Marine Micropaleontology, 9 (1985): 489--523 489 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands SYNCHRONOUS AND TIME-TRANSGRESSIVE NEOGENE RADIOLARIAN DATUM LEVELS IN THE EQUATORIAL INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS DAVID A. JOHNSON 1 and CATHERINE A. NIGRINP i Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 (U.S.A.) 2 510 Papyrus Drive, La Habra Heights, CA 90631 (U.S.A.) (Revised form accepted June 17, 1985) Abstract Johnson, D.A. and Nigrini, C.A., 1985. Synchronous and time-transgressive Neogene radiolarian datum levels in the Equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans. Mar. Micropaleontol., 9: 489--523. Fifty radiolarian events of early Pleistocene and Neogene age were identified in an E--W transect of equatorial DSDP sites, extending from the Gulf of Panama to the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans. Our objective was to document the degree of synchroneity or time-transgressiveness of stratigraphically-useful datum levels from this geologic time interval. We restricted our study to low latitudes within which morphological variations of individual taxa are minimal, the total assemblage diversity remains high, and stratigraphic continuity is well- documented by an independent set of criteria. Each of the five sites chosen (503, 573, 289/586, 214) was cal- ibrated to an "absolute" time scale, using a multiple of planktonic foraminiferal, nannofossil, and diatom datum levels which have been independently correlated to the paleomagnetic polarity time scale in piston core material. With these correlations we have assigned "absolute" ages to each radiolarian event, with a precision of 0.1--0.2 m.y. and an accuracy of 0.2--0.4 m.y. On this basis we have classified each of the events as either: (a) synchro- nous (range of ages <0.4 m.y.); (b) time-transgressive (i.e., range of ages > 1.0 m.y.); and (c) not resolvable (range of ages 0.4--1.0 m.y.). Our results show that, among the synchronous datum levels, a large majority (15 out of 19) are last occur- rences. Among those events which are clearly time-transgressive, most are first appearances (10 out of 13). In many instances taxa appear to evolve first in the Indian Ocean, and subsequently in the western and eastern Pacific Ocean. This pattern is particularly unexpected in view of the strong east-to-west zonal flow in equatorial lat- itudes. Three of the time-transgressive events have been used to define zonal boundaries: the first appearances of Spongaster pentas, Diartus hughesi, and D. petterssoni. Our results suggest that biostratigraphic non-syn- chroneity may be substantial (i.e., greater than 1 m.y.) within a given latitudinal zone; one would expect this effect to be even more pronounced across oceanographic and climatic gradients. We anticipate that the extent of diachroneity may be comparable for diatom, foraminiferal, and nannofossil datum levels as well. If this proves true, global "time scales" may need to be re-formulated on the basis of a smaller number of demonstrably synchronous events. Introduction A fundamental presumption of stratigraph- ic correlation is the relative synchroneity of biostratigraphic datum levels on a regional or even a global scale, in contrast with the common time-transgressive nature of other stratigraphic "horizons" (e.g. lithofacies boundaries; hiatuses; seismic reflectors). As a result of the development of a precise paleo- magnetic geochronology over the past two decades, biostratigraphers have been able
Transcript
Marine Micropaleontology, 9 (1985): 489--523 489 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
S Y N C H R O N O U S A N D T I M E - T R A N S G R E S S I V E N E O G E N E R A D I O L A R I A N D A T U M L E V E L S IN T H E E Q U A T O R I A L I N D I A N A N D P A C I F I C O C E A N S
DAVID A. JOHNSON 1 and CATHERINE A. NIGRINP
i Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 (U.S.A.) 2 510 Papyrus Drive, La Habra Heights, CA 90631 (U.S.A.)
(Revised form accepted June 17, 1985)
A b s t r a c t
Johnson, D.A. and Nigrini, C.A., 1985. Synchronous and time-transgressive Neogene radiolarian datum levels in the Equatorial Indian and Pacific Oceans. Mar. Micropaleontol., 9: 489--523.
Fifty radiolarian events of early Pleistocene and Neogene age were identified in an E--W transect of equatorial DSDP sites, extending from the Gulf of Panama to the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans. Our objective was to document the degree of synchroneity or time-transgressiveness of stratigraphically-useful datum levels from this geologic time interval. We restricted our study to low latitudes within which morphological variations of individual taxa are minimal, the total assemblage diversity remains high, and stratigraphic continuity is well- documented by an independent set of criteria. Each of the five sites chosen (503, 573, 289/586, 214) was cal- ibrated to an "absolute" time scale, using a multiple of planktonic foraminiferal, nannofossil, and diatom datum levels which have been independently correlated to the paleomagnetic polarity time scale in piston core material. With these correlations we have assigned "absolute" ages to each radiolarian event, with a precision of 0.1--0.2 m.y. and an accuracy of 0.2--0.4 m.y. On this basis we have classified each of the events as either: (a) synchro- nous (range of ages <0.4 m.y.); (b) time-transgressive (i.e., range of ages > 1.0 m.y.); and (c) not resolvable (range of ages 0.4--1.0 m.y.).
Our results show that, among the synchronous datum levels, a large majority (15 out of 19) are last occur- rences. Among those events which are clearly time-transgressive, most are first appearances (10 out of 13). In many instances taxa appear to evolve first in the Indian Ocean, and subsequently in the western and eastern Pacific Ocean. This pattern is particularly unexpected in view of the strong east-to-west zonal flow in equatorial lat- itudes. Three of the time-transgressive events have been used to define zonal boundaries: the first appearances of Spongaster pentas, Diartus hughesi, and D. petterssoni. Our results suggest that biostratigraphic non-syn- chroneity may be substantial (i.e., greater than 1 m.y.) within a given latitudinal zone; one would expect this effect to be even more pronounced across oceanographic and climatic gradients.
We anticipate that the extent of diachroneity may be comparable for diatom, foraminiferal, and nannofossil datum levels as well. If this proves true, global "time scales" may need to be re-formulated on the basis of a smaller number of demonstrably synchronous events.
I n t r o d u c t i o n
A f u n d a m e n t a l p r e s u m p t i o n o f s t r a t i g r aph - ic c o r r e l a t i o n is t h e r e l a t ive s y n c h r o n e i t y o f b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c d a t u m levels o n a r e g i o n a l o r e v e n a g loba l scale, in c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e
c o m m o n t i m e - t r a n s g r e s s i v e n a t u r e of o t h e r s t r a t i g r a p h i c " h o r i z o n s " (e.g. l i t ho f a c i e s b o u n d a r i e s ; h i a t u se s ; se i smic r e f l ec to r s ) . As a
r e s u l t o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p rec i se pa leo- m a g n e t i c g e o c h r o n o l o g y over t h e pas t t w o decades , b i o s t r a t i g r a p h e r s h a v e b e e n ab le
490
to test this presumed synchronei ty of faunal and floral biostratigraphic "events" against an independent calibration -- the polarity reversal sequence. Such comparisons have suggested apparent synchronei ty for a sub- stantial number of biostratigraphic events to within a precision of ~0 .1- -0 .4 million years, and as a result have formed the basis for the calibration of biostratigraphic zona- tions to "absolu te" time scales (e.g., Berggren et al., 1980; in press).
In recent years, however, some notable exceptions to global synchroneity have emerged upon closer examination of the latitudinal dependence of floral and faunal zonations, and of the associated stratigraphic marker "horizons". Among the planktonic foraminifera, which are perhaps the most thoroughly-studied of the microfossil groups, significant latitudinal diachroneity has been demonstra ted for numerous "horizons", in- cluding:
(a) The first-appearance datums of Globo- rotalia truncatulinoides and G. inflata (Kennett , 1970);
(b) The first-appearance datum of Globo- rotalia puncticulata (Kennett , 1973; Kennet t and Watkins, 1974);
(c) The last-appearance datum of Globo- rotalia (Fohsella) kugleri (Srinivasan and Kennett , 1983); and
(d) The last-appearance datum of Globo- quadrina dehiscens (D. Hodell, personal communicat ion, 1984). In a recent review of Neogene chronostrat- igraphy and biostratigraphy, Saito (1984) has summarized the evidence for latitudinal diachroneity of several first- and last-appear- ance datum levels of planktonic foraminifera. Consequently there is a clear basis for re- examining the presumed biostratigraphic syn- chroneity for all microfossil da tum levels with a much closer scrutiny, both within and between latitudinal zones.
We have re-examined the classical sequen- ces of low-latitude radiolarian events (e.g., Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978; Theyer et al., 1978), and have discovered some persistent
"wrinkles" within the presumed paradigm of biostratigraphic synchroneity. Our results amplify Baker's (1983, fig. 3) initial docu- mentat ion of time-transgressive da tum levels for a single radiolarian genus, Theocorythium. We believe that at least some of the apparent departures from synchroneity may be real, rather than mere artifacts of the combined effects of incomplete core recovery, low abundances of taxa, or poor specimen pres- ervation. If non-synchroneity is indeed sig- nificant, then its documenta t ion in diverse groups of fauna and flora may be important not only for sharpening stratigraphic resolu- tion, bu t also in interpretations of pale- oceanography and evolutionary biology.
Objectives and methods of study
We have examined low-latitude radiolarian sequences of Quaternary and late Neogene age (ca. 1--15 m.y.) in four composi te DSDP drilling localities (Fig. i and Table I): the eastern Pacific (Site 503), central Pacific (Site 573), western Pacific (Sites 289 and 586), and Indian Ocean (Site 214). We inten- tionally selected a coring transect within a given latitudinal zone in which one would expect to encounter comparable taxa at all sites, thus avoiding the complexities in- t roduced by latitudinally<lependent zona- tions (e.g. Berggren, 1984, figs. 14 and 15) and variations in taxon morphologies. Our objective was to determine whether sig- nificant non-synchroneity of biostratigraphic horizons can be observed within a uniform climatic (latitudinal) belt.
Fig. 1. Index map showing DSDP sites whose radio- larian biostratigraphy forms the basis of our study of synchroneity.
In considering the number of possible radiolarian events from which to choose, we employed two principal criteria in deriving our final list (see Appendix I):
-- We used principally first- and last-appear- ance datums of morphotypes (48 events), and included only two evolutionary transi- tions be tween morphotypes within a lineage. Although evolutionary transition events clear- ly have stratigraphic value (e.g., Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978, fig. 1), there is some sub- ject ivi ty associated with selecting the "cross- over po in t" in an evolving populat ion of dif- ferent morphotypes , even if large numbers of specimens are examined. With this criterion we have therefore excluded some evolu- t ionary transitions within the artiscin lin- eage(s) which have classically been employed in subdividing the Neogene (Riedel and San- filippo, 1978; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1980), bu t which we found were no t practical for in- clusion in our study.
-- We included in our tabulations o n l y taxa whose identi ty is relatively unam- biguous using ordinary light-microscopic examination. Several additional taxa were noted which appear to have stratigraphic value, bu t which will require more taxonomic research and perhaps re-definition prior to
491
their consistent application as stratigraphic markers.
Using these two criteria we selected fif ty radiolarian events which we identified so far as the material would allow in each of our four reference localities. In all instances we supplemented published tabulations of radio- larian occurrences with our own re-examina- t ion of the material to verify that we were applying consistent criteria in identifying taxa (e.g., Riedel and Westberg, 1982 for Site 503; Holdsworth, 1975, and Westberg and Riedel, 1978, for Site 289; Johnson, 1974, for Site 214; Caulet, in press, for Site 586). We examined each drill site at intervals of one sample per section (1.5 m), and tabulated whether each taxon was present (P), rare (+, only one specimen in a slide), or absent (--) (see Appendix II). From these tabulations we selected upper and lower limits for as many taxa as possible (see Appendix III).
Selection and calibration of stratigraphic reference sections
We devoted a major effort to re-calibrating all available stratigraphic marker horizons in our chosen drill sites to the revised Neo- gene time scale of Berggren et al. (in press). This substantial revision, which emerged in early 1984, reassigns the long magnetic nor- mal interval of the late Miocene to Chron 11 rather than the previously assumed Chron 9 (Ryan et al., 1974), and thereby has re- solved many discrepancies which formerly preoccupied late Miocene geochronology (see discussion in Berggren et al., in press). We have constructed age--depth curves for each of our reference sites (Figs. 2--5), using all available stratigraphic horizons in these sites which have been calibrated to the polarity time scale (Tables II--V).
We recognize that there is a multiplicity of allowable (and perhaps preferable) ways of constructing curves through the available control points. Minor hiatuses, such as those interpreted by Keller and Barron (1983),
492
A G E (Ma} 0 I 2 5 4 5
40 " ~
60- ~ . - \
8 0 \. 100- ~ .p_,
120 D S D P S ITE 5 0 5 tx~ 2 • POLA~I[Y BOUNDA/PIE~ \ k
BIOETRATIGRAPHIC DATUM LEVELS \ ~ Dj l 'O _ rr~:fOI~AMINIF.Ep A #--i~'~ I
N ~= NAIWOrO#gL# ,75 160 - D} :DIATOM.f ~i DJ
180
2OO
220 ' ,
Fig. 2. Absolute age control at DSDP Site 503, Table 2.
] I I
6 7 8 I I
\ I I
eastern equatorial Pacific Sources of data are listed in
may indeed be present. In our study, how- ever, we have adopted a more conservative approach and constructed a minimal number of straight-line segments through the control points, ignoring second-order changes in accumulation rate which may indeed be present. Our objective here is to document only major events of non-synchroneity (1 m.y. or greater), and for this purpose we require an age resolution at each site on the order of ~0 .3 m.y. The multiplicity of con- trol points which we have employed allows this degree o f resolution, although we of
course would prefer to have had a complete polarity stratigraphy directly available for each of our reference sites.
We note that the strength of our case for radiolarian synchronei ty/non-synchronei ty lies in the accuracy of our reference site calibrations. There is insufficient space in this paper to discuss and just ify each of our choices of calibration points and their corre- sponding "absolu te" ages, bu t we have pro- vided a detailed tabulat ion and citations for each control point, thereby allowing readers t o assess the validity of our approach.
493
0
20
40
60
so
100-
12O
AGE (/14o) 0 t 2 3 4 5 6
i I , I i I i I i I i I ~6N~
~k bg
140
160
180
' D I 6
7 8 9 i I i I I
[ ~ S E ) P S I T [ = " 5 7 3 ~ 7 D~ Dm BIOETRATIGI~APt#'C DATUM l £VELS - ~-D2o
} : FOP, AMiN/FEI~A i #
N ~ = NANNOFOYS/ZY ~ ,
/ v /
I 1 , I , 1 ~ I , I , 1 I , I
AGE (Ma) t0 11 12 t3 14 15 t6 i7 18
1 A I , I , I , I , I , l , i ~ I
D27 #4 D ~- -
~ , - S I T E 573 200 n28~D2~ D3o
220 ~ ~ i m
260 ; i ~ D~_5
2 8 0 O } . D,AW~S Eg I h I , I , I , I , I , I , I , I }
Fig. 3. Absolute age control at DSDP Site 573, central equatorial Pacific. Sources of data are listed in Table III.
494
100
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0 -
SffE 586
AGE (Mo) 1 2 5 4 5 6 7 8 9
i I , I i I i I I I I L I I I I I
J I , - fl.~ N2 ~ ~ N~ - N~"<~ r3
"9 %;
- 0 ~;~ \
N_, \ ~ £ - N,;Q'
-100 ;;~'~
"\s 6
- 2 0 0 "~
D ,SE)P S I T E S 2 8 9 8 , 5 E 3 6 / ) ~ \ BIOE TRA TIC~A PHIC Pa TUM L E VEL E ~
T F "_L: FORAMINIFERA
N I : NANNOFO55/LY #ji'~;
300 ~r 5 ~-~Z
; I T E - N~ ~
~ ' 8 9 , I I I I I I J I I i I
AGE (Ma) 10 1t 12 1:5 14 1,5 t6
i , I i J , I i ] i i i
4 0 0
D S D P S I T E 2 8 9 F j _ ~ ' ~
\ 5 0 0 BIOETRATIM,~APttlC DATUM I EVELE F1 = FORAMINIFERA
N t = NANNOfO$fflL~
I i i i i i I
17 18 I I
• 8
- - ~-17 "
I , I i I i I I
Fig. 4. Abso lute age control at DSDP Sites 289 and 586, western equatorial Pacific. Sources o f data are l isted in Tables IV and V.
495
TABLE II
Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic datum levels at sites 503A and 503B, eastern equatorial Pacific
Datum Samples Depth Age (m) (Ma)
Paleomagne t ics a
Brunhes/Matuyama 503B-3-3,60-70 10.8 0.73 e Base of JaramiUo 503B-4-2,30-40 12.2 0.98 Base of Olduvai 503A-9-2,100-130 35.1 1.88 Matuyama/Gauss 503B-12-2,60-100 49.2 2.47 Top of Mammoth 503B-15-3,80-100 63.5 3.08 Gauss/Gilbert 503B-17-3,80-100 72.5 3.40 Top of Cochiti 503B-21-3,25-43 89.7 3.88
D i a t o m s b
D 1 T N. cyl indrica A25-CC/26-CC 107.2--111.8 4.4 f D 2 B N. j ouseae A27-CC/28-CC 116.1--120.6 4.6 D 3 T T. m iocen ica A32-1/33-1 134.3--138.5 5.1 D, T A. acut i loba A34-2,48/108 144.6--145.2 5.35 D 5 T N. miocen ica A36-CC/37-1 155.7--156.2 5.6 D, T T. p r a e c o n v e x a A38-CC/39-2 164.6--166.6 5.8 D 7 B T. convexa A44-CC/45-CC 191.0--195.4 6.2 D 8 B T. p r a e c o n v e x a A46-CC/47-CC 199.7--204.1 6.3 D 9 B N. miocen ica A50-1,48/108 213.5--214.1 7.3
Foramin i f e ra c
B G. t umida
N a n n o fossils d
A33-CC/34-CC 142.6--147.0 5.2 e
B A. p r i m u s A48-CC/49-2 208.5--210.5 6.5 e
aprell et al., 1982, p. 179, table 5. bBaldauf, 1985, table 2. CKeigwin, 1982, pp. 274--275, tables 2 and 3. dInitial Reports of DSDP, 68, pp. 174--175. eBerggren et al. (in press), table X; appendix II, tables 6 and 7. fBarron et al., 1985 (a), table 3. Diatom events calibrated with paleomagnetic polarity epochs in Burckle (1978).
D o c u m e n t a t i o n o f s y n c h r o n o u s and t ime- t ransgress ive even ts
Using i n d e p e n d e n t c o n t r o l p o i n t s f o r con- s t ruc t ing a g e - - d e p t h curves a t each site, we der ived an age e s t i m a t e f o r t hose rad io la r ian events in wh ich the t a x o n was suf f i c ien t ly
a b u n d a n t t o yield a rel iable " e v e n t " deter - m i n a t i o n . We f o u n d t h a t the events fal l in to t h r e e ca tegor ies : t hose wh ich a p p e a r to be s y n c h r o n o u s wi th in o u r l imi ts o f r e so lu t ion (Table VI) ; t hose wh ich are c lear ly t i m e t ransgress ive b y ~ 1 m . y . o r g rea te r (Table VI I ) ; and t h o s e w h o s e s y n c h r o n e i t y r ema ins
4 9 6
T A B L E III
B i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c d a t u m leve ls a t D S D P S i t e s 5 7 3 1 5 7 3 B
D a t u m D e p t h a A g e s P a l e o m a g n e t i c ( m ) ( M a ) c a l i b r a t i o n
Foraminifera
F~ B G. truncatulinoides 2 5 . 6 - - 2 8 . 6 1 .9 b e,f ( N 2 2 / N 2 1 )
F~" T G. nepenthes 5 8 . 0 - - 6 3 . 2 3 . 9 b e,g F 3 B G. tumida 9 5 . 0 - - 1 0 4 . 1 5.2 b e,h
( N l S / N 1 7 ) F 4 B S. subdehiscens 1 8 5 . 8 - - 1 9 5 . 6 11 .8 c - -
( N 1 3 / N 1 2 ) F s B G. fohsi s.1. 2 0 6 . 7 - - 2 0 9 . 1 13 .1 b i
( N 1 2 / N l l ) F 6 B G. fohs iprae fohs i 2 1 6 . 1 - - 2 1 7 . 6 1 3 . 9 b i
( N I l / N 1 0 ) F 7 B Orbulina suturalis 2 4 7 . 1 - - 2 5 0 . 2 1 5 . 2 b i j
( N 9 / N 8 ) F s B G. insueta 2 8 5 . 1 - - 2 8 8 . 1 18 .1 d k
( N 6 / N 5 )
Nanno fossils
N~ T P. lacunosa 6.0-- -7 .0 0 . 4 7 m o N 2 T C. macintyrei 2 2 . 0 - - 2 3 . 0 1 . 4 5 m p N 3 T D. brouweri 2 5 . 8 - - 2 6 . 1 1 . 9 0 m f,P
( C N 1 3 / 1 1 2 d ) N 3 T R. pseudoumbi l iea 5 1 . 0 - - 5 0 . 5 3 .5 m q,r
( C N 1 2 / 1 1 ) N s T A. pr imus 6 4 . 5 - - - 6 6 . 0 4 .4 m s
(CNll]10) N , T D. quinqueramus 8 2 . 2 - - 8 5 . 7 5 .5 n q
( C N 1 0 / 9 ) N~ T D. hamatus 1 6 8 . 6 - - 1 7 0 . 1 8 . 8 5 m i
( C N 7 / 6 ) N a B D. hamatus 1 7 6 . 6 - - 1 7 6 . 7 1 0 . 0 m i
( C N 6 1 5 ) N 9 B C. coalitus 1 8 7 . 6 - - 1 8 9 . 1 1 0 . 8 m i
( C N 6 / 5 ) N10 B D. kugleri 1 9 6 . 1 - - 1 9 7 . 6 1 1 . 8 n - -
( C N 5 b / 5 a ) N ~ T S. he teromorphus 2 1 7 . 1 - - 2 1 8 . 6 1 4 . 0 n - -
( C N 5 a / 4 ) N~2 T H. ampliaperta 2 4 7 . 6 - - 2 4 9 . 1 1 6 . 0 m i
Diatoms
D 1 T N. reinhoidii 1 1 . 5 - - 1 2 . 8 0 . 6 5 v D: T R. praebergonii 2 0 . 8 - - 2 5 . 3 1 .6 - -
robusta D 3 B P. doliolus 2 5 . 3 - - 3 0 . 5 1 .8 w D 4 T T. convexa 3 3 . 1 - - 3 6 . 1 2 .2 w D 5 T N. jouseae 3 6 . 1 - - 3 8 . 9 2 .6 w
497
TABLE III (continued)
Datum Depth a Ages Paleomagnetic (m) (Ma) calibration
D~ B R. praebergonii 43.4--46.4 3.0 w D 7 B T. convexa convexa 49.1--52.1 3.6 w D s B A. elegans 57.7--63.7 3.9 w D 9 T N. cylindrica 63.7--66.6 4.4 w Dx0 B N. jouseae 73.4---765.2 4.6 w D~x T T. miocenica 76.2--76.2 5.1 w D12 T A. acutiloba 76.9--85.8 5.35 w DI3 T N. miocenica 92.4--95.0 5.6 w D~, T T. praeconvexa 95.9--98.9 5.8 w D15 B T. miocenica 110.7--112.6 6.15 w DI~ B T. praeconvexa 112.6--114.6 6.3 w D~ T N. porteri 122.O 127.0 6.7 w D~s B N. miocenica 128.5--131.3 6.8 w D~9 T R. paleacea 128.5--131.3 6.9 w D~0 T T. burckliana 133.4--137.9 7.0 w D21 B T. burckliana 158.2--158.3 8.0 w D22 T C. vetustissimus 159.7--161.2 8.5 w
var. javanica D23 B C. vetustissimus 167.2--170.7 8.8 w
vat. javanica D2, T A. moronensis 167.2--170.7 8.9 w D2s T C. tuberculatus 176.6--177.2 10.4 x D26 T C. eoscinodiscus 185.9--186.7 10.7 -- D27 B H. cuneiformis 185.9--186.7 11.2 w D~8 B C. temperei 195.6--199.2 11.8 x
var. delicata D29 T D. nieobarica 2 0 3 . 4 - 2 1 0 2 12.6 -- D30 T C. lewisianus 203.4--210.2 12.9 -- D3x B D. hustedtii 214.7--219.7 13.7 -- D~2 T C. peplum 222.7--224.1 14.1 w D3~ B A. ingens 232.8--242.9 15.5 -- D3, T T. fraga 254.7--257.7 16.4 -- D3s T T. bukryi 265.7--267.2 17.0 Y
aSaito, 1985. bBerggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 6. CBarron et al., 1985 (b), table 1, column "B84". dBarron et al., 1985 (a), table 5. eSaito et al., 1975. fBerggren et al., 1980. gBerggren et al., 1983. hKeigwin, 1982. iMiller et al., 1985. JPoore et al., 1983. kLeg 85 paleo- mag. data at Site 575A. 1pujos, 1985. mBerggren et al., in press, appen- dix II, table 7. nBarron et al., 1985 (b) table 2, column "B84". °Thief- stein et al., 1977. PBackman et al., 1983. qGartner, 1973. rBackman and Shackleton, 1983. SMazzei et al., 1979. tBarron, 1985. UBarron et al., 1985 (a) table 3; Barton et al., in press (b), table 4. VBurckle, 1972. WBurckle, 1978. XBurckle et al., 1982. YLeg 85 paleomagnetic calibration in Hole 575 A.
d i f f i c u l t t o assess, d u e e i t h e r t o r a re a n d s p o r a d i c o c c u r r e n c e s o f t h e t a x o n o r to in - c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n s o f c o m p u t e d ages ( T a b l e VI I I ) . F r o m t h i s g r o u p i n g o f e v e n t s t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l p a t t e r n s have e m e r g e d :
- - A m o n g t h o s e e v e n t s w h i c h a p p e a r syn- c h r o n o u s , t h e large m a j o r i t y (15 o u t o f 19) are las t o c c u r r e n c e s (Fig . 6) . We n o t e t h a t a n u m b e r o f o t h e r b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c e v e n t s i d e n t i f i e d as " g l o b a l l y s y n c h r o n o u s " are also
498
last occurrences (e.g., Hays and Shackleton, 1976; Thierstein et al., 1977; Burckle et al., 1978).
- - Among the events showing strongest non-synchroneity (i.e., 1 m.y. or greater), most (10 out of 13) are first appearances; furthermore, in 8 out o f these 10 cases the
T A B L E IV
taxon evolves first in the Indian Ocean, and subsequently in the western and eastern Pacific (Fig. 7).
- - The three extinction events which are most strongly diachronous show the inverse relationship: some extinctions in the Pacific apparently precede corresponding events in
Biostrat igraphic da tum levels at DSDP Site 289
Datum Samples a,j Depth Age b .k Paleomagnet ic (m) (Ma) cal ibrat ion
Foraminifera
F 1 B G. tumida 18-4/19-2 166.5--173.0 5.2* c,d F~ B PuUeniatinaprimalis 22-1/22-2 201.0--202.0 5.8* c F 3 B G. conglobatus 27-2/27-5 249.0--253.5 7 .1"* - - F , B B. obliquus extremus 30-3/31-3 279.0--288.5 8.0** - - F s B N. acostaensis 33-4/34-2 309.0--315.5 8.6** e F 6 T G. siakensis 36-2/36-4 334.5--337.5 9.9** e F, B G. nepenthes 37-5/38-1 348.5- -352.0 10 .9"* - - F 6 T G. fohsi robusta, 40-4/40-5 375.5- -377.0 11.5" f
G. fohsi lobata F 9 B G. fohsi robusta 43-6/44-1 407.0- -409.0 12.6" f F~0 B G. fohsilobata 45-2/45-4 420.0- -423.0 13.1" f F~I B G. fohsipraefohsi 47-6/48-1 445.0- -447.0 13.9" f F~2 B G. peripheroacuta 49-4]49-5 461.0--462.5 14 .6"* - - F~3 B Orbulinasuturalis 51-6/52-2 483.0- -487.0 15.2" f,g F~, B G. mitra 54-4/55-1 509.0--513.5 16 .0"* - - F~5 B G. sicanus 55-2/55-3 515.0--516.5 16 .4"* - - F~, T C. dissimilis 58-2,60/92 543.5--544.0 17.6" h F ~ B G. insueta 59-1/59-2 551.5- -553.0 18.1"* i
Nannofossils
N, B C. rugosus 15-CC/16-1 (S) 142.5--143.5 4 .5*** 1,m N~ B A. primus 25-1/25-2 (S) 229.0--230.5 6 .5*** n N3 B D. quinqueramus 27-3]27-6 (B) 250 .5- -255 .0 7 .3**** n N, T D. hamatus 34-1134-3 (B) 314 .0- -317.0 8 .85*** f N 5 B D. hamatus 36-CC/34-1 (S) 342 .0- -343 .0 10 .0"** f N 6 B C. coalitus 3 7 - 6 , 3 5 / 1 2 0 ( S ) 350.5--351.5 10 .8"** f N 7 B D. kugleri 40-3/41-2 (B) 374 .0- -383.0 11 .8"*** - - N8 T S. heteromorphus 47-4]47-5 (S) 442 .0- -443.5 14 .0"*** - - N 9 B S. heteromorphus 57-CC/58-1 (S) 532 .0- -533.0 17 .1"** h N~0 T S. belemnos 58-1/58-2 (S) 533.0--534.5 17 .4"** h
aForamini fe ra l da tum levels based on results r epor ted in: Saito, 1975; Srinivasan and Kennet t , 1981a, b. bSources o f absolute ages: * = Berggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 6; ** = Barron et al., 1985 (b), table 1, co lumn " B 8 4 " . cSai to et al., 1975. dKeigwin, 1982. eRyan et al., 1974. fMiller et al., 1985. gPoore et al., 1983. hBerggren et al., 1983. iBarron et al., 1985 (a), table 5. JNannofossil da tum levels based on Bukry, 1975 (B); Shafik, 1975 (S). kSources of absolute ages: • ** = Berggren et al., in press, append ix II, table 7; **** = Barton et al., 1985 (b), table 2, co lumn " B V 8 4 " . 1Gartner, 1973. mBerggren, 1973. nHaq et al., 1980.
499
the Indian Ocean by up to several million years (see Fig. 6).
Discussion
Our most significant finding is the asym- metrical distribution of diachronous events between first occurrences and last occur- rences: The overwhelming majori ty of syn- chronous datum levels are extinctions, and a
comparable majori ty of time-transgressive events are first-appearance da tum levels (Fig. 7). We note that the same asymmetry has recently been identified for benthic marine invertebrates in the Late Ordovician of eastern North America (Bretsky and Klofak, 1985). We thus have reason to suspect that biostratigraphic da tum levels for other plank- tonic and benthonic marine organisms may exhibit this same asymmetrical pattern. If indeed this proves to be true upon fur ther
TABLE V
Biostratigraphic datum levels at DSDP Sites 586/586A
Datum Samplesa,C Deptha,c Age b,d (m)
Foraminifera
FI T G. fistulosus 5-2/5-3 32--34 1.6 F~ B G. truncatulinoides 5-6/5-CC 37--39 1.9
(N22/N21) F 3 B G. tosaensis A-2-CC/A-3-CC 58--68 3.1 F, B G. fistulosus A-3-CC/A-4-CC 68--78 3.3 F s T G. margaritae A-3-CC/A-4-CC 68--78 3.4 F 6 T G. nepenthes A-6-CC/A-7-CC 97--107 3.9 F 7 B G. tumida A-12-6/A-12-CC 153--155 5.2
(NI8/NI7) F s T G. dehiscens A-11-CC/A-12-3 145--148 5.3 F 9 B G. margaritae A-15-CC/A-16-CC 176--186 5.6 F~0 B Pulleniatina s . 1 . A-15-CC/A-16-CC 176--186 5.8
Nannofossils
N~ T C. macintyrei B4-2/4-3 32.0--33.5 1.45 N2 T D. brouweri B5-2/5-3 41.6--43.1 1.9 N 3 T D. asymmetricus B5-CC/6-1 48.9--49.7 2.2 N4 T C. pentaradiatus B6-4/6-5 54.2--55.7 2.32 N 5 T D. surculus B6-6/6-7 57.2--58.7 2.4 N 6 T S. abies BS-CC/9-CC 78.0-87 .5 3.47 N 7 T R. pseudoumbilica B8-CC/9-CC 78.0-87 .5 3.5 N 8 T A. primus B15-2/15-5 136.5--141.0 4.4 N9 B C. rugosus B15-CC/16-1 143.4--144.6 4.5 N~0 B C. acutus B16-CC/17-CC 153.6--163.0 5.0 NI~ T A. amplificus B19-CC/20-CC 182.5--192.0 5.6 N12 B A. amplificus B21-6/21-CC 200.1--201.7 5.9 N~3 B A. primus A20-CC/21-1 227.4--228.9 6.5 N, , T D. hamatus A30-CC/31-1 300.0-301.5 8.85
aForaminiferal data from Srinivasan and Kennett, unpublished Site Report, Site 586, DSDP Leg 90. bForaminiferal data from Berggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 6. CNannofossil data from Lohmann, in prep., Site Report, Site 586, DSDP " Leg 90. dNannofossil data from Berggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 7.
500
T A B L E VI
Biostrat igraphic da tum levels at DSDP Site 214
Datum Samples aJ Depth Age b ,k Paleomagnet ic (m) (Ma) cal ibrat ion
Foraminifera
F1 B PuUeniatina finalis 2-5/2-CC 15.5--18.5 1.3 c F2 T G. fistulosus 2-CC/3-1 18.5--19.1 1.6 c,d F 3 B G. truncatulinoides 3-3/3-4 22.0--23.5 1.9 c,d F 4 T SphaeroidineUopsis spp. 5-3/5-4 4 1 . 0 - 4 2 . 5 3.0 c,e F s B G. fistulosus 5-CC/6-1 4 7 . 0 - 4 7 . 6 3.3 f F 6 T G. nepenthes 7-118-2 5 8 . 0 - 6 8 . 5 3.9 c,e,f F 7 B G. tumida 1 0 - C C / l l - 1 9 5 . 0 - 9 5 . 5 5.2 c,g F8 B Pulleniatinaprimalis 12-5/12-CC 1 1 0 . 0 - 1 1 4 . 0 5.8 c F 9 B N. humerosa 14-CC/15-2 1 3 3 . 0 - 1 3 4 . 5 7.5 h F,0 B N. acostaensis 16-CC/17-1 152.5--153.0 8.6* h F,~ T G. siakensis 17-6/17-CC 161.0--162.0 10.4 i F,2 B G. nepenthes 18-3/18-5 165.0--168.0 10.9" - - F~3 T G. fohsis.1. 18-CC/19-1 1 7 0 . 0 - 1 7 2 . 5 11.5 i
Nanno fossils
N, T P. lacunosa 1-5/1-6 7.0--8.0 0.47 1 N 2 B G. oceanica 2-CC/3-1 19.0--20.0 1.68 d N 3 T D. brouweri 3-2/3-3 20.5--22.0 1.9 d,m N 4 T D. surculus 4-1/4-2 29.5--31.0 2.4 d,m,n N s T D. tamalis 4-3/4-4 34.0--35.5 2.6 o N 6 T S. abies 6-2/6-3 4 9 . 0 - 5 0 . 5 3.47 P,q N 7 T R. pseudoumbilica 6-3/6-4 50.5--52.0 3.5 n,o~p N 8 B D. asymmetricus 8-CC/9-1 7 6 . 0 - 7 7 . 0 4.1 n,r N 9 B C. rugosus 9-CC/10-1 85 .5- -86 .0 4.5 o N~0 T D. quinqueramus 11-CC/12-1 104.5--105.5 5.5** n N~ B A. tricorniculatus 13-3/13-5 117.5--120.5 6.0 s N~2 B A primus 13-2/14-2 1 1 6 . 0 - 1 2 5 . 5 6.5 s N,3 B D. quinqueramus 14-3/14-CC(~) 127.0--133.0 7.3** s N~4 T C. calyculus 17-1/17-2 153.0--154.5 8.75 i.t N,s T D. hamatus 17-1/17-2 1 5 3 . 0 - 1 5 4 . 5 8.85 i N,, B C. calyculus 17-6/17-CC 160.0--162.0 10.0 i N,7 B D. hamatus 18-2/18-2 162.5--163.5 10.0 i N~8 B C. coalitus 18-CC/19-1 170.5--171.5 10.8 i N,9 T C. floridanus 18-CC/19-1 170.5--171.5 11.6 i
aForamini fe ra l data f rom McGowran, 1972, p. 612, fig. 2. bForamini fe ra l data f rom Berggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 6. Ages marked by * are f rom Barron et al., 1985 (b), table 1, co lumn " B 8 4 " . CSaito et al., 1975. dBerggren et al., 1980. eBerggren et al., 1983. fHays et al., 1969. gKeigwin, 1982. h R y a n et al., 1974. iMiller et al., 1985. JNan- nofossil data f rom Gartner , 1972. kNannofoss i l data f rom Berggren et al., in press, appendix II, table 7. Ages marked by ** are f rom Bar ton et al., 1985 (b), table 2, co lumn " B 8 4 " . IThierstein e t al., 1977. m B a c k m a n et al., 1983. nGartner , 1973. ° B a c k m a n and Shackle ton, 1983. PMonechi e t al., in press, qRio , 1982. rBerggren, 1973. SHaq et al., 1980. t poo re et al., 1983.
501
TABLE VII
S y n c h r o n o u s Late Cenozoic radiolarian events in the t ropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Original data are t abu la ted in Append ices II and III
Event Age (m.y . )
Indian W Pacific C Pacific E Pacific (214) (289,586) (573) (503)
T A. angulare 0.9-- 1.0 0 .8-- 0.9 1.1-- 1.2 1.1--1.2 T P. prismatium 1.6-- 1.7 1.4-- 1.5 1 .6-- 1.7 1.5--1.6 B A. angulare 1.7-- 1.8 1.4-- 1.5 1.7-- 1.8 1.4--1.5 T S. peregrina 2.6-- 2.7 2 .5-- 2.6 2 .6-- 2.7 2 .7--2.9 T P. fistula 3.3-- 3.4 3 .2-- 3.3 3 .2-- 3.3 3.2--3.3 T L. audax 3.3-- 3.4 3 .4-- 3.5 rare 3.4--3.5 T P. doliolum 3.4-- 3.5 3 .5-- 3.6 3 .5-- 3.6 3 .5--3.6 B A. ypsilon 3.6-- 3.7 3 .5-- 3.6 3 .7-- 3.8 3.6--3.7 B S. tetras 3.6-- 3.7 3 .6-- 3.7 3 .8-- 3.9 3.7--3.8 T S. omnitubus 4 . 7 - - 4.8 4 .3-- 4.6 4 .9-- 5.0 4 .7--4.8 T S. corona 5 . 0 - 5.1 rare 5 .1-- 5.2 4 .9--5.0 T A. tritubus 5.3-- 5.4 5 .2-- 5.3 5 .5-- 5.6 5.3--5.5 T Eucyrtidium sp. 5 .7-- 5.8 5.5-- 5.6 5.8-- 5.9 5 .9--6.0
cf E. diaphanes B S. omnitubus 6.3-- 6.5 6 .4-- 6.8 6 .7-- 6.8 6.4--6.5 T D. hughesi 7.1-- 7.2 6 .9-- 7.1 7 .0-- 7.1 6 .7--6.8 T S. wolffii - - 8 .1- - 8.2 8 . 0 - 8.1 - - T C. cristata s.s. 9 .8- -10.0 9.5--10.1 9.9--10.1 - - T C. cornuta 11.6--11.9 11.4--11.5 11.6--11.8 - - T C. tetrapera - - 11.8--12.1 11.6--11.8 - -
TABLE VIII
Diachronous Late Cenozoic radiolarian events in the t ropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Events l isted show d iachrone i ty by 1 m.y. or more. Original data are t abu la ted in Append ices II and III.
Event Age (m.y . )
Indian W Pacific C Pacific E Pacific (214) (289,586) (573) (503)
B T. trachelium 2.4-- 2.5 1 .4-- 1.5 1 .4-- 1.5 1.5--1.6 B P. praetextum s.1. 5 .3-- 5.4 3 .9-- 4.0 3 .8-- 3.9 - - B S. pentas 4.2-- 4.3 4 .4-- 4.7 5 .0-- 5:1 5.5--5.6 B P. prismatium 5.7-- 5.8 4 .9- - 5.0 4 .7- - 4.8 4.2--4.3 B B. aquilonaris 6.4-- 6.5 6 .1-- 6.3 5 .2-- 5.4 5 . 0 - 5 . 3 T D. bursa 5 . 0 - 5.1 6 .1-- 6.3 6 .4-- 6.5 6.4--6.5 B A. tritubus 7.7-- 7.8 7 .7-- 7.9 7 .1-- 7.2 >6 .8 B D. hughesi 8.7-- 8.8 8 .3-- 8.6 7 .8-- 8.1 - - B L. bacca 9 . 0 - 9.3 8 .6-- 8.7 8 .0-- 8.1 - - B P. doliolum 11.1--11 .9 11.0--11.3 8 .0-- 8.1 - - T D. alata 10.6--10.8 11 .8- -12 .0 13.5--13.7 - - B D. petterssoni 10.6--10.8 11.0--11.3 12.5--12.7 - - T C. bramlettei 8 . 5 - - 8.7 13.1--13.3 14.8--14.9 - -
502
0 i 2 5 4 , i , I i I l i
- ~ . , ~ . 2 0 " ~
\'#fN, 4 0 - ~ ,
F~ \ N6
6 0 ~ E ,
\ 80
100 - ,_o
D S D I ~ S I T E 2 1 4
120 810ETIMTIGIMPHIC DATUM LEVELS T
F "1 = O~AMINIFEIM
AGE (Ma) 5 6 7 S 9 10 t l 12
i [ I I I I I I I I I I I I I
140 N ~ =M'w~°r°~jls ~ ~ , . ~
&, #,~ 180 . . . . . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
Fig. 5. A b s o l u t e age c o n t r o l a t DSDP Si te 214, I n d i a n Ocean. Sources o f da ta are l is ted in Table VI.
T A B L E IX
A d d i t i o n a l r ad io la r i an even ts e x a m i n e d in c u r r e n t s t u d y whose s y n c h r o n e i t y / d i a - c h r o n e i t y requi res f u r t h e r d o c u m e n t a t i o n in m o r e prec i se ly-da ted cores. Original da ta are t a b u l a t e d in A p p e n d i c e s II and III
Even t Age (m.y . )
Ind ian W Pacif ic C Pacif ic E Pacific ( 2 1 4 ) ( 2 8 9 , 5 8 6 ) (573 ) ( 5 0 3 )
study, then the implications are consider- able for geochronology, particularly in the selection of biostratigraphic datum levels as components of regional or global "time scales" (e.g., Berggren et al., in press). More- over, a detailed documentation of the time- transgressive nature of first-appearance events will have important implications for the for- mulation of, and discrimination between, various models of evolutionary dynamics, speciation, and migration patterns of new species. Our limited sample coverage (see Fig. 1) is far too sparse for providing any con- straints on evolutionary theories. Neverthe- less, we believe that our results and those of Bretsky and Klofak (1985) suggest that more detailed studies of diachronous first- appearances will be fruitful for a diverse
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22O ~ 8 S ~ r~ ,~ m T D ~hes
S y n c h r o n o u s N e o g e n e radiolarian da tum
range of biological, stratigraphic, and paleo- oceanographic objectives.
Our evidence that biostratigraphic events in the Indian Ocean are precursors to corre- sponding Pacific events is perhaps unexpected, in view of the strong westward zonal f low from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean at low latitudes (Godfrey and Golding, 1981; Piola and Gordon, 1984). Nevertheless, our preliminary results indicate not only that the oceanography and biology of the tropical Indian Ocean are influencing the tropical Pacific fauna, but that these inter- actions occur on time scales on the order of 10 ~ years, or considerably longer than the nominal ocean-mixing time of 103 years. At
Fig. 7. Diachronous Neogene radiolarian datum levels.
Events shown include only those which are time- transgressive by ~ I m.y. or more (Table VIII).
504
present we cannot speculate on the mech- anisms and pathways of such interactions, but our evidence indeed points to the Indian Ocean as a precursor of at least some biolog- ical and/or physical oceanographic events within the Pacific.
Our present observations of radiolarian non-synchroneity remain subject to several important limitations:
(1) We used indirectly-calibrated drill sites rather than core material which is directly dated paleomagnetically. As a result, only thirty-two of our fifty datum levels could be designated as clearly synchronous or time-transgressive (Tables VI and VII). With core material which is directly dated paleo- magnetically, one might reduce the uncer- tainty in "absolute" age calibration associated with using "dated" calcareous microfossil events as control points, since the synchroneity of some of the control points themselves might also be called into question. With this increased precision, the synchroneity of the eighteen ambiguous datum levels (Table VIII) might be better resolved.
(2) The broad spacing of sites in our present study (see Fig. 1) does not allow us to ascertain whether the Indonesian seaway connection (and its progressive closure during the Cenozoic) has been the essential control- ling factor in Indian/Pacific non-synchroneity, and whether the observed, but minor, E--W non-synchroneity within the tropical Pacific is real. Moreover, this spacing is insufficient for assessing the reliability and significance of single anomalous events (e.g. the scarcity of S. corona at Site 586, of P. prae tex tum at Site 503, and of C. caepa at Site 214); the absence of T. vetulum at Site 586.
(3) We were unable to assess radiolarian synchroneity of the late Pleistocene in our current study. A number of important radio- larian events occur in this stratigraphic inter- val (Nigrini, 1971; Johnson and Knoll, 1975; Caulet, 1979; Labracherie, 1985), some of which are clearly time-transgressive. The late Pleistocene form Buccinosphaera invagi- nata, for example, appears to have evolved
9
Mo
iO
WEST D/dr/us spp. EAST
DSDP Sites 2t4 289/586 573
12
~3
D.. hughes/ IID. pettersso4/
Fig. 8. Neogene datum levels in the Diartus lineage.
WEST 0
I
2
5
4
Ma
5
6
7
e
Spongaster spp. EAST
II II II II 214 2891586 573 503 tl lls011 lseS
r-~ S. tetras ~z~ S pentos II S berm/~Ighom/
Fig. 9. Neogene datum levels in the Spongaster lineage.
earlier in the Indian Ocean than in the Pacific (Johnson and Knoll, 1975, p. 107), a trend which is consistent with our present ob- servations of diachroneity {Table VII). Precise documentation of diachroneity of other Quaternary events will require mag- netically- or isotopically<lated piston cores, rather than DSDP materials.
(4) Our present data base from the Indian Ocean is limited to a single DSDP site (see Fig. 1). If indeed biological and physical oceanographic conditions in the tropical Indian Ocean have served as precursors to corresponding events in the tropical Pacific (Fig. 7), we need considerably more sample control in the Indian Ocean to verify this effect.
Summary
(1) There is an asymmetrical distribution between diachronous and synchronous radio- larian events in the late Cenozoic of the equatorial Indo-Pacific. The majority" of synchronous events are last occurrences. The majority of diachronous events (i.e., >1.0 m.y.), including three which currently define zonal boundaries, are first appearances. Ex- tinction events therefore may be preferable to first appearances in selecting "horizons" for defining biostratigraphic zonal bound- aries. Global time scales (e.g., Berggren et al., in press) should be re-evaluated, incor- porating only those micro fossil control points which are demonstrably synchronous.
(2) Our observations of this asymmetrical pattern are comparable to recent studies of benthic marine invertebrates of the Late Ordovician of eastern North America (Bretsky and Klofak, 1985). Consequently, we antic- ipate that other micro- and macro-fossil events may display substantial diachroneity (>1 m.y.), particularly first-appearance datum levels.
(3) A number of radiolarian taxa appear to evolve first in the Indian Ocean, and sub- sequently in the western and eastern Pacific Ocean. This pattern is opposite to the west-
505
ward zonal circulation pattern in equatorial latitudes. The time scale of the observed diachroneity (1--2 × 10 ~ years) is three orders of magnitude greater than the nominal mixing time of the oceans. Therefore, some biological and/or physical exchange processes may not follow simple advective models for mixing.
Acknowledgements
We thank J. Barron, L. Burckle, J. Hays, D. Lazarus, J. Morley, W. Riedel, and A. Sanfilippo for continuing discussions and critique during the course of this project; A. Nigrini for assistance in setting up com- puter files for data storage; A. Peirson for sample preparation; and A. Tricca for her careful and conscientious work in preparing the manuscript. We thank G. Lombari for providing access to radiolarian counts from Miocene samples at Site 289, and J.P. Caulet for providing a pre-print of his manuscript on the DSDP Leg 90 Radiolaria. A. Knoll and his colleagues at Harvard University provided kind hospitality and many thought- ful suggestions about the implications of our work. We thank D. Lazarus, L. Keigwin, G. Jones, and F. Theyer for reviewing the manuscript. This project was supported under NSF Grant No. OCE82-08738. Contribution No. 5965 of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Appendix I
Species list and taxonomic notes
Descriptions and illustrations of the following species can he found in Nigrini and Lombari (1984)
Acrobotrys tritubus Riedel
Botryostrobus aquilonaris (Bailey)
Botryostrobus bramlettei (Campbell and Clark) There is an evolutionary transition from B. bramlettei to B. aquilonaris and so some care must be taken in determining the morphological limits of these species.
Botryostrobus miralestensis (Campbell and Clark)
506
Calocycletta caepa Moore This species is essentially absent from Indian Ocean sediments.
Calocycletta costata Riedel This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is present at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).
Calocy cletta virginis (Haeckel) Only specimens with a complete abdominal segment showing characteristic flat, poreless feet can be posi- tively identified as C. virginis. This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is p-osent at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).
Carpocanopsis bramlettei Riedel and Sanfilippo
Carpocanopsis cristata (Carnevale) s.s. ,This species is used in a restricted sense herein. Only specimens resembling those figured by Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, pl. 1G, fig. 16 and pl. 2G, fig. 1 are included.
Cyrtocapsella cornuta (Haeckel)
Cyrtocapse lla japonica (Nakaseko) This species is absent from DSDP Site 289 samples.
Cyrtocapsella te trapera (Haeckel) This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is present at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).
Dendrospyris bursa Sanfilippo and Riedel
Diartus hughesi (Campbell and Clark)
Diartus petterssoni (Riedel and Sanfilippo)
L ychnodictyum audax Riedel The upper limit of this species could not be clearly defined in DSDP Site 573.
Phormostichoartus doliolum (Riedel and Sanfilippo)
Phormostiehoartus fistula Nigrini
Pterocanium prismatium (Riedel) In the early part of its range the thorax of this species is shorter than in later specimens and the shoulders are less pronounced.
Siphostichartus corona (Haeckel)
Spongaster berminghami (Campbell and Clark)
Spongasterpentas (Riedel and Sanfilippo)
Solenosphaera omnitubus omnitubus (Riedel and Sanfilippo) At both the beginning and end of the range of this species its tubes narrow distally.
Stichocorys peregrina (Riedel)
Stichocorys wolffii This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is present at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).
Theocorythium vetulum Nigrini The lower limit of this species is not defined herein because the relationship between it and various species of Lamprocyclas is not presently understood.
Descriptions and illustrations of the following species can be found in Nigrini and Moore (1979).
Amphirhopalum ypsilon Haeckel
Lamprocyrtis nigriniae (Caulet) This species is found only rarely in DSDP Site 214 samples, but it is known to occur in other areas of the Indian Ocean (Johnson and Nigrini, 1982; J.P. Caulet, personal communication, 1984).
Pteroeanium praetextum (Ehrenberg) s.l. The two subspecies (praetextum and eucolpum) of this species have been considered together herein.
Spongaster tetras tetras Ehrenberg
Theocorythium trachelium trachelium (Ehrenberg)
Descriptions and illustrations of the following species can be found in the publications cited:
Anthocyrtidium angulare Nigrini; Nigrini, 1971, p. 445, pl. 34.1, figs. 3a, b.
Dorcadospyris alata (Riedel); Brachiospyris alata in Riedel, 1959, p. 293, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12.
Eucyrtidium cf. diaphanes Sanfilippo and Riedel
Theoperid gen. et sp. indet., Johnson, 1974, pl. 8, fig. 18. Similar to E. diaphanes except that the thorax is larger and the abdomen is more cylindrical. The species has the same characteristic single row of enlarged pores just below the lumbar structure. In- dian Ocean forms generally have a median indenta- tion on the third segment, but Pacific Ocean forms generally do not. See Caulet (in press) for a more detailed description.
507
Lithopera bacca Ehrenberg; Nigrini, 1967, p. 54, pl. 6, fig. 2.
Lithopem neotera Sanfilippo and Riedel; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970, p. 454, pl. 1, figs. 24--26, 28.
Lithopera renzae Sanfilippo and Riedel; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970, p. 454, pl. 1, figs. 21--23, 27. This species is absent from DSDP Site 214 samples, but is present at Site 216 (Johnson, 1974).
APPENDIX II-A
Ranges of taxa, D.S.D.P. Site 573
5 7 3 S p e c i e s *
C o r e , L e v e l a b 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 1 4 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 2 5 26 27 S e c . ( c m )
5-4 = 130-13! C ] 6 I P P P ~ P - - P ~ - ÷ : : : 5-5 I 130- [31 C 111 : P P P ~ P - + P : + + ~ : 5 - 6 : i 07 - ]OB C 111 I P P P ~ P ÷ - P ~ P ~ ~ :
8 - cc I C I G I I P - '," P I P + P + P I - - I I 9 - ] 68 -69 I C I 6 ~ : P + * P I P ',' P - P I + + : I
9 -2 68-69 I C I 6 ] + ] P + P I P - + + P ] + + I +
% 3 68-6? I C I G t I P - I P - + + P I - P - I I
9 -4 68-69 I C I 6 I I + - I P - + + P I + + + I I
9 -5 68 -69 I C I 6 I I - P I P - + P P I - + P - I 9 -6 68 -69 I C : 6 I I + - : P - - - P I - P P - I
9 - cc I C I 6 I : P P I P - P - P : + P P - - I I I O - I 67 -68 : C I 6 I I + P I P + - + P I - - + - - I + 10-2 67 -68 I C = 6 I = - P I P P - - P = - - + * = I
I 0 - 3 67 -68 I C I G I I + P I P P + ? P I + P P ÷ I +
10-4 67 -68 I C I G I I P I P P - - P I + P P P - I I
10-5 67-68 I C I 6 I I + P I P P - - P I - + P P - I I
10-6 67 -68 ] C I 6 I I + - I P P + + ÷ I + P P P I +
lO-cc I C I 6 I I - P I P P - P P = P P P P - = I . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . I - - - l - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . .
I I - [ I 63 -64 t C : 6 : I + P t P P + P : P P P P I I
11-2 : 63 -64 : C : G : : P : P P + P I P P P P - : I 11-3 ] 63 -64 I C I G I I - P I P + P P I - P P p - I -
t l - 4 I 63 -64 I C I 6 I I P I P P - P ', - P P P P I I
11-5 I 63 -64 I C I G : I P I P + + P : + P P P + I
. . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . I - - - l - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . I I - 6 63-64 I C I G I I + I P '¢" + P I P P P P I -
I t - c c I C I 6 I I P I P + - P I + P P P + I +
[2 -1 68 -69 I C I G I : P I P - P : P P P P - I + -
12-2 68 -69 I C I 8 I I P I P + + P I + P P P - I + -
12-3 68 -69 I C I 6 : : - - I P P P P I P P P P - I + + I
12-4 I 68 -69 I C I 6 I I P I P P P P I P P P P P I P P I
12-5 : 68 -6~ I C I 6 : : P + : P P P P : P P P P P : P P I 12-6 I 68 -69 I C I 6 I I P I P P P P I P P P P - I P P +
t 2 - c c : I C : 6 I I I P P P P I P P P P + I P P I 13-2 I 65 -66 I C I 8 I : P I P P P P I p p p p - I p p
13-3 65 -56 I F I 6 I I P P P P I P P - P + I + P 13-4 65-66 I C I 6 ', P I P P P P ', P P P P ÷ I + P I
I3-5 55-66 I C I 6 I P 1 P P + P I P P + P + I + P I
13-6 65-66 I C I 6 I P I P P P P I P - P P + I P P I
13-cc I C I 6 I P I P P P P I P P P P P I P P I
........ I ......... I---I---I .................................. I ................. I ................. I ................. I ...........
14-1 55-65 I C I G I P I P P P P I P P P P P I P P I
14-2 65-66 I C I 6 I P I P P P P I P P P P P I P + I
14-5 65 -66 I C I G I P : P P P P I P P P P P I P P - I
14-4 65 -66 : C ', 8 I P I P + P P I P P P P P I P P - I
I 4 - 5 65 -65 I C I G I P I ~" + P P I P P + P P I P P - I
. . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . I - - - l - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ', . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . 14-~ I 65 -66 : C ', 6 I P I + P P P I P P + P P I P P P : 14-cc I ', F I 6 I P I P P I P P P I P + + I
15-1 I 5 4 - 5 5 I C I G I ~" I + P P P I P ', P I P P - P I
5 0 9
A P P E N D I X I I - A ( c o n t i n u e d )
573 Spec ies ~ I
C o r e , L e v e l i a b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1/+ 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 4 2 5 26 27 S e c . ( c m ) '
15-2 : 54-55 ] C t fi ~ I P t + P P P ~ P + P + t P + + +
15-3 I 54-55 I C I 8 I I P I + P t P P + P P ~ P P + -
16-2 I 60-61 I C ~ 6 I I P ( - + P P t P P - P P : P P P - +
16-3 I 60-61 + C I G I t P I P P P + P P - P P + P P + + 16-4 I 60-61 I C t G I I P I - P P ~ P P P P I P P P P P I
16-5 ~ 60-61 I C ~ G I I P t P P ~ P P P P t P P P P P I
16-6 1 60-61 I C I G ] ~ P ¢ P P ¢ P P P - I P P P +
. . . . . . . . ', . . . . . . . . . t - - - l - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . 16-cc I ', C I G I ~ P ~ P P P ~ P P - ~ P P P P I
17-1 ~ 61-62 I C : G : : P ~ P ~ P P - t P P P P I
17-2 ¢ 61-62 I C I 8 I : P ~ + P P P ~ P P - I P + P P P I -
17-3 I 61-62 ~ C I 8 I I P ~ + P P P I P P P + I P P P P - ~ - -
17-4 1 61-62 I C ~ 8 I I P I P P P I P P P - ~ P P P l - -
. . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . I - - - I - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . 17-5 I 61-62 I C ] G : ~ P I + P P I P P - I P + P P P I P - 17-6 I 61-62 I C ~ 6 ~ ~ P ~ + P P ~ P P P - I P P P + I + -
17-cc I t C I 6 ~ ~ P I P P I P - ~ P P P P ~ P -
18-1 ~ 61-62 : C : G I i P ~ + P P ~ P - P + I P P P P I P -
18-2 I 61-62 ', C I 6 ¢ : I P P ~ P - ~ P P P P P I P -
. . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . I - - - I - - - : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . 18-3 I 61-62 I C I 6 I I P ~ P P + P P - ~ P P P P P t + - 18-cc ~ I C + 6 I I P I P P P t P - : P P P P 1 P P
19-1 ~ 61-62 ~ C ~ 6 ~ I P ~ P P I P ~ P P P P I + P
19-2 I 61-62 ~ C ~ 6 I f P I P I P I P P P P I P P
1%3 : 61-62 : C : 6 t : P : P P : P - P l P + P P P I + P
. . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . : - - - : - - ° I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . lg -cc t I C I 6 ~ : P : + P P I P - P : P P - P ~ P P
* a = a b u n d a n c e ; C = c o m m o n , b = p r e s e r v a t i o n ; G = g o o d ; M = m o d e r a t e . 1 = L . n i g r i n i a e . 2 = T. t r a c h e l i u m . 3 ffi A . y p s i l o n . 4 = S. t e t ras . 5 = P. p r a e t e x t u m . 6 = B . a q u i l o n a r i s . 7 = L . b a c c a . 8 ffi A . a n g u l a r e . 9 = T. v e t u l u m . 1 0 = P. p r i s m a t i u m . 1 1 = S. p e r e g r i n a . 1 2 ffi P. f i s t u l a .
1 3 = S. p e n t a s . 1 4 = L . a u d a x . 1 5 ffi P. d o l i o l u m . 1 6 = B. b r a m l e t t e i . 1 7 = S. b e r m i n g h a m i .
1 8 = S. o m n i t u b u s . 1 9 = S. c o r o n a . 2 0 = A . t r i t u b u s . 2 1 = C . c a e p a . 2 2 = E . c f . d i a p h a n e s . 2 3
= D. b u r s a . 2 4 = D. h u g h e s i . 2 5 = L. n e o t e r a . 2 6 = B. m i r a l e s t e n s i s . 2 7 = D. p e t t e r s s o n i . P :
p r e s e n t ; + = v e r y r a r e ( 1 s p e c i m e n ) ; - = a b s e n t .
A P P E N D I X I I - B
R a n g e s o f t a x a , D . S . D . P . S i t e 5 7 3 B
573 B Spec ies ~
C o r e , L e v e l a b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2/+ 25 26 27 S e c . ( c m )
1-1 ~ 61-63 : C 6 P P P P : P P - P - P P P - -
1-2 ~ 61-63 : C I 6 I P P P P I - P - P P : P P P : : I
1-3 : 61-63 ~C : 6 1 P + + P + I P P - P - I P P P - - ~ : I 1-4 I 61-63 ~ C ~ 6 I P P P P I P P P - I P P P + I ¢ I 1-5 : 61-63 : C I 6 I P P P - I P P + P - : P P P - - : I l
9 - [ : 61-63 : C : 6 I P ~ P P P P : P P P I P P '
5 1 1
A P P E N D I X I I - B ( c o n t i n u e d )
573 B Species ~
C o r e , L e v e l o b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1/, 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2/, 25 26 27 Sec . ( c m )
q-2 ( 61-63 ¢ C J 6 : P P P P P I P l P P P I P P I 9-S : 61-63 I C I N I P P : P P I P P P : P P I 9-4 : 61-63 ~ C ~ H : ~ I : :
. . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . l - - - l - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . 9-6 61-63 : C I 6 ~ ' I P I I l 9-cc : F ~ 6 I P P ' P P : P ~ P P P I P P :
10-1 61-63 : C I 6 I I I : 10-2 61-63 I C i 6 : ~ I : : 10-3 61-63 : C I 6 I P * P P : l P P : P - - - l
. . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . : - - - I - - - ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . 10-4 61-63 : C I 6 : ' P ~ P P : P P P P I P + : 10-5 61-63 : C ~ 6 I P P ' P P ~ P P : P P P P I P P + P - : 10-6 61-63 I C I 6 : ' I : ~ '," : tO-co I C ~ 6 I P P ' P P I P I P P P I P P P P P I II-1 61-63 I C I 6 : ' ~ : I :
. . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . l - - 4 - - - t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . 11-2 : 61-6~ I C I 6 ) ~ : I : I1-T l 61-6~ I C I 8 I ' P I P P I - P P I P P P P P I l l - 4 I 61-63 : C I 6 ~ ' ~ I I : 11-5 : 61-6~ I C I 6 I ' : l I l II-6 I 61-63 I C I 6 I ' l l I l
. . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . I - - - I - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . It-co I C I 6 : ' P P : : P P : P P P P P I 12-I bl-63 t C I 6 I ' l l I I 12-2 61-63 I C t 6 : ' l l I : 12-3 t,I-63 I C I 6 I P P I P I P P P P I P P P P I 12+4 61-63 I C ) 6 l l l l I
12-5 : 61-63 I C I 6 I : : l : I 12"-cc I I C 1 6 I P P l + P I P l P P I ÷ P P I
* a = a b u n d a n c e s , b = p r e s e r v a t i o n . I = L. bacca. 2 = P. f i s tu la . 3 = L. audax . 4 = P. d o l i o l u m . 5 = B. b r a m l e t t e i . 6 = S. b e r m i n g h a m i . 7 = S. corona . 8 = A . t r i t u b u s . 9 = C. caepa. 1 0 =
E . c f . d iaphanes . 1 1 = D. bursa. 1 2 = D. hughes i . 1 3 = L. neo t e ra . 1 4 = B. mira les tens i s . 1 5 = D. p e t t e r s s o n i . 1 6 = S. w o l f f i i . 1 7 = C. j a p o n i c a . 1 8 = C. cr i s ta ta s .s . 1 9 ffi C. c o r n u t a .
2 0 = C. t e t rapera . 2 1 = L. renzae . 2 2 = D. alata. 2 3 = C. virginis. 2 4 = C. b r a m l e t t e i . 2 5 =
C. c o s t a t a . P : p r e s e n t ; + : v e r y r a r e (1 s p e c i m e n ) ; - : a b s e n t .
APPENDIX II-C
Ranges of taxa, D.S.D.P. Site 586, 586A
5 8 6 , 5 8 6 A Species ~
C o r e , L e v e l a b 1 2 3 /* 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Sec . ( c m )
1-1 I 47-49 I C R ' P - P P P I P . . . . . 2-1 : 46-48 : F I fi I - - P - P : P . . . . 2-2 : 45-46 I C I H I P - ÷ P P I P . . . . ' 2-3 I 46"49 : C I H I + <' P P P I P . . . . 2-4 I 46-48 : C I 6 I ÷ P P P P : P . . . .
2-5 I 46-48 I F I i I I P + P P P : P ÷ . . . . I I I 2-6 ~ 46-48 I F I H I P - P P P ~ P . . . . ' I I I 3-1 ~ 45-4b I C I H I P P P P P ~ P . . . . ~ I ; I S-2 ~ 45-46 : C : 6 ~ P P P P : P . . . . . I : : :
512
APPENDIX II-C (continued)
586, 586A Species "e
C o r e , L e v e l a b 1 2 3 /+ 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 / + 1 5 16 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 Sec. (crn)
3-~ ~ 46 -48 + C : 6 I P P P P ~ P . . . . t ~ ~ I
. . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . : - - - ~ - - - ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . : 3 -4 : 46 -48 : C I M : P P P P P : P . . . . : 3 -5 : 46 -48 ~ C : l I : P P P P P : P . . . . ~
3 -6 i 45 -46 : C ~ H ~ P P P P P : P P - - - : I
4-J : 48 -50 : C : 6 : P P P P P I P P P - - :
4 -2 ~ 4 6 - 4 9 , + C t 8 : P P P P P ~ P P P - - . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . ~ - - - ~ - - - : . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 -3 : 46 -48 ~ C ] 8 ~ - P P P P : P P P - - : 4 -4 ~ 46 -48 ~ C ~ t l ~ - - P P P I P P P - -
4 -5 I 46 -48 I C I H i - - P P P ~ P P P - -
4 -6 I 46 -48 ~ C ~ 111 - + P P P ¢ P - P - - ',
5 - [ ( 46 -48 ~ C I ~l I - - P P P I P - P - o I
t
t
t + ]
: t t
5 -2 ~ 45-46 + C + M ~ + P P P I P P P - - I - + ' ~ I ] 5 -3 ~ 45 -46 I C I I I + P P P ~ P P - - P I - P t ' ', I
5 -5 1 45 -46 ~ C : 6 : - P P P I P P - - P I t ~ :
5 -6 ~ 45-46 I C ~ 8 I - P P P ~ P P - - P : - I ~
5 -2 t 48 -50 ~ C : 6 : P P P l P - P I p p + + - ' : : l
5 - 3 : 45 -46 : C 1 6 ~ p p p ~ p - p ~ p + - - - ~ ' l 5 -4 ¢ 46 -49 I C : 6 t p p p ~ p p P ] p p + - - ' ~ I ;
5 - 5 ~ 46 -46 : C 1 6 ; P P P ~ P P P : P P - P - ~ ' :
5 -6 ; 45 -47 i C : 6 I p p P ¢ p P P : P P + ' l l : . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . l - - - l - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . + -
6-1 : 46 -50 I C I H I + p p : p p P ; p p P P - ' : I t
6 -2 : 46 -48 I C I H ~ - P P I + P P I P P P P P : ~ ~ ; 6 - 3 I 45 -46 i C ~ 6 : P P I P P P t P P P P P ; - , : l 6 -4 : 46 -48 : C :11 ~ - P P : - P P I P P P P + ? ~ : 6 - 5 ~ 45 -46 I C ~ 6 I p p : - p + : p p P p : : I I
1 6 - 1 ~ 45-47 I C I II I ; P ~ P P P ~ P " P - P : : :
5 1 4
A P P E N D I X I I - C (continued)
5 8 6 , 5 8 6 A Spec ies ~
C o r e , L e v e l n b 1 2 3 /* S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1/* 15 16 17 19 19 20 21 2 2 2 3 2 / . 2 5 26 27 S e c . ( c m )
16-2 ~ 45-44 I F I 14 ~ ; l P P P - : ; 16-3 ~ 46-40 i C I E ~ I P P : P P P P P - P : : 16-4 I 45-47 I C : 6 ~ ~ P P I P P P P P - + : - ; 16-5 : 46-48 ~ C ~ 8 ~ I P : P P P P P - P ~
16-6 ~ 43-45 ~ C ~ 6 I : P - I P P - P P P - P ~ + : 17-1 ~ 44-46 I F I H I ~ ~ P P ' P P P ; I 17-2 ~ 46-48 I C I 6 ~ ~ t P P P P P - ~ P 1 7 - 3 ~ 4 6 - 4 8 : C t 6 ~ I P : P P ' + P - + ~ +
17-4 : 45-47 ; C I It ~ ] + P P P P + P t P + . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . l " - l - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . + -
L7-5 l 44-46 I C : 6 : : P : P P ' P - : ~ : 17-6 ~ 44-46 I C ~ 6 I I P I P P P P P - P : - P t 18-1 I 48-50 ~ C ~ 6 I ~ P ~ P P ' P P - P ~ - ~ l 18-2 I 42-44 ~ F I H I ~ : P P ' P - t : t
18-5 ~ 46-48 I F t t+ ~ P P I P P P P P - : - 18-6 ~ 45-47 : C t PI : ? P I P P P P P P P P : - P I 19-1 ~ 45-46 I C t 6 : ~ P P P P P P ~ - I 19-2 ~ 45-46 : C ~ 6 : I P P P P P P : P :
19-3 ~ 45-44 I C ~ 6 I l I P P P P + I ~ l 19-4 ~ 45-46 ~ C I 6 I ~ I P P P P P t P ~ 19-5 : 46-48 t C ~ 6 : : : P P P P + P + P ~ P I : 19-6 ~ 45-46 : C ~ 6 ~ : - + t P P P P P P P l P : 20- ! ¢ 45-46 : C ~ 6 ¢ l I P P P P P P P P ~ P P [ :
20-2 : 45-46 : C ~ 6 : : P : P P P P P : P P : 20-3 ~ 45-46 : C + 6 : : P ', P P P P P P ~ P t l 20-4 ; 45-46 ~ C ~ 6 ~ I P I P P P P P P : P P ~ l 20-5 : 45-46 : C ~ 6 ~ ~ I P P P P P ~ P : I 20-6 ~ 45-46 I C I 6 ~ I P : P P P P P P : P ~ I
. . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . I - - - : - - - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . I - 21-2 ], 45-44 I C + 6 : l + ~ P P P P P P P : P ~ : 21-~ ~ 45-46 t C ] 6 : t P ~ P P P P P - P P ; P P I l 21-4 ~ 45-46 I C t 6 : I I P P P + - P P I P ~ I 21-6 ~ 45-46 I C ~ G ~ I - I - P P P P - P P ~ P I I 2 [ - 7 ~ 45-44 t C ~ 6 ~ : - P : P P P P P P : P ~ I
22-1 { 45-46 ~ C ~ 6 I - P I P P P P P I P P - t t 22-2 I 45-46 I C ~ 6 I - P ~ P P ' P - P ~ P I l 22-~ ~ 45-46 I C t 6 I P I P P P P P : P - : + 22-4 ~ 45-44 : C : 6 ~ P I P P P P - P P : P P P - t : 22-5 ~ 45-46 I C ¢ 6 : P : P + P P : P - : :
22-4 ] 45-46 ~ C : 6 ~ : l P P ' P - : P ÷ ~ 23-1 ¢ 45-46 I C : 6 ~ ) P I P ' P P ~ P P ~ t 23-2 : 45-46 ~ C I 6 ~ : P : P P P : P P P ~ 23-.~ f 45-46 I C : 6 t ; + P : P P ' P + : P + P : 23-4 t 45-46 ~ C : 6 : : P : P + P - ; P + P P : :
. . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . : - - - : - - - ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . ~ - 23-5 l 45-44 ~ C : H t : P I P P P P - : + + P : 23-6 t 45-46 I C I 6 ~ : P I P + P - t P + P : : 24- ! ~ 45-44 I C : 6 ~ ~ P ~ P P P P P + ~ P P P P : - 24-2 + 45-46 I C I 6 ~ I P t P P P P - ~ P P + ] I 24-3 ~ 45-44 : C : 6 ~ t P ~ P P P P P + : P P P P + : - I
. . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . ] - - - I - - - ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . I - 24-4 : 45-46 ~ C : 6 t l P ~ P P P P P - : P + P P : - ; 24-5 ~ 45-46 ~ C : 6 f : P I P P P P P P : P P P f -
A P P E N D I X II-C ( c o n t i n u e d )
5 8 6 , 5 8 6 A Species ~
C o r e , L e v e l o b 1 2 3 /* 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1/* 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 2/, 25 26 27 Sec . ( c m )
5 1 5
24-6 ~ 45-46 25-! ] 45-46 25-2 ~ 45-46
. . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . .
25-3 I 45-46 25-4 : 45-46 25-5 ¢ 45-46 25-6 I 45-46 26-1 ~ 45-46
C I 6 ~ ~ P I P P P : P P P I P P + P I + C 1 6 ~ I P I P + P ] P P P : P P P P I - I C I G I ~ P I P P : P - : P P P ~ + l
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . : - C ~ G I ~ + P : P P P P ~ P P : P P + P + ~ P l C 1 9 1 : P : P P P ~ P P + : P P P ÷ I P : C ~ 6 ~ : P : P P P : P P + ~ P P P P : - C:S; : + P ~ P P : P : P P P P - : + - :
C I G ~ ~ P ~ P + P : P P : P + P + I - - I . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . ' , - - - I - H I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . : -
26 -2 ', 45-46 1 I G : : : P I P ÷ P : P P P P - ~ - - : 26-'3 ~ 45-46 ~ ~ 9 ~ : P l P + P ; P ~ P P P P + ~ ÷ - : 27-1 I 45-46 l ~ G = ; p ~ p p p ~ p t p p p p c. ; - - ]
27-2 I 45-46 I ~ 6 ~ ¢ P ~ P P P : P P : P P P P ÷ ~ - - I 27-3 ~ 45-46 C : 6 ~ ~ P I P P P ~ P P ~ P P P P - I P -
. . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . I - 29 -2 ~ 45-46 C ~ 6 I ; P I P P P : P P ~ P P P P + I + - : 29-3 : 45-46 C ~ 6 I i P : P P P i P P I P P P P - I P - 29 -4 ~ 4 6 - 4 9 C ~ 6 I ~ P : P P P : P P I P P P P ÷ f P - : 29-t ~ 45-46 C I 6 ~ ~ : P ÷ P ~ P ÷ P : P + P P - : P - 29-2 ~ 45-46 C 1 9 ~ ~ P I P ~ P ] P P - : P +
. . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . ~ - - - : - - - : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . ~ - 29-3 I 45-46 ~ C I 9 ~ ~ l P I ÷ I P P - I P P I 29-C : : C I 6 ~ ~ : P I P : ÷ P - I P P 30-1 I 45-46 I C ~G : l ÷ ~ P ~ P : P P - : P + : 30-2 I 45-46 ~ C : E I ~ ÷ : P ~ P i ÷ + - ~ P P 30-3 ~ 45-46 ~ C ~ 6 I ~ ~ P P : P I ÷ ÷ - ~ P P I
. . . . . . . . ] . . . . . . . . . ~ - - - ] - - - ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . : - 30 -4 : 45-46 : C : G I : ~ - P P I P ~ P P P - P ~ P P : 31-1 I 45-46 : C l H I 1 ~ + P P ~ P : P P + + P : P P l 31-2 ¢ 45-46 ~ C 1 6 : l ÷ : P P ~ P ; ÷ P { P I P P [ 31-3 I 45-46 I C ~ 9 ~ ~ : + P P ~ P ~ ÷ P ÷ P : P P 31-4 ~ 45-46 : C : fl : ~ : - P P : P P : ÷ P P - P I P P :
* a = a b u n d a n c e , b = p r e s e r v a t i o n . 1 = L. nigriniae. 2 = T. t r a c h e l i u m . 3 = A . y p s i l o n . 4 = S. te tras . 5 = P. p r a e t e x t u m . 6 = B. aqu i lonar i s . 7 = L. bacca. 8 = A . angulare . 9 = T. v e t u l u m .
10 = P. p r i s m a t i u m . 11 = S. p e r e g r i n ~ 12 = P. f i s tu la . 13 = S. p e n t a s . 14 = L. a u d a x . 15 =
P. d o l i o l u m . 16 = / 3 . b r a m l e t t e i . 17 = S. b e r m i n g h a m i . 18 = S. o m n i t u b u s . 19 = S. corona . 20 = A . t r i t ubus . 21 ffi C. caepa. 22 = E. el . d iaphanes . 23 = D. bursa. 24 = D. hughes i . 25 = L. neo t e ra . 2 6 = B. mira les tens i s . 27 = D. p e t t e r s s o n i . P: p r e s e n t ; + = v e r y r a re (1 s p e c i m e n ) ; - : a b s e n t .
A P P E N D I X I I -D
R a n g e s o f t a x a , D . S . D . P . S i te 2 1 4
21~ Species ~
C o r e , L e v e l o b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 1 ~ 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 " 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 31 32 3 3 3 ~ 3 5 Sec . ( c m )
i i i
1 - I ~ 3 - I 0 ~ F : H I - P - P P P - ~ ~ Z ~ I I I - 2 ~ 7-10 I C ~ 6 ~ - P P P P ~ P P I ~ I I : : 1-3 I top : C I 9 : - P P P P I P P : I l I ~ 1-4 I 50-55 ~ C ~ 9 : - P P P P ~ P P : l I ~ ~
516
APPENDIX II-D (continued)
21~, Spec ies ~
C o r e , L e v e l n b 1 2 3 /* S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 1 ~ , 1 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 / . 2 5 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 3/* 35 S e c . ( c m )
2-4 : top ~ C : B : P P P P : P P + : : : ; I : 2-5 : top ~ C I 6 I P P P P I P P P - ¢ i ~ ~ : : 2-cc ~ ~ C ~ ff : p p p p : p p ÷ - - ~ ~ : : ] I 3-1 ~ 70-72 : C ~ 6 ~ - P P P P I P P P - P ] : ¢ ] ¢ : 3-2 ~ 70-72 I C ~ P I : P P P P : P P - P P ~ ~ : ~ ~
:~-~ ~ 68-70 : C ~ 8 ~ P P P P : P + - P + : - : ~ ~ I :
3-4 ~ 70-72 ~ C ~ S : p p p p ~" p p - p p ~ - : : ', ~ I 3-5 ~ 70-72 i C : 6 ~ P P P P I P P - P P : - : ¢ : I : 3-6 ~ 66-68 : C ~ 8 ~ ÷ P P P P ; P P - - P : - ~ : ~ ~ I
4-1 I top ~ C : 6 I P P P P ~ P P - P P : - ~ ~ l : I 4 -2 I 70-72 : C : 8 : P P P P : P P - P ~ - l ~ : ~ : 4-~ : 70-72 : C : N : P P ÷ I P P - - : - : I ~ : 4-4 ~ 80-82 ~ C ~ l i l - P P - I P P - ~ ÷ 1 : ; : : 4-5 ~ 70-72 I C ~11~ P P - : P P + :, + ~ l I ~ :
5-5 ~ top : C I H : + P P P ~ P P ÷ ; P - - - ~ : : ~ : 5-6 I 70-72 : C ~ ff : p p p ~ p - - : p - - - : ~ : ~ I 5-cc ~ I C ~1~ ~ P P + I P P - : p . - - - - ~ : ~ I I
6-1 : 70-72 ~C : 8 ~ ÷ P P P I P P P : P P + P - ~ : l : l 6-2 ~ 70-72 ~ C : f l ~ P P P I - P + I P P - P P : I : : :
6-3 : 70-72 ~ C : M : + P P P I - p + : P p - p + ~ - - : : : I 6-4 : 72-74 ~ C ~ fl : P P P I - - ÷ P : P P P P P ~ I ~ l l 6-cc I : C f 6 : ÷ ÷ - P ~ P P ? P ~ P - P P P ~ - - ~ l ~ 7 - ! ~ 70-72 t F ~11~ - - P I P P - I P P P P P ) : l f I 7-2 I 70-72 ~ C 111 : P ~ P P P : P P P P P : + : ~ ~ ]
7-~ ~ 70-72 I C H - - - P : P P ~ P P P P P : - - I : I I 7-4 : 70-72 I C 6 P ~ P P P ~ P P P P P I P ~ : : I 7-5 ~ 70-72 : ~ P ÷ ~ P P p p p : - - ~ : ~ I 7-6 ~ 69-71 ~ C II P : P P ~ P P P P ~ I : : : 7-cc ~ ~ C 6 + P f P P ~ P P P P P : P ~ ~ I I
8-1 I 70-72 I F I fl I ÷ I P P - I P P P P P I + - ~ I I I 8 -2 : 70-72 I F I N ~ P ~ P P ~ P P P + f ÷ l l : I 8-~ ~ 70-72 : C I 8 : P I P P ÷ I P P P P ~ P - I ~ : : 6-4 l 70-72 1 C 1 6 : P : P P : P + P P P I ÷ l : ~ : 8 -5 , top , C I 8 I P : P P I P P P P : + , f ~
8-5 I 70-72 : C ~ 6 I P I P P P i P P P P P : P - I ] : I 8 -6 I top i C ~ 8 f P I P P ÷ I P P P P P I P - ~ : l 8-cc I : C ~ 6 i P : P P I P P P P P : ÷ - ~ l : :
9-1 = 70-72 ~C : 6 : ÷ + P l P P ~ P P + P P ~ P ÷ ; ~ ; : 9 -2 : 70-72 I C : G : P ~ P P P I P P - P P I P - ~ I : :
20 -cc I ~ F I H ~ I ~ I ÷ : + P + I P P : P - P P :
* a = a b u n d a n c e , b = p r e s e r v a t i o n . 1 = L . n i g r i n i a e . 2 = T. t r a c h e l i u m . 3 = A . y p s i l o n . 4 = S . t e t r a s . 5 = P. p r a e t e x -
t u r n . 6 = B . a q u i l o n a r i s . 7 = L . b a c c a . 8 = A . a n g u l a r e . 9 = T. v e t u l u m . 1 0 = P. p r i s m a t i u r n . 1 1 = S. p e r e g r i n a .
1 2 = P. f i s t u l a . 13 = S. p e n t a s . 1 4 = L . a u d a x . 15 = P. d o l i o l u m . 1 6 = B. b r a m l e t t e i 1 7 = S. b e r m i n g h a r n i . 1 8 = S. o m n i t u b u s . 1 9 = S. c o r o n a . 2 0 = A . t r i t u b u s . 2 1 = C. c a e p a . 2 2 = E. cf . d i a p h a n e s . 2 3 = D. b u r s a . 24 = D.
h u g h e s i . 2 5 = L . n e o t e r a . 2 6 = B. m i r a l e s t e n s i s . 2 7 = D . p e t t e r s s o n i . 2 8 = S. w o l f f i i . 2 9 = C. j a p o n i c a . 3 0 = C.
c r i s t a t a . 3 1 = C. c o r n u t a . 3 2 = C. t e t r a p e r a . 3 3 = L . r e n z a e . 3 4 = D. a la ta . 3 5 = C. b r a m l e t t e i .
A P P E N D I X I I I
T a b u l a t i o n o f a l l r a d i o l a r i a n e v e n t s
RADIOLARIAN 214 5731573B : 503AI503B I EVENTS ', Riedei
I T Anthocyrtidzum
I angulare
I B Lamprocyrtis
nzgrzniae I
T Theocorythsum
I vetulum
B Theocorythzum
trachelium
2-2 II.[
2-3 12.b
too r a r e
3-1 19.7 3-2 21.2
4-2 30.7 4-3 32.2
289 ~A/S86B
3-6 18.8
4 -1 20,8
4 - 2 2 2 . 3
4-3 2 3 . 8
absent
5-2 31.8
5-3 33.3
3-4 17,3 ~A 5-I 15.5 3-5 18.8 ', 5-2 17.0
3-4 17.3 ~A 7-I 24,3 3-5 18.8 ~ 7-2 25,8
3-6 20.3 ~A 5-I 15.5
3-cc 20.8 i 5-2 17.0
3-cc 20.8 ;A 7-2 25,B
4-1 22.3 I 7-3 27.3
5 1 9
A P P E N D I X I I I (continued)
RAOIOLARIAN 214 57315738 I 503A1503B EVENTS I Riedel
T Pterocanium prismatzum
8 Anthocyrtidium angulare
T 8tichocorys peregrina
T Phormostzchoartus fistula
T Spongaster pentas
T Lychnodictyum audax
T Phormostichoartus doliolum
8 Amphzrhopalum ypsilon
8 Spongaster tetras
8 Pterocanium praetextum sl
T Botryostrobus bramlettei
T Spongaster berminghaml
8. berminghami --> S, pentas
8 Pterocanzum prismatium
T Solenosphaera omnitubus
8 Spongaster pentas
T Szphostichartus corona
8 Botryostrobus aquiIonarls
T Acrobotrys trltubus
T Calocycletta caepa
2-cc 18.9 3-I 19.7
3-I 19.7 3-2 21,2
4-5 35.2 4-6 36.2
289 586/586A/586B
5-2 31,8 5-3 33,3
5-2 31.8 5-3 33.3
16-cc 56.5 IA 2-6 56.9 7-3 60.5 I 3-I 59,0
I
I
4-2 23.8 IA 7-2 25.8 4-3 25.3 I 7-3 27,3
I
4-3 25.3 IA 7-I 24.3 4-4 26.8 I 7-2 25.8
I
5-5 37.6 IA13-3 53.7 5-6 38.9 I 14-3 58.1
I 5-cc 47.4 6-I 48, 2
6-3 51.2 6-4 52.7
5-cc 47.4 6-I 48.2
6-1 48.2 6-2 49, 7
6-cc 56.9 7-I 57.7
6-4 52.7 6-cc 56.9
II-4 I00,2 11-5 lOI.7
10-6 93.7 lO-cc 94.9
7-6 65.2 7-cc 66.4
IA 4-3 71.6 4-4 73.1
I IA 5% 85.7 I 6-1 87.8 I IA 5-4 82.7 I 5-5 84.2 I IA 6-I 87.8 I 6-2 89o3 I
18-4 167.2 ij38-4 356.3 ', 1~-1 172.2 I 39-4 365.8 i
17-cc 161.0 I ', 18-I 162.7 i
f
17-5 159.2 ~J35-4 328,0 i 17-6 160.7 I .X6-5 338.0 I
17-1 153.2 ~ 17-2 154.7 ~ I
I I iS-co 170.5 ~139-6 369.0 i 19-I 172.2 = 40-I 371.5
S3-I 158. I 3-2 159.6
B3-1 158. I 3-2 15%6
B3-1 158.1 3-2 159.6
B4-1 167.6 4-2 169. I
B5-1 177,1 5-2 178.7
B5-2 178.6 5-3 180, I
B6-6 194,1 6-cc 195.7
521
I T Cyrt0capsella I tetrapera
T Lithopera renzae
B Oiartus petterssoni
I
T Oorcadospyris alata
]
I T Carpocanopsls I braalettei
T Calocycletta virginis
T Calocycletta costata
18-2 164.2 18-3 165.7
18-2 164,2 18-3 165.7
16-6 151.2 16-cc 152.4
:441-2 382.0 I : 42-I 390.0
~142-2 391.5 : 43-I 3?9.5 :
IL38-4 355.3 I I 39-4 364.8 I
~141-I 3B0,5 : 41-cc 389.0
~|45-3 421.5 : i 45-6 426.0
~L47-I 437.5 : 47-2 438.0
I)49-3 459.5 I I 49-5 462.5 I
i B6-6 194.1 6-cc 195.7
: B6-6 194,1 : 6-cc 195,7
~7-cc 203.4 8-I 205.6
88-6 213.0 8-cc 214.7
[BIO-4 229.1 I 10-5 230.6 I
:B10-6 232.1 IO-c~ 232.8
:BIO-6 232.1 10-co 232.8
t - data take. froe Hnldswnrth, 1975 I - data taken from Mestberg and Riedel, 1978 J - data determined by Johnson us;ng sli~es provided by G. Loabari L - data derived by 6, LoJbari (personal c0eaunicati0n, 1983)
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