T COURIER · PDF filemembers Kathie Fuston of Columbia and Derita C. Williams of Memphis also...

Vol. LXI, no. 2 T ennessee Historical Commission, Nashville, Tennessee JUNE 2013

The

COURIER

The THC’s 2013 Certificates of MeritAwards were presented on May 16 in

conjunction with the Statewide PreservationConference at the Putnam County Courthousein Cookeville. Executive Director PatrickMcIntyre presided over the event, which drewa diverse group of participants from acrossTennessee to celebrate achievements in historyand heritage preservation. Eighteen awardswere presented in the categories of HistoricPreservation, Books or Public Programming,and Special Commendations. The Commissionbegan its Merit Awards Program in 1975.Commission member and Vice Chair for WestTennessee Paul A. Matthews of Memphischairs the THC Awards Committee, andmembers Kathie Fuston of Columbia andDerita C. Williams of Memphis also currentlyserve. The full Commission approves the awardrecipients. This is the first time that theCommission has partnered with the TennesseePreservation Trust to present the awardsduring their annual conference, and there was alarge attendance. The specific awards includedthe following:

HISTORIC PRESERVATION 1. Dr. Kevin Smith was recognized for the

Castalian Springs Mounds ResearchProject. A nationally-known and -respectedarchaeologist and Professor ofAnthropology at MTSU, Smith has beenresearching and excavating since 2006 theCastalian Springs Mound Site (40SU14),an important Mississippian Period complexowned by the State of Tennessee. Featuredin various publications and presentations,this project has resulted in greaterunderstanding of the site within the contextof southeastern U.S. prehistory. Smith isalso commended for his personal interestand direct support of the preservation ofthis property, including his regular

monitoring and his arranging maintenanceprojects at the site.

2. The Westview Community Action Groupwas recognized for their efforts to restorethe West View Historic Cemetery District.As is often the case with cemeteries lackinga perpetual care fund, overgrownvegetation and toppled monumentsdiminished and obscured the final restingplaces of those interred. Over the past 20years, this neighborhood organization hasworked to reclaim Crestview Cemetery in

Knoxville. Beginning in the fall of 2010and continuing through 2012, the groupturned their attention to Longview andSouthern Chain Cemeteries, returningdignity to these burial grounds and helpingto ensure that the people buried there willnot be forgotten.

3. Jennifer Tucker (Executive Director of theMallory-Neely House), Michael Lemm(City of Memphis Office of Building

2013 Merit Award Recipients Honored in Cookeville

The Tennessee Historical Commission will meet on June 21 at Paris Landing State Park, 400 Lodge Road, Buchanan 38222 in Conference Room A at 9:00 A.M.

In February preservation supporters from Tennessee traveled to Washington, DC for theAnnual Meeting of the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers

(NCSHPO) and Advocacy Day. THC Director Patrick McIntyre was elected Treasurer forNCSHPO. Pictured left to right are:----- Phil Thomason, Patrick McIntyre, Sen. Lamar

Alexander, Sen. Bob Corker, Robin Ziegler, Claudette Stager, David Sprouse.

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T H E C O U R I E R , V o l . L X I , N o . 3 J U N E 2 0 1 3

Mrs. Sarah King, died on February 20 at the age of 91.

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Long an advocate for historic preservations, Mrs. King made the address to the City Council to saveOaklands Mansion as an Historic Site, and also made the address to the County Court in 1959,

which was responsible for saving the Rutherford County Courthouse from demolition; she was Regentof the Sam Davis Memorial Association for 8 years and member of the Board for more than 30 years.She was Vice-President of the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities, as well as amember of the Rutherford County Historical Commission Chapter VII of the Colonial Dames ofAmerica, Vice-Regent of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Colonists andorganizing Regent of the Captain Thomas Jameson Chapter. A member of many other patrioticorganizations, she was a Live Member of the Ladies Hermitage Association, and the First MethodistChurch, Murfreesboro.

This year’s session of the Tennessee General Assembly has ended, and with it has come somesignificant accomplishments of interest to the state’s heritage supporters. We are grateful for Gov.

Haslam and the Tennessee General Assembly’s strong support of our agency’s mission and programs.The numbers are tentative, but next year includes an additional $1,200,000 for the Tennessee HistoricalCommission, not including capital budget projects. This funding includes $500,000 for the acquisitionof historic property, which should support the ongoing effort to acquire and protect the War of 1812mustering ground Camp Blount in Fayetteville. $150,000 has been included to address maintenanceneeds at the James K. Polk Home State Historic Site in Columbia, and $50,000 in non-recurring supportwill help augment funding at the Alex Haley Boyhood Home State Historic Site in Henning. In addition,$30,000 of annual support will provide an operating grant to Parker's Crossroads Battlefield, owned byTHC. $18,000 has been included in the budget to publish "Ready to Die for Liberty," the TennesseeWars Commission-sponsored history of the United States Colored Troops.

Important legislation was also passed this session. The Tennessee Civil War Sites Preservation Actof 2013, with lead sponsors Rep. Steve McDaniel in the House and Sen. Bill Ketron in the Senate, willallow for a new state funding source for the preservation of the National Park Service’s designated 38most significant battlefield sites in Tennessee. The fund will be administered by the THC, and $482,000has been included in our budget next year for this program. In addition, the Commission had itsstatutory authority strengthened with the passage of the Tennessee Heritage Preservation Act of 2013,also with Sen. Ketron and Rep. McDaniel as primary sponsors. This law prevents the moving,alteration, or re-naming of war memorials on public property in the state and gives entities with controlover such properties the opportunity to the petition the THC for a waiver. In addition, I would not wantto overlook that fact that an omnibus bill was passed that included a provision to name the new bridgeon Route 109 in Sumner County after our respected State Historian and former THC Chair Walter T.Durham. Significantly, this bridge will be the one normally crossed by THC staff as they travel fromour office to our THC state-owned historic sites in Sumner County—Rock Castle, Cragfont,Wynnewood, and Hawthorn Hill. These are sites about which Mr. Durham has written extensively, andfor which he cares deeply.

Speaking of the state historic sites, I hope that as you travel this summer that you will take anopportunity to visit and support one or more of these exciting destinations. Each property is managedand operated by a dedicated non-profit that staffs the property and provides the majority of the fundingneeded to operate it. The key support that is given by these local organizations is always well worthmentioning and applauding, but especially this year with the pending closure of several state historicsites being seriously considered in North Carolina. Whether it is standing on a porch in Henning wherea young Alex Haley first heard stories of his ancestors such as Kunta Kinte, visiting the schoolhousenear Maryville where young Sam Houston taught, or touching the bullet-riddled wall of what is likelythe most heavily damaged building to survive the Civil War at the Carter House State Historic Site inFranklin, a unique and meaningful experience awaits you! For more information, go tohttp://www.tn.gov/environment/hist/stateown/

As this issue went to press, the THC was deeply saddened to learn of the death of our formerchairman and Tennessee State Historian, Walter T. Durham, on May 24, 2013. Please look for an articlein the next issue of the Courier

From the Director

Obituary of Note

Published by the TENNESSEE HISTORICAL COMMISSION

2941 Lebanon Road Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0442

Sam D. Elliott, ChairmanE. Patrick McIntyre, Jr.,

Executive Director & SHPODr. James B. Jones, Jr., Public Historian,

Editor, The CourierLinda T. Wynn, Assistant Director of

State Programs and Publications Editor

The Courier is published three times perfiscal year and not copyrighted in orderthat all or any portion of an article may bereproduced. The following credit line isrequested: “From The Courier, (issue andyear), a publication of the TennesseeHistorical Commission.” Personsinterested in receiving The Courier free ofcharge should send name, address and zipcode to the above address. News ofhistorical activities will be considered forpublication, but unsolicited manuscriptscannot be returned.

Pursuant to the State of Tennessee’s policy of non-discrimination, the TennesseeDepartment of Environment andConservation does not discriminate on thebasis of race, sex, religion, color, nationalor ethnic origin, age, disability, of militaryservice in its policies, or in the admissionor access to, or treatment or employmentin its programs, services or activities.Equal Employment/Affirmative ActionInquiries or complaints should be directedto the EEO/AA Coordinator Office ofGeneral Council, 401 Church Street, 20thFloor L&C Tower, Nashville, Tennessee37243, 1-888-867-7455. ADA inquiries orcomplaints should be directed to the ADACoordinator, Human Resources Division,401 Church Street, 12th Floor L&C Tower,Nashville, Tennessee 37243,1-866-253-5827. Hearing impairedcallers may use the Tennessee RelayService (1-800-848-0298.

Tennessee Historical Commission,Authorization Number 327324, 8,000copies promulgated at a cost of $0.23per copy, 011/10.


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Design and Construction), Steve Pike andWesley Creel (Pink Palace Family ofMuseums), Scott Blake (Executive Director,Victorian Village, Inc.), Memphis Mayor AC Wharton, Janet Hooks (Director, City ofMemphis Division of Public Services andNeighborhoods), Lee Harris (Memphis CityCouncilman, District 7), Larry Clark andDianne Dixon (Clark/Dixon Architects), andDon Dohman (Jessie Bryant Roofing) wererecognized for their roles in the restorationand reopening of the Mallory-Neely House,Memphis. Located in Victorian Village, thisca. 1850s Victorian dwelling is a much-loved house museum that was open to thepublic from the 1980s until budget issuesforced its closure in 2005. Mayor ACWharton and others procured necessaryfunding for repairs, including a new roof andhandicapped accessibility, and for staffingand general operations, so that thissignificant site could reopen and serve a newgeneration of visitors. The return of theMallory-Neely House as a cultural icon is agood sign for the continued resurgence ofthis Preserve America-certifiedneighborhood.

4. Skipper and Debbie Carlisle wererecognized for restoration of the historichouse Breezeway, near Franklin. For over20 years, the Heritage Foundation ofFranklin and Williamson County worked tosave this National Register-listed, long-vacant home built ca. 1830. After the farmwas sold for development, the foundationworked with real estate developer Bob Parksto incorporate the house and 30 acres of openspace around it into the site developmentplan. Parks painted and repaired the frontfaçade of the home to help it look its best forprospective buyers. Recognizing thepotential, the Carlisles purchased the house,restored it, and made it into the showplace itnow is. This project demonstrates howcollective efforts in a smart, determined, andpro-active manner can save a landmark foranother generation to know and appreciate.

5. The Martin Foundation was recognized forthe restoration of the Parham House inLeiper’s Fork. Located at the gateway tothis thriving Williamson County communitynear the Natchez Trace, the ca. 1890sParham House had seen many changes to itssurroundings through the decades, as well aschanges to its exterior. In recent years the

village has continued to develop itsreputation as a tourist destination. TheMartin Foundation removed artificial sidingfrom the house and, using a periodphotograph as a guide, reproduced cutworkand restored the exterior to its originalappearance. Today it shines again as a storethat sells Tennessee-made crafts – anarchitectural icon included in a recentboundary expansion for the Leiper’s ForkNational Register Historic District.

6. Knoxville Community DevelopmentFoundation and Eastport Architects wererecognized for the Residences at EastportSchool, Knoxville. A vacant ca. 1932 schoolwas skillfully transformed into affordableresidential units for senior citizens as part ofthis creative project that maintained theproperty’s historic integrity and representsthe best in sustainable building practices.The project included a sensitive newaddition, and the building received a LEED-H Platinum rating from the American GreenBuilding Council.

7. Wayne Owens was recognized for therestoration of Whitaker-Higgins Cemetery,Lincoln County. Having visited this long-neglected, early rural cemetery in theBellville community since he was a child,Owens decided upon his retirement that hemight do something to bring back its formerdignity. Owens obtained permission of thelandowner to restore the cemetery and beganhis project in 2010. With only three gravesevident in the beginning, eventually helocated over 65 graves. He cleaned and re-set stones. In many cases, headstones hadbeen buried for years. His project includedthe restoration of burial plots for Caucasiansand for African-Americans associated withthem. Owens has given presentations abouthis project and serves as an example of thegood that one person can achieve withvision, hard work, and commitment.

BOOK/PUBLIC PROGRAMMING 1. Thomas Price, curator, was recognized for

the James K. Polk Home State Historic Site’sthree 2012 exhibits: “A Matter of UtmostCaution: James K. Polk and Slavery;” “TheToughest Decisions: The War Presidents;”and “Sarah Polk: First Lady of Style.” Mr.Price has served as exhibits curator for the

Polk Home for 15 years and works toprocure funding and the lending of artifacts,as well as producing signage and audiovisualmaterials for the exhibits. These threeexhibits typify the high level of quality andprofessionalism displayed by Price’s work.

2. Vivian Lee Sims was recognized for the June23, 2012, community celebration sheorganized to commemorate the placement ofthe ca. 1830s Wilkinson House in Pulaski onthe National Register of Historic Places.The celebration was widely promoted andincorporated an unusually large number ofgroups, such as Confederate and Union re-enactors and representatives of localgovernment and other historicalorganizations. This observance of African-American history in a small town wasnotable for its wide scope and extensiveparticipation.

3. Myers Brown and the Tennessee War of1812 Commission were recognized for theexhibit “Becoming the Volunteer State:Tennessee in the War of 1812” andsupporting programming at the TennesseeState Museum. Last year’s milestone exhibitcommemorating the war’s bicentennialchronicled Tennessee’s pivotal role in theWar of 1812. Using artifacts from theTennessee State Museum, the Hermitage,and the Tennessee Historical Society, thisexhibit also included a teacher’s workshopand symposium.

4. The City of Soddy Daisy was recognized forpublic programming that has occurred at there-created Poe’s Tavern at a site near thelocation of the now-demolished originalbuilding. Since September 2012, thestructure has housed historical exhibits andserved as the focal point for historicalobservances.

5. Nashville Public Television and TheRenaissance Center was recognized for threehalf-hour public television documentariesproduced in connection with the Civil Warsesquicentennial: “No Going Back: Womenand the War;” “Shiloh: The Devil’s OwnDay;” and “Crisis of Faith.” These programsare engaging visually and feature notedscholars discussing various aspects of thewar and its effects in the state. They have

2013 Merit Awards...continued

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been shown locally several times andreleased to other PBS stations for broadcastthroughout the country.

6. Paul Clements was recognized forChronicles of the Cumberland Settlements,1779-1796. Clements spent eleven yearsresearching and writing this monumental,thoroughly-researched 785-page book aboutthe early history and settlement of MiddleTennessee. The book consists of first-personaccounts painstakingly gleaned from familypapers, manuscript collections, archivalrecords, and newspapers. Maps andcontemporary aerial photographs feature keylocations of places associated withsettlements and significant events, and thereare 140 pages of end notes.

7. Dr. Jeanette Keith, a journalist and historian,was recognized for Fever Season: The Storyof a Terrifying Epidemic and the People WhoSaved a City. An outstanding account of thedevastating yellow fever epidemic in 1878that hit over two-thirds of Memphians andkilled over 5,000 of them. Twenty-fivethousand residents fled the city during thefirst week, and the plague abated only asweather cooled and disease-bearingmosquitos died off. Critically-acclaimed,Keith’s book is written in a novelistic stylethat grabs the reader’s attention. Heraccounts of courage and cowardice,leadership and failure paint a fascinatinghuman portrait of a city in crisis.

8. Ron Goode was recognized for thepublication of No Greater Sacrifice – TheSmith Family During the Civil War andRidding the Country of Guerrillas – TheNerrod Family During the Civil War. Thesecompelling accounts chronicle the stories oftwo Overton County families during theCivil War with transcribed letters and other

documents that follow them through theperiod and highlight the divided loyaltiesthat gripped the region. These well-researched accounts are excellent examplesof local history that might otherwise havebeen lost or overlooked if not for the work ofgrass-level historians such as Goode.

9. Russell Bailey and The Covington Leaderwere recognized for Bailey’s weeklynewspaper articles in The Covington Leadernewspaper on events of the Civil War inTipton County and the effect on TiptonCounty residents of Civil War eventsoccurring elsewhere. Bailey has written, andcontinues to write, a series of weeklycolumns outlining events and battles of 150years ago, and has incorporated the stories ofTipton County soldiers and units into thoseaccounts. As Tipton County Historian, hehas a long and dedicated record of recordingand preserving the heritage of his county.

SPECIAL COMMENDATION 1. The John Marshall Roberts Memorial

Archival Library Group was recognized forthe establishment of the John MarshallRoberts Memorial Archival Library. Over2,000 Overton County records form the corecollection of this new facility, which hasseen the addition of even more recordsduring its first few months of operation.This project was truly a collective, grass-roots effort.

2. Michael Sicuro of the Memphis Division ofHousing and Community Development wasrecognized for his many years of service,continuing to the present, in identifying andevaluating historic properties in Memphisrelative to Section 106 of the NationalHistoric Preservation Act requests from theTennessee Historical Commission. Thanksto his dedication, many thousands ofproperties in the state’s largest city havebeen identified and protected.

— Paul A. Matthews

2013 Merit Awards...continued

The Tennessee Historical Commission usually begins solicitingapplications for federal grants and announcing the federal grants we have

awarded in June of each year. This year there will be a delay. We hope to havethis information by the October issue of The Courier. There will also be apress release about the availability of the grants later this year and informationwill be posted on the Tennessee Historical Commission’s web page. If you areinterested in finding out more about the program of federal grants availablethrough our office you can go to:

Federal Preservation Grants

www.tn.gov/environment/hist/federal/preservation_grants.shtml

HISTORICAL MARKERS

At its meeting on February 15, 2013, the Tennessee HistoricalCommission approved eight historical markers: St. Clair Cobb, Knox

County; Abby Crawford Milton, Hamilton County; GrafTechInternational/National Carbon Company; Maury County; Hartsaw CoveFarm, Overton County; Whitehouse Stage Coach Inn; Robertson County;Hardy Murfree, Rutherford County; Robert Karriem, Shelby County; andWilliam Owen Bradley in Sumner County. Those interested in submittingproposed texts for markers should contact Linda T. Wynn at the TennesseeHistorical Commission, 2941 Lebanon Road, Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0442, or call (615) 532-1550.

Recipients of 2013 Historic Preservation Awards at Cookeville, May 16, 2013.


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On March 22, and 23, 2013, Dr. HenriGrissino-Mayer, Professor of

Geography and Director of the Laboratory ofTree-Ring Science at the University ofTennessee- Knoxville, led a team of sevenstudents in a dendrochronology researchstudy of the Bledsoe and Spencer logbuildings at Wynnewood State Historic Sitein Castalian Springs, Sumner County,Tennessee. Grissino-Mayer, a nationallyknown dendrochronologist who specializesin the use of tree-ring analysis to reconstructenvironmental and cultural history, extracteda series of wooden cores from several logs ineach structure in order to determine the exactdate of construction for the cabins atWynnewood. The Bledsoe cabin, a verysignificant diamond-notched structure, isbelieved to predate the actual 1828construction date of Wynnewood, anddetermining its construction date will help toaccurately establish the site’s early history.

Wynnewood was built as a stagecoachinn and later served as resort spa operated bythe Wynne family. The site was purchasedby the state in 1971. On February 6, 2008,Wynnewood was struck by a devastatingtornado that tore off the second story of thelog structure, collapsed the stone chimneys,weakened the stone foundation of thebuilding, and forever changed the landscapeof the Wynnewood site. After a lengthy four-year restoration process, Wynnewoodreopened to visitors on July 4, 2012.Determining the exact date of construction ofthese two cabins is important in developingan accurate site chronology. The logs used inthese cabins were probably cut from old-growth trees that were potentially 200-300years old. A detailed analysis of their treerings should help establish a chronologyback to the year 1530, and can be used inhelping to date other log structures in MiddleTennessee. This tree-ring study will alsoyield important information on past climatictrends in the middle Tennessee area.

The use of dendrochronology to establishexact construction dates on historicstructures in Tennessee is well documented.Work at the State Historic Site Rocky Mount

in Sullivan County in 2004 and 2007 helpedcorrect the long-held belief the log buildingwas built by William Cobb in the early 1770sand later served as John Sevier’s territorialcapital in the 1780s. Information from thedendrochronology study determined the logbuilding at Rocky Mount was actually builtin 1828. In Cocke County, SwaggertyBlockhouse, originally believed to have beenbuilt by James Swaggerty in 1787, wasactually a small cantilever log barn built byJacob Stephens in 1860 and used for hogfarming. Another study of the log cabins atthe Hermitage determined the log cabinknown as the First Hermitage was actuallybuilt in 1798-1800 by Nathaniel Hays priorto Andrew Jackson’s acquisition of theproperty in 1804. That study also determinedthe log kitchen was built by Jackson in 1804.A subsequent study at the Hermitage of“Uncle Alfred’s Cabin” revealed an 1843construction date.

Results of the Wynnewooddendrochronology study should becompleted by this fall, and the information itprovides will be incorporated into ongoinginterpretation of this important state-ownedhistoric site.

DENDROCHRONOLOGY STUDY AT STATEHISTORIC SITE WYNNEWOOD

Bledsoe Cabin, Wynnewood

Spencer Cabin, Wynnewood

Dr. Henri Grissino-Mayer taking wooden coresamples from logs at the Spencer Cabin


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As a member of Tennessee’s War of 1812Bicentennial Commission I was fortunate tohave attended our April 2013 signature eventin Natchez, Mississippi and sites along theNatchez Trace. The event featured asymposium including War of 1812 historianDr. Tom Kanon of the Tennessee State Libraryand Archives and other noted speakers, alongwith living history programs including amilitary camp of instruction on the grounds ofhistoric Jefferson Collage built in 1802. Theevent honored Tennessee’s General AndrewJackson and his military “Volunteers” whowere sent to Natchez, Mississippi byGovernor William Blount to help protect theSouthwest territories during the Wars of 1812.

I have asked Mr. Tony Turnbow, memberof the Tennessee War of 1812 Commissionand coordinator of the Natchez event, to

shares his thoughts on the Expedition Natchez1813 commemoration. His comments are asfollows:

The story of Andrew Jackson and the 1812Tennessee Volunteers was recounted with aseries of War of 1812 bicentennial eventsfrom Natchez to Nashville along the NatchezTrace in April. The Natchez Trace ParkwayAssociation joined with the 7th U.S. LivingHistory Association and several other partnersto use living history to bring to life accountsof the 1813 Natchez Expedition.

The commemoration began as over one-hundred re-enactors marched up the oldNatchez Trace and assembled at Propinquity,home of Fort Dearborn commander Lt. Col.Leonard Covington, to remember the soldierswho were quartered at Fort Dearborn. Theparade of Jackson’s troops through Natchez

was re-created, followed by a period receptionat the Prentiss Club. The encampment of thetroops was portrayed adjacent to historic FortDearborn site. At a period living historydinner in Natchez, toasts from Jackson’soriginal 1812 Fourth of July officer’s dinnerwere re-created, and Washington Jackson’sdescendant William Ferrell accepted publicacknowledgment of his ancestor’s supply ofhundreds of pairs of boots for the soldiers’

TENNESSEE WARS COMMISSION REPORT OF ACTIVITIES

May 7, 2013 By Fred M. Prouty • Photos by David Wright

Reenactors approach Grinders StationReenactors approach Grinders Station

Reenactors in period uniformsReenactors in period uniformspractice close order drill.practice close order drill.


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return march (of over 450 miles) on theNatchez Trace. Historic Nashville bankersWashington Jackson and James Jackson alsohelped finance the military expedition and lentmoney to Jackson for food and medicines forhis troops.

The following week, a detachment of 40living history participants portrayed thereturning soldiers through Mississippi,Alabama, and Tennessee. Over 2,000 middleschool students from Mississippi were

introduced to the story in living history campsset up along the old Natchez Trace. Grinder’sStand, located at the 1813 recognizedChickasaw Nation/Tennessee border, provideda Tennessee homecoming and dismissal area.Re-enactors from the Regency Societyportrayed Tennessee families welcoming hometheir sons and husbands. The same group thathad portrayed the Tennessee Volunteers fromNatchez to Nashville ended their journey at thegrave site of President Jackson on the grounds

of the Hermitage in Old Hickory, Tennesseewhere a wreath laying ceremony was held.

Mississippi Supreme Court Chief Justiceand former Brigadier General of theMississippi National Guard, William Walleraddressed Andrew Jackson’s militaryleadership in a ceremony held at the oldMississippi State Capitol in Jackson. GeneralBuford Blount, who led U.S. troops includingthe modern 7th U.S. Infantry into Iraq in 2001,was also in attendance, along with KevinParker, vice-chief of the Mississippi Band ofChoctaw Indians. Living history personalityGrant Hardin, who portrays General Jackson,read the speech Jackson had prepared to read(but due to illness it was read by another), atthe Old State Capitol building on the 25thanniversary of the Battle of New Orleans in1839.

A ceremony in Tuscumbia, Alabamahonored the contribution of the ChickasawNation to the soldiers on the 1813 march. TheChickasaws used their stores of winter foodsupplies to feed Jackson’s troops to preventstarvation. Descendants of cavalrycommander John Coffee and Chickasaw chiefsGeorge Colbert and Levi Colbert participatedin the ceremony. Peyton “Bud” Clark, directdescendant of William Clark, who served asIndian agent in the west and who worked withthe Chickasaws, represented his ancestor at theceremony.

Wreath laying ceremonyWreath laying ceremonyhonoring soldiers inhonoring soldiers inJackson's army on theJackson's army on theNatchez Trace.Natchez Trace.

Reenactors atReenactors atGrinders Station.Grinders Station.


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Tennessee Army National Guard MajorGeneral Robert Harris spoke at a ceremony atthe new War of 1812 Memorial site on theNatchez Trace Parkway. Major General Harristold the audience that Jackson showedextraordinary leadership in refusing to abandonhis men and by leading them home on theNatchez Trace. Dr. Sam Gant of the GeneralSociety of 1812 commented that the NatchezTrace is hallowed ground because of the menwho sacrificed and died on it during the War of1812.

Bicentennial Hickory trees were plantedfrom the bluff of the Mississippi River inNatchez to the Hermitage and at sitesassociated with the Natchez Expedition.Andrew Jackson earned the name “OldHickory” on the 1813 return march when herefused to abandon his men as ordered andwalked with them all but the first twenty mileson the arduous march on the Natchez Trace,back to Tennessee. The Tennessee Society U.S.Daughters of 1812, the Tennessee SocietyDaughters of the American Revolution andother DAR chapters and historical groupssponsored the trees.

Representatives of the Chickasaw Nation,the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, andthe Poarch Band of Creek Indians participatedin the events to broaden the perspective of thecommemoration and to tell the stories of theirown people. Through discussions on thecontributions of the American Indians inassisting Jackson’s troops and later in servingunder his command, as well as theconsequences of the war and Indian Removal,the groups began a fresh examination of theperiod when American Indians partnered withthe U.S. army to defend the nation againstforeign invasion.

The War of 1812 was discussed in lecturesin one of the old classrooms at the circa 1802

Historic Jefferson College in Natchez.Speakers included Dr. Tom Kanon of theTennessee State Library and Archives whospoke about the causes of the War of 1812 andspeakers Jim Parker, Mike Bunn and TonyTurnbow.

The bicentennial event represents a majorstep forward for the efforts of the NatchezTrace Parkway Association to create anongoing living history program on theparkway. The association plans to re-create theend-of-war victory celebrations in 2015.

We thank Mr. Tony Turnbow for hiscomments and leadership in planning andcoordinating the memorable “ExpeditionNatchez 1813” events honoring thoseTennesseans who gave their all and in doing sosecured Tennessee’s position as, the “VolunteerState”.

A gallery of photos is posted on the web siteat www.natcheztrace.org.

CAMP BLOUNT BICENTENNIALCELEBRATION

Fayetteville, Tennessee

This fall, Fayetteville will celebrate the200th anniversary of Camp Blount’sinvolvement in the War of 1812. The militantCreek Indians armed by Great Britain hadattacked Fort Mims and massacred 250 men,women and children. Governor Willie Blountissued a call for Tennessee volunteers toassemble at the great oaks on the Elk River andanswer this threat. The turnout (over 2,000)gave Tennessee the nickname, “VolunteerState”. General Andrew Jackson leftFayetteville in October 1813 and met anddefeated the Creek Indians at the Battle ofHorseshoe Bend thus ending the Indian threaton the frontier. Less than one year later, thetroops assembled again at Camp Blount andwent to New Orleans and under direction ofGeneral Jackson defeated the British andclosing out the War of 1812 and the finalattempt by Great Britain to colonize America.General Jackson became an instant hero andwas elected the 7thPresident of the UnitedStates.

Samuel Houston also gained recognitionduring this period and would become the 7thGovernor of Tennessee and later the firstGovernor of Texas. A young man by the nameof David Crockett, who served as a scout forGeneral Jackson and later gave his life at theAlamo, became a household word.

In order to honor these men and the LincolnCounty volunteers that were involved in thishistorical event, the Camp Blount MemorialPark Committee will hold a BicentennialCelebration on September 27-28, 2013.

The event will include a living historypresentation to accurately portray whatoccurred during this turbulent period. Therewill be military units that re-enact the 1813muster at Camp Blount, along with periodcivilian vendors and suttlers. Interpretersrepresenting General Jackson, Ensign SamHouston, Private David Crockett, Dr. CharlesMcKinney, and Colonel John Coffee will be onhand to discuss their thoughts on the comingbattles they were certain to face.

Plans call for a School Day Friday, Sept.27 to enlighten our young people on thetremendous heritage left them by GeneralJackson and his Tennessee Volunteers.

TENNESSEE CIVIL WARSESQUICENTENNIALSIGNATURE EVENT

“Occupation and Liberation” Chattanooga, TN

Tennessee’s Civil War history is rich andcomplex with the staggering effects of total warfelt in every part of the state. The Tennessee CivilWar Sesquicentennial Commission is thesponsor of a series of annual symposiums, whichbegan in 2010 and continue through 2015 atlocations across the state.

The first three Signature Events drew largecrowds in Nashville, Cookeville and Shiloh withover 13,000 attending. Join us October 9-12,2013 at the Chattanooga Convention Center aspresenters discuss the battles, events and storiesof the Civil War. Tennessee HistoricalCommission Chairman, author and historianSam Elliott will moderate the Saturday October13th Military Strategy in the Civil Warsession.The symposium is jointly sponsored by theTennessee Civil War SesquicentennialCommission, Tennessee Civil War NationalHeritage Area, Tennessee Department of TouristDevelopment, Tennessee Historical Society,Chickamauga and Chattanooga NationalMilitary Park, The Friends of the Chickamaugaand Chattanooga National Military Park and theChattanooga Convention and Visitors Bureau.

For hotel information or agenda visitwww.tncivilwar150.com. To register call 615-532-7520 or email [email protected].

Dr. Tom Kanonlectures on thecauses of theWar of 1812.


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“River and Rails: Daggers of the Civil War”NPT Documentary

As Charles Dickens might have describedit, rivers and rails brought the best of times andthe worst of times to 19thcentury Tennessee.

“Rivers and Rails: Daggers of the CivilWar,” the latest episode in the “TennesseeCivil War 150” series, a joint venture betweenNashville Public Television (NPT) and TheRenaissance Center, explores howtransportation by water and steel brought greatprosperity to the state just before the Civil War,only to give the invading Union Army ahighway directly into the Deep South,eventually helping force the Confederacy to itsknees.

The Nashville Public Televisiondocumentary, co-produced bythe EmmyAward-winning team of Stephen Hall and KenTucker of The Renaissance Center, premieresThursday, May 30 at 8 p.m. on NPT-Channel 8.It is the seventh episode in the “TennesseeCivil War 150” series, a multi-part projectcoinciding with the Sesquicentennialanniversary of the Civil War. “We didn’t wantthis to be a documentary focused completelyon military strategy,” Hall said. “It wasimportant to show how the lives of ordinarycitizens were disrupted and destroyed. Thestory shows not only how the Union used boatsand trains to their tactical advantage, but howpeople in Tennessee suffered because of it. ”

The documentary includes a scholarlylineup of historians, including Dr. Carroll VanWest, MTSU; Fred Prouty, TennesseeWars/Historical Commission; Dr. MinoaUffelman, Austin Peay State University, Dr.Wayne Moore, Tennessee State Library andArchives, and Melinda Senn, SouthernMuseum of Civil War and Locomotive History.Following the documentaries premiere onNPT, “Rivers and Rails: Daggers of the CivilWar” will be broadcast on other PBS stationsaround the state. Both NPT and TheRenaissance Center were recently honoredwith a Tennessee Historical CommissionCertificate of Merit for 2013 in the category“Book/Public Programming” for “No GoingBack: Women & The War,” “Shiloh: TheDevil’s Own Day” and “Crisis of Faith.” Theaward recognizes projects that contribute to thehistory and historic preservation efforts inTennessee.

The Renaissance Center is a state-of-the-artfacility for fine arts, performing arts, mediaproduction, technology and education located

about 35 miles from downtown Nashville inDickson, Tennessee. The Tennessee WarsCommission has partnered with theRenaissance Center on several major Civil Warproductions including the Emmy Awardwinning film, Hallowed Ground, PreservingTennessee’s Battlefields. Over 2,000 DVD-copies of the above film were sent to allTennessee school libraries through a grantmade possible by the Tennessee WarsCommission.

“Kentucky Battlefields and Beyond” Preservation Kentucky Conference

Mr. Fred M. Prouty, Director of Programsfor the Tennessee Wars Commission, will bekeynote speaker for Preservation KentuckyConference, “Kentucky Battlefields andBeyond; Civil War Sites in the 21st Century”,in August 2013. Mr. Prouty’s presentation isentitled, Civil War Battlefields in Tennessee:Opportunities and Outcomes. The TennesseeWars Commission has led efforts across thestate to preserve battlefields for almost twodecades. One of their most successful has beenat Parker’s Crossroads in Henderson County.With the Civil War Sesquicentennial underway,opportunities in battlefield preservation existacross Tennessee where more battles werefought than in any other state outside Virginia.

For more information on the event see:www.preservationkentucky.org.

Tennessee’s Civil War National Parks Excellent Economic Generators

In 2011, the National Park Service (NPS)received 279 million recreation visitors whospent $13 billion in local gateway regions. Thatspending supported 252,000 local jobs, whichhad a $30 billion benefit to the nationaleconomy. Every dollar invested in the NPSthough Congressional appropriations resultedin a $10 benefit to the national economyaccording to the recent report. The NPS annualeconomic impact data report used NationalPark and public data to examine the impactsvisitor spending had on the local economy interms of sales, income and jobs in 2011.

Visitor spending most directly affectedlodging, restaurants, retail trade, and recreationand entertainment. Spending from thesesources supported 45,200 jobs in restaurantsand bars, 34,100 jobs in lodging sectors,

15,500 jobs in the retail and wholesale trade,and 20,000 jobs in recreation andentertainment.

Statistics for Tennessee’s Civil WarNational Battlefield Parks sited as recreationvisits and total visitor spending are as follows:

1. Chickamauga & Chattanooga NationalMilitary Park: VISITORS: 1,036,699Visitor Spending: $54,908,000

2. Fort Donelson National Battlefield:VISITORS: 257,389Visitor Spending: $9,538,000

3. Shiloh National Military Park:VISITORS: 387,816Visitor Spending: $14,371,000

4. Stones River National Battlefield:VISITORS: 187,208Visitor Spending: $9,911,000 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––TOTAL VISITORS: 1,869,112TOTAL Visitor Spending: $88,728,000

The NPS report is availableatwww.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/products.cfm#MGM and click on “Economic Benefitsto Local Communities from National ParkVisitation, 2011”.

Tennessee has 38 Civil War sites deemed“significant to the outcome of the War” asreferred to in the Secretary of the Interior’sreport, Civil War Sites Advisory CommissionReport on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields(1998). Currently, a total of 61 Tennessee CivilWar tourist destinations are included with inthe Tennessee Wars Commission brochure, APath Divided, Tennessee’s Civil War HeritageTrail. Copies are available in all TennesseeWelcome Centers and while there be sure tosee the recently installed 150th Tennessee CivilWar Sesquicentennial permanent exhibitdisplays.

COMMENTS SHOULD BE SENT TO:Fred M. Prouty

Director of Programs Tennessee Wars Commission

2941 Lebanon Road Nashville, Tennessee 37214

[email protected]


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It has been a busy spring for the CLG program. We havevisited and engaged in various projects in Hartsville,Hohenwald, Johnson City, Murfreesboro, Rogersville, andShelbyville. We have been developing new CLG programs inJamestown, Lebanon, Dickson, and Lawrenceburg.

We recently toured Hartsville with Tonya Blades,Preservation Planner at the General Nashville Regional CouncilDevelopment District to evaluate development of a local schooland church. We met with local non-profit leaders in thecommunity to discuss potential development.

We attended the Hohenwald Historic Zoning Commission(HZC) monthly meeting recently and toured their historicdistricts addressing technical and development issues. Inaddition CLG staff have: worked with the Johnson City Planningoffice and Historic Zoning Commission recently to successfullyexpand their downtown historic district; worked in conjunctionwith Historic Zoning Commissioner Jim Thompson inMurfreesboro to conduct yearly training for their Commission;training was broadcast on the local public access channel; havemet with the Rogersville HZC, TDOT officials, and localadministration to address preservation issues relative todevelopment projects in the city; met with Hawkins Countyofficials and Rogersville representatives to address rehabilitationissues with the Antebellum Clay-Kenner house in Rogersville’sNational Register District; have been working with them tosearch for potential grant solutions for the building; met inShelbyville with Brianne Huitt the Preservation Planner for theSouth Central Develop District to participate in training for theShelbyville HZC; have met recently with the mayor ofJamestown, the Honorable Ryan Smith to discuss potential CLGDevelopment for the community. A working session wasconducted in Jamestown at the end of May; have participated ina number of public meetings and working sessions in Lebanon asthey move toward CLG development. They are also developinga Main Street Program for the downtown. Another workingsession is scheduled with the City Council in May and they areon schedule for CLG completion this summer; Representativesfrom Dickson have met with us to further their CLGdevelopment. They are also pursuing a Main Street program;met with the HZC, mayor, Main Street Manager, and presentedto the City Council in Lawrenceburg to develop their CLGprogram.

We anticipate working sessions in the near future.In addition to working in communities and developing new

CLGs we have also been involved with conference attendanceand presentations: have participated in the History Day judgingat the state level in Nashville, Development District meetings inNashville; the National Main Street Conference in New Orleans,the Rural development Conference in Cookeville, judged theFranklin and Williamson County annual preservation awards, the

Cumberland Region Tomorrow yearly Summit in Nashville, theTennessee Building Officials Association annual conference and50th anniversary in Gatlinburg, and the Statewide PreservationConference and National Alliance of Preservation CommissionsCommission Assistance and Mentoring Program (CAMP) inCookeville.

The History Day judging was coordinated with the TennesseeHistorical Society and the National Association of State andLocal Historians at the Capitol Complex in Nashville this spring.Winners in the state competition will now participate in Nationalcompetition later in the year.

A scholarship was received from the National Park Service toparticipate in the Main Street National Conference in NewOrleans in April. State CLG Coordinators from across the nationinterfaced and participated in the Main Street program andattended special sessions on Federal Grant Administration.

We participated in yearly Development District meetings inNashville in March and worked with planning staff from acrossthe state; participated in the Rural Development conference inCookeville this spring and interacted with planning staff andCLG representatives from across the state.

In May we judged the Heritage Franklin and WilliamsonCounty yearly preservation awards and participated in theawards ceremony. An exceptional selection of new construction,residential and commercial rehabilitations, and sustainabilityprojects were recognized and awarded; participated in theCumberland Region Tomorrow (CRT) yearly Summit inNashville in May and attended sessions from developmentspecialists from across the regions and nation as they outlinedthe development visions for the ten county Cumberland Regionin Middle Tennessee. The THC will participate in futurecommittee meetings related to CRT planning.

We partnered with Senior Vice President Joe Castellano, P.E.with Rolf Jensen Engineers in Atlanta to make a half daypresentation on Building Codes in Historic Districts at theTennessee Building Officials Association annual training 50thanniversary conference in Gatlinburg at the end of April. Weprovided training to building officials from across the state andthe State Fire Marshal’s Office, and developed critical contactsfor future technical issues related to historic districtrehabilitations.

As of the composition of this publication, the StatewidePreservation Conference was underway in Cookeville. The THChas underwritten the conference, and as it did in 2010 and 2012,has also underwritten a National Alliance of PreservationCommission, Commission Assistance and Mentoring Program(CAMP) in conjunction with the conference. The CLG officehas worked closely with Tennessee Preservation Trust (TPT) the

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Report on the Certified Local Government (CLG) ProgramBy Dan Brown, Statewide CLG Coordinator


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Scarecrow Press, Inc., an imprint of the Rowman & LittlefieldPublishing Group, 200 Park Avenue, South, Suite 1109, NewYork, New York 10003-1503.

The Day Lincoln Was Almost Shot: The Fort Stevens Story:The Fort Stevens Story by Benjamin Franklin Cooling III recountsthe story of President Abraham Lincoln’s role in the Battle of FortStevens in July of 1864. This engagement stands represents theonly time in American history that a sitting American presidentcame under enemy fire while in office. This new study brings intofocus an overlooked moment in American history and Coolingputs forth a disquieting question: What if Lincoln had been shotand killed during this short battle? The Battle of Fort Stevensoccurred just nine months prior to President Lincoln’s assassinationby John Wilkes Booth’s in Ford's Theater. A potentially criticalmoment in the Civil War, the Battle of Fort Stevens could havechanged—with Lincoln's demise—the course of American history.Notwithstanding, The Day Lincoln Was Almost Shot is more thana contemplation on an alternate history of the United States. It isalso an examination of the attempt by Confederate General JubalEarly to capture Washington, D.C., to remove the president and theUnion government from power, and to turn the tide of the Civil Warin the South's favor. Cooling, a well-known Civil War historianwho has written numerous publications on America’s Civil War, aswell as military and naval history, taps fresh documentary sourcesand offers a fresh interpretation of the defense of the nation’scapital narrative. Commemorating this largely forgotten and under-appreciated chapter in the study of Lincoln and the Civil War, TheDay Lincoln Was Almost Shot is an intriguing study of thispotential turning point in American history. Cloth, $45.00

The University of North Carolina Press, 116 S. BoundaryStreet, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514-3808.

The University of North Carolina Press has published thefinal volume in The New Encyclopedia of Southern Cultureseries. Edited by Thomas C. Holt and Laurie B. Green Volume 24:Race and sponsored by the Center for the Study of SouthernCulture at the University of Mississippi, with Charles ReganWilson serving as the General Editor of the series. Race, theconcluding volume of series challenges previous understandingand reveals the region’s rich, ever-expanding diversity andprovides new explorations of race relations. In 36 thematic and 29topical essays, numerous contributors examine such subjects as theTuskegee Syphilis Study, Japanese American incarceration in theSouth, relations between African American and Native Americans,Chinese men adopting Mexican identities, Latino religiouspractices, and Vietnamese life in the southern region. Since the1989 publication of the original Encyclopedia of Southern Culture,scholars have produced exciting new literature that positions theSouth, as a society that attempted to impose rigid racial boundaries,but transcended those attempts, resulting in a dynamic, diverse, andfluid society, all of which is reflected in the articles of The NewEncyclopedia of Southern Culture’s Volume 24. The authors ofthese entries take as a fundamental principle that race is a sociallyconstructed classification, and they examine ideas about racialdifferences with a multi-racial context that provide new ways oflooking at the South’s racial past and future. Under the editorshipof Thomas C. Holt, the James Westfall Distinguished ServiceProfessor of American and African American History at theUniversity of Chicago and Laurie B. Green, associate professor ofhistory, women’s and gender studies, and African American studiesat the University of Texas at Austin, the essays capture a nuancedrepresentation of how the concept of race in the South haveinfluenced its history, art, politics, and culture beyond the familiarbinary of black and white. Paper, $24.95

PUBLICATIONS TO NOTEBy Linda T. Wynn, Assistant Director for State Programs & Publications Editor

host organization of the conference to select presenters anddevelop the choice of sessions. Three nationally prominentpreservation professionals, Jack Williams, Monica Callahan, andAutumn Rierson Michael are presenting. Please look forconference details and THC preservations awards information inthe newsletter.

The CLG office anticipates an equally busy summer and fallas we continue to develop CLG communities and work withexisting CLGs and other communities across the state. We alsoplan to participate in Bobb Yapp’s nationally recognized windowtraining in Missouri in September. Please let us know how wemay be a resource to your community.

Report on CLG Program...continued


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The information for this article wasprovided by the Tennessee HistoricalCommission Press Release: “Five TennesseeSites Added to the National Register ofHistoric Places” draft dated Monday, April29, 2013 and written by Claudette Stager.

BODENHAM MILL

The Bodenham Mill was built around1930 on the ruins and foundation of a millbuilt nearly 100 years earlier. The 2 ½ storyframe building, with a Fitz overshot wheel,was the center of the Bodenham communityin Giles County for 25 years.

The grist and flour mill was constructedat a time when commercial patterns werechanging in rural parts of the state. The firstmill on the site drew customers from faraway, but by the 1930s, as transportationimproved in the 20th century, most farmerstravelled to cities like Pulaski where therewere larger mills that were more efficient.The Bodenham Mill then served the localregion, providing more specialized andpersonalized service. Operated by waterpower, the basic technology of the mill didnot change from the 1830s, but the milling

equipment inside was updated. The millceased operating in 1955.

The National Register nomination forBodenham Mill was prepared by JaimeDestefano and Peggy Nickell of theTennessee Historical Commission.

OAK HILL FARM

Oak Hill Farm spans Tipton andHaywood counties in West Tennessee. Thecenterpiece of the 213-acre farm is the 1834Taylor farmhouse.

Other historic resources on the propertyinclude a barn, dairy parlor, hog house,tenant houses, granary, smoke house, wellhouse, chicken house, pond, cemetery, andthe agricultural fields.

The Taylor family began farming here inthe 1830s and the land continues to befarmed. The changes to the resources andaddition of buildings on the farm reflect thechanges in agricultural trends, such aschanges in crop production andsharecropping. The farm is an important partof the agricultural and architectural historyof Tipton and Haywood counties. The houseis a fine example of a Federal I-house and thefarm itself is representative of pre-WWIIprogressive farming and post-WWIIagricultural innovation.

The National Register nomination forOak Hill Farm was prepared by AbigailGautreau, Elizabeth Humphreys, and Dr.Carroll Van West of the Center for HistoricPreservation at MTSU.

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES NEWSFive Tennessee Sites Added to the National Register of Historic Places

Bodenham Mill

Bodenham Mill

Oak Hill Farm


ALLENDALE FARM

The Allen House in Montgomery Countywas listed in the National Register in 1978with less than 4 acres of land, known as thedomestic complex, around the main house.The expanded nomination includes 310 acres,and additional information on the agriculturalimportance and settlement history of the farm.The Allen House is an 1858 Federal-styleresidence with a 1919 extension that connectsto a circa 1800 log building. Other historicresources on the farm include servants’quarters, tenant houses, ponds, a stock barn,and the agricultural landscape. Newinformation in the nomination documents thatby the mid-20th century, Allendale Farm wasinvolved in statewide farm demonstrationprograms with Austin Peay State College(now University) and the University ofTennessee, making the Allen family leaders inagricultural innovation.

The National Register nomination forAllen House Boundary Increase was preparedby Carroll Van West, Elizabeth Humphreys,Jessica Bandel, Jessica French and AmyKostine of the Center for HistoricPreservation at MTSU.

THOMAS P. KENNEDY, JR.HOUSE

The Thomas P. Kennedy Jr. House waslisted in the National Register in 2003 for itsarchitectural importance. This revisednomination expands the boundaries from 25.7acres to 166.6 acres in order to document howthe property represents a country estate of theearly-20th century. The Colonial Revivalstyle house was designed by Nashvillearchitect Donald Southgate and built in 1937on the outskirts of Nashville.

In addition to Kennedy’s house, stockbarns and farm outbuildings were built on theproperty and several 19th century featuressuch as stone walls, a historic cemetery,springhouse, and sunken roadbed wereincorporated into the landscaping. TheThomas P. Kennedy Jr. House is one of thefew historic estates like this in the Nashvillearea.

The National Register nomination for theThomas P. Kennedy Jr. House BoundaryIncrease was prepared Phil Thomason andAndra Martens of Thomason and Associates,Preservation Planners.

MOYE BOARDING HOUSE

Constructed between 1878 and 1892, theMoye Boarding House was originally a 1-story frame Cumberland plan house with tworooms. The Cumberland plan is characterizedby two front entrances, now visible on thesouth elevation of the house.

A 1 ½-story central hall plan house wasadded to the west end in 1882, becoming thefront of the house, and in 1892 the rear porchwas partially enclosed and the wood porchesand additional decorative woodwork wereadded to the house giving it the current FolkVictorian styling.

The house is a good local representationof the early Cumberland plan, the later centralhall plan, and the turned and sawn woodworkthat give it a distinctive architectural characterin Portland. Today known locally as theMoye-Green House, the property is importantas an early commercial enterprise in thecommunity.

The National Register nomination for theMoye Boarding House was prepared byTonya Blades of the Greater NashvilleRegional Council and Jaime Destefano of theTennessee Historical Commission.

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Moye Boarding House

Moye Boarding House

Allendale Farm

Thomas P. Kennedy, Jr. House Thomas P. Kennedy, Jr. House


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John W. Dodge, a famous 19th centurypainter who specialized in miniatureportraits, was a resident of Tennessee. He isfamous today, and his paintings still sell wellon the Sotheby auction market. The artcollection of Cheekwood Museum inNashville has a valuablecollection of his paintings,and the May 2013 issueof American ArtReview (pp. 74-77)features his workalong with otherfamous miniaturistsof his time. There isa historical markeron Highway 70 atPomona in CumberlandCounty denoting hisresidence there before andafter the Civil War.Dodge was born in New Yorkin 1807. His mother was anative of Canada and hisfather was a goldsmith andwatchmaker in New York.The family was modestlywealthy. Apprenticed to a signpainter in 1823, Dodge wasdissatisfied with such mundane work. Heborrowed some miniature paintings from afriend and began to copy them, displaying anative talent for this work. Miniatures arepaintings only a few inches tall, some as smallas two or three inches. They could be carriedby a person in a pocket or on a chain. Ivorywas the material on which they were painted.Miniatures were a popular art form during thistime period due to their intimate nature,portability and cost. Dodge could produce aminiature in two or three days. Caption:Example of Dodge’s miniature work,unknown subject.In the winter of 1826-27 Dodge received hisonly academic training, enrolling in theNational Academy of Design in New York.At this time he began selling his paintings,receiving $11.50 for his first sales and asmuch as $75.00 in a short time. Within sixyears he was selected as an associate of theAcademy, which was a prestigiousdesignation.In 1838 John Dodge, his wife Mary Louiseand five children, left New York and moved to

Tennessee. Health problems were a majorreason for moving south, and cheaper livingexpenses may have contributed to thedecision. Less competition from other artistsin Tennessee was an added benefit. TheDodge family first settled in Nashville, and

while there he painted a six inchminiature of Andrew Jacksonsetting at a table, a work whichhe called “the most correctand perfect picture I everpainted.” Other sourcesquote Jackson in this form:

“I have heard many ofthose long andb e s ta cqua in t edwith meobserve thathis is thebest andmost perfectof any they

have ever seenof me.” Dodge had

engravings made of the Jacksonminiature, and these were a

valuable source of income for him inensuing years. A New York publication

wrote that “no Democrat should be withoutthis portrait in his house.” A short time laterDodge painted a small oil portrait of HenryClay sitting under a tree with a dog lying athis side. He sold it for $250. Dodge laterpainted a miniature of Clay that the statesmanpronounced as “unexcelled.” Dodgecompleted other miniatures of Felix Grundy,Jacob McGavock, President James K . Polk,General William Harding, and otherprominent Americans. He had painted overtwo hundred miniatures of Tennesseans by1854. When photography became a rival toart Dodge engaged the new technology byadopting it and by hand-coloringphotographs.

His health again became an issue, and in 1845Dodge bought 5000 acres in CumberlandCounty, Tennessee, where he built a log houseand planted an apple orchard. John’s brotherWilliam and his family joined the Dodges inthe wilderness of the Cumberland Plateau.The orchards produced bountifully, and theDodge families prospered. They named the

location of their farm “Pomona,” a nameinspired by the Roman goddess of fruit andorchards. “Pomona” eventually became thepermanent name of the small community. Hedivided his time between Pomona andNashville. Spring, summer, and fall werespent at Pomona, and he lived and worked inNashville in the winter. Caption: unknownsubject of Dodge’s artistry.When the Civil War started Dodge wasfrightened by the violence. AlthoughCumberland County was mostly pro-Unionand Dodge was a Unionist, he decided toreturn to New York for safety. The family leftPomona in wagons under the cover ofdarkness. Destitute when he arrived in NewYork, and with miniature painting in decline,Dodge worked mainly as a photographer. Hepainted a miniature of George Washingtonafter studying earlier portraits, and he painteda portrait of President Andrew Johnson in1865, selling copies in photographic form.He also painted portraits of Abraham Lincolnand John Brown during the war. [Caption:Miniature of George Washington by Dodge.]In 1889 Dodge and his family, along with anumber of his friends, returned toCumberland County, establishing a “colony”at Pomona. The new residents built houses inthe most modern style of the time. TheNashville American welcomed Dodge’sreturn: “Now in his 83rd year John W. Dodgestill paints with his old time skill.” Dodgefound that while the orchard had beendamaged during the war; he was soonenjoying record crops from thousands oftrees, and his apples again became famous inTennessee. The Crossville Times reported in1886 that “Pomona in the past three years hasgrown rapidly. Houses have sprung up andimprovements have been made.” In his final years deafness troubled Dodge,and in December of 1893 he contractedpneumonia and died. He is buried at OakLawn Cemetery in Pomona with his wife. ANew York Times obituary claimed the Dodge“ranked first in the United States in that[miniature portrait] line.”

FROM TOP LEFT: Example of Dodge’sminiature work, unknown subject, another

unknown subject. Miniature of GeorgeWashington by Dodge.

JOHN WOOD DODGE, TENNESSEE ARTISTBy W. Calvin Dickinson


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Matthew Mosca, of Baltimore, Maryland,recently visited three state historic sites to conducthistoric paint research. Using micro-chemicaltesting, he is able to identify the constituents of paint finishes, andtherefore determine original hues. Furthermore, the location ofsimilar paint finishes can support or negate construction dates andarchitectural changes to the structure. His investigation oftenanswers many questions and sometimes yields surprises orproduces more questions.

TIPTON-HAYNESSTATE HISTORIC SITETipton-Haynes State Historic Site in Johnson City was originallythe home of Colonel John Tipton from 1784 to 1813 and his heirsuntil 1837. Colonel Tipton served in the Continental Army duringthe Revolutionary War, as well as in various political positionsduring this nation’s formative years. Colonel Tipton is most notedfor his loyalty to North Carolina during the State of Franklin

controversy as part of the state tried to secede from North Carolina.David Haynes bought the property from the Tipton family and inturn his eldest child Landon Carter Haynes became the next owner.Landon Carter Haynes (1816-1875) was an attorney, politician, andnewspaper editor. During the Civil War, he represented Tennesseein the Confederate States Senate, while coming from a mostly pro-Union part of the state—a challenging situation as he lived theremainder of his life in West Tennessee.

At Tipton-Haynes the study revealed that procuring paintmaterials must have been rather difficult. It appears that ColonelJohn Tipton, Jr., did not paint the exterior boards of the house afterits construction. Landon Carter Haynes, however, made several

changes to the property. Due tothe paint similarities ondifferent portions of the house,it appears that the ell may beapproximately as old as thehouse, or perhaps built no morethan ten to twelve years later.This finding supports theinformation that Haynesconstructed the ell, may havemoved it to its present location,with the kitchen added at thenorth end. Evidence shows that theoriginal finish was the onlyfinish from the changes made

NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED CONSULTANT VISITSTHREE STATE HISTORIC SITES

By Martha D. Akins, Historic Sites Program Director

This paper, which may be a border, was found in thesitting room of Tipton-Haynes during some work in 1990.

Photo courtesy of Matthew Mosca.

Matthew & Martha

Matthew Mosca collectingsamples from hall staircase

in Sabine Hill. Note the“stipple-marble” on the

bracket.

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by Haynes to after ca. 1936, nearly a century! In other words, thesite was minimally maintained, from before the Civil War until longafter. The historic paint finish was a lead white, with undertones ofgray. This color was found on the exterior boards, trim, porchceilings, and doors. Implementing this color in the upcomingpainting project will not be a major change on the exterior, but it iscertainly consistent with the Greek Revival fashion, in which it waspreferred to have restrained white buildings in a unpretentiouslandscape.

The historic interior of the house is a much more exciting find.The board walls and ceilings were originally papered! This fact maybe somewhat surprising but board construction was less expensivethan plaster, and once papered over, the substrate mattered not. It ispossible to restore the sitting room to Colonel John Tipton’s periodwith his original mantel. But that approach would be incongruentwith the rest of the home which reflects Haynes’s changes,including the mantel in the parlor. With such an extensive use ofpaper throughout the home, one could surmise that there was ahierarchy of papers: more expensive papers used in the public areason the first floor, and less expensive ones on the second floor andthe spare room.

Some previously found pieces of wallpaper are archived at thesite, and Mosca found red staining that may indicate wallpaper colorin another area. It is unknown at this time whether the original papermay be in production today by Aldelphi or a similar manufacturer,or if it is possible to reproduce the 1850s wallpaper based on the sizesamples that are available.

Other changes will affect the look of the interior in a more subtleway. Mosca revealed that the crown molding in the hall was leadwhite and that the now painted stair balusters were oak grainedhistorically.

The kitchen, however, may be the most unexpected room as itapparently had no paint or paper at all before the mid-20th century.The approach here would be to remove the paint, producing a starkcontrast to the family and public rooms of the house.

The Law Office’s exterior was the same white as the house. Theinterior was simple as well. The window frames, front door, andbaseboards were all grained historically, and those elementsappropriately have replicated graining today. The ceiling and crownmolding were a flat, yellowish white, while the mantel was a highgloss black. The only drama in the room was the light orange painton the walls.

SABINE HILLSTATE HISTORIC SITE

Connected to Tipton-Haynes by way of marriage is anotherstate-owned historic site. Completed ca. 1818, Sabine Hill inElizabethton was home to Mary Patton Taylor, the widow ofBrigadier-General Nathaniel Taylor, and their children. One of theirchildren, Nathaniel G. Taylor married Emmaline Haynes, LandonCarter Haynes’s sister. Landon Carter Haynes was named in honorof Landon Carter, owner of Carter Mansion which also still standsin Elizabethton. Once Sabine Hill is restored, it will be a satellitesite of Sycamore Shoals State Park, as the Carter Mansion is.

Whereas Tipton-Haynes lent itself to fairly easy investigation,Sabine Hill was much more challenging. Evidence shows that theoriginal finishes were still intact in 1936, but subsequent alterationsaffected a lot of the historical data. It is possible to restore theinterior, but it will not be easy. Modern alterations eliminated somehistorical information, and modern alkyd paint strongly adheres tothe early paint.

Regardless of the challenges presented by previous owners,Sabine Hill has some exceptional woodwork and paint finishes onthe interior. Most notable is the west parlor which has original, high-style, red mahogany graining with yellow string inlay. This type ofpainting technique is also seen along the East Coast from ca. 1790to ca. 1835. Other colors evident are Prussian blue and lead white.The color scheme created the folklore of the “Red, White, and BlueRoom” as the fabled office of General Taylor. The type of plaster inthis room is the kind that is typically used for wallpaper, andwallpaper was extensively used during this early time period.Unfortunately, no known samples of wallpaper remain.

This same Prussian blue and lead white appear to have been usedextensively throughout the downstairs. The staircase bracket has theoriginal “stipple-marble” effect which also appears to have beenused in other locations. For the baseboards, a gray-black wasrevealed. The exterior of the house, as with Tipton-Haynes, wouldhave been the characteristic lead white color.

Additional investigative work will be continued in “Phase II.”Due to existing conditions of pigeon guano, the lack of electricity,modern wall material, and modern kitchen, a complete assessmentwas not possible in the first visit. Once these items have beenhandled, Mosca will return and look for anticipated marbleizedwood wainscoting in the stair hall and along the wall up the stairs.According to the Historic American Building Survey Data pages,Sabine Hill is “the first and only example we have found in the Stateof Tennessee where the practice of ‘obvious imitation’ has been

This photomicrograph courtesy of Matthew Mosca is a cross sectionof the stencil decoration in the east parlor. Chrome orange pigmentas found in the particle evident here was used to tint the backgroundcolor—a very pale orange—of the stencil. The stenciling itself wasPrussian blue, the same color found at Sabine Hill.

Consultant...continued

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used as applied in the Capitol Building atWilliamsburg…the execution closelyresembles...” (excerpt from page 3)

He will also take more samples from theeast parlor, hall, and modern kitchen. Themodern kitchen during the first phaseappears to have been a significant roomhistorically. Collected paint samples revealmarbling on trim and a rich Prussian bluewall color. Historic building elements (i.e.,mantels) which had been taken off site forsecurity purposes will be examined duringthe second phase.

HAWTHORNE HILLSTATE HISTORIC SITE

Hawthorne Hill in Castalian Springs was

built ca. 1800. This Federal styled styledstructure was home to several distinguishedpeople. Humphrey Bate was an early settlerin Middle Tennessee and Colonel in the Warof 1812. Bate’s grandson, William B. Batewas a Confederate General, Governor ofTennessee, and U. S. Senator. GeneralBate’s cousin, Dr. Humphrey Bate, who wasknown for his harmonica skills andleadership of a string band, was one of thefounders of the Grand Ole Opry.

As with Sabine Hill, some incrediblehistoric painting techniques survive. AtHawthorne Hill, Mosca spent approximatelya week analyzing possible conservationtechniques and gathering specimens. At thispoint in time he is currently assessing thesamples collected and preparing the report.

With all the above information fromMosca in hand, the Tennessee Historical

Commission will be able to restoreaccurately the historic paint colors at thesethree state-owned sites and interpret thesesites more authentically.

Matthew Mosca was a major contributorin developing a program for paint researchat the National Trust for HistoricPreservation in the early 1970s, and sincethen he has established proficiency inexamining pigments using polarized lightand UV fluorescent microscopy. His mostnotable projects include Mount Vernon(home of George Washington), U.S.Treasury Building, the Octagon(Washington, D.C.) and in Tennessee—theHermitage and Carter House State HistoricSite. Traveling across the U.S., he consultsfrom his office based in Baltimore,Maryland.

The Tennessee Historical Commission is again solicitingpublic comment and advice on its administration of the

National Historic Preservation Act. Especially, we are seekinginput on such matters as geographic areas or classes of propertieswhich should be a priority for survey and/or registration efforts,criteria and priorities which should be established for restorationgrants, and ways and means through which local efforts atpreservation of historic properties can be most effectivelyassisted. Comments and advice on other areas and issues of amore general nature are also encouraged. Activities carried outby the Commission under the mandate of the Act include effortsto survey and inventory potentially-historic properties across thestate and to nominate the most significant to the NationalRegister of Historic Places. Other activities involve programs toprotect and preserve properties once they are identified byreviewing Federal projects to determine if they will adverselyaffect historic properties and wish to earn the investment taxcredits which are available; awarding and administering grantsfor the restoration of National Register properties; and providingtechnical assistance and advice to local governments which areattempting to establish local programs and ordinances to protecthistoric properties. Besides the restoration grants program, someof these activities are carried out in part by the provision of grantsupport to local groups and agencies. These grant funds are

federal funds which are appropriated under the authority of theNational Historic Preservation Act to assist states in carrying outthe purposes of the Act. The comments received will be used tostructure the annual application to the National Park Service forthese funds. The Tennessee Historical Commission expects tosolicit applications for grants-in-aid in June of this year for the2014 Fiscal Year (10/01/2013-9/30/2014). The public input andadvice which we are soliciting now will help to set both generaloffice objectives and to establish priorities and criteria for thereview of grant applications. Comments are requested by August15, 2013, and may be addressed to Claudette Stager, AssistantDirector for National Register Programs, Tennessee HistoricalCommission, 2941 Lebanon Road, Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0442.

This program receives Federal funds from the National ParkService. Regulations of the U.S. Department of the Interiorstrictly prohibit unlawful discrimination in departmentalfederally assisted programs on the basis of race, color, nationalorigin, age or disability. Any person who believes he or she hasbeen discriminated against in any program, activity or facilityoperated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to:Director, Equal Opportunity Program, U.S. Department of theInterior, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington,D.C. 20013-7127

Public Comment Solicited

Consultant...continued


19

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)requires all State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPO) authorized bythe National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) to consult with a hostof Federal agencies that fund projects, programs, and activities andthose various State agencies that apply for Federal assistance. Theseagencies are required to seek SHPO consultation as they carry out theirhistoric preservation responsibilities under Section 106 of NHPA.Section 106 requires Federal agencies and their applicants for Federalassistance, licenses, permits, and approvals to take historic propertiesinto account as they plan and implement their projects. The AdvisoryCouncil on Historic Preservation (ACHP) has codified the process bywhich Federal agencies and applicants seek SHPO review andcomment at the 36 CFR 800 regulation.

For a time after passage of the NHPA in 1966, the Federal HighwayAdministration (FHwA) attempted to comply with Section 106 bysubmitting all of its funded projects directly to the ACHP for review.Yet, within a decade it was obvious that the burden of doing so hadbecome too cumbersome. So, the FHwA formally required itsrecipient state Departments of Transportation, including the TennesseeDepartment of Transportation (TDOT), to comply with all Section 106review requirements as a cost of receiving each year’s Federal funding.

For decades, TDOT has applied for and received substantialFederal financial assistance in carrying out its various projects. Thatassistance from the FHwA has come primarily in the form of FederalAid Highway funds and Bridge Replacement funds. Because of thedemolition and construction associated with the kinds of projectsTDOT carries out, the various projects funded through either of thesesources and other Federal funding sources, have had a great potentialto affect cultural resources located in Tennessee that are eligibleNational Register listing.

In the late 1970s, mindful of the consequences to Tennessee’shistoric properties that could result from highway projectimplementation without benefit of Section 106 consultation, TDOT, inconsultation with the Tennessee SHPO, established protocols to ensurecompliance with Section 106. These protocols involve TDOTpreparation of cultural resources surveyreports of project effect for each federally-funded TDOT project and the subsequentreview by the Tennessee SHPO.

For over thirty years, Ms. MarthaCarver and Mr. Gerald Kline haveeffectively managed these protocols. Theyhave done so in close consultation with theTennessee SHPO and consulting parties.Because of their tireless efforts, and those ofthe various staffers they have led over theyears, it is fair to say that, had the thousandsof highway projects been designed andimplemented over the past thirty yearswithout benefit of their oversight, a significant number of historicresources would have adversely altered the characteristics of Tennessee’scultural properties. Specifically, these TDOT projects would haveresulted in such serious adverse effects as the physical destruction of ordamage to all or portions of numbers of historic properties.

Under the management of Ms. Carver and Mr. Kline, TDOT hasmaintained a sizable in-house cultural resources section of dedicatedstaff employees, all of whom have attained advanced degrees inhistoric preservation related fields of study and vast years ofexperience in identifying, evaluating, and historic properties. Throughthe years, these TDOT staffers have worked closely with the FederalPrograms staff of the Tennessee SHPO ensuring that TDOT makesevery effort consistent to avoid or minimize any adverse effects tohistoric properties caused by its Federally-funded projects.

In Federal FY’ 85, Tennessee SHPO Review and Compliance staffbegan logging all Federal projects submitted for Section 106 reviewinto an electronic database. Using this database today, we can quantifythat, between FY’85 and FY’12, TDOT’s cultural resources sectionsubmitted more than 8,000 FHwA-funded undertakings to the SHPOfor Section 106 review plus an additional 250 State-fundedundertakings. During that time, TDOT cultural resources sectionsubmitted to the SHPO some 3,860 survey reports prepared in-houseor by cultural resources consultants, documenting conditions of some2,348 Tennessee buildings and 1,847 archaeological sites.

During the period under study, through the efforts of Ms. Carverand Mr. Kline, TDOT was sufficiently mindful of the potential foradverse effect to survey-identified historic properties that in 371 casesit made certain that its preliminary project design refrained fromadversely affecting any of those identified historic properties locatedwithin its project impact areas. In an additional 148 cases, TDOT andthe SHPO reached consensus that a preliminary design of a TDOTproject would adversely affect an identified National Register eligiblehistoric property. In 88 of these 148 cases, TDOT re-evaluated itsoriginal project design and proposed a final project design that wouldnot adversely affect any historic property. Over a period of the past 27years, and out of more than 8,000 federally-funded TDOT projectsreviewed by the SHPO, only the last 60 required mitigation throughagreement documents. Of that total, 27 involved the replacement ofhistorically significant bridges. The remaining 33 involved highwaywidening or new construction that affected historic properties. These

60 mitigated FHwA-funded TDOTprojects represent.0075% of the totalFHwA/TDOT Section 106 case load forthe period under study. The number ofmitigated adverse effect cases is so smallbecause of the dedicated efforts of Ms.Carver and Mr. Kline and their staffs toensure that all pending TDOT projects aresurveyed and proper mitigating strategiesare implemented.For Ms. Carver and Mr. Kline and theirstaffs, the preceding facts and figuresindicate the very successful careers incarrying out the Section 106 consultation

protocols. Prudence dictates that due notice of that certainty should bemade, even at this late date. We here at the SHPO have reason tobelieve it has done so and to trust it will continue.

THE TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ANDSECTION 106 REVIEW, 1985 – 2012

Joseph Y. Garrison, Review and Compliance Coordinator, Tennessee State Historic Preservation Office

Martha Carver Gerald Kline


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Tennessee Volunteers and the “Splendid Little War.”

Throughout the late 1890s pressure hadbeen building in America to attack the

Spanish colony of Cuba then undergoing arevolution. American sugar production inCuba was vulnerable to the “insurrectos”guerrilla war, which led to large scaledestruction of American owned sugarplantations on the island, a factor that cannotbe ignored as a cause for what would becomeknown as the Spanish-American War (a.k.a.the “Splendid Little War”). The task ofsuppressing the Cuban revolt was assigned toSpanish General Valeriano (“Butcher”)Weyler, who after February 10, 1898,established concentration camps where heindiscriminately confined revolutionists,sympathizers, and neutrals, including womenand children. His aim was to cut off the rebels’base of support. Many if not most becamevictims of semi-starvation, disease andruthless treatment. American sympathy for the

Cuban rebels was fanned by the “yellowpress,” led by William Randolph Hearst’sNew York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s NewYork World, both of which printed lurid (andoften times untrue) tales of victimization andthe hardships of the rebels as a successfulgimmick to increase sales.

By concurrent resolution, the Senate andthe House called for the United States toconfer belligerent rights to the Cubanrevolutionists and to offer its good offices toSpain for the recognition of an independentCuba. The Spanish government agreed torecall Wyler, grant the Cubans a measure ofautonomy and a reform of the concentration

camp policy. Spanish loyalists in Havanarejected the concessions and the yellow pressrenewed its attack upon Spain. Within theRepublican Party a group of youngerimperialistic politicians – including TheodoreRoosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge - regardedCuba as the key to the economic dominationof the Caribbean and favored Americanexpansionism, calling for a firmer U. S.stance. Two incidents led to war. One was theDe Lome letter, written by the Spanishambassador to America, which was stolen andprinted in the Journal. It criticized PresidentWilliam McKinley as “weak and bidder forthe admiration of the crowd.” The letterfurther aggravated American public opinionagainst Spain. The other event was the famoussinking of the U. S. S. Maine in Havanaharbor on February 15, 1898. While a navalcourt of inquiry could not definitely ascertainwho was responsible for the sinking of the

battleship, the yellow press insisted it was thework of a Spanish mine, further inflamingAmericans opinion. “Remember the Maine”became a popular catchphrase. PresidentMcKinley pursued a peaceful tack including astatement that America had not territorialdesigns on Cuba and that it sought and end tothe concentration camp policy and anarmistice. Spain yielded to the U.S. demandfor an armistice, and informed McKinley in acable sent on April 10.

The next day, swayed by the powerfulpopular demand for war with Spain in and outof Congress, McKinley reversed his anti-warpolicy even before learning of the Spanish

concessions. His April 20 the Congressadopted a war resolution asking the Presidentto: 1), recognize the independence of Cuba;2), demand the withdrawal of Spanish armedforces; 3), empowered the president to useAmerican armed forces to carry out thesedemands; and 4), restated the U.S. had noterritorial ambitions in Cuba and would leavethe control of Cuba to its people after peacehad been restored. McKinley signed the WarResolution and immediately began a navalboycott of the island. If the Spanish did notaccede to these demands, read the resolution,the U.S. would take actions to secure Cuba’sindependence from Spain. Faced with suchdemands the Spanish government declaredwar on April 24, 1898, and the U.S. retaliatedthe next day.

The first major fight of the war took placenot in Cuba but at Manila Bay, in the Spanishcolony of the Philippine Islands. Ironically,

the Philippines were not even mentioned inthe American declaration of war. MostAmericans did not even know where theywere. The U.S. Navy stationed at Hong Konghad been put on emergency alert by AssistantSecretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt,by secret orders sent on February 25. Thebattle, May 1, 1898, was a one sided affair,beginning at 5:40 A.M. and ending in seven[Caption for picture: The Battle of ManilaBay] hours. The Spanish Pacific fleet wasdestroyed with but one loss of life by theAmerican fleet. Most Americans, while theyknew where Cuba was, had little idea ofwhere the Philippine Islands were. At the

The Battle of Manila Bay


outbreak of the Spanish American War theU.S. covertly returned the Filipinoinsurrectionist leader Emilio Aguinaldo, thenunderground in China, to the Philippines todirect the native uprising against the Spanish.Aguinaldo organized a Filipino army and onJune 12, 1898, established a provisionalgovernment, proclaiming its independencefrom Spain. The Filipino rebels had reason tobelieve that the U.S. would grant freedom andindependence to the islands. But, whenAguinaldo learned, on January 4, 1899, thatthe Treaty of Paris gave the U.S. control of thePhilippines he called upon the Filipinos thevery next day to declare their independence.On February 4, 1899, the calm broke out inarmed revolt against American rule. Tosuppress the uprising the U.S. employed aforce of 70,000 men against a Filipino armynearly as large. Organized Filipino resistancecame to an end by the close of 1899 butguerrilla warfare continued until 1902. Theconflict is known as the Philippine-AmericanWar by the Filipinos.

It was in this far-away, quick-paced andMachiavellian setting that Tennessee raisedvolunteer regiments to serve in the Pacific andCaribbean war zones. The Philippines wouldserve nicely as a base for American expansioninto Asia but would have to be under U.S.control, and therein lay the rub. The Filipinoshad long fought the Spanish for theirindependence and relied on the American andDewey’s initial promise of support for thatdream. But now the Americans switchedplaces with the Spanish and were there to stay.Consequently, the Filipinos resolved to fightthe Americans as they had their erstwhileSpanish rulers. Thus, expansion into thePhilippines, while cast in the light ofcivilizing the Filipinos, was no more civilizedthan the European imperialists from whichAmericans professed to be dissimilar.

Governor Robert (“Our Bob”) Taylorordered the First, Second, Third and FourthVolunteer Regiments of infantry torendezvous in April, preparatory to beingmustered into the service of the United States.

After initial screening the First Regiment ofTennessee Volunteer Infantry took shape inNashville. Excitement was high and theprospects of active service were enticing toyouth and seniors who promptly answered thecall, eager to put on the army uniform. TheFirst Tennessee Volunteer Infantry regiment,heralded in the War of 1812, the SeminoleIndian Wars, and the Civil War and mostrecently in the suppression of the TennesseeMiner’s Revolt of 1891-92, received the mostattention and was composed of men from theMiddle Tennessee environs. One writerdescribed the enthusiastic scene when theFirst learned its destination was thePhilippines:

No member of the regiment will everforget the exciting moment when the newsthat we were to go to the Philippinesspread through the camp. We did not knowjust where these islands were, but wewanted to go bad and find out theirlocation.1

The First Regiment was soon sent acrossthe country to San Francisco where it wasprepared for duty overseas. “To say we weregiven the glad hand by the people of SanFrancisco but poorly expresse[d] ourreception by them. Never before was thereseen such free-handed hospitality andwelcome given to so ragged a lot of soldiers.”After learning the ways of military life theFirst left San Francisco for Hawaii and thenthe Philippine Islands on November 1, 1898and “neither friend no foe could find faultwith our appearance, or, we might say, theformer could not, and the latter would not, forobvious reasons.”2 The only blemish on theFirst’s record While in San Francisco was asaloon fight which nearly resulted in thelynching of an African American crabfisherman.3

The First reached Manila in December1898 - just as the war had ended by the Treatyof Paris - and were promptly put into campunder General Robert P. Hughes, in the

Provost Guard, where they performedgarrison duty in the walled city of Manila. Thework was peaceful and routine; so much sothat one volunteer’s letter written in Manila onJanuary 10, 1899 to his brother in Nashvillecomplained: “I wish I were back in Nashvillewith you pursuing the paths of peace insteadof those of war.” Another stated: “Well theboys would like to see some fighting, and Ithink we would all enjoy a little excitement atpresent.” Manila was a dull place, describedas

a unique city, dirty, stinking, but stillinteresting. The natives bathe naked underthe public hydrants. The people here don’tknow what good whisky is. The nativedrink “Beno” is to be let alone. One drinkmakes you drunk and two puts you in thehospital.4

All remained tranquil until the night ofFebruary 4, 1899. Sometime near 9:00 P.M.the American soldiers were “aroused by thesound of small arms firing in the outskirts ofthe city, and shortly after electrified by theinspiring notes of the ‘call to arms,’ [that]sounded from the walls of the city.”5

According to one veteran:

From this time on, for two days, it washike and shoot, then hike again, alwaystoward the front until the tired andfootsore, but cheerful and happy we gotback to the camp. In this, our firstengagement, the regiment received muchfavorable comment from the commandingofficers and really did its duty inworkmanship like manner. Individualcases of coolness and bravery werenumerous and received merited praise.6

As the battalion neared the Filipinooutposts the reality of war was brought hometo the boys. “Little covered carts going to therear, with a pair of shoes and leggingsprotruding from under the over told the storyplainly of duty and death. The firing became

1 , Jas. K. Polk, First Lieutenant and Adjutant, “First Tennessee Vol. Infty, Spanish-American War, 1898-9,” p 19, in Official Programme and Souvenir of the 1st Tenn. Vol.Infantry, First Annual Reunion, Nashville Tennessee, September 25, 26, 27, 190. Tennessee State Library and Archives vertical files. [Hereinafter: Polk, First Reunion.] Courtesyof the Tennessee State Library and Archives.2 Polk, First Reunion, p. 203 Nashville American, August 16, 1898.4 Ibid. February 26, 1899.5 Polk, First Reunion, p. 20.6 Ibid., p. 21. See also: Nashville American, June 25, 26; July 1, 4, 5, 12, 27; August 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 23, 24; September 6, 8, 14, 29; October 22, 29; November 7, 27, 1898and; January 12; March 1, 1899.

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22

plainer and we heard that peculiar sing ofMauser bullets and knew that there would bea hot time in a few minutes.” The insurgents,or insurrectos, fled from the city, unable towithstand the American advance. Houseswere burned by the soldiers “as we advanced,so as to show the exact position of theAmerican troops to Admiral Dewey, who wasshelling the country in our front withshrapnel.” The First’s regimental commander,Colonel William C. Smith, fell dead on themorning of February 5, but not from a bulletwound, but a heart attack.7 When theTennesseans returned they “were tired enoughto sleep on a clothes line and army beanstasted better than ice cream.” 8 One TennesseeVolunteer, Lt. John H. Bright, wrote to hismother about the fight at Manila:

War with all its horrors has at last burstforth upon us and we have seen some veryactive service the past two weeks. Mybattalion moved…on the first of Februaryand joined the rest of the regiment…atManila. I was on as officer of the Guard atthe Main Prison in Manila, where we haveabout two thousand native militaryprisoners confined. Last Saturday night,Feb 4th when the first fightingcommenced. The first shots were fired bythe Nebraska Regiment who were on guardat San Juan Bridge about a mile to the rightof the prison, and in less than ten minuteswe were right in the midst of firing, as theprison is situated in the edge of town. Thefighting soon continued around the wholetown a distance of about fourteen miles[a]long the firing line. The insurgents hadattacked us on all sides simultaneously andit was all we could do to hold our lines. Ihad my hands full as I only had eighty menon guard and I was afraid the prisonerswould make a break. The bullets werecoming down like hail inside the prisonwalls which made things ratheruncomfortable for us as we were notfighting ourselves. Then was onecontinuous round of firing all night, whichhelps me on the go seeing every thing wasall right. It was a grand sight one that Ishall never forget. Dewey’s fleet wassending shells after shell over our heads to

the insurgent entrenchments which madethe whole earth fairly tremble while ourartillery and small arms kept up acontinuous roar. I was relived Sundaymorning at eight o’clock and hurried tocamp to find that my Battalion was justleaving for the front. They had been held inreserve all night. I came to them withoutstopping to get anything to eat- and wewere soon in the hottest of the fight. Wehad been ordered to relieve the 1stNebraska right at San Juan Bridge abouttwo miles…on the opposite side of the city.Just as we reached the outskirts of the citythe firing became very heavy &Remington bullets were playing a tuneamong the bamboo bushes over our head.Just as we reached a bend in the road on alittle hill, Col. Smith, who was riding at thehead of our column, fell forward from hispony dead….We learned he died fromapoplexy. We were then only a fewhundred yards from the firing line. Wemade a rush down into an old rice field andlaid down to catch our breath – it was thenthat the bullets made us hug the ground asthe Insurgents had our range and were justacross a small stream…on the right side ofa hill, in a bamboo thicket. Had it not beenfor some small ridges about eighteeninches high used for drainage, half of uswould have been killed. No less than adozen Mauser bullets cut the top of theridge over my head in less than a minute.To have them singing within two inches ofyour head is far from pleasant. We wereonly kept here three of four minutes whichseemed like hours. When the order camefor us to charge across a stone bridge withan old time Rebel yell we made the chargein a column of fours – the yell that we sentup must have been all that saved us for wegot across without losing a man – and tookposition on the side of a road and pouredvolley after volley into their line wheneverwe saw a puff of smoke. We soon drovethem back and found ourselves inpossession of the field. As we advancedthey would jump up like rabbits only a fewfeet from us....The grass and bushes werethick with dead and wounded….when westopped for water and a short rest, which

we needed badly as it was the hottest day Iever felt. From here we deployed mile to asmall bamboo village which we tookwithout much trouble as over half of it wason fire and all the inhabitants had fledleaving every thing behind. We tookpossession of an old convent that wasriddled with bullets and tore to pieces withshells, where we camped for the night.With the sky red for miles from the burningof bamboo huts as far as the eye couldsee…served to remind us that they weresomebodies [sic] houses and that ours -that is, [were]…far away. But the noise anduproar did not keep us from sleeping…. 9

The next day, in conjunction with unitsfrom Colorado and Nebraska infantry and theUtah battery the First Tennessee took the citywater works.

They made a line about six miles long weswept everything before them. After wadingthrough swamps and rice fields and stumblingthrough bamboo thickets “with the constant‘ping ping’ of Mauser bullets…over head wereach and took possession of the pumpingstation at dark and raised our flag amid amighty cheer.” 10

On February 6, rather than pursue theFilipinos into the jungle, the First was orderedto the city of Ioloilo on the island of Panayand joined the Eighteenth U.S. Infantry and adetachment of the Sixth U.S. Artillery in aneffort to take the city and disperse theinsurgents. The municipality of Ioloilo waspounded by American forces in the bay after asingle shot from an ancient smooth borecannon by the insurrectos lead to a retaliatoryshelling from U.S. naval vessels. Soon theancient town was afire as 500 pound shellsexploded in the town. The insurgents, havingbeforehand realized it would be useless toresist the Americans, had saturated the housesof Ioloilo with coal oil, robbed wealthySpanish citizens, public buildings and storehouses were looted. Tennessee troops, anxiousto join the fight, jumped from their landingcraft and waded to the shore. After formingcompanies they did join the fight, meetingopposition from the insurgents in the burningtown. The fighting began and lasted untilnightfall. “And it was the sight of their

7 Polk, First Reunion, p. 21. 8 Nashville American, March 22, 1899.9 Bright Family Papers, v-L-4, Small Collections, courtesy of the Tennessee State Library and Archives.10 Ibid.


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lives!...It was grand!”11 The “Americansoldiers suffered intensely from the heat. Thesun in this country is hot enough, but whenaided and abetted by a burning city, the heat isintolerable. Marching through streets withboth sides lined with blazing buildings and atropical sun overhead, it is hardly surprisingthat a horrible word was frequently heardbetween gasps for breath and ‘got any water inthat canteen?’”12 While in Ioloilo lootingoccurred in some of the more grand homes offormer Spanish colonial elite. OneTennessean, D. M. Mickle, with Company“F,” First Tennessee Regiment at Iloilo wrotein a letter home about the scene in oneSpanish mansion:

The building had been taken possession ofby a United States officer, and he looted itto a finish. I suspected something andfollowed one of his men to the place. Iexpected to be jumped on by the officer assoon as I found him there, as I was awayfrom my post, but it seems he was afraid Iwould give him away; in fact, we wereboth afraid of each other. He was halfdrunk, and every time he saw me lookingat anything he would say, “Tennessee, doyou like that? Well, put it in yourpocket.”….The house was a fine one, andrichly furnished, but had been looted to afinish. The contents of every drawer hadbeen emptied on the floor. You have noidea what a mania for destruction theaverage man has when the fear of the lawis removed. I have seen them -- old soberbusiness men too -- knock chandeliers andplate-glass mirrors to pieces just becausethey couldn't carry it off. It is such a pity.13

By September, 1899, their one year tour ofduty was completed. The First received ordersto embark to the United States via the islandof Cebu and Manila to muster out, “which waswelcome.” The First Battalion of the FirstRegiment had been stationed at Cebu forseveral weeks and when the two were reunited

with the rest of the regiment it was obviousthat insurgents were active on the island,entrenched in the mountains some seven milesfrom the city. “It was decided that they mustbe taught a farewell lesson...the boys…whosethoughts were occupied with dreams of homeand loved ones, once again shouldered theirrifles and took the hardest hike…of theirentire existence.”14After three days of arduousmarching and climbing precipitous mountainsthey reached the insurrecto bastion. Theirobjective was taken.15 After which, beingaware that their term of service had expired,the homesick “boys” of the First returned togarrison duty in Ioloilo and Cebu. Accordingto a dispatch appearing in the NashvilleAmerican, duty was simply characterized by“the boys that are not on guard are sleepingand resting from the fatigue of yesterday andthe anticipation of guard tomorrow,” anddreamed of Easter while preparing themselvesfor the return to Nashville.16 a One homesicksoldier’s letter printed in the Banner expressedthe soldiers’ irritation with the policy.According to the letter:

The boys are getting sick of fighting theseheathens, and all say we volunteered tofight Spain, not heathens. Their patience iswearing off….They will be fighting 400years, and then never whip these people,for there are not enough of us to followthem up….The people of the United Statesought to raise a howl and have us senthome.17

Men of the First were tired of the stiflingweather, wishing to be back home inTennessee in the colder climate. Boredom wasa problem. According to one letter writer:“The less you do, the less you feel like doing,but despite your feelings Uncle Sam succeedsin getting as much work out of us as a goodhealthy man can stand.” Defensive outpostswere established to keep the Filipino guerillasat bay. Two of Commodore Dewey’s ships,the Charleston and Concord assisted the First

in brightening their lackluster occupation dutyat Ioloilo. All night the searchlights on the twoships flashed up and down the stretch ofground between the American outposts andthe insurgent trenches. “When the search lightis on our lines the boys lay low behind theirbreastworks, for in the range of the lightsobjects are made as visible as the noondaysun. But when the long streak of light leavesus in darkness and instead illumines the darkforests and works of the enemy, discretion isforgotten and every sense is strained to catcha glimpse of the enemy. Many a snap shot istaken in this manner, and many a sneaking foelurking in the darkness, suddenly revealed bythe friendly lights, takes a short cut to thehappy hunting grounds.”18 By August amember of Company “K” wrote to a friend inNashville: “We are not having any troublewith any of Aggie’s army of googoos19…and[w]e have given up hopes of going home untilour full enlistment expires.”20

By November 15 the American stated that

11 Nashville American, April 7, 1899. 12 Ibid.13 http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/58/14 Polk, First Reunion, p. 21.15 Ibid.16 Nashville American, May 6, 26, 1899.17 As cited in Gregory Dean Chapman, “Taking up the White Man’s Burden: Tennesseans in the Philippine Insurrection, 1899,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. XLVII, No. 1(Spring 1988), pp. 27-40, as cited from the Nashville Banner, April 17, 1899. [Hereinafter cited as Chapman, “White Man’s Burden.”]18 Ibid. May 29, 1899.19 Derisive names for Aguinaldo and his soldiers.20 Nashville American, August 11, 1899.

Souvenir Celebrating the Return of the FirstRegiment to Tennessee. Courtesy of

Tennessee State Library and Archives.


24

President McKinley would remove everyobstacle to facilitate their return to Nashville.On November 17 it was announced from SanFrancisco that: “The First Tennessee haspractically gone out of business.” On the 23rdit was completely mustered out. Aftereighteen months service in the Philippines, theRegiment marched triumphantly throughNashville amid the cheers of massive crowdsof gleeful onlookers on November 29th.21

While the First Regiment had gainedlaurels by picking quarrels the same was not

true of the Second, Third and FourthRegiments of Tennessee U.S.V. The FourthRegiment of Tennessee Volunteer Infantrywas sent to Cuba where it performed garrisonduty guarding American sugar plantationsfrom insurgents.22 They were not engaged inany combat missions and suffered fromdysentery, small pox and malaria. Manymembers of the Fourth sent letters toGovernor Benton McMillin complaining ofthe unsanitary conditions and peril of malaria,contradicting press stories painting their stay

in Cuba as serene23 and asking him to removethem from the island for their health’s sake.One letter to the Governor stated theirconcerns plainly:

It is reported here that there is being anextra effort made by the higher officials ofthe Fourth Regiment of TennesseeVolunteers to have the regiment retainedin service and that they havereported…that the enlisted men want toremain in service until the expiration ofthe term for which they enlisted but this isa sad mistake. We are all dissatisfied andwant to come home and get out of theservice as soon as possible. The men ofthis regiment enlisted to fight for thehonor of their country and not to dogarrison duty in a foreign country and nowsince there is no fighting to be down andno honors to be won. We are very anxiousto get back to Tenn., and out of the service.We have already begun to realize that anAmerican soldier can not live in Cubaduring the rainy season. 50% of the menare not able for duty now, and when therainy season begins the per cent willdoubtless be much larger and we, theundersigned members of Company “K” asyou as the Governor of the “Old VolunteerState” to use your influence in getting …[us] out of service and we assure you thatin so doing you will win our gratitude inany future the hearty support of the menhere of the “Fourth Tennessee. [sic]”24

The letter had appended to it a list ofseventy-four names from Company “K.”Another letter expressed that: “It is anundisputed fact that numerous false reportshave been sent back to the War Department byindividuals to whose interest it is to remainhere that this regiment has very little sickness.I …can easily prove by nine-tenths of theenlisted men what I and what I am going tosay is fact.” Since arriving in Cuba on the 6thof January, 1899, “as soon as we struck thistropical climate the men began to turn sickand die….This is a serious matter, andrequired the attention of every true American,and especially a Tennesseean.” Numerousletters bearing lengthy petitions were sent tothe Governor in similar efforts to be relieved

First page of Nashville American, November 30, 1899, celebrating the return of the FirstRegiment of Tennessee Volunteers.

21 Ibid., November 24, 28, 30, 1899. 22 Ibid., March 5, 1899.23 Ibid., February 10, 1899.24 Papers of Governor Benton McMillin, Box 22, folder 7, Tennessee State Library and Archives.


of garrison duty in Cuba.25 A letter fromCaptain Cordell Hull, Company “H,” FourthTennessee, related that five men in the FourthRegiment had died from disease in Cuba andthat the regiment would ”lose some more.”26

The Second and Third Regiments neverleft American soil, having been assigned tounits of the regular army. They spent theirtime in army camps in Pennsylvania, Virginiaand South Carolina, and if there werecomplaints the historical record is apparentlyvoid of them. One might imagine, however,that there was discontent by the men of thesetwo regiments at not being sent to join in thefight for empire. The men of the SecondRegiment, for example,27 were “sore” aboutnot being sent to Cuba or the Philippinesbeing kept instead in camp in Virginia.28

Anti-war sentiment was expressed at acitizen’s meeting in Nashville in April, 1899.There was a concerted effort in a meeting ofparents of soldiers in the First Regimentpetitioned the Governor to have the volunteersquickly returned to Tennessee.29 The NashvilleAmerican, while sympathizing with thesefeelings believed that the regiment’s returnwould a mistake. “We believe the meeting,held to bring pressure upon Gov. McMillin toinduce him to appeal to the GeneralGovernment for the immediate recall of theFirst Tennessee is a mistake; that the fathersand mothers did not realize that they wererequesting something which was notconsonant with the honor of the United States;that the situation was not properly presentedto them, and that, while the war with Spain isended, the conditions in the Philippines aresuch that the United States cannot just nowdiminish its forces.”30

It is noteworthy to ask why the U. S.decided to take on the responsibility of rulingover the Philippines when the islands were notlisted as an objective in the Americandeclaration of war with Spain. One answermight be found in the then popular phrase “thewhite man’s burden.” President McKinley,speaking to a group of protestant clergymen

visiting the White House soon after Americatook the Philippines, intimated that afterpraying on the matter he came to therealization that:

….there was nothing left for us to do butto take them all and to educate theFilipinos, and uplift and civilize andChristianize them, and by God’s grace dothe very best we could by them as ourfellow men for whom Christ died.31

As Colonel William Smith opined beforehis death in the Philippines: “I am profoundlyimpressed with the possibilities of thePhilippine people under the guidance of amodern civilization….When we consider thewhole situation…the United States has goneso far in the matter that I do not see how it canrecede from its position in the eyes of thecivilized world.”32 Another Nashvillian, WillCaruthers, in a letter to his brother Judge JohnCaruthers, dated Ioloilo, the Philippines,March 13, 1899, gave voice to a similar andcommon frame of mind:

The idea of self-government by these peopleis preposterous. Never will they reach thefront lines of civilization until they are brokenfrom the religion, which, in the name of God,keeps them in woeful ignorance. But breakthem away from this mad idolatry and theFilipino is capable of great and quickculture….They have no traditions of peace,and only in that sense can it be said that theyare born insurrectionists.

****….If it be true that nations have missionsno less noble than individuals, if nations,like men, owe duties to civilization, thenwe cannot shirk the question that arisesout of our present relations in thishemisphere. It is like taking an abused butnaughty child from the custody of its legalparents and leaving it to the mercy of thestreets to leave these people to pursue theeven tenor of their way.

As for myself, I am an expansionist.Nations should not live unto themselves.We should not select a spot on the greatworld, and after fortifying ourselvestherein, say, “D—n the rest of the world –we’ll rest here.” Upon the Anglo-Saxonrace has fallen…the question of civilizingthe tropics, and with England as a nationalally, bound by ties of sympathy in similarwork, similar aspirations, we should workout the problem. Let us earn the blessingsof God upon our republic by doingsomething for the progress ofmankind….33

It took the United States seventy-thousandtroops and three years (1899-1902) of fighting todefeat the Insurrection and to “uplift andChristianize” the Filipinos.34 In the end theislands, together with Guam, Puerto Rico, wereby the peace treaty signed with Spain inDecember 1898, parts of an American empire thatalready included: the Hawaiian Islands, WakeIsland and American Samoa. Cuba, occupied byAmerican troops, was now firmly withinAmerica’s sphere of influence. Tennesseans,particularly of the First Regiment, were aware ofsuch notions as the “white man’s burden,” andfully one-third of their number enlisted in the U.S. Army to see the job through.35 Tennesseansplayed a notable role in the expansion of theAmerican empire, especially in the PhilippineIslands. Taking the Philippines was rationalizednot just on the basis of the extending the so-calledsanctifications of Anglo-Saxon civilization, butmore realistically upon the perceived necessityfor an American naval base in the Pacific toprotect markets for American goods throughoutAsia. Indeed, the empire served as much as aneconomic system than as one to enlighten theFilipinos and to bring them independentgovernment. In any event, the law of unintendedconsequences dictated that American holdings inthe Philippines would become less an asset andmore a liability forty years after the end of theFilipino Insurrection in 1902.

25 Nashville American, March 5, 1899. 26 Ibid., December 22, 1898.27 United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Correspondence Relating to the War withSpain. Including the Insurrection in the Philippine Islands and the China ReliefExpedition, April 15, 1898, to July 30, 1902, 2 vols, (Washington, Government PrintingOffice, 1902; rpt. Center of Military History, United States Army: Washington, DC,1993), vol. 1 pp. 618-619, and Nashville American, December 10, 1898.

28 Nashville American, July 22, 1899.29 Ibid., April 18, 1899.30 Ibid., April, 19, 21, 1899.31 Ray Ginger, Age of Excess; The United States from 1877 to 1914, 2nd ed, (NY

1975), p. 214; see also, Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, (NY:Harper & Row, 1980), pp. 305-306.

32 Nashville American, February 21, 1899.33 Ibid., April 24, 1899. One method to accomplish such goals was parodied in a songpopular amongst the homesick American soldiers in the Philippines at that time,“Damn, Damn, Damn the Filipinos.” It had as a refrain: “Underneath our starry flag,Civilize 'em with a Krag, and return us to our beloved home.” A “Krag” was theNorwegian Krag-Jørgensen repeating bolt action rifle used by the American troops.http://www.oocities.org/athens/forum/3807/features/krag.html

34 A large percentage of the Filipino population was already Catholic.35 Chapman, “White Man’s Burden,” pp. 37-40.

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