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SUSTAINABLE PAPERPACKAGING
(PEMBUNGKUSAN KERTASLESTARI)
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ONCURRENT ADVANCEMENT AND
RESEARCH IN TEXTILE & PACKAGINGTECHNOLOGY
Wan Rosli Wan DaudUniversiti Sains Malaysia
Packaging falls into a number ofcategories:§ Primary –packaging in contact with the
product.§ Secondary –‘outers’ which hold a number of
packed products as a unit of say 10 or 12.§ Tertiary –stretch wrapped pallets which hold
perhaps 100 ‘outers’ or cases.
PACKAGINGPACKAGING
Purposes:Purposes:§§ ContainContain§§ InformInform§§ ProtectProtect§§ TransportTransport§§ DisplayDisplay
PACKAGINGPACKAGINGput in another way:§§ is a means of ensuring safe delivery of ais a means of ensuring safe delivery of a
product to the ultimate user in a soundproduct to the ultimate user in a soundcondition at a minimum overall costcondition at a minimum overall cost§§ ScienceScience§§ ArtArt§§ TechnologyTechnology
ELEMENTS OF PACKAGING:
§ Materials§ Design
- address the issue of wastage- under-packaging cause damage and
spoilage to contents- over-packaging wasting resources- goal is “RIGHT SIZE” packaging
- packaging design software eg PIQET,Australia (Packaging Impact Quick EvaluationTool);); TOPS, USATOPS, USA (Total OptimizationPackaging Software)
MaterialsMaterials§§ Metals (aluminum & steel)Metals (aluminum & steel)§§ GlassGlass§§ Polymers (Plastics)Polymers (Plastics)§§ Wood/CompositesWood/Composites§§ PaperPaper
SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
§§ Measures taken by various sectors toMeasures taken by various sectors toallay fears of sustainability centersallay fears of sustainability centersaround the traditional waste managementaround the traditional waste managementhierarchyhierarchy –– 3R’s3R’s§§ ReductionReduction§§ ReuseReuse§§ Recycling/RecoveryRecycling/Recovery
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentEntered the public debate after the WorldEntered the public debate after the WorldCommission on Env. And Dev. PublishedCommission on Env. And Dev. Publishedtheir landmark report “OUR COMMONtheir landmark report “OUR COMMONFUTURE “ in 1987FUTURE “ in 1987Reiterates the most often quotedReiterates the most often quoteddefinition (Brundtland Commissiondefinition (Brundtland Commission(United nations, 1983):(United nations, 1983):
““meets the needs of the presentmeets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability ofwithout compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their ownfuture generations to meet their ownneedsneeds””
Sustainable packaging§ Is beneficial, safe & healthy for individuals and
communities throughout its life cycle;§ Meets market criteria for performance and cost;§ Is sourced, manufactured, transported, and recycled
using renewable energy;§ Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source
materials;§ Is manufactured using clean production technologies
and best practices;§ Is made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-
life scenarios;§ Is physically designed to optimize materials and
energy;§ Is effectively recovered and utilized in biological
and/or industrial closed loop cycles.www.sustainablepackaging.org
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentMost often quoted definition (BrundtlandMost often quoted definition (BrundtlandCommission (United nations, 1983):Commission (United nations, 1983):
““meets the needs of the present withoutmeets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations tocompromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needsmeet their own needs””
Can be conceptually broken into threeCan be conceptually broken into threeconstituent parts:constituent parts:§§ environment,environment,§§ economic andeconomic and§§ socialsocial
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Model of sustainable development: at theconfluence of three constituent parts
§§ With paper packaging there has neverWith paper packaging there has neverbeen an issue regarding sustainabilitybeen an issue regarding sustainability–– its always sustainableits always sustainable§§ WHY?WHY?
Environmental DependableEnvironmental Dependable
§§ Made from renewable resourcesMade from renewable resources§§ One of the highest recovery rate of allOne of the highest recovery rate of all
packagingpackaging-- almost 60% of paper are recycledalmost 60% of paper are recycled
§§ Almost total compostableAlmost total compostable
Socially DependableSocially Dependable§§ Produced by manufacturers whoProduced by manufacturers who
practised high safety standardspractised high safety standards–– ISO 9000 seriesISO 9000 series
§§ Charitable donations from companies toCharitable donations from companies tocommunitycommunity§§ Industry involve educating the public theIndustry involve educating the public the
importance of recycling through schoolimportance of recycling through schooland outreach programsand outreach programs
Economically DependableEconomically Dependable
§§ Contributing to the nations’ economyContributing to the nations’ economy§§ Creation of jobsCreation of jobs
So what’s theSo what’s theproblem?problem?§§Paper packaging consumptionPaper packaging consumptionsteadily rising over the yearssteadily rising over the years
CONSUMPTION OF CORRUGATINGMEDIUM IN MALAYSIA
0
200
400
600
1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
YEAR
X0
00
TO
NN
ES
Asian paper Packaging Historical Data, 2009
§§Problems inProblems in sourcingsourcing of andof andqualityquality of raw materialof raw material§§Issue of Raw MaterialIssue of Raw MaterialSustainabilitySustainability
Socialsustainability
Environmentalsustainability
Raw materialsustainability
Economicsustainability
SUSTAINABLEPAPER PACKAGING
FACTORS IMPACTING SUSTAINABLE PAPERPACKAGING, AND THEIR INTERDEPENDENCE
RAW MATERIALRAW MATERIALSUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
Raw material for paper and paperRaw material for paper and paperpackaging are the cellulose fiberspackaging are the cellulose fibers§§ hygroscopic property (absorb moisture)hygroscopic property (absorb moisture)
Malaysia being in the equatorial regionMalaysia being in the equatorial regionhas high humidityhas high humidity§§ effect on paper strength propertieseffect on paper strength properties
UKP
KLB
NSSC
Load
Stretch
High Humidity Resistance ofVarious Pulps
1
Yield Pt.
How to overcome this problem?How to overcome this problem?
Another critical issueAnother critical issuerelating to raw materialrelating to raw materialsustainability issustainability is Quality ofQuality ofraw materialraw material
§§ Basically most of all paper packaging inBasically most of all paper packaging inMalaysia uses recycled fibersMalaysia uses recycled fibers§§ Problem of strengthProblem of strength
Strength of paperStrength of paperdiminishes upondiminishes uponrecyclingrecycling
32
KRAFT PULP
due todue toHORNIFICATIONHORNIFICATION
§ Loss of swelling ability ofcellulosic fiber upon drying§ due to the closure of pore
spaces in the cell walls, plus§ the inability of many of the
pores to reopen if the fibers arerewetted
35
Progressive swelling of fibre wall: from A to DProgressive shrinkage of fibre wall: from D to A
A B
CD
WETTING
DRYING
36
DRIED FIBRESNEVER-DRIED FIBRES
CHEMICAL PULP FIBRES
FactorsFactors that influencethat influenceHornificationHornification
§ High-yield pulps, such asthermomechanical pulp (TMP),appear to be much lesssusceptible to changes when theyare dried
38
MECHANICALPULPS
CHEMICALPULPS
RESTORATIVERESTORATIVETREATMENTSTREATMENTSa)a) RefiningRefiningb)b) FractionationFractionationc)c) Chemical additivesChemical additives§§ StarchesStarches§§ Polyacrylamides (PAM)Polyacrylamides (PAM)
d)d) Blending with virgin fibersBlending with virgin fibers
Where do we get the virginWhere do we get the virginfibers from?fibers from?
MALAYSIA - SOURCES OF IMPORTEDVIRGIN PULP
USA, 59% New Zealand,14%
Thailand, 7%
Canada,5%
Chile,4%
Others,11%
Importation of wood pulp to Malaysia isdominated by USA
Total imports of wood pulp in 2002 is ca.RM138 Million with a growth of 5.6%compared to 2001
“Let the“Let the building andbuilding andotherother critically woodcritically wood--
dependent industries usedependent industries usewood.wood. Pulp and paperPulp and paperindustry should opt toindustry should opt to
nonnon--wood and wastes forwood and wastes forsustainabilitysustainability””
Ako Norlander, Appita J. 2008Ako Norlander, Appita J. 2008
Pulp from oil palmPulp from oil palmbiomass asbiomass asreinforcement inreinforcement inrecycled fibersrecycled fibers
Palm oil constitutes only 10% of the palmPalm oil constitutes only 10% of the palmproduction while the rest is biomassproduction while the rest is biomass
The biomass (waste residues) generatedThe biomass (waste residues) generatedfrom this industry throughout harvesting andfrom this industry throughout harvesting andprocessing activities as well as duringprocessing activities as well as duringreplanting is enormousreplanting is enormous§§ Estimated to be 60Estimated to be 60--100 million tonnes (wet)100 million tonnes (wet)
Forms of waste residues:Forms of waste residues:§§ Empty fruit bunches (EFB)Empty fruit bunches (EFB)§§ FrondsFronds§§ TrunksTrunks
BIOMASS/PRODUCTS FROMBIOMASS/PRODUCTS FROMOIL PALM TREEOIL PALM TREE
Oil Palm Tree
Fronds
Fresh Fruit Bunch
Trunk
Crude PalmOil
Empty FruitBunch
§§ An estimation, based on a planted area ofAn estimation, based on a planted area of25,700 million m25,700 million m22, and a production rate of dry, and a production rate of dryoil palm biomass of 20,336 kg per 10,000 moil palm biomass of 20,336 kg per 10,000 m22
per year, shows that Malaysian palm oilper year, shows that Malaysian palm oilindustry produced approximately 56.9 millionindustry produced approximately 56.9 milliontonnes of lignocellulosic biomass in 2000.tonnes of lignocellulosic biomass in 2000.
§§ Taking into account the proportion of usefulTaking into account the proportion of usefulfibrous elements that can be extracted fromfibrous elements that can be extracted fromvarious oil palm components, an overallvarious oil palm components, an overallrecovery rate of 75% and a pulp yield of 45%,recovery rate of 75% and a pulp yield of 45%,the net useful bleached pulp would amount tothe net useful bleached pulp would amount toabout 14.8 million tonnesabout 14.8 million tonnes§§ VERY SUSTAINABLEVERY SUSTAINABLE
+
=
EFB PULP
OCC FIBER
PAPER ROLL
EFFECT ON BURST STRENGTH
020406080
100120140160
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Pulp addition
Bur
st S
tren
gth
kPa
EFFECT ON RING CRUSH
0
20
40
60
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%% Pulp addition
RIN
G C
RU
SH (N
)
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
For a sustainable pulp productionFor a sustainable pulp production§§ other than a continuous supply and availabilityother than a continuous supply and availability
of raw materials,of raw materials,
§§ the processes involved in the production ofthe processes involved in the production ofpulp and paper have to bepulp and paper have to be environmentallyenvironmentallyfriendlyfriendly
§§ Nevertheless, process(es) must be economicNevertheless, process(es) must be economicviable, if not it will just be an academic study,viable, if not it will just be an academic study,without having much impact on the society inwithout having much impact on the society inthe long termthe long term
Raw material Unbleached Pulp
Pulping
Bleached Pulp
Kraft, Sulfite
Cl2 & derivatives
PRODUCTION OF PULP
These processes (esp. bleaching) areThese processes (esp. bleaching) areknown to generate serious environmentalknown to generate serious environmentaldrawbacksdrawbacks§§ Chlorine reacts with lignin, to form chlorinatedChlorine reacts with lignin, to form chlorinated
organic compounds (e.g.,organic compounds (e.g., dioxindioxin))oo believed to be carcinogenic to humans based onbelieved to be carcinogenic to humans based on
results of laboratory studies with animalsresults of laboratory studies with animals
§§ The presence of these chlorinated compoundsThe presence of these chlorinated compoundshas also been linked to adverse ecologicalhas also been linked to adverse ecologicaleffects on wildlife in receiving waterseffects on wildlife in receiving waters
§§ And to reduce these shortcomings,And to reduce these shortcomings,it is imperative that alternativeit is imperative that alternativemethods which are cleaner andmethods which are cleaner andenvironmentally friendly are usedenvironmentally friendly are used§§ ENVIRONMENTALLYENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLESUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
§ Environmental sustainability isdefined as the ability of theenvironment to continue to functionproperly indefinitely§ Goal to minimize environmental
degradation, and to halt and reversethe processes they lead to§ Clean Technologies for Pulp
Production
CLEAN TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN TECHNOLOGIESCONCEPTCONCEPT
“manufacturing processes or product“manufacturing processes or producttechnologies that reduce pollution ortechnologies that reduce pollution orwaste, energy use, or material use inwaste, energy use, or material use incomparison to the technologies thatcomparison to the technologies thatthey replace”they replace”
process(es) must be economic viable, ifprocess(es) must be economic viable, ifnot it will just be an academic study,not it will just be an academic study,without having much impact on the societywithout having much impact on the societyin the long termin the long termenvironmentally friendlyenvironmentally friendly ––SULFUR FREE PULPING AND CHLORINESULFUR FREE PULPING AND CHLORINEFREE BLEACHINGFREE BLEACHING
CLEAN TECHNOLOGY FORCLEAN TECHNOLOGY FORPULP PRODUCTIONPULP PRODUCTION
Pretreatment
TCF Bleaching1. Oxygen2. Ozone3. Hydrogen Peroxide
1. Soaking2. Washing3. Mechanical process – silica
removal
PulpingExtended SodaAnthraquinone
Oil PalmEmpty Fruit
Bunch(In strand form)
Oily substance removal
BleachedEcoPalm Pulp™
UnbleachedEcoPalm Pulp™
TensileTensileIndexIndex(Nm/g)(Nm/g)
Tear IndexTear Index(mN.m(mN.m22gg--11))
BurstBurstIndexIndex(kPa.m(kPa.m22gg--11))
CommercialCommercialHardwoodHardwood
13.2113.21 3.143.14 1.01.0
Empty FruitEmpty FruitBunchBunch
15.8115.81 3.853.85 1.201.20
COMPARISON OF PAPER PROPERTIESFROM OIL PALM EFB AND
COMMERCIAL HARDWOOD PULPS(UNBLEACHED)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Commercial Hardwood Pulp 19.55 2.6 1.4 8.43Empty Fruit Bunch Pulp 20.41 2.72 2.46 8.33
Tensile Index(Nm/g)
Tear Index(mN.m2g-1)
Burst Index(kPa.m2g-1)
Brightness(x 10%)
COMPARISON OF PAPER PROPERTIESFROM OIL PALM EFB AND
COMMERCIAL HARDWOOD PULPS(BLEACHED)
POTENTIAL PRODUCT APPLICATION(S)
UnbleachedUnbleached virgin pulpvirgin pulp ((UnbleachedUnbleachedEcoPalm Pulp™EcoPalm Pulp™)) which can be used inwhich can be used infull or mixed with wastepaper dependingfull or mixed with wastepaper dependingon the final producton the final product
BleachedBleached virgin pulpvirgin pulp ((BleachedBleachedEcoPalm Pulp™EcoPalm Pulp™)) which can be used inwhich can be used inthe production of writing and printingthe production of writing and printingpaperpaper
UKP
KLB
NSSC
Load
Stretch
High Humidity Resistance ofVarious Pulps
1
Yield Pt.
63
MECHANICALPULPS
CHEMICALPULPS
Alkaline PeroxideAlkaline PeroxideMechanical PulpingMechanical Pulping
(APMP)(APMP)process involves the impregnationprocess involves the impregnationof the chips with anof the chips with an alkalinealkalineperoxideperoxide bleach liquor in one orbleach liquor in one ormore steps prior to atmosphericmore steps prior to atmosphericrefining, hence combining pulpingrefining, hence combining pulpingand bleaching in a single operationand bleaching in a single operation
Attractive Features ofAttractive Features ofAPMPAPMP
§§ High yield (85% on average), comparedHigh yield (85% on average), comparedto 50% or lower yield of chemical pulpingto 50% or lower yield of chemical pulping§§ High brightnessHigh brightness –– use of peroxideuse of peroxide§§ Can also be use for newsprintCan also be use for newsprint
DESIGNDESIGNSUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
Packaging SourcePackaging SourceReductionReduction
§§ Avoid unnecessary componentsAvoid unnecessary components§§ Eg: Toothpaste boxes have beenEg: Toothpaste boxes have been
eliminated in countries with strict wasteeliminated in countries with strict wastelawslaws
§§ Reduce amount of materialReduce amount of material§§ Eg. NikeEg. Nike
NikeNike
“Lightweighting”“Lightweighting”
§§ Lightweight packages produce lessLightweight packages produce lesswaste than packages manufactured fromwaste than packages manufactured fromheavyweight materialsheavyweight materials§§ Requires new designing and technolgiesRequires new designing and technolgies
since lightweight material generally are notsince lightweight material generally are notstrongerstronger§§ Softdrink manufacturers have manage toSoftdrink manufacturers have manage to
reduce PET up to 5%reduce PET up to 5%
NESTLE MINERAL WATER
Design for ReuseDesign for Reuse
diverted 20 tons of plastic bags fromlandfills two years after the launch of itsreusable grocery bag program.
Design forDesign forBiodegradableBiodegradable-- use of natural fibersuse of natural fibers-- degradable polymersdegradable polymers((biopolymersbiopolymers))
Dell introduces packagingmade from bamboo
Packaging Digest, 11/17/2009
Coca-Cola begins globallaunch of PlantBottle
Packaging Digest, 11/16/2009
USE OFUSE OFNANOMATERIALSNANOMATERIALSIN PACKAGINGIN PACKAGING
§§ bottles made with nanocomposites that minimizebottles made with nanocomposites that minimizethe leakage of carbon dioxide out of the bottle; thisthe leakage of carbon dioxide out of the bottle; thisincreases the shelf life of carbonated beveragesincreases the shelf life of carbonated beverageswithout having to use heavier glass bottles or morewithout having to use heavier glass bottles or moreexpensive cansexpensive cans
§§ food storage bins with silver nanoparticlesfood storage bins with silver nanoparticlesembedded in the plastic. The silver nanoparticlesembedded in the plastic. The silver nanoparticleskill bacteria from any food previously stored in thekill bacteria from any food previously stored in thebins, minimizing harmful bacteria.bins, minimizing harmful bacteria.
§§ CONCERNS: Because the particles areCONCERNS: Because the particles areso small, these materials might be ableso small, these materials might be ableto migrate into foodto migrate into food
§§ Nanopartcles (eg. nanoCeO2 and TiO2)Nanopartcles (eg. nanoCeO2 and TiO2)have been used to increase UVhave been used to increase UVresistance in plastic packagingresistance in plastic packaging
§§ Other nanomaterials have theOther nanomaterials have thepotential to improve a variety ofpotential to improve a variety ofpackagingpackaging--performance attributesperformance attributessuch as oxygen and moisturesuch as oxygen and moistureblockage, ink or dyeblockage, ink or dye--free colorationfree colorationand increased strength whileand increased strength whilelightweighting.lightweighting.
Use of NanomaterialsUse of Nanomaterials
INNOVATIVE NEW FIBERSINNOVATIVE NEW FIBERSFOR PACKAGINGFOR PACKAGINGthrough Surfacethrough SurfaceFunctionalization/derivatizationFunctionalization/derivatization§§ Moisture stableMoisture stable§§ BreathableBreathable§§ Enhanced strength properties to allow forEnhanced strength properties to allow for
lightweightinglightweighting§§ Paper foam packagingPaper foam packaging§§ Controlled diffusion packagingControlled diffusion packaging
Real problem withsustainable paperpackaging in Malaysia isRaw Material
Solution: Use Oil PalmBiomass Fibers as rawmaterial
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
"Don't keep forever on the publicroad, going only where others
have gone.Leave the beaten track occasionally
and dive into the woods.
You will be certain to find somethingyou have never seen before.“
DESCRIPTION OFDESCRIPTION OFTHETHE
ENVIRONMENTALLENVIRONMENTALLFRIENDLYFRIENDLY
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYPROCESSESPROCESSES
ENVIRONMETALLY FRIENDLYENVIRONMETALLY FRIENDLYTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
Pretreatment
TCF Bleaching1. Oxygen2. Ozone3. Hydrogen Peroxide
1. Soaking2. Washing3. Mechanical process – silica
removal
PulpingExtended SodaAnthraquinone
Oil PalmEmpty Fruit
Bunch(In strand form)
Oily substance removal
BleachedEcoPalm Pulp™
UnbleachedEcoPalm Pulp™
STAGE 1:STAGE 1:PRETREATMENT OFPRETREATMENT OF
RAW MATERIALRAW MATERIAL
(i) Soaking(i) Soaking(ii) Washing(ii) Washing(iii) Mechanical process(iii) Mechanical process
EFBs are obtained following the extractionof the palm oil, nevertheless, part of the oil stillremains, which, if not removed will causeconsiderable reduction in pulp quality and itssubsequent products.
Hence, the first step is minimizing the oilcontent in the raw material
Fig. 1: The browncoloured washedwater, suspected ofcontaining some oilysubstance, water-soluble lignin, andextractive
Fig. 2: The after washedand unwashed EFB fibrestrands.
As with most non-woody material,EFB also contains a substantial amountof 1% silica, which can increase liquorviscosity thus posing problems inchemical recovery. In addition, itspresence could cause abrasion ofmetals during papermaking and alsoreduce paper quality.
As part of the technology, a simplemechanical process has beendeveloped that could remove almost80% of the silica present. It ispostulated that during this mechanicaltreatment, the silica is dislodged fromthe fiber surfaces as evident from thescanning electron microscope pictures(Fig. 3) and later washed out duringthe washing stages
Plate 1:Plate 1: Initial surface of EFB (P)Initial surface of EFB (P)with silica lodgedwith silica lodged
Plate 2:Plate 2: Cracks attributable toCracks attributable tomechanical treatment as evident on Qmechanical treatment as evident on Q
Plate 3:Plate 3: Removal of metals byRemoval of metals bywashing assisted dislodge of silica.washing assisted dislodge of silica.
Fig. 3: The Effect ofMechanical Treatment onEFB fiber
STAGE 2: PULPINGSTAGE 2: PULPING
PulpingPulping chemicalschemicals usedused::sodiumsodium hydroxidehydroxide andand anthraquinoneanthraquinone butbutwithwith extensiveextensive modificationsmodifications ofof thethepulpingpulping parametersparameters (henceforth(henceforth calledcalledExtendedExtended SodaSoda AnthraquinoneAnthraquinone Pulping)Pulping)EitherEither thethe cookingcooking timetime forfor pulpingpulping oror thethepulpingpulping temperaturetemperature isis increasedincreased totoprovideprovide extendedextended delignificationdelignification..
STAGE 3:STAGE 3:BLEACHINGBLEACHING
TheThe brownbrown colorcolor ofof unbleachedunbleached pulppulp isismainlymainly associatedassociated withwith itsits ligninlignin componentcomponent..
ToTo reachreach anan acceptableacceptable brightnessbrightness level,level, thisthisresidualresidual ligninlignin hashas toto bebe removedremoved throughthrough aaseriesseries ofof bleachingbleaching sequencessequences..
CommonCommon bleachingbleaching chemicalschemicals todaytoday arearechlorinechlorine andand chlorinechlorine dioxide,dioxide, whichwhich hashasbeenbeen blamedblamed forfor thethe environmentalenvironmental issuesissuescreatedcreated..
SequencesSequences andand optimizationoptimization ofof parametersparametersareare ofof paramountparamount importanceimportance forfor aasuccessfulsuccessful bleachingbleaching processprocess;; failurefailure inineithereither ofof thesethese twotwo aspectsaspects willwill contributecontribute totoanan inferiorinferior qualityquality cellulosecellulose pulppulp resultingresulting ininaa lowlow--gradegrade endend productproduct..
InIn tandemtandem withwith globalglobal requirements,requirements, thethebleachingbleaching treatmenttreatment putput forwardforward inin thisthis workworkisis ofof thethe followingfollowing sequencesequence:: OxygenOxygen (O),(O),OzoneOzone (Z)(Z) andand PeroxidePeroxide (P),(P), withwith inclusioninclusion ofofseveralseveral chemicalschemicals toto increaseincrease thethe reactivityreactivityofof eacheach stepstep.. InIn additionaddition thethe pulppulp waswaswashedwashed inin betweenbetween thethe processesprocesses..
Load-elongation curve of paper at differenthumidities. The ends of the curvescorrespond to specimen rupture
Diagrammatic representation of changes inpaper properties with relative humidities
Effect of Recycling on paper properties
106
H2OWATER
O---H---O
H BOND
Other potential uses ofOther potential uses ofoil palm biomassoil palm biomass
OPB PULPOPB PULP
UnbleachedPulp
PolymerComposite
Black liquor
Bleached/Bleached/Diss. PulpDiss. Pulp
RubberThermoset
OIL PALM BIOMASS (OPB)
ThermoplasticLignin Glaze material
Glaze productsLignin based Products
VanillinSoda lignin Anti corrosionagent
Oil-waterEmulsion
Effluent treatmentusing AC
CelluloseCelluloseDerivativesDerivatives
TOTAL POTENTIAL UTILIZATIONTOTAL POTENTIAL UTILIZATION
•• Cellulose Acetate (CA)Cellulose Acetate (CA)•• Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)•• Cellulose PhosphateCellulose Phosphate
Cellulose DerivativesCellulose Derivatives
BIOMEDICALBIOMEDICALAPPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
§§ cellulose acetatecellulose acetate an acetylated cellulose used asan acetylated cellulose used asa hemodialyzer membrane.a hemodialyzer membrane.
§§ oxidized celluloseoxidized cellulose an absorbable oxidationan absorbable oxidationproduct ofproduct of cellulosecellulose, used as a local haemostatic, used as a local haemostatic(also in wound dressing)(also in wound dressing)
§§ CarboxymethylcelluloseCarboxymethylcellulose a substituted cellulosea substituted cellulosepolymer of variable size, used as the sodium orpolymer of variable size, used as the sodium orcalcium salt as a pharmaceutical suspending agent,calcium salt as a pharmaceutical suspending agent,tablet excipient, and viscositytablet excipient, and viscosity--increasing agent; theincreasing agent; theformer is also used as aformer is also used as a laxativelaxative..
§§ cellulose sodium phosphatecellulose sodium phosphate an insoluble,an insoluble,nonabsorbablenonabsorbable cation exchange resincation exchange resin prepared fromprepared fromcellulose; it binds calcium and is used to preventcellulose; it binds calcium and is used to preventformation of calciumformation of calcium--containing renal calculi.containing renal calculi.
§§ cellulose phosphatecellulose phosphate an insoluble material whichan insoluble material whichhas the potential to be used in orthopedichas the potential to be used in orthopedicapplicationsapplications
§§ Microcrystalline (MMC),Microcrystalline (MMC), is widely used in theis widely used in thepharmaceutical and food industries for severalpharmaceutical and food industries for severalapplications and enjoys the generally recognized as safeapplications and enjoys the generally recognized as safe(GRAS) status(GRAS) status
§§ Cellulose viscose spongesCellulose viscose sponges have also been proposedhave also been proposedas implantable tissue matrices for connective tissueas implantable tissue matrices for connective tissueregeneration.regeneration.
§§ Cellulose regenerated by the viscose processCellulose regenerated by the viscose process hashasalso been investigated as an implantable material inalso been investigated as an implantable material inorthopedic surgery, as a sealing material for the femoralorthopedic surgery, as a sealing material for the femoralcomponent in hip prostheses, in place of acrylic cement.component in hip prostheses, in place of acrylic cement.
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
§§ Pulp mills based on the oil palm biomassPulp mills based on the oil palm biomassare attractive to our palm oil industryare attractive to our palm oil industrybecause of several benefits.because of several benefits.vvFirstly, it will help to decrease ruralFirstly, it will help to decrease rural
depopulationdepopulationvvSecondly, there will be a reduction in the outflowSecondly, there will be a reduction in the outflow
of the currency due to fewer imports of paperof the currency due to fewer imports of paperand paper products.and paper products.
vvThirdly, it will help create new pulp and paperThirdly, it will help create new pulp and papertechnologies and also new products which aretechnologies and also new products which arecurrently being developed in our laboratories.currently being developed in our laboratories.
vvAnd, finally, it will create economic growth forAnd, finally, it will create economic growth forthe nation.the nation.
§§ However, the use of conventional technology inHowever, the use of conventional technology inprocessing oil palm biomass is of little interest dueprocessing oil palm biomass is of little interest dueto the overwhelming environmental problemsto the overwhelming environmental problemsgenerated.generated.vvThus to promote sustainable development, theThus to promote sustainable development, the
pulp mill based on oil palm biomass should bepulp mill based on oil palm biomass should beable to operate free from sulphur and chlorineable to operate free from sulphur and chlorineand its derivatives and the cellulose pulpand its derivatives and the cellulose pulpproduced should be of comparable quality to itsproduced should be of comparable quality to itswoody counterparts.woody counterparts.
§§ The proposed environmentally friendly technologyThe proposed environmentally friendly technologyconsisting of the three or five sequences meetsconsisting of the three or five sequences meetsthese demands and probably even more.these demands and probably even more.
§§ Sustainable pulp production from oil palm biomassSustainable pulp production from oil palm biomassusing the proposed environmentally friendlyusing the proposed environmentally friendlytechnology is definitely close to reality.technology is definitely close to reality.
Being both a treeBeing both a tree--free andfree andhazardoushazardous--free paper, thisfree paper, thisproduct (product (EcoPalm Paper™EcoPalm Paper™))
fulfills itself as one of the trulyfulfills itself as one of the trulyenvironmentally friendly paperenvironmentally friendly paper
of our time.of our time.
TQTQ
