Sustainability Eccs 08

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Structures

Helena Gervásio. .

Aalesund, 18th September 2008


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2|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Gervásio

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Tools for Sustainable Assessment

Case study: Life cycle assessment of a residential house

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering


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THE CONSTRUCTION SECTORTHE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

in the United States (12%); in developing world it represents 2-3% of GDP

Construction sector provides 7% of world employment (28% of industrial

employment)

Construction sector consumes 50% of all resources taken from earth

Building and construction sector consumes 25-40% of all energy used(OECD countries)

The built environment is the largest source of GHGs in Europe and it

accounts for ≈ 40% of world GHG emissions

generated in higher income countries

Source: UNEP Industry and Environment 2003



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Industrial direct COIndustrial direct CO22 emissions (2004)emissions (2004)

Iron and steelOther Iron & steel industry accounts for

27%28% 27% of direct CO2 emissions from

the industry sector

Chemicals &petrochemicals

16%

≈ 3-4% of global GHG emissions

(IPCC)

Non-metallicminerals

27%

. onnes o 2 s em e or every

tonne of steel produced

Non-ferrousmetals

2%ource: “Tracking Industr ial Energy Effic iency and CO

2

Emissions “ IEA, 2007



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MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRYMAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STEEL INDUSTRY

1%Chemicals & petrochemicalsIron and steel

30%

2%

1%

1%16%

Non-metallic minerals

Paper, pulp and print

Food and tobacco

4%

4%2%

Non-ferrous metals

Machinery

Textile and leather

Minin and uarr in

19%6%

5%

Construction

Wood

Transport equipment

9% Non-specified

Source: “Tracking Industr ial Energy Effic iency and CO

2




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⇒⇒Use of outdated technologies and low quality resourcesUse of outdated technologies and low quality resources

⇒⇒Worldwide variability in energy intensities and COWorldwide variability in energy intensities and CO22emissionsemissions

,,

⇒⇒ Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency Saving potential in primary energySaving potential in primary energy

about 2.3about 2.3 – – 2.9 EJ/year 2.9 EJ/year

EJ/yearEJ/year

Reduction of COReduction of CO22 emissionsemissions – – 220220 – – 360 Mt CO360 Mt CO22 /year /year


Source: “Tracking Industrial Energy Eff iciency and CO

2



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“

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs”

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTIONSUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

Sustainable Construction results from the application of

the principles of Sustainable Development to the global

cycle of construction, from raw material acquisition,

through planning, design, construction and operation, to

na emo on an was e managemen .

Chrisna du Plessis – Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in

Developing Countries



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STRUCTURES TOSTRUCTURES TO SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY



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ELECTRIC ARC FURNACEBLAST FURNACE

e.g. Production of 1 kg of steel (sections) (IISI)

Total primary

Energy: 28.97 MJ 9.50 MJ

World production of steel (IISI, 2006)

Ox en – 65.5 % Electric – 32.0 % O en hearth – 2.5%

. .



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Sustainable countermeasuresSustainable countermeasures

Energy efficiency

Highly energy efficient facilities (e.g. high efficiency combustion burners,

optimization of the reheating of furnaces, etc)

Rec clin of roducts e. . waste lastic waste tires etc

PJ/year Integrated steelworks energy intensity

(GJ/tonne steel)

NIPPON STEEL CORUS


Source: Nippon Steel – “ Sustainability Report 2007” Source: Corus Corporate Responsability Report 2007/08


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Reduction of CO emissions

CO2 Million tonnes/year Direct and indirect CO2 emissions from integrated

NIPPON STEEL CORUS

steelmaking (kg)/tonne liquid steel

2012 reduction2012 reduction

target (


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B - roducts1 tonne of iron generates 600 kg of by-

Reutilization of by-product gases (e.g use of coke oven gas and blast furnace gas

as fuel gas for heating furnaces or energy sources for power generation plants, etc)

pro uc s s ag, us an s u ge

Use of by-products as raw materials in the steel works or in other industries (e.g.cement production)

The use of blast furnace and steel slag as a substitute for

clinker in cement roduction could contribute 140 – 185 Mt

CO2 reduction (source: IISI)Example: NIPPON STEEL

-company

use(30%)By-products

Powerplant(40%)

By-product

gases

Cementindustriesand others

68%WasteFuel gas

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural EngineeringSource: Nippon Steel – “ Sustainability Report 2007”


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Research and development (R&D)

e.g. Ultra-Low CO2 Steelmaking (ULCOS) project (http://www.ulcos.org/en/index.php)

,

plants are operating at the limits of what is presently technically possible

uropean pro ec , nvo v ng a ma or s ee compan es, a m ng a a ras c

reduction in CO2 emissions from steel production (50% reduction in comparisonwith todays’ best routes)

Use of High Strength Steel (HSS)

. .

The use of HISTAR for common steels achieves reductions of 32% in steel

columns and 19% in beams, allowing to save in CO2 emissions

(source: ArcelorMittal: Bold Future 2007 – Annual report)



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Steel structures are installed rapidly – the time of construction

can e re uce o a e me nee e or o er ype o

construction; Frame elements are delivered in time for installation minimizing

the area needed for storage and contributing to an efficient

construction site;

The prefabrication of frames provides a safer and cleaner

working environment;

Prefabrication ensures accurate and quality workmanship;

Waste during construction is reduced to a minimum and most

waste is rec clable.



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- -

efficient material;

Steel is 100% recyclable leading to the minimization of natural

resource depletion and environmental impacts;

Steel has a long life span allowing to amortize the

env ronmen a mpac s ue o s pro uc on s age;

Thermal and acoustic insulation ma be ada ted to an local

or functional requirement.



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Steel frames can easily be adapted to new functional

requirements over the building life cycle;

Rehabilitation of existing buildings is easier with steel frames

A steel structure has exceptional durability, with little or no

maintenance, contributing to the safeguard of natural resources.



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END-OF-LIFE

Steel is 100% rec clable and it can be infinitel rec cled

without loss of quality

2emissions (in 2006, about 894 million metric tons of CO2were saved

By improving design, the need for new steel production

without reprocessing

Source: “Steel and you – The l ife of steel ” (IISI)

,

100%



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OF STEEL STRUCTURES ?OF STEEL STRUCTURES ?



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e.g. LEED - voluntary labelling system aiming to assess the global

environmental performance of a building through its life cycle

Process based in a system of 64 credits divided by 5 areas of

environmental impacts:. Sustainable Sites (SS)

. Water Efficiency (WE)

. Energy and Atmosphere (EA)

. a er a s an esources

. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)

. Innovation and Design Process (ID)

> 26 credits

Classification:

LEED certification ver

> 39 e < 51 credits Gold

> 52 e < 69 credits Platinum



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Assessment of steel structures according to LEED system

Materials and Resources (MR)

Building reuse – steel buildings are flexible and adaptable

Construction waste management – steel is consistently recycled

Resource reuse – structural steel can be refabricated and reused

Recycled content – steel has close to 100% recycled content from scrap

Innovation and Design Process (ID)

Use of composite members

Design for deconstruction

Design for adaptabil ity



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The environmental impacts of buildings occur throughout all

To overcome the shifting of burdens from one life cycle stage,

perspective needs to be taken into account

ew n erna ona s an ar s or sus a na y assessmen o

buildings under development follow a life cycle approach

e.g.: prEN 15643-1 Sustainability of construction works - Integrated

assessment of building performance - Part 1: General framework.

ISO/TS 21931-1 Sustainability in building construction - Framework forme o s o assessmen or env ronmen a per ormance o cons ruc on

works - Part 1: Buildings.



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System BoundarySystem Boundary

Construction Operation End of lifeMaterial

Air Emissions

Unit

ProcessWater Water Effluents

Releases to Land

Other releases

Intermediate Material or

Final Product



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CASE STUDYCASE STUDY



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Comparative analysis between two alternative structural

INTRODUCTION

solutions of a dwelling in the context of sustainable

construction;

Both solutions were designed for a service life of 50 years

according to their respective Structural Eurocodes;

e cyc e env ronmen a ana ys s a es n o accoun e a ance

between the operational energy and the embodied energy of thebuilding;

A sustainability analysis is carried out in order to evaluate which

structural system has a better environmental performance,cons er ng a e cyc e approac .



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Productionof materials

TransportRecycling

ConstructionTransport

Embodied energy



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PROJECT OVERVIEW



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APPROACH

The functional unit

A residential house, for a family of 5 persons,designed to fulfil the requirements of national

regulations about safety, comfort and energy

,



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CASE STUDY

1st Floor – 183 m2 2nd Floor – 183 m2 3rd Floor – 68 m2


|S t i bilit f St l St t


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EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB

– –

1. C 150 profile (walls), C 250 profile (slabs)

2. Gypsum plaster board BA15

3. Rock wool (140mm)4. OSB 11 walls , OSB 18 slabs

5. Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS)


|Sustainability of Steel Structures H l G á i


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INTERIOR WALLS

– –

1. C90 profile 2. Gypsum plaster board BA15 3. Rock wool (70mm)

4. Gypsum plaster board WA13 5. Ceramic


33|Sustainability of Steel Structures Helena Ger ásio


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Bill of materials

– –

Concrete 70680 kg

Cold formed steel 19494 kg

Rock wool 12335 kgGypsum plaster board 13208 kg

Oriented strand board 7016 kg

Reinforcement steel 1307 kg

Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS):

Insulation board (Polystyrene) 330 m

Finish Coat (acrylic) 330 m2

Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)

Element U

Exterior wall 0.240Roof 0.292

Terrace 0.289




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EXTERIOR WALL AND SLAB

– –

1. Internal clay brick wall (11 cm)

2. External cla brick wall 15 cm

3. Mortar (2 cm) + Paint

4. Air space (6 cm)

5. Mineral wool (6 cm)




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INTERIOR WALL

– –

1. Concrete frame

2. Clay brick wall (11cm)

.

4. Mineral Wool (6cm)

5. Stucco

6. Paint7. Nesting mortar




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36|y Helena Gervásio

Bill of materials

– –

Material Quantities Unit

Concrete C25/30 517482 kg

Reinforcement steel 15877 kg

Brick walls int. + ext. 120852 k

Cement mortar 38508 kg

Insulation board (polystyrene) 1327 kg

Alkyd paint 139 kg

Thermal transmittance (W/m2.oC)

Element U

Exterior wall 0.483

Roof 0.610

Terrace 0.500



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|

PRODUCTION OF STEEL (IISI)PRODUCTION OF STEEL (IISI)INVENTORY ANALYSIS

System

Raw material

and energypro uc on

(including

extraction) Transportation Steelworks

Natural

Steel

products

Non allocated

EmissionsBy-products

Consumable

s production

Recovery

processes

resources

from earthBy-products

to earth

Merchant

scra

Save

external

o erations

Scrap

Equivalent

By-product

functions

other

steelwork,

etc




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Operational energy quantificationEuropean Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings [2002/91/CE]

ISO 13790 A fully prescribed monthly quasi-steady state calculation method;

A fully prescribed simple hourly dynamic calculation method;

Calculation procedures for detailed dynamic simulation methods.

RCCTE (Dec.Lei 80) - Quasi-steady approach, in which dynamic

utilization factor

annual energy need for heating (Nic) < Ni

v

ENERGY CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS




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Winter climatic zones Summer climatic zones

Coimbra Coimbra




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Operational energy quantification

Set point temperature: 20oC

o m ra: c mat c w nter zone 1

Length of heating season: 6 months

Degree-days: 1 460 oC.days

Coolin season

Set point temperature: 25oC

Length of cooling season: 4 months (June-September)



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OPERATIONAL ENERGY vs. EMBODIED ENERGY



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ALLOCATION OF SCRAPALLOCATION OF SCRAP Closed material loo rec clinClosed material loo rec clin

-- --

methodology (IISI)methodology (IISI)

Net scrap = RR - S

Steel product(1kg)

LCI credit/debit = (RR – S) x Y (Xpr – Xre)

LCI product = X’ – [(RR – S) x Y (Xpr – Xre)]




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RESULTS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS




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LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – LIGHTWEIGHT

STEEL FRAME




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LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS – CONCRETE FRAME



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LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS




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Steel structures have a positive contribution towards the

sustainability of the construction sector;

Steel industry needs to be recognize by the role played in the

sector;

It is necessary to demonstrate the benefits of steel structures

based in credible data and appropriate methodologies;

Life cycle analysis allow to highlight the advantages of steel

structures, namely, recycling and reuse of structures;

Further initiatives leading to more eficient life cycle performance of

steel structures (e.g. deconstruction, modular construction, design

for adaptability, improvements in the energy efficient, etc).


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