seeing a net positive portfolio flows by
FIIs. As of September 2004, the net FII portfolio investment stands at US $ 27,637 million. If it
is so, then increasing the FII investment cap per se will not be helpful. The country has to work
on specific measures to encourage more FII investments. The analysis of data indicates that there
has been substantial divestment by the FIIs during the year 1998-99. The maximum outflow was
during the months of May and June 1998 (almost US$430 millions).
TABLE: Monthly Trends of FIIs for the Year 1998-99
Month Purchases Sales Net Net
(Rs mn) (Rs mn) (Rs mn) (US$ mn)
Apr-98 11422 11756 -335 -8.4
May-98 8253 13284 -5031 -124.3
Jun-98 8023 16072 -8049 -190.5
Jul-98 13098 12154 944 22.2
Aug-98 7932 11783 -3851 -90.1
Sep-98 14381 12458 1923 45.2Oct-98 10737 16470 -5733 -135.4
Nov-98 10391 9845 546 12.9
Dec-98 11089 8789 2300 104.8
Jan-99 16355 11894 4462 104.8
Feb-99 16477 13084 3393 79.8
Mar-99 25207 23973 1233 29
A major factor which led to continuous outflow of funds during the middle and end of the year1998 was the worsening outlook on the emerging markets. Credit worthiness of almost all the
South-east Asian nations was severely damaged by the crises which started in July 1997. As aresult, the FIIs were facing heavy redemption pressures from the Emerging Markets Funds. Thestock markets in all these countries fell continuously from March 1998 till about September1998. The integration of the Indian capital markets with the international markets thus spilledover to Indian markets as well. However, the net outflow from the Indian markets was muchlower than the other Asian countries. A further indication of the integration of the Indian marketscan be seen from the upsurge in the valuations and funds inflows during the first quarter of 1999,when all the other Asian countries have also seen rising trend in stocks indices.
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The sluggishness in investment in the emerging markets was exacerbated by the fact thathroughout 1998-99, US and European markets showed historically high valuations, and theexpectations of further rise because of the strong economic indicators there which led to reducedallocations elsewhere.
CHART : GROWTH OF FII INVESTMENTS IN INDIA
INFERENCE: The trickle of FII flows to India that began in January 1993 has gradually
expanded to an average monthly inflow of close to Rs. 1900 crores during the first six months of
2001. By June 2001, over 500 FIIs were registered with SEBI. The total amount of FII
investment in India had accumulated to a formidable sum of over Rs.50,000 crores during this
time. In terms of market capitalization too, the share of FIIs has steadily climbed to about 9% of
the total market capitalization of BSE (which, in turn, accounts for over 90% of the total market
capitalization in India).
TABLE: CORRELATION OF FII WITH NIFTY
MONTH GROSS PURCHASES GROSS SALES NET INVESTMENT
APRIL -0.308891015 -0.486299015 -0.122510317MAY -0.203839618 -0.226174846 0.127555673
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JUNE 0.40719847 0.013881057 0.556762421JULY 0.231397721 -0.008199745 0.352195939AUGUST -0.296292834 -0.009987101 -0.288696993SEPTEMBER 0.631541276 0.478957403 0.377141924OCTOBER -0.107835133 -0.303940405 0.118451125
NOVEMBER 0.103856902 0.232269601 -0.020576251DECEMBER -0.689594568 -0.692805116 -0.496878284JANUARY -0.02034654 -0.57330261 0.64885866FEBRUARY 0.124176605 -0.056354197 0.233709555MARCH 0.419911809 -0.255570154 0.483718703
FII flows and contemporaneous stock returns are strongly correlated in India. The correlation
coefficients between different measures of FII flows and market returns on the Bombay Stock
Exchange during different sample periods are shown in Table above. While the correlations arequite high throughout the sample period, they exhibit a significant rise since the beginning of the
1999-00. The calculations show that there exists a relationship between FIIs and Nifty since 6
out of 12 months show positive correlation in the case of Gross Purchass and 8 out of 12 months
indicate a positive correlation in the case of Net FII Investment and Nifty.
TABLE : CORRELATION OF FII WITH SENSEX
MONTH GROSS PURCHASES GROSS SALES NET INVESTMENT
APRIL -0.267580403 -0.509025858 -0.076211493MAY -0.184653959 -0.224809346 0.1484205JUNE 0.405635894 -0.004710378 0.575995013JULY 0.291205286 0.045396684 0.353391901AUGUST -0.315900375 -0.033391574 -0.301709231SEPTEMBER 0.661834837 0.506184274 0.389776394OCTOBER -0.067640059 -0.311421901 0.18995454NOVEMBER 0.083505749 0.244942636 -0.057919794
DECEMBER -0.666663184 -0.688620778 -0.46494095JANUARY 0.02201209 -0.551509386 0.679227006FEBRUARY 0.00689661 -0.170243004 0.149373722MARCH 0.417854257 -0.250893125 0.479619465
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The behaviour of the foreign portfolio investors matched the behaviour of Sensex during this
period. Net FII investment in the Indian capital markets started fluctuating sharply during April
and it turned negative. Net FII investment in the Indian stock market was positive from May to
July. During this period, the Sensex and net FII investment showed very high degree of
correlation. For the month of June showed a correlation as high as 0.60. The months of
September, October, November and December shows a declining trend, the FII investment
reversed from that day. On the whole, there exists a relationship between FIIs and Sensex since 7
out of 12 months show positive correlation in the case of Gross Purchases and 8 out of 12
months indicate a positive correlation in the case of Net FII Investment and Sensex.
TABLE: COEFFECIENT OF DETERMINATION OF FII WITH NIFTY
MONTH GROSS PURCHASES GROSS SALES NET INVESTMENTAPRIL 0.095413659 0.236486732 0.015009MAY 0.04155059 0.051155061 0.01627JUNE 0.165810594 0.000192684 0.309984JULY 0.053544905 6.72358E-05 0.124042
AUGUST 0.087789444 9.97422E-05 0.083346SEPTEMBER 0.398844383 0.229400194 0.142236
OCTOBER 0.011628416 0.09237977 0.014031NOVEMBER 0.010786256 0.053949168 0.000423DECEMBER 0.475540669 0.479978929 0.246888JANUARY 0.000413982 0.328675883 0.421018
FEBRUARY 0.015419829 0.003175796 0.05462MARCH 0.176325927 0.065316104 0.233984
Coefficient of Determination (R2), ranges from 0 - 1, is always part of the standard regression
output, the important measure of goodness of fit. R2 = correlation coefficient (r) squared, since
the range of r is from -1 to +1, squaring r forces R2 to fall between 0 and 1. R2 in the above table
gives the percentage (%) of the total variation in Nifty that is explained by the regression
equation, or explained by FIIs. During the month of January the total variation in Nifty explained
by FII amounted to 42% and the remaining 58% is explained by other factors which influence
Nifty.
TABLE : COEFFECIENT OF DETERMINATION OF FII WITH SENSEX
MONTH GROSS PURCHASES GROSS SALES NET INVESTMENT
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APRIL 0.071599272 0.259107325 0.005808MAY 0.034097085 0.050539242 0.022029JUNE 0.164540479 2.21877E-05 0.33177JULY 0.084800519 0.002060859 0.124886
AUGUST 0.099793047 0.001114997 0.091028
SEPTEMBER 0.438025352 0.256222519 0.151926OCTOBER 0.004575178 0.0969836 0.036083NOVEMBER 0.00697321 0.059996895 0.003355DECEMBER 0.444439801 0.474198576 0.21617JANUARY 0.000484532 0.304162603 0.461349
FEBRUARY 4.75632E-05 0.028982681 0.022313MARCH 0.17460218 0.06294736 0.230035
Similarly, in the case of FII and Sensex we have R2 = .46, indicating that variation in FII
explains about 46% of the variation in Sensex. 54% of the variation in Sensex is unexplained by
FII, explainable by other factors, omitted variables, random variation, etc. We shouldn't put too
much emphasis on R2, t-stat are more important. However, R2, or some other measure of
goodness of fit is expected in reported empirical results.
As I had discussed FIIs environment in India like what is FII in India, policy framework
for FIIs, market design in India for foreign institutional investors, registration process in
India, Trends of Foreign Institutional Investments in India. Now to fulfill the objective of
this project i.e. influence of FII on movement of Indian stock exchange (national stock
exchange of India) during the post liberalization period that is 1991 to 2007, the following
research methodology is designed.
This project, in a way, reveals the influence of FIIs investment on movement of Indian stock
exchange (national stock exchange of India) during the post liberalization period that is 1991 to
2007. I have applied a simple linear model to estimate the effect of FII on the stock index. The
data analysis tools used in the research is correlation and regression.
I have taken six indices to study the impact of FII on Indian bourses. One of these indices isNifty while other five are some specific index of NSE. These six indices give the close picture of
Indian stock exchanges. I have taken average monthly data of FIIs and monthly closing index of
all the indices.
There may be many other factors on which a stock index may depend i.e. Government policies,
budgets, bullion market, inflation, economic and political condition of the country, FDI,
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Re./Dollar exchange rate etc. But for my study I have selected only one independent variable i.e.
FII and dependent variable is indices of nifty. This study uses the concept of correlation and
regression to study the relationship between FII and stock index. The FII started investing in
Indian capital market from September 1992 when the Indian economy was opened up in the
same year. Their investments include equity only. The sample data of FIIs investments consists
of monthly average from April 1992 to March 2007 and indices value consist monthly closing
value with period of study and various observations which is given below in table.
indices period of study and observations.
Indices Period of study ObservationS&P CNX NIFTY 30/Apr/91- 30/Mar/07 180
BANK NIFTY 31/Jan/00- 30/Mar/07 87
CNX 100 31/Jan/03- 30/Mar/07 51
CNX IT 31/Jan/96- 30/Mar/07 135
CNX NIFTY JUNIOR 31/Oct/95- 30/Mar/07 138
S&P CNX 500 30/Jun/99- 30/Mar/07 94
3.7 Details of indices taken:
The CNX 100 tracks the behavior of combined portfolio of two indices viz. S&P CNX Nifty and
CNX Nifty Junior. It includes 100 of the 935 companies currently listed on the NSE. CNX 100 is
computed using market capitalisation weighted method, wherein the level of the index reflects
the total market value of all the stocks in the index relative to a particular base period. The
method also takes into account constituent changes in the index and importantly corporate
actions such as stock splits, rights, etc without affecting the index value. The CNX 100 Index has
a base date of Jan 1, 2003 and a base value of 1000.
The S&P CNX 500 is India's first broad-based benchmark of the Indian capital market for
comparing portfolio returns vis--vis market returns. The S&P CNX 500 represents about
92.66% of total market capitalization and about 86.44% of the total turnover on the NSE. The
S&P CNX 500 Equity Index is desegregated into 72 Industry sectors, which are separately
maintained by IISL. These industry indices are derived out of the S&P CNX 500 and care is
taken to see that the industry representation in the entire universe of securities is reflected in the
S&P CNX 500. e.g., if in the entire universe of securities, banking sector has a 5% weightage
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then the Banking sector (as determined by the Banking stocks in S&P CNX 500) would have a
5% weightage in the S&P CNX 500. The Banking sector index would be derived out of the
Banking stocks in the S&P CNX 500. The changes to the weightage of various sectors in the
S&P CNX 500 would dynamically reflect the changes in the entire universe of securities. The
calendar year 1994 has been selected as the base year for S&PCNX 500. The base value of the
index is set at 1000.
The CNX Bank Index is an index comprised of the most liquid and large capitalized Indian
Banking stocks. It provides investors and market intermediaries with a benchmark that captures
the capital market performance of Indian Banks. The Index has 12 stocks from the banking
sector, which trade on the National Stock Exchange. The CNX Bank Index has a base date of Jan
1, 2000 and base value of 1000.
The CNX IT Companies in this index are those that have more than 50% of their turnover from
IT related activities like software development, hardware manufacture, vending, support andmaintenance. The CNX IT Index constituents represent about 12.80% of the total market
capitalization as on September 1, 2006. The CNX IT Index has a base date of Jan 1, 1996 and a
base value of 1000.
The Base Value of the index was revised from 1000 to 100 w.e.f. May 28, 2004.
The CNX Nifty Junior Index comprises of the next rung of liquid securities after those forming
part of S&P CNX Nifty. It may be useful to think of the S&P CNX Nifty and the CNX Nifty
Junior as making up the 100 most liquid stocks in India. CNX Nifty Junior represents about
8.98% of the total market capitalization as on September 1, 2006. The average traded value for
the last six months of all Junior Nifty stocks is approximately 9.17% of the traded value of allstocks on the NSE. Impact cost for CNX Nifty Junior for a portfolio size of RS.2.50 million is
0.15%. The CNX Nifty Junior was introduced on January 1, 1997, with base date and base value
being November 03, 1996 and 1000 respectively and a base capital of Rs.0.43 trillion.
The S&P CNX Nifty is a well-diversified 50 stock index accounting for 22 sectors of the
economy. It is used for a variety of purposes such as benchmarking fund portfolios, index based
derivatives and index funds. S&P CNX Nifty is based upon solid economic research and is well
respected internationally as a pioneering effort in better understanding how to make a stock
market index. The average total traded value for the last six months of all S&P CNX Nifty stocks
is approximately 56.31 % of the traded value of all stocks on the NSE. S&P CNX Nifty stocks
represent about 59.91 % of the total market capitalization as on September 1, 2006. The base
period selected for S&P CNX Nifty index is the close of prices on November 3, 1995, which
marks the completion of one year of operations of NSE's Capital Market Segment. The base
value of the index has been set at 1000 and a base capital of RS.2.06 trillion.
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CONCLUSION
According to findings and results, I concluded that FII did have high significant impact on theIndian capital market. Therefore, the alternate hypothesis is accepted. S&P CNX NIFTY,
BANK NIFTY, CNX NIFTY JUNIOR, S&P CNX 500 showed positive correlation but CNX
100, CNX IT showed negative correlation with FII. Also the degree of relation was high in all
the case. It shows high degree of linear relation between FII and stock index. This shows that
there is relationship between them.
One of the reasons for high degree of any linear relation can also be due to the sample data. The
data was taken on monthly basis. The data on daily basis can give more positive results (may be).
Also FII is not the only factor affecting the stock indices. There are other major factors that
influence the bourses in the stock market. I also analyzed that FII had significant impact on the
stock index for the period starting from January 1991 to March 2007. The sample data available
for other indices like BANK NIFTY, CNX 100, S&P CNX 500 was low with just 51, 87 and 94
respectively observations that have also hampered the results.
In this study I tried to find out the impact of and FIIs on Indian Stock Market .the important
result of this study is that the foreign investment is determined by stock market return. But
foreign investment is not a major factor for the stock market boom in India the FII are
increasingly dominant in the stock market. The domestic investors and domestic companiesremain not so dominant. There is therefore the fear of sudden outflows of the foreign capital and
this may be a trigger a third stock market scam as most regulatory changes re being made only as
a follow up of an adverse event.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Some of the steps that can be taken to help influence the choices made by foreign institutional
investors include:
The Government should cut its fiscal deficits, which would result in strengthening the
economy as a whole.
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Creating infrastructure and other facilities to attract foreign investment. As described earlier,
an array of services can help promote foreign institutional investment in India, ranging from
basic services such as the provision of electricity and clean water, to fair and effective dispute
resolution systems.
The ability of governments to prevent or reduce financial crises also has a great impact on the
growth of capital flows. Steps to address these crises include strengthening banking supervision,
requiring more transparency in international financial transactions and ensuring adequate
supervision and regulation of financial markets.
An attempt should be made to bring down the inflation level to attract more foreign
institutional investments into India.
The Banking system needs to be strengthened which could be achieved by reducing the
number of Non Performing Assets.
The FIIs investments, though shown an increasing trend over time, are still far below the
permissible limits. One such measure in this line could be the newly announced INDONEXT, the
platform for trading the small and mid-cap companies, which might bring some focus on these
companies and hopefully add some liquidity and volume to their trading, which may attract some
further investments in them by FIIs.
The fact is that developing country like India has its own compulsions arising out of the very
state of their social, political and economic development. To attract portfolio investments and
retain their confidence, the host countries have to follow stable macro-economic policies,
The provision for clear procedures must be followed in the event of disputes between
investors and host governments, to ensure that rules are adhered to and that arbitration may be
established by mutual consent.
Countries may impose these kinds of measures like expropriation, domestic content
requirements, restrictions on capital outflows of short term investments, etc with the intention of
protecting domestic industries from international competition and promoting their economic
development, but this usually leads to misallocation of resources away from the natural
economic capabilities of nations.
There has been a significant shift in the character of global capital flows to the developing
countries in recent years in that the predominance of private account capital transfer and
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especially portfolio investments (FPI) increased considerably. In order to attract portfolio
investments which prefer liquidity, it has been advocated to develop stock markets.
LIMITATIONS
The data for analysis of impact of FII on stock exchange is limited to National stockexchange (NSE) only.
As the time available is limited and the subject is very vast. The study is general. It is mainly based on the data available in various websites &other secondary sources . The inferences made is purely from the past years performance There is no particular format for the study. Sufficient time is not available to conduct an in-depth study.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Journals:
a) ICFAI Journal: E.g. the ICFAI journal of public finance, issue- February, vol. VI.b) Handbook of statistics on the Indian securities market 2008.
Books:
a) Foreign direct investment in India by Lata Chakravarthy.b) FDI (issues in emerging economies) by K. Seethe Pathi.c) Foreign institutional investors by G Gopal Krishna Murthy.
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Internet sites:
www.nse.india.com
www.sebi.co.in www.centrum.co.in www.bse.co.in www.indianinfoline.com
http://www.nse.india.com/http://www.sebi.co.in/http://www.centrum.co.in/http://www.bse.co.in/http://www.indianinfoline.com/http://www.indianinfoline.com/http://www.bse.co.in/http://www.centrum.co.in/http://www.sebi.co.in/http://www.nse.india.com/