Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Interlinkages Analysis and VisualisationA practical tool supporting SDG integration and policy coherence

Dr.MustafaMoinuddinSeniorPolicyResearcherandResearchManagerStrategicandQuantitativeAnalysisCentre(QAC),IGES

Dr.XinZhouPrincipalPolicyResearcherandResearchLeaderStrategicandQuantitativeAnalysisCentre(QAC),IGES

Dhaka,May2018

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Outline

AbouttheInstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies(IGES)IGESSDGInterlinkagesanalyticalmethodologyandVisualisationToolExampleofitsapplicationandinitialfindings

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AbouttheInstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies(IGES)

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About the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

IGES,apublicinterestincorporatedfoundation,focusesonacceleratingthetransitiontoasustainable,resilient,shared,inclusiveAsia-Pacificregion,bothacrossbordersandwithintheworldatlarge.IGESoperatesasanagentofchangetofosteraworldwhereplanetaryboundariesarefullyrespected,agreeneconomyisflexiblyimplemented,andthewell-beingofpeopleissteadilyimproved.TheInstitutemaintainsitsinternationalheadquartersinHayama,Japan,withofficesandcountrydesksinTokyo,Kansai,Kitakyushu,Beijing,Bangkok,andNewDelhi.

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Organisational Structure

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Strategic and Quantitative Analysis CentreAhubtopromotethescience-policylinkageforachievingsustainabledevelopment.Contributesincreatingvalue-addedknowledgethroughstrategicresearchandquantitativepolicyassessmentAimsathelpinginformedpolicymakingandproblem-solvingindevelopingcountriesinAsiaandthePacificandbeyond.

Macro-economic and energy-economic models

Input/output and social accounting matrix analysis

Econometrics

Energy system analysis

Scenario analysis

Interlinkages and social network analysis

QAC

Quantitative tool development

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Bangladeshi researchers in IGES

MustafaMoinuddin,Ph.D.SeniorPolicyResearcherandResearchManager

StrategicandQuantitativeAnalysisCentre

Bijon Kumer Mitra Ph.D.SeniorWaterResourceSpecialist

NaturalResourcesandEcosystemServiceGroup

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IGES activities in Bangladesh

VariousthematicareasincludingLowcarbontechnology/JointCreditingMechanismWater-energy-foodnexusCapacitybuildingforlowcarbondevelopmentClimatechangeadaptationmeasures

PartnersandcollaboratorsincludingGovernmentalministries/agencies(DOEandothers)Research/academicinstitutes(BUET,KhulnaUniversity,ICCCAD)

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IGESSDGInterlinkagesanalyticalmethodologyandVisualisationTool

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Importance of SDG interlinkages analysis and existing knowledge gaps

The17SDGsandtheirtargetscoverseparateanddiverseelementsthatinteractandcomplementeachotherinanindivisibleway,andindoingsomakeupacomplexnetworkofinterlinkages.TheframeworkoftheSDGssuggestsanintegratedapproachtoseekandscaleupthesynergies,andmitigateandeliminatethetrade-offsthroughintegrationacrosssectorsandcollaborationsacrossvariousadministrativelevelsandactors.However,existingknowledgeonSDGinterlinkagesremainslimited.– Lackofcomprehensiveinterlinkagesstudycovering alltargets;– QuantificationoftheSDGinterlinkagesislimited;– SDGinterlinkagesstudyatthenationallevelislaggingbehind;

– AnalysisofSDGinterlinkages,beyondtheidentificationoftheinterlinkages,islimited.

IGESdevelopedapracticalandscience-basedSDGInterlinkagesVisualisationWebToolthatcanhelpinshiftingfromasiloapproachtoanintegratedapproach.

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IGES’ integrated approach on SDG interlinkages analysis and visualisation

TheSDGInterlinkagesWebTool(i)allowsuserstovisualisetheinterlinkagesbetweenSDGtargets,(ii)helpsidentifypotentialsynergiesandtrade-offsbetweenSDGtargets,(iii)providesindicator-leveltime-seriesdataforselectedcountriesinAsia,and(iv)enablescomparisonofcountryprogressandperformanceovertime.

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IGES’ SDG Interlinkages and Data Visualisation Web Tool (Ver. 1)

Users can select a country from here.

User can select Goals from here.

User can select Targets from here.

For example, here we selected Bangladesh, Goal 2 on zero hunger and Target 2.3 on doubling agriculture productivity. Target 2.3 has potential synergies with many targets of Goal 2 (hunger), Goal 12(SCP), and Goal 14 (life below water) but possible trade-offs with several targets of Goal 1 (poverty), Goal 8 (jobs and growth), Goal 6 (water) and Goal 10 (inequalities).

Economictargets

Socialtargets

Environmentaltargets

Free to access online at: https://sdginterlinkages.iges.jp/visualisationtool.html

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Applications of the tool for SDG integration

Planning:Prioritysetting,checklistforSEA,SA

Institution:Whichgov.organizationsshouldbeinvolved

Financing:Efficientresourceallocationbasedonthesynergies,informedinvestmentdecisions(threeAfricancountries)

Monitoring:Developmentofheadlineindicators(China)

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Application of the tool for SDG integrationTheSDGInterlinkagesmethodologyandtoolhasbeendemonstratedatvariousinternationalsymposiumsincludingtheSDTF2017andAPFSD2018.Thetoolhasbeenwellreceivedbyinternationalorganizations,expertsandpractitionersforitshighpotentialforpracticalapplication.IthasbeenfeaturedinthehomepageofGreenGrowthKnowledgePlatform,citedinseveralreports,andrecentlyithasbeenincludedinUNESCAP’sSDGHelpDesk.ThemethodologyhasbeenappliedforacademicpublicationrelatingtoidentifyingheadlineindicatorsforChina.IGESisnowdevelopingacomprehensiveflagshippublicationwiththeresultsoftheapplicationofthemethodologyonvariousthematicissues(SCP,sustainableinfrastructure,trade,climatechange,andcities)aswellascountrycasestudies).Relatedpublication:

IGES Research ReportSustainable Development Goals Interlinkages and Network Analysis: A practical tool for SDG integration and policy coherenceXin Zhou and Mustafa MoinuddinJune 2017https://sdginterlinkages.iges.jp/publications.html

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Exampleofitsapplicationandinitialfindings

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Bangladesh’s MDG achievements and preparations for SDG implementation

ImpressiveperformanceinimplementingtheMDGs,thoughsomeareasneedfurtherandcontinuousattentionMDGprogress,highgrowth,largelabourforce,increasingconnectivityandagrowingmiddleclasshascreatedasolidfoundationforembracingtheSDGsGovernmentalpoliciesandactionsdemonstrateclearintentandstrongcommitmentfromthehighestpoliticalofficestosuccessfullyimplementtheSDGsSomechallengessuchasresourcemobilization,stakeholdersengagement,dataavailabilityandmanagementandlocalizingSDGsremain,butcanbeovercomewithpositiveintentandeffortsSDGsareholistic,andcallsforleavingnoonebehind.Breakingthesilosandadoptinganintegratedapproachthereforeisnecessary.

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Country-specific dashboards indicating potential reinforcing (green) and conflicting (red) interlinkages

Bangladesh

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Bangladesh’s unfinished MDG agenda and links with SDG

WhileBangladeshmadesignificantprogressinMDGs,therearesomespecificareaswhereprogresshasbeenslowandneedsfurtherattention.Theseareasincludeemploymentgeneration,primaryschoolcompletion,adultliteracyrate,decentwageemploymentforwomen,skilledhealthprofessionals,andforestareacoverage.Wemakeantentativemappingoftherelatedtargets/indicatorswithSDGtargets.Basedonthis,someinitialanalysisofinterlinkagesofthesetargetsaswellaswhytheyweredifficulttoattainhavebeentraced.

Overall snapshot of Bangladesh’s MDG progress based on 65 reported indicatorsSource: Based on (General Economics Division 2016)

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MDGindicators SDGtargets

1.5:Employment-to-populationratio(15+) Target8.5by2030achievefullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforallwomenandmen,includingforyoungpeopleandpersonswithdisabilities,andequalpayforworkofequalvalue

2.2:Proportionofpupilsstartinggrade1whoreachgrade5,%

Target4.1by2030,ensurethatallgirlsandboyscompletefree,equitableandqualityprimaryandsecondaryeducationleadingtorelevantandeffectivelearningoutcomes

2.3:Literacyrateof15-24yearolds,womenandmen,%

Target4.6by2030ensurethatallyouthandatleastx%ofadults,bothmenandwomen,achieveliteracyandnumeracy

3.2:Shareofwomeninwageemploymentinthenonagriculturalsector,(%)

Target5.5ensurewomen’sfullandeffectiveparticipationandequalopportunitiesforleadershipatalllevelsofdecision-makinginpolitical,economic,andpubliclife

4.3:Proportionof1yearoldchildrenimmunizedagainstmeasles,%

Target3.8achieveuniversalhealthcoverage(UHC),includingfinancialriskprotection,accesstoqualityessentialhealthcareservices,andaccesstosafe,effective,quality,andaffordableessentialmedicinesandvaccinesforall

5.1:Maternalmortalityratio(per100,000livebirths)

Target3.1by2030reducetheglobalmaternalmortalityratiotolessthan70per100,000livebirths

5.2:Proportionofbirthsattendedbyskilledhealthpersonnel(%)

Target3.cincreasesubstantiallyhealthfinancingandtherecruitment,developmentandtrainingandretentionofthehealthworkforceindevelopingcountries,especiallyinLDCsandSIDS

5.3:Contraceptiveprevalencerate(%) Target5.6ensureuniversalaccesstosexualandreproductivehealthandreproductiverightsasagreedinaccordancewiththeProgrammeofActionoftheICPDandtheBeijingPlatformforActionandtheoutcomedocumentsoftheirreviewconferences

6.9a:PrevalenceofTBper100,000population Target3.3by2030endtheepidemicsofAIDS,tuberculosis,malaria,andneglectedtropicaldiseasesandcombathepatitis,water-bornediseases,andothercommunicablediseases

7.1:Proportionoflandareacoveredbyforest,%(treecoverage)

Target15.3by2020,combatdesertification,andrestoreShareofforestareaintotallandareadegradedlandandsoil,includinglandaffectedbydesertification,droughtandfloods,andstrivetoachievealand-degradationneutralworld

Bangladesh’s unfinished MDG agenda and links with SDG

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Targets under SDG 3 (Health)

These4targetsareinterlinkedwithmanyothertargetsunderasmanyas14Goals(SDG1,2,34,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,15,and17).Wecanseemanysynergies(blacklines)butalsoanumberoftrade-offs(redlines).ThepresenceofthesetradeoffswithtargetsinotherGoalsmakesitdifficulttoachievethesetargets.Wecantakeacloserlookatonesingletargettoillustratethisissue.

Notes:Target3.1=Reducematernalmortality;Target3.3=Endepidemicsofdiseases;Target3.8=Universalhealthcoverage;andTarget3.c.Increasehealthworkforce

Interlinkages of several targets under Goal 3 (health)

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Targets under SDG 3 (Health)

HerewechoseTarget3.8onuniversalhealthcoverage,whichisrelatedtotheunfinishedMDGTargetorreducingchildmortality.TheindicatorwhereBangladesh’sperformancelaggedbehindwasrelatedtochildren’simmunization,andtheIGESSDGInterlinkagesToolusesasimilarindicatoronimmunization.Theinterlinkagesvisualizationchartontherightsideshowsthepresenceofmanytrade-offs,particularlywithtargetsunderGoal1(poverty)andGoal10(inequalities).Theseconflictswithothertargetsmayhaveaffectedachievingthistarget.

Interlinkages of Target 3.8 on universal health coverage

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Another example with Goal 15 (Life on land)

ShareofforestareaintotallandareaisanotherareawhereBangladeshfaceddifficultiesintheMDGperiod.ThisindicatoriscoveredunderSDGTarget15.3oncombattingdesertificationandsoildegradation.WevisualizedtheinterlinkagesofTarget15.3(ontheleft).Thistargetislinkedwith10Goals,mostlyintheenvironmentaldomain(SDG6,12,13,14and15)butalsoseveralinsocialdomain(SDG1,2,3and11)Thevisualizationchartshowsthatthistargethasclearandwaytoomanyconflictsortrade-offswithmanyofthesocialandenvironmentaltargets.Infact,trade-offsoutweighsynergiesforthisspecifictarget.

Interlinkages of Target 15.3 on combatting desertification and soil degradation.

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Need for understanding the interlinkages

Manycountries,includingBangladeshmadegreateffortsinachievingtheMDGTargets,andtheprogressmadewasreallyremarkable.Therearehoweversomemore-than-usualdifficultGoalsorTargetswhereprogresshasbeenrelativelylow.TheexamplesprovidedinthepreviousslidesindicatethatcompletingtheMDGunfinishedagendaandachievingtheSDGsthroughanintegratedapproachwillrequireminimizingthetrade-offsandmaximizingsynergiesamongtheGoalsandTargets.Theinterlinkageschartsalsodemonstratethatinstitutionalarrangementswillbeamajorissueinthisintegratedapproach,becausetheinterlinkagesofaGoalorTargetarenotlimitedtothesameGoalarea,ratheroftentheyareconnectedwithmanyotherGoalsandTargets.Theconventionalsilo-basedapproachneedstoberadicallytransformed.Whileminimizingthetrade-offsisimportant,itisoftenmoredifficultandrequiresmoreresources.StrategiesforenhancingsynergiesinpriorityGoals/Targetscanhelpachieveco-benefits,allocateresourcesmoreefficiently,andpavealearning-by-doingpathwaytowardsachievingtheSDGs.

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Institutional arrranementsTheGeneralEconomicsDivisionofBangladeshPlanningCommissionhasconductedamappingofallrelevantministriesanddivisionsbySDGsatthetargetslevel.Thisisverydetailedwork,anddemonstratesthecommitmentandoptimismofBangladeshinattainingtheSDGs.ThisinstitutionalarrangementscouldbefurtherenhancedifitcanalsotakeintoconsiderationtheinterlinkagesoftheGoalsandTargetstobreakthesiloapproach.

Forinstance,theGEDmappingsuggeststhatTarget10.4onpoliciesforgreaterinequalityshouldbeledbyGED,withCD.FD,MoLE,MoSW,Prog.Div andIRDplayinganassociaterole.Mostoftheseministries/divisionslargelydealwithissuesundertheareaofGoal10,andsocialdomaininparticular,thoughsomehavebroaderscope.However,Target10.4isinterlinkedwithotherGoalareasaswellastheothertwodomainsofsustainability:economy(SDG8)andenvironment(SDG6,7and15).Maximizingsynergiesandminimizingtrade-offswhileaddressingthistargetwillthereforerequiretheinvolvement– atleastattheassociatelevel– ofotherministriesanddivisions.Forinstance,thistargetisconnectedwith3targetsunderGoal5ongender.SotheinvolvementofMoWCA willbeimportant.

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Institutional arrangements for Target 10.4BasedonthemappingofleadministriesbyGEDandtheinterlinkagesofTarget10.4identifiedbytheIGESSDGtool,wederivedaveryinitialoutlineoftheinstitutionalarrangementforTarget10.4.Notethatassuggestedinthegovernmentalmappingstudy,GEDstillremainstheleadforthisTarget,buttheleadministries/divisionsoftheotherinterlinkedtargetsshouldalsobepart,atvariouscapacity,oftheinstitutionalarrangements.ThisisbecausethesetargetsalsoaffectorareaffectedbyTarget10.4.Thisfigurepresentsthearrangementsatthetargetlevel,butamoreaggregatedandpragmaticarrangementatthegoallevelmayalsobegenerated.Nonetheless,forprioritytargetsitmaybeusefultoconsidermoredetailedinstitutionalarrangements.

GED

PDRTHD

LGD

CD

MoHA

MOEF

MoLE

MoYSMoFL

MoHPW

MoEMR

FD

MoA

MoWCA

MoF

MoSW

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Priority SDG Targets for Bangladesh

Weappliedsocialnetworkanalysis(SNA)techniquesforthroughvariouscentralitymeasurestoidentifythestructureanduniquefeaturesoftheSDGinterlinkagesnetworksforBangladesh.Basedontheseanalyses,thetop20mostimportant,synergistictargetsandbottom10targetswithpotentialtrade-offsareidentified.Thesynergistictargetssuggestpossibleco-benefitswhilethebottom10indicatestheneedforprecautionarymeasures.

Top20targets

Weightedin-degree

Weightedout-degree

Weighteddegree

1 2.3 6.2 6.22 12.4 9.1 1.23 6.6 1.2 12.44 6.2 6.1 2.35 4.c 12.4 9.16 7.a 7.1 7.a7 1.2 17.2 7.18 1.1 7.a 17.29 7.1 14.1 6.610 17.2 2.3 1.111 11.1 17.16 17.1612 17.16 15.b 6.113 13.3 1.1 14.114 3.c 15.a 3.c15 9.1 4.1 4.c16 15.5 2.4 15.a17 14.2 3.c 11.118 8.4 3.d 13.319 5.b 6.6 14.2

20 11.2 11.2 15.b

Bottom10targetsWeightedin-

degreeWeightedout-degree

Weighteddegree

1 9.4 9.4 9.42 6.4 6.4 6.43 10.4 15.1 11.64 6.5 6.a 10.45 11.6 11.6 6.56 8.5 5.2 15.17 5.2 16.1 5.28 8.b 6.5 3.99 3.9 3.9 15.310 8.6 10.4 8.5

ThisinformationcanbeveryusefulforSDGplanningandprioritizationaswellasforresourcesallocation

ThemethodologycanalsobeappliedforidentifyingheadlineindicatorsformonitoringSDGprogress.

Contact:moinuddin@iges.or.jp

Thank you!

IGES Research ReportSustainable Development Goals Interlinkages and Network Analysis: A practical tool for SDG integration and policy coherenceXin Zhou and Mustafa MoinuddinJune 2017https://sdginterlinkages.iges.jp/publications.html