SYSTEMS CONCEPTPresented bySimran KaurMBA 2nd yearIGICM

INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS Systems analysis relates to shaping organizations, increasing performance,

and achieving objectives for profitability and growth. Application using computer-based approach. Positive consequences: improved performance and feeling of achievement

with quality information. Negative consequences: decreased morale of personnel and feeling of

intimidation by users having limited training.

SYSTEMS CONCEPT Ludwig Bertalanffy, biologist: arrangement of elements such as cells,

people, societies or even planets. Norbert Wiener, mathematician: information theory parallel between the

functioning of human beings and electronic systems. Herbert A. Simon, political scientist: study of organizations by viewing a

system as a processor of information for making decisions. General systems theory: developing systematic, theoretical framework

upon which to make decisions. System involves a set of techniques that helps in solving problems.

DEFINITION OF SYSTEMS The term “system” derived from Greek word ”systema” meaning an

organized relationship among functioning units or components. Designed to achieve objectives. Orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according

to a plan to achieve a specific objective. 3 basic implications:Designed to achieve pre-determined objectiveInterrelationships and interdependencies exist among components.Objectives of organization has higher priority than objectives of

subsystems.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEM Organization Interaction Interdependence Integration Central objective

ELEMENTS OF SYSTEM Outputs and inputs Processors(operational component) Control Feedback(cybernetic procedure; positive or negative, routine or

informational) Environment Boundaries and interface(limits of the elements)

TYPES OF SYSTEMS Physical systems Abstract systems Open systems Closed systems Man-made information systems

PHYSICAL SYSTEMS Tangible entities Static or dynamic

ABSTRACT SYSTEMS Conceptual or non physical entities Straightforward

OPEN SYSTEMS Many interfaces with its environment CharacteristicsInput from outsideEntropyProcess, output and cyclesDifferentiationEquifinality

CLOSED SYSTEMS Isolated from environmental influences Rare

MAN-MADE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Basis for interaction between the user and analyst Determines nature of relationships among

decision makers Formal, informal and computer-based

FORMAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Based on the organization represented by organization chart Concerned with the pattern of authority, communication and work flow Information is formally disseminated in instructions, memos or reports from

top management to the intended user.

INFORMAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Employee-based system Designed to meet personnel and vocational needs Funnels information upwards through indirect channels Works within the framework of business and its stated policies

COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS Relies on computer for handling business applications Analyst must be familiar with computer technology

CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION Strategic information, achieved through Decision Support Systems Managerial information, achieved through Management Information

Systems Operational information, achieved through Data Processing Systems

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS The level of manager determines the kind of information needed. Information that is accurate, relevant, complete, concise and timely. Person-machine system Highly integrated grouping of information processing

functions Provide for file definition, file maintenance and database

operations. Key element is database Problem is obtaining the acceptance and support

of those who will interface with the system

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS Term coined by Gorry and Morton Decision emphasizes on decision making; Support requires computer-aided

decision situations; System relates the integrated nature of problem solving

Results from adding external data sources, accounting and statistical models and interactive query capabilities.

Young and evolving Herbert Simon described decision

making as three-phase continuous process model beginning with intelligence and moving toward design and choice.

SYSTEMS MODELS Analyst begins by creation a model of the reality with which the systems is

concerned. Types of systems models:Schematic modelsFlow systems modelsStatic systems modelsDynamic systems models

SCHEMATIC MODELS Two-dimensional chart depicting system elements and their linkages

FLOW SYSTEMS MODEL Shows flow of the material, energy and information that hold the system

together. Eg: PERT(Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

STATIC SYSTEMS MODEL Exhibits one pair of relationships such as activity-time or cost-quantity Eg: Gantt Chart

DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MODEL Approximates the type of organization or applications that analysts deal

with. Depicts ongoing, constantly changing system

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

PLANNING AND REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS Most fundamental stage in SDLC Performed by the senior members of the team Plan the basic project approach and to conduct product feasibility study in

the economical, operational, and technical areas Planning for the quality assurance requirements and identification of the

risks 

DEFINING REQUIREMENTS Clearly define and document the product requirements. Get them approved from the customer or the market analysts through SRS. Software Requirement Specification document which consists of all the

product requirements to be designed and developed during the project life cycle.

DESIGNING THE PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE Based on the requirements specified in SRS, usually more than one design

approach for the product architecture is proposed and documented in a DDS - Design Document Specification.

DDS is reviewed by all the important stakeholders. The best design approach is selected for the product.

The internal design of all the modules of the proposed architecture should be clearly defined with the minutest of the details in DDS.

BUILDING OR DEVELOPING THE PRODUCT The actual development starts and the product is built If the design is performed in a detailed and organized manner, code

generation can be accomplished without much hassle.

TESTING Usually a subset of all the stages as in the modern SDLC models Testing only stage of the product where products defects are reported,

tracked, fixed and retested, until the product reaches the quality standards defined in the SRS.

IMPLEMENTATION Less creative than system design. Concerned with user training, site preparation, file conversion.

POST-IMPLEMENTATION & MAINTENANCE There is an aging process in a system that requires maintenance of

hardware and software. Inconsistent new information needs change in the design specifications of

system.

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