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Sustainable Energy Project Development Workshop for
Public Institutions May 22, 2008
Oakland UniversityJim Leidel
Energy Manager
Thank you to our sponsors:Oakland University Facilities ManagementSE Michigan Resource Development CouncilEntegrity Wind SystemsState of Michigan Energy OfficeChevron Energy SolutionsThermo Energy Systems
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Introduction to Renewable Energy Resources
SolarWindBiomassOthers
Brief Review of Oakland University Feasibility Studies
(Terawatts)
0.2%
0.02%
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Energy and the Environment
Alternative Energy Resources
Solar
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cosmic rays
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100% Solar
Electric Power ?
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Link to Spreadsheet
Calculation of Solar Panle Area Required to Meet 2002 US Electrical Energy Consumption
Annual electrical energy required = 1.25E+19 Joules / yr= 3.47E+12 kW hr / yr
Average POWER of full sun at solar panel = 1,000 W / m2
= 1.0 kW / m2
Average capacity factor 20%Hours per year 8,760 hours / yr
Average solar ENERGY available to solar panel = 1752 kW hr / m2 / yr= 4.8 kW hr / m2 / day
Estimated average PV total system efficiency = 10%Estimated average system losses = 15%Estimated electrical energy output = 148.92 kW hr / m2 / yr
= 0.408 kW hr / m2 / dayArea required 2.33E+10 m2
Area required 2.51E+11 ft2
Area required 5,761,310 acresArea required 9,002 miles2
~ Vermont
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Nellis Air Force Range & the Nevada Test Site
= 16,000 square miles
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Photosynthesis: Nature’s way to convert sunlight, CO2, water and nutrients into chemical energy
BioMass
Photosynthesis:CO2 + H2O + solar energy O2 + glucose
Reverse of photosynthesis:
CO2 + H2O + heat energy O2 + glucose
… also called combustion, oxidation, biodegradation…chemical bonds in glucose are broken
… nature’s battery stores solar energy in chemical bonds of glucose.
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Prospecting forBiomass ?
2005
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11
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BIOMASS CROPS
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Switchgrass
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The Wind
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WindSpeed @50mHeight
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WindSpeed @70mHeight
WindSpeed @100mHeight
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Other Sources:Hydro Power
Geothermal Energy
Ocean Thermal
Ocean Currents
Tidal Energy
Wave Energy
Next,
A Brief Review of Oakland University Feasibility Studies
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Wind Power Option
for Oakland University
• Wind Speed Study Results•Wind speed was recorded for two years at a 50 meter tall “met tower” located on the south side of the main campus•Data collected for 2006 & 2007
• Feasibility Study Results•This data was then used in a full engineering and cost analysis for one or more wind turbines for the Oakland campus
There were two parts of the study
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Height Wind Speed Method 30 m 3.0 m/s measured40 m 3.6 m/s measured50 m 4.1 m/s measured
75 m 5.2 m/s calculated 80 m 5.4 m/s calculated100 m 6.2 m/s calculated
Average Wind Data Results
Meters per second
Wind Speed Frequency Distribution at 50 Meters (percent time for each wind speed)
Here is a small samplingof the type of data gained
in the wind study
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Annual Average Wind Power DensityWind Rose at 50 Meter Height
(shows magnitude and direction of annual wind power potential)
50 W/m2
100 W/m2
150 W/m2
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d (%
)
30 meter
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases
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0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d(%
)
30 meter
40 meter
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d (%
)
30 meter
40 meter
50 meter
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases
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0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d (%
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Win
d Tu
rbin
e O
ut p
ut (k
W)
30 meter
40 meter
50 meter
Turbine Power
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases1,500 kW Turbine
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d (%
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600W
ind
Turb
ine
Out
put
(kW
)
30 meter
40 meter
50 meter
60 meter
Turbine Power
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases
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0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d (%
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Win
d Tu
rbin
e O
ut p
ut (k
W)
30 meter
40 meter
50 meter
60 meter
70 meter
Turbine Power
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d (%
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600W
ind
Turb
ine
Out
put
(kW
)
30 meter
40 meter
50 meter
60 meter
70 meter
80 meter
Turbine Power
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases
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0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d (%
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Win
d Tu
rbin
e O
ut p
ut (k
W)
30 meter
40 meter
50 meter
60 meter
70 meter
80 meter
90 meter
Turbine Power
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases
Frequency of Wind Speed as Height Increases
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Freq
uenc
y at
Giv
en W
ind
Spee
d (%
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600W
ind
Turb
ine
Out
put
(kW
)
30 meter40 meter50 meter60 meter70 meter80 meter90 meter100 meterTurbine Power
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Energy Production (kWhr) as Height Increases
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wind Speed (meters / second)
Win
d Tu
rbin
e Pr
oduc
tion
(kW
hr) p30m
p40mp50mp80mp100m
1
2 3
4
Potential Installation
Sites
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( image courtesy of Khales Dahr & Jim Leidel )
Artist’s Rendering of Oakland Wind Turbine
Here is a typical wind turbine under consideration 1,500 kW each
77 meter bladediameter
100 meter tower
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Illustration of turbine components
Projected Cost per kW-hr Electricity Over 25 Year Project
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$(500,000)
$-
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
$3,000,000
2,010
2,012
2,014
2,016
2,018
2,020
2,022
2,024
2,026
2,028
2,030
2,032
2,034
Net Annual Cash Flow
Cumulative Cash Flow
15 year CREB @ 0% 20 year financing on remainder @ 4.5% 3% utility cost escalation 3% O&M cost escalation 1.5 cent / kWhr REC's
Net Annual and Cumulative Cash Flow Over 25 Year Project(construction in 2009, beginning operation in 2010)
Biomass Power Option
for Oakland University
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• Wood supply• Campus growth &
future needs• Wood boilers• Proposed sites• Costs & savings
We looked at 14 counties in SE Michigan & found 1.7 million tons of urban waste wood per year
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Existing biomass power plants
Nearby wood recyclers could easily serve the new system
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Central Michigan University
Northern Michigan University is developing a plant
Other campuses heat with wood
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(note: only water vapor is coming from stack) photo - Jim Leidel 2005
CMU Wood Boiler Plant(heats most of campus)
Next we look at the future needs for campus:
1. Replace aging boilers2. More capacity for future growth
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265Total51 / marginal195732B-4
49 / fair195934B-339 / good1969100B-239 / good1969100B-1
Age in years / Condition
Year Installed
Capacity (MMBTU/hr)
Unit
Existing Central Heating Plant
14,37916,059
18,082
25,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1997 2002 2007 2020
Undergraduate Graduate
Oakland University Ten Year Fall Enrollment Growth with 2020 Vision
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$2.0M
$3.4M
$5.3M
$8.4M
$0
$2
$4
$6
$8
1997 2002 2007 2020
Electric cost Natural gas cost
Millions
Oakland University Ten Year Energy Growth with 2020 Vision2020 Projection based on $0.085/kWhr electricity and $11/MMBTU gas
We then looked at various wood boiler systems
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Vynke Stoker(Steam & HW)
Typical VynkePlant Layout
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ThreeProposed Site Locations
Artist’s Renderings
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A new wood storage building (in Kingsville, Ontario) 80 MMBTU/hr
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Annual operating savings are in the range of $1.5 million
Operating Cost Estimates
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Overview of an Integrated, Renewable Energy Supply Infrastructure
Overview of an Integrated, Renewable Energy Supply Infrastructure
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Overview of an Integrated, Renewable Energy Supply Infrastructure
Overview of an Integrated, Renewable Energy Supply Infrastructure
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Overview of an Integrated, Renewable Energy Supply Infrastructure
100%100%100%100%Totals
20%Wind Power
50%80%Biomass Boiler Plant
10%5%Diesel Generators
20%95%Detroit Edison
20%100%Central Heating Plant (natural gas)
ElectricalThermal(Heating)
ElectricalThermal(Heating)
Proposed Renewable Energy
Existing Fossil Fuel Mix
Overview of an Integrated Renewable Energy Supply Infrastructure
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Biomass & WindPower
Sustainable Energy Options for the Future of Oakland University
For more info visit www.oakland.edu/energy