SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

(SWM)

Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14

What is waste…………..!!???

In simple words it is…Any thing eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or required after the completion of a process.

Kinds of WastesSolid wastes: domestic, commercial and

industrial wastes Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash

Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form

Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

Classification of Wastes according to their PropertiesBio-degradable

can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)

Non-biodegradable

cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,

cans, styrofoam containers and others)

Classification of Wastes according to their effect

Hazardous wasteNon hazardous waste

Sources of Wastes

Households

Commerce and Industry

Sources of Wastes

Agriculture

Fisheries

EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY

• Affects our health

• Affects our socio-economic conditions

• Affects our coastal and marine environment

• Affects our climate

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EMS

What is an EMS?

An EMS is a formal set of policies and procedures that define how an organization will evaluate, manage, and track its environmental impact. It follows the basic model:

Plan > Do > Check > Act

This facilitates cost-effective environmental performance by defining and continuously improving the process and actions that an organization undertakes to meet its environmental goals.

Irish hierarchy of waste

Thermal treatmentThis refers to processes that involve the use of heat to treat waste. Listed next are descriptions of some commonly utilized thermal treatment processes

Different methods for treating Solid waste

Incineration

Incineration is by far the most commonly used process for destroying organic compounds in industrial wastes.

Incineration basically involves heating the sediments in the presence of oxygen to burn or oxidize organic materials, including organic compounds.

A critical component of the overall treatment process is the emission control system for the gases produced by the process.

If boilers are so connected with this process along with turbines this process can be named as WASTE TO ENERGY technology

In contrast to incineration, pyrolysis involves the heating of solids in the absence of oxygen. A pyrolysis system consists of a primary combustion chamber, a secondary combustion chamber, and pollution control devices. High temperatures, ranging from 540 to 760deg.C, cause large, complex molecules to decompose into simpler ones. The resulting gaseous products can then be collected or destroyed in an afterburner at 1,200deg.C.

Pyrolysis

vitrification is an emerging technology that uses electricity to heat and destroy organic compounds and immobilize inert contaminants. A typical unit consists of a reaction chamber divided into two sections: the upper section introduces the feed material containing gases and pyrolysis products, while the lower section contains a two-layer molten zone for the metal and siliceous components of the waste. Wastes are vitrified by passing high electrical currents through the material. Electrodes are inserted into the waste solids, and graphite is applied to the surface to enhance its electrical conductivity. A large current is applied, resulting in rapid heating of the solids and causing the siliceous components of the material to melt. The end product is a solid, glass-like material that is very resistant to leaching. Temperatures of about 1,600deg.C are typically achieved

Vitrification

Very common and very harmful process

Open burningis the burning of unwanted materials in a manner that causes smoke and other emissions to be released directly into the air without passing through a chimney or stack.

Dumps and Landfills

Sanitary landfillsSanitary Landfills are designed to greatly reduce or eliminate the risks that waste disposal may pose to the public health and environmental quality. They are usually placed in areas where land features act as natural buffers between the landfill and the environment.

Method of operation:

Solid waste is deposited on the surface , compacted , then coevered with a layer of compacted soil at the end of a working day.

major gaseous products in results of icrobial decomposition emitted from landfill are CH4 and CO2. in which methane posses economic value. For which different gas collection methods are adopted such as collection pipes, gas treatments etc

Landfill leachate:

Liquid that passes through the landfill and that has extracted dissolved and suspended matter from it, is called leachate liquid enters the landfill from external sources such as rainfall . Surface drainage , ground water , and the liquid in and produced from the decomposition of the waste . There is also a collection system installed to collect this leachate

Composting material :

Biodegraded material in landfiling can be used as composting material which has a very nice effect on cultivating crops or gardening

Landfill Advantages

A specific location for disposal that can be monitored.

When a landfill is complete, it can be reclaimed, built on or used as parks or farming land.

Waste going to a properly designed landfills can be processed to remove all recyclable materials before tipping.

Waste going to a properly designed landfills can be processed to remove organic material and use it for compost or natural gas (methane) production

Properly managed landfills can capture the natural gas (methane) produced by the decomposing material underground.

Properly managed landfills can minimize and/or capture the leachate produced by the decomposing material underground.

 

Landfill Disadvantages and Problems

A poorly designed or operated landfill shares many problems observed at uncontrolled dumping areas:

Landfills and the surrounding areas are often heavily polluted.

Landfill can pollute the water, the air, and also the soil.

It is difficult to keep dangerous chemicals from leaching out into the surrounding land.Dangerous chemicals can spread into the water table or into waterways.

Landfill can attract animals and insects to come such as raccoons, rats, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and seagulls.

Landfill can also cause sicknesses, illnesses, and diseases which might spread in communities.

Landfill can increase the chances of global warming by releasing methane, a dangerous greenhouse gas.

Landfills are taking up lots of our land and that can also take away habitats for other animals.

Landfills contain a lot of kitchen scraps and organic material. As the landfill is constantly being covered with new garbage the organic material decomposes anaerobically (that is, without air). Anaerobic decomposition produces methane, which is a 20 times more dangerous greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

thank you for the patience