645 SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF BIOALTERATION PROCESSES OF STONEWORK IN THE PAM PLONA CATHEDRAL (SPAIN) GARCIA-MURILLO, S_ Departamento de Qui mica y Edafologia. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Navarra. Apartado 273. 31080 Pamplona. Navarra. Spain MARTIN-PEREZ, A. Departamento de Quimica y Edafologia. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Navarra. Apartado 273. 31080 Pamplona. Navarra. Spain SUMMARY The Pamplona cathedral has been the building chosen to carry on a study on the bioalteration phenomenon affecting its stone structures. An extensive report has been developed including all those bioalteration manifestations present at the various dependencies which form the cathedral whole, among which superficial alterations are oustanding for their extension, and for including themselves a high number of bioalteriation indicators. Aiming to establish the origin of some indicators, it was noted the participation of a great diversity of life forms, including superior plants, animals, lichens, mosses, algae and humans. 1. INTRODUCTION Stone has been widely used to construct monumental buildings, mainly for its durability if compared to other materials. However, after suffering of continuous nature attacks, the stone gets damaged, with an intensity depending, among other factors, on its own characteristics. Furthermore, it has to be said that, the alteration processes are currently experiencing a surprising acceleration due to modern industry activities. The study gathers, through a series of figures, all those bioalteration indicators present in the Pamplona Cathedral, including not only those of biologic origin, as it is deducted by their aspect, but also those in whose appearence a biologic factor is suspected to be involved. To this effect, it has to be noted, that different life forms give rise to many bioalteration indicators: chromatic bioalterations [1] , spottings [2][3] , patinas [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] [11], crusts [12][13][14][15 ][16] , superficial deposits [17], incrustations [18][19][20] , efflorescences [21], pittings [22][23][24], decohesions [12] , disjunctions [25] or breakings [16][26][27]. 2. PAMPLONA CATHEDRAL The Pamplona cathedral whole is one of the magnificent buildings of the Spanish artistic heritage. It is integrated by several dependencies (Figure 1), reflecting the various architecture styles corresponding to different construction stages; from the Romanic XI century, to the Neoclassic of XVIII century [28]. Two types of stones were mainly used to build it; the first and more extended is the quartzarenite or subarcosa, brown, formed by detrital grains slightly cemented by calcium carbonate; and second the calcarenite of fine to medium grain, gray color, formed by sub-angular quartz grains (40%) inserted in micrithic cement of calcium carbonate[28]. 3. PRESERVATION STATE OF THE CATHEDRAL DEPENDECIES Many alteration indicators are found in the high number of facades forming the Cathedral whole, to which in some cases, can be assigned a biologic origin, and in other cases it make sense to think, as per other authors experience, of the existence of a biologic factor which determines its appearance.
Transcript
645
SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF BIOAL TERA TION PROCESSES OF STONEWORK IN THE PAM PLONA CATHEDRAL (SPAIN)
GARCIA-MURILLO, S_ Departamento de Qui mica y Edafologia. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Navarra. Apartado 273. 31080 Pamplona. Navarra. Spain
MARTIN-PEREZ, A. Departamento de Qui mica y Edafologia. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Navarra. Apartado 273. 31080 Pamplona. Navarra. Spain
SUMMARY The Pamplona cathedral has been the building chosen to carry on a study on the bioalteration phenomenon affecting its stone structures. An extensive report has been developed including all those bioalteration manifestations present at the various dependencies which form the cathedral whole, among which superficial alterations are oustanding for their extension, and for including themselves a high number of bioalteriation indicators. Aiming to establish the origin of some indicators, it was noted the participation of a great diversity of life forms, including superior plants, animals, lichens, mosses, algae and humans.
1. INTRODUCTION
Stone has been widely used to construct monumental buildings, mainly for its durability if compared to other materials. However, after suffering of continuous nature attacks, the stone gets damaged, with an intensity depending, among other factors, on its own characteristics. Furthermore, it has to be said that, the alteration processes are currently experiencing a surprising acceleration due to modern industry
activities. The study gathers, through a series of figures, all those bioalteration indicators present in the Pamplona Cathedral, including not only those of biologic origin, as it is deducted by their aspect, but also those in
whose appearence a biologic factor is suspected to be involved. To this effect, it has to be noted, that different life forms give rise to many bioalteration indicators: chromatic bioalterations [1] , spottings [2][3] , patinas [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] [11] , crusts [12][13][14][15 ][16], superficial deposits [17], incrustations [18][19][20] , efflorescences [21], pittings [22][23][24],
decohesions [12] , disjunctions [25] or breakings [16][26][27].
2. PAMPLONA CATHEDRAL The Pamplona cathedral whole is one of the magnificent buildings of the Spanish artistic heritage. It is integrated by several dependencies (Figure 1), reflecting the various architecture styles corresponding to
different construction stages; from the Romanic XI century, to the Neoclassic of XVIII century [28]. Two types of stones were mainly used to build it; the first and more extended is the quartzarenite or subarcosa, brown, formed by detrital grains slightly cemented by calcium carbonate; and second the calcarenite of fine to medium grain, gray color, formed by sub-angular quartz grains (40%) inserted in
micrithic cement of calcium carbonate[28] .
3. PRESERVATION STATE OF THE CATHEDRAL DEPENDECIES
Many alteration indicators are found in the high number of facades forming the Cathedral whole, to which in some cases, can be assigned a biologic origin, and in other cases it make sense to think, as per other
authors experience, of the existence of a biologic factor which determines its appearance.
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3.1 . Temple The temple, at least functionally the more important dependency, was build between 1394 and 1501, although the main facade, west oriented, belongs to the XVIII century. Brown quartzarenite is the stone
used for its full construction. Worth to mention is the volume of the transept and the sanctuary with their buttresses and flying
buttresses. Otherwise, gothic facades are simple and severe, solid walls prevailing on vains and hollows. Outstanding in the Neoclasic facade is the doorway with four pairs of columns on which lays the
fronton, sided by two square towers. Figures 2,3, and 4, show the bioalteration indicators observed in the Temple. Also to mention the
presence of:
- Breakings phenomenon in the higher part of buttresses, oblique surfaces topping the buttresses, transept frieze with balls and in the sanctuary and cylinders of the south transept.
- Mechanic erosion of ashlars at the west angle of the transept north facade, and in small areas
of the north facade lowest level.
- Mortar loss, mainly in the upper side of north, south and east facades, affecting small areas but
in a repeated manner.
3.2. Sacristy and Chapter House The Canonical Sacristy is dated 1599, whereas the Beneficiaries sacristy and the Chapter house belong
to XVIII century. The three adjacent dependencies, located at the temple sanctuary, have only one facade exposure, the East facade, which is made mainly of brick, except for the basements for which ashlars were used.
Bioalteration indicators noticed are indicated in figure 5.
3.3. Cloister The Pamplona Cathedral cloister is one of the most beautiful works of the Spanish gothic (1291-1419). If is of square base, enclosing a garden between its four corridors, with magnificent arcades opening to the garden. Quartzarenite was used for its building except for the buttresses. From the biologic point of view, alteration processes seem to be restricted to the external side, which corresponds to the arcade. Figure 6 shows the outline of the structural unit, which is continuously repeated in the settlings of the arcade. Reflected on it are the different bioalteration indicators, equally repeated, with higher or lower intensity, along it. Apart from the bioindicators reflected in the figure, there is to remark the intense green chromatic bioalteration in the washing area, a dark brown crust generalized on all the tracery and the presence of guano superficial deposits on all the figures crowing the arcade.
3.4. Barbazana Chapel
The Barbazana Chapel (1318-1355) is of square base, passing to octagonal in its cover. Two big windows and a trefoil gallery stand out in the upper side, attached one and a half century latter. It was built of calcarenite except for the upper gallery and the frames of the windows, which are made of quartzarenite.
Figures 7,8, and 9 show the bioalteration phenomenon observed in facades north, south and east. The west facade is free of this kind of manifestations.
3.5. Refectory
The refectory (1330) of rectangular base, was built using big ashlars with buttresses, between which open beautiful gothic style windows, long and narrow. It also has a beautiful tower at its east side and a wonderful rose window on its south facade.
Calcarenite is the stone mainly used, but brown ashlars were used for the windows and the rose window traceries.
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Bioalteration indicators, present in this dependency are shown in figures 1O,11 and 12.
3.6. Kitchen
The kitchen is from the same period as the refectory. Its base is rectangular and it is roofed with a truncated pyramid, on which there are five lanterns. Walls are solid with big ashlars and buttresses. As in
th.e refectory, calcarenite is the stone mainly used, except for the lanterns and the window frames. B1oalteration indicators affecting this dependency are shown in figures 13, 14 and 15.
3.7. Jesus Christ Chapel, Cortes Room, Defensive Tower and Adjacent Room
Except for the Jesus Christ chapel and the defensive tower, both built with stones, the remaining facades
have their lowest part built with different types of stones, and the upper part with brick. There are
numerous windows and balconies of different sizes, all them furnished with lattices. Bioalteration indicators present are shown in figure 16.
3.8. Tithe barn, Canonical Bedroom, Library
No relevant bioalteriation process is noticed neither in the tithe barn (XI-XII century), nor in the Canonical bedroom (1408-1420), or in the library (1761) .
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence that the Cathedral whole, with its many dependencies, show bioalteration indicators, which can be noticed at sight. These indicators are frequent at each dependency affecting in some cases wide areas of stonework.
Temple, cloister's arcade and Barbazana chapel are the dependencies more affected, specially in their
upper sides. Concurring in all these places is the use of quartzarenite, whose alteration is easier than the calcarenite.
The study also demonstrates that superficial modifications are the indicators more extended. These
alterations do no entitle a serious damage to solid walls, however they put at risk carved surfaces by
disfiguring the carvings and consequently the work is lost. A dark brown crust outstands among other alterations for its extension and the structures it is affecting,
such as the cloister. Due to this phenomenon intensity, it can be stated that it is reaching such level of
alteration that can be defined as deterioration, or even ruin. Other bioalteration indicators, repeatedly appearing in specific locations, are: chromatic bioalterations, spottings, patinas, biological films, crusts, superficial deposits, coverings, bio incrustations, paintings,
remainings of climbing plants, mechanic erosion, mortar losses, ashlars displacements, breakings and
disjunctions. The above indicators appearence might be assigned to the participation of determined biodeteriogens. So pigeons and magpies originate superficial deposits of guano; spiders, insects and other small animals
effectively contribute to form heterogeneous superficial sediments; mosses form superficial deposits,
coverings and mortar alterations; lichens are associated to characteristic phenomenon like spottings,
biocrusts and bio-incrustations; algae actively participate in alteration phenomenons like biological films,
chromatic bioalterations and coverings [29]. Finally, humans have to be beard in mind as an important bioalteration factor; directly, with their
disrespectful or even vandalic attitude are responsible for the bioalteration indicators described as
paintings, writings, and engravings on stones; indirectly, the generalized darkening of the ashlars in
Jesus Christ chapel's east facade, Cortes room, defensive tower and adjacent room, could be influenced
by the intense vehicles traffic in the surroundings, and it might also be the case, that this factor is the
origin of other indicators. It would be worth studying the probability of the dark brown crust being
originated by the interaction of the substratum with pollutants deriv~d . fro~ the i~dustry , vehicles,
heatings, .. ,. It could also be said, without fearing to be wrong, that the buildings integrating the Pamplona
cathedral and their stones deteriorate more due to the lack of the simplest and minimum preventive
maintenance actions, than for any other cause.
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As final remark, this study opens the door to further studies which will provide more evidence of life
forms implications, thus gathering the necessary data which will enable to start evaluating the more
adequate methods to correct the damages and prevent further attacks.
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presence of Microorganisms in the Pamplona Cathedral (Spain). In this Congress.
Bendiciarics Sacristy
Canonic.al S.:1crisly
650
Darba.z.ana Chapel
Ocfensin~ tower
Ulrtes Room
J~usChrisl Chapel
Sandoval Cha pd
Cloister
Fl ~
eanonit21 Bedroom
San J ose pl act
Temple Tithe barn
Fig. 1 - Ground plan of Pamplona Cathedral
[IT] Spouiu!!
~ Supcrfit:i::il llcpus i1
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CT] Pain1in{!
lm t:ovcriug
Rerectory
Kitchen
Fig. 2 - Bioalteration indicator in the Temple north facade
TI . fl .,
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~ Bioincru sl:itiun
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o 2 4 6 11 10111
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Fig. 4 - Bioalteration indicators in the Temple west facade
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Fig. 5 - East facades of Sacristies and Chapter House
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652
Fig. 6 - Generalized distribution of bioalteration indicators in the Cloister
': - Gray chromatic b10Jltcra1ion
a Supcrlic1al deposit
D Green chromauc Oioaher;:iupn
~ lncrust.ation-dcposil
Spon111g
Biolop:1c.li film
Fig. 8 - Bioalteration indicators in the Barbazana Chapel south facade
5m
Fig. 7 - Bioalteration indicators in the Barbazana Chapel north facade
~ lncrustali1111-dcposi1
[:ZJ Spotting
D Green chromatic bioal1cr.l1.icm
mTil Pa.in1ing
• Gray chroma1ic bioa.hcration
[[DJ BiologiCJ.l lilm
Fig. 9 - Bioalteration indicators in the Barbazana Chapel east facade
c:::::=:::=:::::=1=::::;m
653
~ Ri11incru.~1 Jti11n· c1wcring
mJI DJrkl'>ruwnCT\J•l
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Fig. 10 - Bioalteration indicators in the Refectory south facade
i:::::::::J:==:::r:==:i===i:::::=l5~1
Fig. 11 - Bioalteration indicators in the Refectory east facade
~ Ri••1nau<w'um·CO\Tri11r-
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Fig. 12 - Bioalteration indicators in the Refectory west facade
