1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

General Information 2

Commonly Used Terms 2

Pre-Maneuver Checklist 3

Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds 4

Normal Takeoff 4

Normal Landing 5

Short Field Takeoff 6

Short Field Landing 7

Soft Field Takeoff 8

Soft Field Landing 9

Go-Around 10

Forward Slip to Landing 11

Performance Maneuvers 12

Steep Turns 12

Ground Reference Maneuvers 13

Rectangular Course 13

Turns Around a Point 14

S-Turns 15

Navigation 16

Diversion 16

Lost Procedures 16

Slow Flight and Stalls 17

Maneuvering During Slow Flight 17

Power Off Stall 18

Power On Stall 19

Basic Instrument Maneuvers 20

Straight and Level Flight 20

Constant Airspeed Climbs 20

Constant Airspeed Descents 20

Turns to Headings 20

Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes 21

Emergency Operations 22

Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) 22

Aborted Takeoff 22

2

GENERAL INFORMATION

The purpose of this guide is to help students with the procedures of the maneuvers that will be required throughout their training and to ensure a means of standardization by instructors and students alike. It is imperative that students study this manual, as they will be required to recall each maneuver from memory both in the preflight brief and in the aircraft. This guide should be used in conjunction with the allocated maneuver manual and online learning module maneuver lesson. COMMONLY USED TERMS AGL-above ground level ATC-Air Traffic Control BGUMPS- B-BRAKES - test for hydraulic pressure G- (GAS) - fuel is on fullest tank U- (UNDERCARRIAGE) - wheels are down and locked M-mixture full rich P- fuel PUMP is on S-SEATBELTS are secured Comm-Commercial pilot license FPM-feet per minute HDG-heading KIAS-Knots indicated airspeed Kts-knots MP-Manifold Pressure PPL-Private pilot license PTS-Practical Test Standards RPM-revolutions per minute VS-vertical speed

3

PRE-MANEUVER CHECKLIST The purpose of the Pre-Maneuver Checklist is to configure the aircraft for the maneuver, establish situational awareness prior to beginning the maneuver and ensure the maneuvers can be accomplished safely. This checklist should be accomplished before the start of each maneuver even if you are repeating the same maneuver. The following items will be verbally called out and visual checked or touched even if actual manipulation of the systems/switches is not required.

- INSTRUMENTS o Checked for normal operating conditions

- POSITION

o Identify position of aircraft in relation to nearest emergency airfield

- CONFIGURATION o Ensure the aircraft is configured properly for the maneuver to begin

- CHECKLIST

o FUEL Note the fuel in each tank Fullest Tank - Select Fuel pump - On Mixture – Rich

o INGITION Ignition - BOTH

o LIGHTS Landing and anti-collision lights - On

- CLEAR AND CALL

o Conduct 180 degrees of clearing turns 1 – 180 degree turn 2 – 90 degree turns Correct Heading, Altitude and Airspeed prior to entry.

o Report location, altitude and maneuver on Air to Air Frequency.

This checklist can be remembered with the memory aide: (I P 3 Cs)

4

TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS NORMAL TAKEOFF Description: Takeoff is the controlled movement of the aircraft from the starting point on the runway, transition down the runway, liftoff from the ground and coordinated climb away from the ground. Procedures:

Perform the “Before Takeoff” checklist and the “Take-off” briefing

Verify flaps set to 0°. Once clearance is obtained to take off, visually check to make sure final is clear

Verify the proper runway, taxi onto the runway centerline, positioning flight controls for wind correction

Crosscheck runway numbers with compass heading

Smoothly advance power to full, heels to the floorboards, use the rudder as required for directional control

Call out “Full power, airspeed alive and engine in parameters”

Accelerate to Vr, announce “rotate” and smoothly pull back on elevator o Vr: 60 KIAS

Pitch for 7.5- 10° and climb out at Vx or Vy as required o Vx: 64 KIAS o Vy: 76 KIAS

Maintain coordination with right rudder pressure

Maintain runway centerline using the crab wind drift correction

Follow noise abatement procedures as required

At 500’ AGL, perform Climb Checklist

At 1,000’ AGL*, transition to cruise climb o 87 KIAS

* IF TERRAIN AND AIRSPACE PERMIT Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL Vy +10/-5kts

PTS-Comm Vy +/-5kts

5

NORMAL LANDING Description: Transition from flight to touchdown of the aircraft on the centerline of the intended point of the runway on the main landing gear with a controlled lowering of the nose wheel. The landing is complete when the aircraft is slowed to a safe speed and exits the runway. Procedures:

Perform the “Before Landing/ Traffic Pattern (BGUMPS)” Checklist before calling tower or CTAF, or on the downwind leg during traffic pattern operations.

Enter Downwind at a 45° angle at midfield

Downwind - reduce power to slow to 90 KIAS o 2100 RPM

Abeam the landing point - reduce power and extend flaps to 10°. Be sure to keep from ballooning after flap extension with forward pressure.

o 1500 RPM

Base – extend flaps to 25° slowing to 80 KIAS

Final – extend flaps to 40°, power as required for 75 KIAS (in no wind conditions) and trim.

o Use pitch for airspeed and power for altitude

If able, use the approach lighting system for glide path adjustments

Flare having the mains touchdown first at approximate stalling speed, gently letting the nose wheel down on centerline. Align the longitudinal axis of the aircraft with centerline using rudder correction. DO NOT SIDE LOAD THE AIRCRAFT. Use brakes as necessary

Be sure to use crosswind correction after touchdown

After exiting the runway perform the “After Landing” checklist Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL 1.3Vso +10/-5kts gust factor applied, Land at or within 400 ft from a specified point

PTS-Comm 1.3Vso +/-5kts gust factor applied, Land at or within 200 ft from a specified point

6

SHORT FIELD TAKEOFF Description: Short field takeoffs are often required when there is minimal runway distance or when obstacles on the departure end of the runway require minimizing takeoff roll and maximizing obstacle clearance. Procedures:

Perform the “Before Takeoff” checklist and the “Take-off” briefing

Verify flaps set to 25°. Once clearance is obtained to take off, visually check to make sure final is clear

Verify the runway, taxi using all available runway space centering the nose wheel on the centerline position flight controls for proper wind corrections

Crosscheck runway numbers with compass heading

Apply brakes firmly (do not allow to roll), smoothly advance power to full, verify engine in parameters. Call out “Full power and engine in parameters.”

Release brakes and smoothly accelerate to Vr, climb at Vx.

Call out “Airspeed alive” and “Rotate” at appropriate times o Vr: 55 KIAS o Vx: 64 KIAS

Once clear of 50 ft obstacle accelerate to Vy and retract flaps to 10°. Keep from sinking when retracting flaps

o Vy: 76 KIAS

At safe altitude, retract flaps to 0°.

Maintain coordination with right rudder pressure

Maintain runway centerline using with appropriate rudder inputs

At 500’ AGL, perform Climb Checklist

At 1,000’ AGL*, transition to cruise climb o 87 KIAS

* IF TERRAIN AND AIRSPACE PERMIT Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL Vx +10/-5kts to obstacle clearance, Vy +10/-5kts after obstacle clearance

PTS-Comm Vx +5/-0kts to obstacle clearance, Vy +/-5kts after obstacle clearance

7

SHORT FIELD LANDING Description: A short field landing is required when the landing area is relatively short or when obstacles on the approach end of the runway limit available landing area. Procedures:

The “Before Landing/ Traffic Pattern (BGUMPS)” checklist before calling tower or CTAF, or on the downwind leg during traffic pattern operations.

Downwind – Reduce power to slow to 90 KIAS o 2100 RPM

Select intended touchdown point

Abeam the position: reduce power, extend flaps 10°. Keep from ballooning o 1500 RPM

Base – extend flaps to 25°, 80 KIAS

Final – extend flaps to 40° and power as needed for 75 KIAS (no wind conditions) and trim

Once landing is assured, power to idle and maintain 75 KIAS (no wind condition)

Keep the longitudinal axis of the aircraft aligned with centerline using wind correction. DO NOT SIDELOAD THE AIRCRAFT. Touchdown at minimum controllable airspeed with minimal floating (If Wind gusts exceed 10kts add 1/2 the gust factor to final approach speed) Quickly but carefully use maximum braking without skidding the tires, retract flaps, yoke full aft while maintaining centerline and wind correction. Stop by a specified distance.

Taxi clear of runway and perform “After Landing” checklist Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL 1.3Vso +10/-5kts gust factor applied, land at or within 200 ft from a specified point

PTS-Comm 1.3Vso +/-5kts gust factor applied, land at or within 100 ft from a specified point

8

SOFT FIELD TAKEOFF Description: A soft field takeoff technique will be required when taking off from any surface that will slow or inhibit aircraft acceleration. This maneuver allows the aircraft to become airborne quicker while maximizing the benefits of ground effect for departure. Procedures:

Use aft yoke pressure during taxi. Perform the “Before Takeoff” checklist and the “Take-off” briefing

Verify flaps set to 25°. Once clearance is obtained to take off, visually check to make sure final is clear

Smoothly accelerate onto the runway minimum braking, aft yoke and use proper wind correction inputs

Crosscheck runway numbers with magnetic compass

Once on centerline – Power-full while using back-pressure on the yoke to get the nose wheel up. Once the nose wheel comes up, reduce aft pressure. Call out “Full power, airspeed alive and engine in parameters”

Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed calling out “Rotate”, DO NOT let the airplane settle back on the runway

Maintain ground effect (half wing the span from the surface) and accelerate to appropriate airspeed Vx or Vy, depending on obstacle clearance and climb out at that airspeed

o Vx 64 KIAS o Vy 76 KIAS o Once clear of 50 ft obstacle pitch to Vy

Maintain coordination with right rudder pressure

Maintain runway centerline using the crab wind drift correction and follow noise abatement procedures

At 500” AGL, perform Climb Checklist

At 1,000’ AGL*, transition to cruise climb o 87 KIAS

* IF TERRAIN AND AIRSPACE PERMIT Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL Vx +10/-5kts Vx or Vy as appropriate

PTS-Comm Vx +5/-0kts to obstacle clearance, Vy +/-5kts after obstacle clearance

9

SOFT FIELD LANDING Description: This technique is required when the surface of the landing area is subject to the weight of the aircraft. This maneuver is utilized in order to prevent the nose wheel from sinking into the landing surface and abruptly stopping the aircraft. Procedures:

Perform “Before landing/ Traffic Pattern (BGUMPS)” checklist prior to calling Tower or CTAF, or on the downwind during traffic pattern operations

Downwind – Power to slow to 90 KIAS o 2100 RPM

Abeam the landing spot – reduce power, extend flaps to 10°, keep from ballooning o 1500 RPM

Base – extend flaps to 25°, 80 KIAS

Final – extend flaps to 40° and power as needed, 75 KIAS (no wind condition)

During touchdown use power as needed and align the longitudinal axis of the aircraft with centerline using wind correction. DO NOT SIDE LOAD THE AIRCRAFT. Once touched down, add a little power to aid keeping the nose wheel off the ground as long as possible using minimum braking

Use wind correction inputs and maintain centerline

Taxi clear of the runway with yoke full aft using slightly more power than normal and perform the “After Landing” Checklist

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL 1.3Vso +10/-5kts gust factor applied

PTS-Comm 1.3Vso +/-5kts gust factor applied

10

GO AROUND Description: A Go-Around is the transitioning of the aircraft from a landing profile to a climb profile after a pilot has determined that a safe landing cannot be made due to obstacles on or near the landing area, improper approach profile or when directed by ATC. Procedures:

Power – Full, using right rudder as appropriate

Flaps – 25°

Establish pitch attitude to climb at o Vx 64 KIAS

Positive rate of climb, clear of obstacles, retract flaps to 10°

Retract remaining flaps o Vy 76 KIAS

Maneuver to the side of the runway to clear/ avoid conflicting traffic, use proper wind corrections*

Follow noise abatement procedures

Announce intentions on tower or CTAF/UNICOM

Perform the “Climb” checklist * SIDE STEP RUNWAY IF CONFLICTING TRAFFIC

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL Vy +10/-5kts

PTS-Comm Vy +/-5kts

11

FORWARD SLIP TO LAND Description: A forward slip to landing is a controlled means of increasing descent rates without increasing airspeed. This maneuver is often required to lose excessive altitude while on final approach during a landing.

*To be used when the pilot determines that the aircraft is too high for a safe landing*

Procedures:

Perform the “BGUMPS” checklist

Power-idle

Lower the upwind wing, pitch down and use the rudder to yaw the airplane in the opposite direction for runway centerline alignment

The amount of slip is controlled by the angle of bank, the higher the bank, the more altitude lost

You can also increase or decrease the descent rate by pitch up or down. Be sure to manage airspeed properly

Once back on proper glide path re-establish normal approach to landing

Maintain 75 KIAS (no wind condition)

Flare having the mains touchdown first at approximate stalling speed, gently letting the nose wheel down on centerline. DO NOT SIDE LOAD THE AIRCRAFT. Use brakes as necessary

Be sure to use crosswind correction after touchdown

After exiting the runway perform the “After Landing” checklist Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL Touches down at or within 400ft beyond a specified point

12

PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS STEEP TURNS Description: A Steep Turn is a maneuver that tests the pilot’s ability to control the aircraft’s altitude, airspeed through consistent high angle of bank turns and accurate heading reversals.

The following maneuver should always be completed with a minimum of 1500ft AGL recovery altitude

Procedures:

Pre Maneuver flow

Entry o Establish power setting

2300 RPM o 95 KIAS

Execution o Enter turn with a bank angle of 45° (Private) and 50° (Commercial) o Passing 30° bank, add back pressure to maintain altitude o Add 100 RPM, power may be needed o Maintain coordination with the rudder o 360° in one direction, look outside to clear for traffic o Start roll out 10° before completing the turn, release the back pressure

and reducing any added power o Then start turn in opposite direction with same procedures

Recovery o Start rollout 10° early to end on the same heading, airspeed and altitude

on start Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-100 ft, +/-10kts, +/-10° heading, +/-5° bank, 45° bank angle

PTS-Comm +/-100 ft, +/-10kts, +/-10° heading, +/-5° bank, 50° bank angle

13

GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

RECTANGULAR COURSE Description: This maneuver is designed to help a student pilot identify wind effects and apply correction inputs while flying a pattern that replicates a normal traffic pattern. Procedure:

Pre maneuver flow

Entry o Altitude: 800 - 1000ft AGL o Establish power setting

2300 RPM o 95 KIAS

Execution o Enter Downwind at a 45° angle at midfield, ¼ to ½ mile away from the

reference lines o Turn to Base – Turn more than 90° and steeper bank angle o Base – crabbed correction into the wind o Turn to Upwind – Less than a 90° turn, medium bank angle o Upwind – slower ground speed o Turn to crosswind – less than 90°, slow shallow turn o Crosswind – crabbed correction into the wind o Turn to Downwind – turn more than 90°, medium to increasing bank o Downwind – faster ground speed

Recovery o Exit – leave at a 45° from the pattern

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-100 ft, +/-10kts

PTS-Comm +/-100 ft, +/-10kts

14

TURNS ON A POINT Description: Turns on a point develop a student’s ability to coordinate a consistent turn around a point and track over the ground while compensating for wind effects. Procedure:

Pre maneuver flow

Entry o Altitude: 800 – 1000ft AGL o Pick a suitable point to enter downwind o Establish power setting

2300 RPM o 95 KIAS

Execution o Enter on a downwind and note the distance from the point o Maintain a constant radius (not bank angle) around a point o Complete two turns

Recovery o Exit at same point of entry

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-100 ft, +/-10kts

15

S-TURNS Description: S-Turns incorporate the learning objectives of the turns around a point while adding turn reversals to improve the student’s ability to compensate for wind effects during turns. Procedures:

Pre maneuver flow

Entry o Altitude: 800 – 1000ft AGL o Pick a suitable road or fence line or straight line ground feature

perpendicular to the wind o Establish power setting

2300 RPM o 95 KIAS

Execution o Fly downwind to cross the line at 90° o Constant radius half circle each direction

Once over the road, roll to the steepest bank then to a shallower bank to 180° from the initial heading while being over the road with wings level

Turn immediately in the other direction slowly increasing the bank until reaching the initial heading, then you should be wings level over the road again

Recovery o Rollout should be on same heading, airspeed and altitude the maneuver

was initiated at Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-100 ft, +/-10kts

16

NAVIGATION DIVERSION Description: This procedure outlines the decision and planning process associated with an in-flight divert to a destination other than the one that was selected in your preflight planning. Procedures:

Recognize a situation that requires a diversion

Mark time and location,

Turn on course, find exact heading

Distance

Groundspeed

Time Enroute, ETA

Fuel required, do I have enough?

Weather

FSS to announce diversion amend ETA

Airspace ahead?

Aircraft Performance? Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-200ft and +/-15° heading

PTS-Comm +/-100ft and +/-10° heading LOST PROCEDURES Procedures:

Climb o Better reception range, able to see more landmarks

Circle o Don’t want to get more lost, start to look for ground references, use

different methods of calculating your position Find the nearest airport on the 430 Tune two different VORs and triangulate your position Use the circle method-take the time from your last known

checkpoint, calculate how much distance you covered and make a circle around that point on your chart, look for landmarks in the general direction that you headed

o Readjust flight instruments to ensure proper indications

Confess o Confess to yourself that you are lost and that you cannot help

yourself, you need help

Communicate o If you are not able to triangulate your position call ATC or 121.5 and

confess that you are lost or find the nearest FSS on the 430

Comply o Follow ATC instructions

17

SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS

MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT Description: This maneuver establishes the aircraft at an airspeed just above stall speed in order to allow the student to feel, understand and recognize how the airspeed, attitude, load factor and altitude control relate to each other at a near stall condition. Procedure:

Pre Maneuver Checklist

Entry o Establish power setting

1500 RPM o Flaps – As desired o Power/ Airspeed – An airspeed at which any further change in load, angle

of attack or reduction in power would cause a stall. Be sure to trim the aircraft.

o Bank angle as desired

Execution o Pitch controls airspeed o Power controls altitude o If entering a turn, add power to avoid stalling or losing altitude

Recovery o Apply full power, Flaps 25° o Maintain altitude o Accelerate to Vy and Flaps 0°

76 KIAS o Recover to Cruise altitude

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-Private Pilot (PPL) +/-100 ft, +10kts -0kts, +/-10° heading, +/-10° bank

PTS-Commercial (Comm) +/-50 ft, +5kts -0kts, +/-10° heading, +/-5° bank

18

POWER OFF STALL Description: This procedure enables the student to recognize the characteristics of an impending stall as well as practice the recovery from a stall. The power off stall simulates a typical stall condition of an aircraft as it approaches for landing.

The following maneuver should always be completed with a minimum of 1500ft AGL recovery altitude

Procedure:

Pre Maneuver Checklist

Entry o Establish power setting

1500 RPM o Flaps 40°

Execution o At 70 KIAS, descend at 500 fpm o 20° max bank angle o Reduce throttle to idle and increase pitch to a normal landing attitude and

induce a stall. o Call out “Stall horn”, “Buffet”, and “Stall”

Recovery o Apply full power o Reduce angle of attack and level wings o Flaps to 25° o Pitch for Vx 64 KIAS o When there is a positive rate and clear of obstacles

Pitch for Vy 76 KIAS Flaps to 0° Recover to Cruise

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-10° heading, not exceeding 20° bank +/-10° bank

PTS-Comm +/-10° heading, not exceeding 20° bank +/-5° bank

19

POWER ON STALL Description: This procedure enables the student to recognize the characteristics of an impending stall as well as practice the recovery from a stall. The power on stall simulates the typical flight conditions of an aircraft that stall during a climb or departure from an airfield.

The following maneuver should always be completed with a minimum of 1500ft AGL recovery altitude

Procedure:

Pre Maneuver Checklist

Entry o Flaps as required

Normal – 0° flaps Short-field – 25° Flaps

o Slow to Vr: 60 KIAS 1500 RPM

Execution o At 55 KIAS, apply Full power o Use rudder to maintain coordination o Increase pitch angle to induce stall (Maximum 25° pitch attitude) o Call out “Stall horn”, “Buffet”, and “Stall”

Recovery o Verify full power o Pitch for Vx

Flaps to 10°: 64 KIAS o Positive rate of climb o Clear of terrain and obstacles o Accelerate to Vy and pitch for positive rate

Flaps to 0°: 76 KIAS

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-10° heading, not exceeding 20° bank +/-10° bank

PTS-Comm +/-10° heading, not exceeding 20° bank +/-5° bank

20

BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS *Only perform with an instructor*

STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT Procedures:

Configure the aircraft for 90KIAS, clean, straight and level

Maintain configuration parameters Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-200 ft, +/-20° heading, +/-10 kts CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS Procedures:

Establish desired climb airspeed of 64 KIAS with pitch.

Apply Full power.

Adjust pitch to maintain desired airspeed.

Adjust bank angle (attitude gyro and heading indicator) to maintain heading.

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-200 ft, +/-20° heading, +/-10 kts

CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS Procedures:

Establish desired descent by reducing power to 1700 RPM

Set pitch attitude to maintain 90 KIAS descent

Adjust pitch to maintain desired airspeed.

Adjust bank angle (attitude gyro and heading indicator) to maintain heading. Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-200 ft, +/-20°, +/-10 kts

TURNS TO A HEADING Procedures:

Establish the aircraft at 90 KIAS straight and level flight.

Use Turn Coordinator as primary rate of turn. Use Airspeed at primary pitch indicator and altimeter as primary power indicator.

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-200 ft, +/-10°, +/-10 kts (Note: PTS heading standards are greater than other BAI Maneuvers)

21

RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL ATTITUDES

Description: These procedures should be utilized when the aircraft enters an unusual flight attitude. The procedures have been established to quickly and safely return the aircraft to straight and level instrument flight while minimizing a potential stall (nose high) or overstressing the airframe (nose low).

Procedures:

Nose high o Recovering promptly to a stabilized level attitude using smooth and

coordinated control inputs: Add full power Push the nose down level to the horizon Roll wings level Cross check instruments to ensure straight and level flight

Nose low o Recovering promptly to a stabilized level attitude using smooth and

coordinated control inputs: Pull back power Roll wings level Pull the nose up level to the horizon Return power to 2300 RPM Cross check instruments to ensure straight and level flight

Maneuvers Standards:

PTS-PPL Be able to recognize unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments

22

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING Description: Procedures:

Pre-maneuver flow

Establish best glide speed

Turn the Bat Master Switches on

Place the Power Lever in the 1/2 inch open position

Enrich mixture as required

Fuel selector switch tanks

Check the Ignition Switch and put in the Both position

Turn the Fuel pump to on position

Turn the alternate induction air on

Turn the Alt Master Switch off

If the propeller is not windmilling, engage the starter

Slowly increase the power lever

Turn the Alt Master Switches on again

If the engine will not start, perform the Forced landing checklist

*NOTE: At 1000 AGL break off the maneuver and climb out at Vy-76 KIAS in practice situations*

Maneuver Standards:

PTS-PPL +/-10kts best glide speed

PTS-Comm +/-10kts best glide speed

ABORTED TAKEOFF Description:

*When there is any abnormal engine, airspeed indications, sluggish acceleration or rough engine operation*

Procedures:

Power-Idle

Maximum braking

Maintain directional control on the runway centerline