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Paving the Way for Sustainable Freight Transport
Qatar National Convention Centre / Auditorium 3
Doha, 25 April 2012 - 15.00–18.00
«Sustainable Freight Transport Policy in Indonesia»
H.E. Bambang SUSANTONO, Ph.D.
Vice Minister for Transportation
Republic of Indonesia
SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT TRANSPORT POLICY IN INDONESIA
Presented at:
Side Event: Paving the Way for Sustainable Freight Transport
UNCTAD XIII Conference
Doha, 25 April 2012
Bambang Susantono, Ph.D.
Vice Minister for Transportation
Republic of Indonesia
3
Indonesia: How to connect a vast archipelago
► Indonesia has incorporated intercity transport in the MP3EI (Master Plan on Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development)
► The MP3EI consists of 3 main pillars: (1) development of Indonesia Economic Corridors; (2) strengthening domestic connectivity; (3) acceleration of reliable ICT development
► The estimated need of infrastructure investment for these 6 corridors reaches USD 210 billion.
► Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago with over 17,000 islands. The area of its waters is about 80% of the total area of the country.
► Therefore, intercity transport in Indonesia must consider interisland sea transportation as well.
4
Growing Country, Growing Needs of (Freight) Transport
Transport sector requires an investment of USD 90.4 billion, comprising USD 37,298 million for road infrastructure, USD 13,080 million for port infrastructure, USD 3,577 million for airport infrastructure, and USD 36,445 million for railway infrastructure. With a GDP per capita of USD 3,469 and growing middle class, it is estimated that the number of trips will grow quite significantly in the near future
One of the most dominant factors in trip generation in a country is the economic growth. With a population of 238m (In 2015, Indonesia's Population is expected to be 250m) Indonesia is Southeast Asia’s fastest-growing major economy clocking growth at more than 6% in 2011. Citigroup estimates Indonesia’s GDP growth to reach 6.3 percent in 2012 and 6.5 percent in 2013—good for third-best in the region.
USD
37,298
million
USD
13,080
million
USD
3,577
million
USD
36,445
million
A Glance at Indonesia’s Current Transport System
► There were 15.7 billion tons of freight and 6.9 billion of person trips traveling in 2011. Earlier in 2006, there were 9,4 billion tons of freight and 2,3 billion of person trips.
► All transport modes play a role in Indonesia's transport system and are generally complementary rather than competitive. Road transport is the predominant mode, accounting for about 70 percent of freight ton-km and 82 percent of passenger km.
► The dominant use of road transport results in congestion, frequent road damages and increase traffic accident. It becomes inefficient to use road transport especially for long distance trips
9.4
2.3
15.7
6.9
Freight (billion tons) Person (billion trips)
Trips Growth Comparison
2006 201167%
300%
5
National CO2 Emissions and Oil Consumption
In Indonesia, CO2 emission contributed by the transportation sector reaches 23% of the national total emission. The emission of land transportation comprises 89% of the transportation sector’s emission. In fact, the transportation sector in Indonesia uses the biggest share of the oil consumption at 51%. It is triggered by the increasing number of fleets and the low price of petroleum directed for transportation use (due to subsidies by the government).
Source: MoT 2011
Indonesia’s Transport Related CO2
Emissions Indonesia’s Oil Consumption
6
7
Government Policy to Reduce Transport Burden on Roads
► While road has a lower cost function for short distances, its cost function climbs faster than rail and maritime cost functions. At a distance D1 (500-750 km), it becomes more profitable to use rail transport than road transport while from a distance D2 (near 1,500 km), maritime transport becomes more advantageous.
► The Government of Indonesia is introducing policies that aims to reduce the transport burden on roads. The burden is to be shifted and balanced by other modes of transport, i.e. railways and short-sea shipping
Short-Sea Shipping
Railway Development
8
Java Double Track Project
• Transport movement in Java is still dominated by road transport. To balance this, there is an urgent need to strengthen the railway transport, through the completion of Java Double Track project.
• 263 km Java Double Track Project connects two most important cities in Indoesia, Jakarta & Surabaya. Jakarta is home to 21 million inhabitants, while Surabaya has 7 million of population.
• BANDUNG
Jawa Barat
JAKARTA
SERANG
SURABAYA
SEMARANG
DKI
Banten
Jawa TengahJawa Timur
YOGYAKARTADIY
Merak
Bogor
Sukabumi
Cikampek
PadalarangCirebon
Banjar
Kroya
Tegal
Purwokerto
Pekalongan
Solo
Madiun Kertosono
Blitar
Malang
Bangil
Sidoarjo
Bojonegoro
Jember
Banyuwangi
Bojonegoro
Gambringan
Bojonegoro
Gundih
Prupuk
Kutoarjo
BANDUNG
Jawa Barat
JAKARTA
SERANG
SURABAYA
SEMARANG
DKI
Banten
Jawa TengahJawa Timur
YOGYAKARTADIY
Merak
Bogor
Sukabumi
Cikampek
PadalarangCirebon
Banjar
Kroya
Tegal
Purwokerto
Pekalongan
Solo
Madiun Kertosono
Blitar
Malang
Bangil
Sidoarjo
Bojonegoro
Jember
Banyuwangi
Bojonegoro
Gambringan
Bojonegoro
Gundih
Prupuk
Kutoarjo
North Java Double Track
South Java Double Track
The double track will increase the frequency and capacity of railways by 200-300%
Illustration on potential energy saving at the completion of double track:
• The frequency of existing railway container from Jakarta to Surabaya is 5 trips per day, carrying 160 TEUs per day.
• With the double track, the frequency can be tripled to 15 trips per day, carrying 500 TEUs per day.
• Therefore, fuel saving resulted from shifting the 340 TEUs from road to railway may reach 115 kiloliter per day and CO2 emission may be reduced by 350 ton CO2 per day.
• In one year, a significant amount of fuel will be saved and it also contributes considerably to CO2 emission reduction, at 42,000 kiloliter of fuel and 128,000 ton CO2 respectively.
9
Muara Wahau – Bengalon Railway Development, East
Kalimantan
9
• It is the first private rail freight in Indonesia by Middle Easy Company (MEC) Coal.
• The length of the railway is approximately 130km, connecting aluminum and coal mines to a special purpose port.
• The estimated value of investment is USD 1.5 billion.
• This rail freight is the first train in Indonesia with 3 locomotives and 120 wagons with a length of approximately 2 km.
Bukit Asam Coal Railway Development
10
Sei Mangke Railway Development
• Sei Mangkei Industrial Area is a CPO-based industrial area occupying a land of 2,003 ha.
• There is a palm kernel oil processing plant with a capacity of 400 tons per day
• To enhance its logistics, a 25-km railway plan connecting the industrial area to Kuala Tanjung
Port is currently being developed.
11
City Logistics
12
Rail-based city logistics in
Jakarta are currently
being developed in order
to relieve traffic
congestion caused by
freight movements.
13
Marine Highways: Trans Maluku
► Trans-Maluku is an integrated transport network system combining road transport and ferry Ro-Ro service which connect islands through urban centers in those islands.
► The combination of road transport and ferry Ro-RO service is designed to shorten distance and travel time, as to increase freight capacity. The Trans-Maluku network will use ferries to connect the islands, functioning as “movable bridges”.
The plans include building 1,015 km of
roads and 40 ports, which will be served
by 24 ships.
In medium term, Trans-Maluku network will
be developed to connect Maluku with its
surrounding regions including North
Maluku islands and Nusa Tenggara.
14
Acceleration of Transport Infrastructure Development
MP3EI Transport Infrastructure
No Infrastructure Investment Need (USD Million)
Est. # of Projects
1 Ports and Inland Waterways
13,080 92
2 Airports 3,577 14
3 Railways 36,445 25
Total 53,102 131
Public
Infrastructure
Private Infrastructure
(Private Purpose)
Non -Cost Recovery Project
Cost Recovery Project
PPP
SOE Special Asssignment
•State Budget •Local Budget
Tender / Right To Match •Law 23/2007 on Railway •Law 17/2008 on Shipping •Law1/2009 on Aviation •GR 67/05 •GR 13/10 •GR 56/11
Presidential Regulation on SOE Special Assignment
•Special Airports •Special Ports, Special Terminals •Special Railways
Licencing
15
Three Ways of Private Sectors Involvement in Transport
Infrastructure Development
Investments in Transport Sector
Special Purpose Transport Infrastructure
SEZ/FTZ Transport Infrastructure
Public / Commercial Transport Infrastructure
• Infrastructure specially developed for the
purpose of a business entity and may
operate exclusively for the business
entity.
• Usually unsolicited, i.e. initially proposed
by the business entity (private sector)
• Ministry of Transportation reviews the
feasibility study and other technical
matters, including safety issues
• The investment procedure for the special
purpose transport is done through the
LICENCING (business licence, location
licence, construction licence, and
operation licence).
• Infrastructure to be used by
public and commercially
oriented (tariff applied)
• May be solicited (proposed
by the GoI) or unsolicited
• Ministry of Transport prepares
the project documents and
tender documents, including
feasibility study
• The business entity is chosen
through TENDER (in
accordance to Presidential
Regulation No. 56/2011)
• Infrastructure is located in the
Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
or in Free Trade Zones (FTZ)
• Several incentives such as
reduced tax rates
• More relaxed restrictions
(compared to the Negative
Investment List)
• More incentives and exceptions
for the projects in the Bounded
Zones (Kawasan Berikat)
• The investment procedure is
through simplified LICENCING
from the FTZ/SEZ administrators
16
Government Support for PPP Infrastructure Projects
Project
Company
GCA (Government
Contracting
Agency
IIGF (Indonesia
Infrastructure
Guarantee
Fund)
Banks
IIFF
Private Equity
Institutional
Investors
Other investors
Financiers
1
3
2
4
1
3
2
4
Concession
Agreement
Guarantee
Agreement
Regress
Agreement
Financing
Agreement
Indonesia
Infrastructure Fund
THANK YOU
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