DR. I.D. MALLDepartment of Chemical Engg.

Indian Institute of Technology, RoorkeeRoorkee- 247667

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A CRITICALSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISALENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A CRITICAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISALENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL

• INTRODUCTION• URBAN POPULATION GROWTH – INDIAN

SCENARIO• URBANISATION & INDUSTRIALISATION AND ITS

IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT• Water Scarcity and Water Pollution• Air Pollution• Solid Waste and its Impact on Environment• Noise Pollution• Climate Changes• Deforestation• Loss of Bio-diversity• CONCLUSIONS

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTLiving, Non living : Soil, water, air, energy, spaceLiving, Non living : Soil, water, air, energy, space

Socioeconomic.Socioeconomic.

LIVINGNON-

LIVINGENVIRONMENT

SOCIE-ECONOMIC

According to Hindu mythology, the gods once decided to churn the sea (Samudra Manthan) to obtain the pot of nectar of immortality (amrut). While churning, along with various unique precious things, a stream of poison was released and it started damaging and destroying the environment. Unless this problem was solved, it was not possible to obtain the amrut. When no other god showed willingness to handle the poison, Lord Shiva volunteered. He drank the whole stream of poison. But if He gulps down, He will invite death and hence He stops the poison in His throat. Thereafter, Lord Shiva is also known as Neelkanth (blue throat). Thus Lord Shiva showed the way to process the elements damaging environment and pioneered the concept of 'Sustainable Development'.

ORIGIN OF THE SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTORIGIN OF THE SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT

• The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

• The Convention of Climate Change

• Convention on Biological Diversity

• Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests (Forests Principles program).

FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSTAINABILITYFACTORS INFLUENCING SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability is• Safe• Universally accepted• Stable• Technology that benefits all• Antipollution• Improvement in quality of life• Nontoxic• Awareness• Beautiful• Indigenous knowledge• Least-cost production• Income• Total quality• Youth

CARRYING CAPACITYCARRYING CAPACITY

• The number of people the earth can support• Biological: maximum limits of global food

production• Cultural: quality of life, the environment,

future generations• Cultural carrying capacity: the size of a

population that can live in a long-term, sustained balance with the environment at a reasonable quality of life with land

CARRYING CAPACITYCARRYING CAPACITYEconomic Progress

Quality of Life

Output

Developmental Activities

Input Wastes / Residuals

Resources Environment

AssimilativeCapacity

SupportiveCapacity

Carrying Capacity

ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

• Reviving growth.• Changing the quality of growth.• Meeting essential needs for jobs, food,

energy, water, and sanitation.• Conserving and enhancing the resource

base.• Reorienting technology and managing risk.• Merging environment and economics in

decision making.

Mahatma Gandhi [when asked if, after independence, India would attain British standards of living]: “It took Britain half the resources of the planet to achieve its prosperity; how many planets will a country like India require?”

INTRODUCTION continued..INTRODUCTION continued..• Rapid industrialization, urbanization and fast economic

growth worldwide phenomenon.

• 1950: 29.3% of the global population in urban area, • Present share of urban population more than 43%, to cross

50% mark in 2005.

• By 2030, global urban population: twice the size of rural population.

• By 2025, more than three fifth of the world population will live in urban area.

• Growth of urban population in the developing countries is running at much faster rate than the developed countries.

• By 2000 AD there will 21 cities in the world with more than 10 Million inhabitants and 17 of them will be in developing countries,

• During the second half of the 20th century the world population is projected to grow by almost 160%, urban population to grow by 375%.

• Annual rate of growth reached a peak of 90 million persons a year between 1985 and 1990

• By 200, this has fallen to approximately 80 million persons per year

• Experts predict 85%,that growth will level off by the 2070

• Urban population in India: – 17.3% in 1950– 25.5% in 1990 and– more than 45% by 2025 AD

• Since 1950 global economic output has increased approximately 5 times

• On top of increased rates of resource extraction, industrialization, consumption, and waste production

• In developing countries:– Wages improved– Poverty declined– Infant mortality declined– Life expectancy increased

• However in some poor countries : economic conditions get worse, as results of Social/political unrest, internal and boundary wars, tribal conflicts

• Gap between rich and poor grows– In 1960 30:1– In 1992 61:1

• The present people make 1.1% of global income.• At least 1/5 of people are worse off today in income than

generation ago.

• Today 20 % of the Earth’s people consume 90 % of its resources; meanwhile some 4 billion people live on less than US$ 2 per day. This pattern is not sustainable – nor is the rate of resource depletion.

• If we do not act rapidly, by 2032 more than half the World’s people will live in water-stressed areas.

• In addition, expansion of cities, roads and other infrastructure will entail the disturbance or outright destruction of habitats and wildlife on over 70 % of the planet’s total land surface (Toepfer, 2002).

• Over 70% of the earth surface could be affected by roads, mining, cities and other infrastructure development in the next 30 years unless urgent action is taken,

• Automobile pollution is major concern in cities all over the world.

• Loss of biodiversity and climatic changes due to large scale deforestation is another major problem of urbanization and industrialization.

• The CO2 level in the atmosphere is increasing, causing the earth’s temperature to rise and leading to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers

• The number of forest fires is also increasing around the world.

• Rivers are running dry.• China in 1972 the yellow river did not reach the sea

for the first time in the history• 1977: it did not reach the sea during 226 days• Situation in many rivers in India is also alarming

•Plants and animal are taking strong a strong hit; they are desperately trying to adapt, but too many will not make it

•Poverty erodes human capital;

•There are stark social inequities. 20% world population accounts for 80% of total consumption

•Nearly half of the world population( an estimated 2.8 billion people) lives in less than two dollars a day

•Modern society has introduced or increased human exposure to thousands of chemicals in the environment

Fast growing unplanned and indiscriminate urbanization: Cause of recent ecological imbalances

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS WHICH MANKIND IS FACING DUE TO URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ARE:

• Large scale contamination of water and air.• Deforestation • Increase in urban slums• Generation of huge solid waste consisting of hazardous material.• Water scarcity and ground water depletion.• Global warming• Greenhouse effect• Ozone layer depletion

IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONIMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Water Pollution

851 industries Discharging 100 +kg BODTamil Nadu Highest Polluter

Grasim Industries

687k Gallons/day of Industrial Waste disposed into Ganges Food and Agro Based Industries contribute 65-70% of Total Industrial water waste

AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTANT IMPACTS

• Greenhouse effect

• Ozone depletion

• Acidification

• Smog formation

• Eutrophication

• Human health

BIODIVERSITYWith the loss of tropical forests, Earth’s biodiversity will decline….50% of plant, animals, and microorganisms live in rain forests….Biodiversity has been seen as the total (and irreducible) complexity of all life, including not only the great variety of organisms but also their varying behavior and interactions

Climate Change and DevelopmentClimate Change and Development

Socioeconomic development pathDemographic change

Economic growthTechnology

Policy & Institutions

Climate changeTemperature rise

Precipitation changeSea level rise

Variability and extreme events

Human and Natural systemsLand and water resourcesEcosystems and biodiversityHuman healthHuman settlements and infrastructure

Emissions and concentrationsGreenhouse gases

AerosolsIm

pacts

Mit

igat

ion

AdaptationVulnerability

Source: IIASA

SOLID WASTE GENERATIONSOLID WASTE GENERATION

• World’s urban waste 720 million tonnes (50% in developing countries)

• Global Municipal Solid Waste to Increase 7% in 2004

• A report from Research Markets in Dublin, Ireland estimates that in 2004, the total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally will increase 7% over 2003 figures to 1.84 billion tonnes. The report further estimates that between 2004 and 2008, global generation of municipal waste will rise by 31.1%.

Environmental

Social Economic

PAST CONCEPTPAST CONCEPT

DECISION MAKING IN A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY

Social Economic

Environmental

SustainableSolutions

WHY RE-BUILDING NATURAL RESOURCES WHY RE-BUILDING NATURAL RESOURCES IS URGENT? - EXAMPLE OF INDIAIS URGENT? - EXAMPLE OF INDIA

• GDP loss due to environmental damage exceeds 10% per year (the case of the US is perhaps worse according to the organisation Redefining Progress)• 11-26% loss of agricultural output due to soil degradation• Annual growth of forest only 88 / cubic mtrs as against 139 - 235 cubic mtrs possible.• 23 known species extinct, indicative of threat to rich bio- diversity.• 2.5 million people dying prematurely each year due to air pollution• Water quality in most most major rivers of India far below acceptable level

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

FOUR CRITICAL FACTORS• POPULATION- HOW TO CONTROL?• TECCHGNOLOGY- HELP OR HINDRANCE?• CONSUMERISATION- CAN WE ALL HAVE THE RESOURCES WE

WANT ?• LAND USE- IS THERE ENOUGH?

ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS• CLIMATE PROTECTION THROUGH CONTROL OF CO2 EMISSION• PRESERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND

RESOPONSIBLE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND RAW MATERIALS

• CONTROL AND REDUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS AND DISCHARGES

• LAND SCAPE PROTECTION

“Nature is essence of civilisation, to preserve it in its pristine glory and magnificence becomes our priority”